Características técnicas Chevrolet Aveo 4p 1.

4 16v LS
Posición del motor Delantero-transversal Como todos sabemos, un mo
Cilindrada (cc) 1399
Potencia Máxima 94 Cv / 6.200 r.p.m. Energía química ------ Energía
Par motor máxima 130 Nm / 3.400 r.p.m. Combustible ------ Combustió
Diámetro x Carrera (mm) 77,9 mm x 73,4 mm
Relación de compresión 9,5 : 1 La energía contenida en el co
Embrague Monodisco en seco
Caja de cambio Manual de 5 velocidades La ecuación para calcular el b
Desarrollos (km/h a 1000 rpm) 3,545 / 1,952 / 1,276 / 0,971 / 0,763
Relación final 3.944
Tracción Delantera Energía obtenida
Suspensión delantera McPherson con subchasis η = ______________ . 100 (%
Suspensión trasera Eje semirígido de torsión Energía aportada
Dirección Cremallera y Piñon con dirección asistida
Frenos delanteros Disco ventilado de 236 mm El rendimiento del motor será
Frenos traseros Tambores
Neumáticos 185 / 55 R15 Pérdidas de energía
Llantas 15 "
Largo (milímetros) 4.310 mm - Pérdidas de calor: Producida
Ancho (milímetros) 1.710 mm
Alto (milímetros) 1.505 mm - Pérdidas mecánicas: Rozam
Distancia entre ejes (mm) 2.480 mm
Peso (Kg) 1.047 kg - Pérdidas químicas: Motivad
Peso máximo autorizado (Kg) 1.540 kg
Capacidad maletero 400 litros Tipos de rendimiento
Depósito combustible (litros) 45 litros
Velocidad máxima (km/h) 176 km / h - Rendimiento térmico:El ren
Consumo Urbano 8,9 litros / 100 km
Consumo extraurbano (l/100 km) 5,4 litros / 100 km Las pérdidas de calor a través
Consumo medio (l/100 km) 6,7 litros / 100 km
Emisiones de CO2 (gr/km) 160 g / km Por el sistema de refrigeració
Combustible Gasolina
Normativa Emisiones CO2 Euro IV Del 100% de la energía calorí

- Rendimiento de motores O
- Rendimiento de motores Di

Rendimiento mecánico

Se podría expresar como la re

El conjunto de pérdidas mecá

Rendimiento efectivo
Balance final de pérdidas:

Motores Otto:
- Pérdidas térmicas: 60% - 65
- Pérdidas mecánicas: 10% - 1
- Total pérdidas: 70% - 75%
- Rendimiento efectivo: 25% -

Motores Diesel
- Pérdidas térmicas: 50% - 60
- Pérdidas mecánicas: 10% - 1
- Total pérdidas: 60% - 70%
- Rendimiento efectivo: 30% -

Rendimiento volumétrico

Se puede definir como la efic

El llenado de los cilindros infl

La presión interna del cilindro

- Régimen de giro
- Las condiciones ambientale
- El diagrama de distribución
- La sección de las válvulas y l
- La eficacia de barrido de los
omo todos sabemos, un motor de combustión interna es una máquina que transforma energía mediante el siguiente proceso:

nergía química ------ Energía térmica ----- Energía mecánica

ombustible ------ Combustión ----- Desplazamiento del pistón

a energía contenida en el combustible se transforma en calor mediante la combustión. De este modo, al aumentar la temperatura de los ga

a ecuación para calcular el balance de rendimiento (al que llamamos η) es ésta:

nergía obtenida
= ______________ . 100 (%)
nergía aportada

l rendimiento del motor será mayor cuanto menos sean las pérdidas durante la transformación.

érdidas de energía

Pérdidas de calor: Producidas por el sistema de refrigeración, la radiación de calor al exterior y los gases de escape.

Pérdidas mecánicas: Rozamiento de piezas en movimiento y accionamiento de disposivos auxiliares (bomba de agua, bomba de aceite, etc

Pérdidas químicas: Motivadas por una combustión incompleta (mala carburación, mal reglaje de válvulas, etc).

ipos de rendimiento

Rendimiento térmico:El rendimiento térmico será mayor cuanto más alta sea la temperatura alcanzada y menores sean las pérdidas de cal

as pérdidas de calor a través de los gases de escape suponen el 35% en los motores Otto y el 30% en los motores Diesel:

or el sistema de refrigeración se evacua aproximadamente el 30% del calor en ambos motores.

el 100% de la energía calorífica que posee el combustible, los motores de combustión interna sólo son capaces de transformar entre el 35%

Rendimiento de motores Otto: de 35% a 40%.

Rendimiento de motores Diesel: de 40% a 50%.

endimiento mecánico

e podría expresar como la relación que existe entre la potencia efectiva que se obtiene en el eje del motor y la potencia indicada que se ob

l conjunto de pérdidas mecánicas supone entre un 10% y un 15%.

endimiento efectivo
 alance final de pérdidas:

Motores Otto:
Pérdidas térmicas: 60% - 65%
Pérdidas mecánicas: 10% - 15%
Total pérdidas: 70% - 75%
Rendimiento efectivo: 25% - 30%

Motores Diesel
Pérdidas térmicas: 50% - 60&
Pérdidas mecánicas: 10% - 15%
Total pérdidas: 60% - 70%
Rendimiento efectivo: 30% - 40%

endimiento volumétrico

e puede definir como la eficacia con que se logra llenar el cilindro. Se expresa como la relación entre la masa de gas que es introducida en

l llenado de los cilindros influye directamente sobre el par y, por tanto, sobre la potencia desarrollada por el motor, ya que cuanto mejor se

a presión interna del cilindro al final de la carrera de compresión es siempre inferior a la admosférica y está entre 0.8 y 0.9 bares. El rendim

Régimen de giro
Las condiciones ambientales exteriores, que determinan la densidad del aire.
El diagrama de distribución
La sección de las válvulas y los conductos de admisión
La eficacia de barrido de los gases quemados
 el siguiente proceso:

umentar la temperatura de los gases, hacemos que aumente la presión dentro del cilindro (los gases aumentan de volumen al subir de tem

ba de agua, bomba de aceite, etc).

menores sean las pérdidas de calor.

motores Diesel:

paces de transformar entre el 35% y el 50%. ¿Preocupante, verdad?

r y la potencia indicada que se obtiene en el diagrama de trabajo, el cual expresa el trabajo interno obtenido dentro del cilindro y en el que
asa de gas que es introducida en el cilindro y la masa que teóricamente cabe en el cilindro.

el motor, ya que cuanto mejor sea llenado, más energía se obtiene de la combustión.

tá entre 0.8 y 0.9 bares. El rendimiento volumétrico máximo está entre el 70% y el 90% y depende de varios factores:
entan de volumen al subir de temperatura y viceversa); lo que hace que mueva el pistón, obteniéndose energía mecánica.

ido dentro del cilindro y en el que no intervienen las pérdidas mecánicas.

nergía mecánica.
 ANÁLISIS TERMODINÁMICO
A DATOS DEL VEHÍCULO
Vehículo: Chevrolet Aveo 4p 1.4 16v LS
1 Diámetro del Pistón (D) = 7.79 cm 0.0779 m
2 Carrera (S)= 7.34 cm 0.0734 m
3 Longitud de biela (L)= 17.1 cm 0.171 m
4 Cilindrada comercial = 1400 cm3
5 Relación de compresión (ε)= 9.5 :1 (adimensional)
6 Número de cilindros (i)= 4
7 Potencia máxima= 94 CV
8 Régimen de revoluciones (η) 6200 rpm 103.3333333 rps
9 Diámetro válvula (Dad) 3 cm 0.03 m
10 Admisión AAA 23 ° antes PMS
11 RCA 41 ° después PMI
12 Escape AAE 63 ° antes PMI
13 RCE 1 ° después PMS
14 Adelanto al encendido 5°

B CÁLCULOS PREVIOS

15 Radio cigüeñal (R)= 3.67 cm 0.0367 m

16 Área del pistón (Ap) 47.66 cm2 �_𝑝=□(64&(𝜋.𝐷^2)/4) 0.004766118 m2
17 Cilindrada unitaria (Vh) 349.83 cm3�_ℎ=□(64&(𝜋. 〖� ,𝐷 〗 ^2)/4)
0.000349833 m3
18 Cilindrada total (VH) 1399.33 cm3�_𝐻=□(64&(𝜋. 〖� ,𝐷 〗 ^2)/4∗𝑖)
0.001399332 m3
19 Volúmen de cámara (Vc) 41.16 cm3 �_𝑐=□(64&�_ℎ/(𝜀−1))
20 Espacio muerto (c) 11.76 %
21 Volúmen 2 41.16 cm3 4.115683E-05 m3
22 Volúmen 1 390.99 cm3 �_1=�_ℎ+�_𝑐 0.00039099 m3
23 Rendimiento volumétrico (ηv) 89.47 % nv=Vh/v1
 Pa = Presión de admisión (MPa)
C CONDICIONES INICIALES Po = Presión inicial (Pa)
β = Coeficiente de amortiguación de la velocidad de la carga en la
sección examinada del cilindro (adimensional)
24 Presión inicial (Po) Quito 71994.08 Pa 0.072 MPa ξ = El coeficiente de resistencia del sistema de admisión referida a su
25 Temperatura ambiente (To) 15 °C 288.15 °K sección más estrecha (adimensional)
26 Constante R aire 286.9 Nm/Kg°K ωad = La velocidad del aire en la entrada del sistema de admisión
(m/s)
27 Densidad aire (ρo) 0.87085854 Kg/m3 ρo = Densidad de la carga de Admisión (kg/m3)
28 Variación de temp (ΔT) 15 °K
29 Presión gas residual (Pr) 120000 Pa 0.12 MPa Ta = Temperatura en el ciclo de admisión (ok)
30 Temp gas residual (Tr) 777 °C 1050.15 °K To = Temperatura inicial (ok)
ΔT = Incremento de la temperatura en el proceso del
calentamiento de la carga (oC)
D PROCESO DE ADMISIÓN ϒr= Coeficiente de gases residuales (adimensional)
ω=(2∗π∗𝑛)/60
Tr= Temperatura de los gases residuales (ok)
31 Velocidad cigüeñal (ω) 649.26 rad/s λ=𝑅/�
32 Relación radio-biela (λ) 0.21 adimensional Relación coeficiente de amortiguación y resistencia
𝐶_𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥=𝑅ω√(1+λ^2 )
33 Velocidad pistón (Cpmax) 24.37 m/s 95.31173232 24.3705326 (x)VH=
34 Área del pistón (Ap) 0.0048 m2 VH(x) β^2+ξ (y) x1
35 Área de la válvula (fad) 0.0007 m2 1000 2.5 y1
ω_𝑎𝑑=(𝐶_𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 〖∗�〗 _𝑝)/𝑓_𝑎𝑑
36 La velocidad del aire en la entrada del 164.32 m/s 3000 4 x2
37 Coef de amort y resist aire 2.80
�_𝑎=�_𝑜−("β" ^2−"ξ)" (ω_𝑎𝑑^2)/2 "ρ" _𝑜 y2
β^2+ξ (y)
38 Presión al final admisión (Pa) 39079.16 Pa 0.039 MPa
ϒ _�=(�_𝑜+Δ�)/�_� ∗�_�/(ε�_𝑎−�_� ) 5 �=((𝑥−𝑥_1)(�_2−�_1))/(𝑥
39 Coef de gases residuales (ϒr) 0.13787259
40 Temp al final de admisión (Ta) 393.661738 °K 120.51 °C
�_𝑎=(�_𝑜+Δ�+ϒ_� �_�)/(1+ϒ_� ) 4 4
41 Rendimiento volumetrico ηv' 0.39
42 Rendimiento volumetrico ηv'' 0.39 η_𝑣^′=𝜀/(𝜀−1)∗�_𝑎/�_𝑜 ∗�_𝑜/(�_𝑎 (1+𝛾_� ) ) 3
43 Eficiencia termodinámica (e) 0.59 η_�^′′=�_𝑜/(�_𝑜+∆�)∗1/(𝜀−1) (𝜀 �_𝑎/�_𝑜 −�_�/�_𝑜 ) 2.5 β^2+ξ (y)
�=𝑊_𝑛�𝑡𝑜/𝑄_� =1−1/𝜀^(𝑘_1−1) 2
E PROCESO DE COMPRESIÓN
1
44 Coeficiente politrópico (k1) 1.4
45 Presión al final compresión 913604.55 Pa �_𝑐=�_𝑎 ε^(𝑘_1 ) 0.914 MPa 0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
46 Temper al final compresión 968.75 °K �_𝑐=�_𝑎 ε^(𝑘_1−1) 695.60 °C
132.507139 temperatura al final de la compresion
 temperatura al final de la compresion

F PROCESO DE COMBUSTIÓN o EXPLOSIÓN Cv

°C KJ/(Kmol°C) X(°C) Y
47 Cantidad total prod combust M2 0.508 kmol 400 21.474 494 21.76
48 Cantidad total mezcla fresca M1 0.469 kmol 500 21.780 695.60 22.21
�_𝑜=𝑀_2/𝑀_1
49 Coef variación molecular μo 1.08 600 22.000 650 22.20
�_�=(�_𝑜+𝛾_�)/(1+𝛾_� )
50 Coef real de variación μr 1.07 700 22.408
51 Calor especif de la mezcla uCv 22.21 KJ/(Kmol°C) sale de la tabla
52 Energía interna mezcla fresc Uc 15449.55 KJ/Kmol �_𝑐=�_(𝐶_𝑣 )∗�_𝑐
53 Calor especif de los prod gases uCv" 23.85 KJ/(Kmol°C)
54 Energía interna produc combust Uc" 16587.20 KJ/Kmol �_𝑐 "=�_(𝐶_𝑣 ) "∗�_𝑐 Tz
55 Coeficiente de aprov de calor ξz 0.85 dato KJ/(Kmol) Tz (°C) X-KJ/(Kmol) Y - Tz(°C)
56 Poder calorico interior Hu 44000 KJ/Kg dato 67213 2300.000 88545.64 2940.62
57 Calor no desprendido ΔHu quim 5835.7 KJ/Kmol 70543 2400.000
(ξ_𝑧 [𝐻_𝑢−(∆𝐻_� )𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑚])/(𝑀_1 (1+𝛾_�))+(�_𝑐+𝛾_�∗�_𝑐 ")/(1+𝛾_� )=�_�∗�_𝑧 "
58 Energía interna Uz" 88545.6 KJ
59 Temperatura al final (Tz) 2940.62 °C �_𝑧=�_� �_𝑧/�_𝑐 �_𝑐 3213.77 K
60 Presión al final comb (Pz) 3247705.11 Pa 3.25 MPa
61 Grado de elevación 3.55
62 Presión max consider redondam 2922934.6 Pa

G PROCESO DE EXPANSIÓN

63 Coeficiente politrópico (k2) 1.35 �_𝑏=�_𝑧/𝜀^(𝑘_2 )

64 Presión al final expansión 155471.118 Pa 0.155 MPa
65 Temper al final expansión 1461.54275 K 1188.392752 °C
�_𝑏=�_𝑧/𝜀^(𝑘_(2−1) )
a en la

erida a su

misión

1399.33
1000
2.5
3000
4

_2−�_1))/(𝑥_2−𝑥_1 )+�_1

2.7994992 m/s
Relacion de compresion de 9.5
coeficiente de exceso de aire α 0.9 K= 0.5
Combustible: gasolina
C 0.855
H 0.145
Poder calorico inferior Hu 44 MJ/kg �_𝑜=1/0,23 (8/3 𝐶+8𝐻−𝑂_𝑐 )
Cantidad teorica de aire necesaria para la combustion de 1 Kg de combustible
lo 14.9565217 Kg
Lo 0.51190476 kmol �_𝑜=1/0,21 (𝐶/12+𝐻/4)
Cantidad real de aire que participa en la combustion de 1 Kg de combustible
αlo 13.4608696 Kg
αLo 0.46071429 kmol
Cantidad total de mezcla fresca
G1 14.4608696 Kg �_1=1+𝛼�𝑜
𝑀_1=𝛼�𝑜+1/�_𝑐
M1 0.46948622 kmol
Cantidad de cada uno de los componentes del producto de combustion
𝑀_𝐶𝑂=0,42 (1−𝛼)/(1+𝐾) �_𝑜
Mco 0.01433333 kmol 𝑀_( 〖𝐶𝑂〗 _2 )=𝐶/12−�_��
Mco2 0.05691667 kmol 𝑀_(𝐻_2 )=𝐾∗�_��
Mh x 0.00716667 kmol 𝑀_(𝐻_2 𝑂)=𝐻/2−�_(�_2 )
𝑀_(𝑁_2 )=0,79∗𝛼�_𝑜
Mh2o 0.06533333 kmol
Mnx 0.36396429 kmol
Cantidad total de todos os productos
M2 0.50771429 kmol
incremento de volumen
ΔM 0.03822807 ∆𝑀=𝑀_2−𝑀_1
Coeficiente de variacion molecular �_𝑜=𝑀_2/𝑀_1
µo 1.08142533
Coeficiente real de variacion molecular
�_�=(�_𝑜+𝛾_�)/(1+𝛾_� )
µr 1.07155927
Calor no desprendido por efecto de una combustion incompleta
Δhu quim 5.83571429 MJ/kmol (∆𝐻_� )𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑚=114(1−𝛼)∗�_𝑜
5835.71429 KJ/kmol
calor especifico de los productos d
alor especifico de los productos de combustion al final del proceso de combustion

�_(𝑐𝑣 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎�)=�𝑡𝑎𝑏�𝑎∗𝑓�𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑣
fracciones volumetricas uCv
rCO 0.028 21.784 0.609952
rCO2 0.111 36.258 4.024638
rH2 0.014 20.934 0.293076
rH2O 0.128 27.315 3.49632
rN2 0.719 21.449 15.421831
1 uCv" 23.845817
 Volumen Presiones
Admmisión PMS 41.16 0.072 Po x=V2-V1)/20
Compresión PMI 390.99 0.039 Pa 17.4916533
Comb PMS 41.16 0.914 Pc V
PMS 41.16 3.248 Pz 1 390.99 0.039
Exp PMI 390.99 0.155 Pb 2 373.50 0.042
PMS 41.16 0.072 3 356.01 0.045
4 338.51 0.048
5 321.02 0.052
6 303.53 0.056
7 286.04 0.061
8 268.55 0.066
9 251.06 0.073
10 233.57 0.080
11 216.07 0.090
12 198.58 0.101
13 181.09 0.115
14 163.60 0.132
15 146.11 0.155
16 128.62 0.185
17 111.12 0.227
18 93.63 0.289
19 76.14 0.386
20 58.65 0.556
21 41.16 0.914
 Presiones
3.500

3.000

2.500

2.000

1.500

1.000

0.500

0.000
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00
𝑀_0=�+𝑅 Ley de senos
𝑀_1=�∗𝑐𝑜�𝛽+𝑅∗𝑐𝑜�𝛼 ��𝑛𝛼/�=��𝑛𝛽/𝑅
�=𝑀_0−𝑀_1 ��𝑛𝛽=𝑅/� ��𝑛𝛼;
�=�+�−�∗����−�∗���� 〖𝑐𝑜�〗 ^2 𝛽+ 〖��𝑛〗 ^2 𝛽=1
�=�(1−𝑐𝑜�𝛽)+𝑅(1−𝑐𝑜�𝛼) 𝑐𝑜�𝛽=√(1− 〖��𝑛〗 ^2 𝛽)
�=�(1−√(1− 〖��𝑛〗 ^2 �))+�(1−����)
�=�(1−√(1− 〖𝑅 ^2/�^2 ��𝑛 〗 ^2 𝛼))+�(1−����)
Si se desarrolla el radical utilizando el teorema del
binomio y se hace caso omiso de todos los términos,
excepto los dos primeros, resulta:
�=�(1−(1−𝑅^2/(2�^2 ) 〖��𝑛〗 ^2 𝛼))+�(1−����)
�=�∗�^2/(2�^2 ) 〖��𝑛〗 ^2 �+�(1−����)
�=𝑅^2/2� 〖��𝑛〗 ^2 �+�(1−����)
�=�∗𝑐𝑜�𝛽+𝑅∗𝑐𝑜�𝛼
�=�(√(1− 〖��𝑛〗 ^2 𝛽))+𝑅∗𝑐𝑜�𝛼)
�=�(√(1− 〖𝑅 ^2/�^2 ��𝑛 〗 ^2 𝛼))+𝑅(1−𝑐𝑜�𝛼)
�=�∗1−𝑅^2/(2�^2 ) 〖��𝑛〗 ^2 𝛼+𝑅(1−𝑐𝑜�𝛼); 〖��𝑛〗 ^2
𝛼=(1−𝑐𝑜�2𝛼)/2
�=�−𝑅^2/2� 〖��𝑛〗 ^2 𝛼+𝑅(1−𝑐𝑜�𝛼)
�=�−𝑅^2/2�∗(1−𝑐𝑜�2𝛼)/2+𝑅(1−𝑐𝑜�𝛼)
�=�−𝑅^2/4�+𝑅(𝑐𝑜�𝛼+𝑅/4� 𝑐𝑜�2𝛼)
 1.944
α α Sx1 Volumen Velocidad ωad Veloc. Presión
grados rad carrera PMS Vx pistón admisión MPa
-23 -0.40 0.00352 85.858 -11.150 -75.178
-22 -0.38 0.00323 83.914 -10.702 -72.162
-21 -0.37 0.00294 81.971 -10.250 -69.113
-20 -0.35 0.00267 80.027 -9.793 -66.033
-19 -0.33 0.00242 78.084 -9.332 -62.922
-18 -0.31 0.00217 76.140 -8.866 -59.782
-17 -0.30 0.00194 74.197 -8.396 -56.615
-16 -0.28 0.00172 72.253 -7.923 -53.421
-15 -0.26 0.00151 70.310 -7.446 -50.203 3500000.000

-14 -0.24 0.00132 68.366 -6.965 -46.962

-13 -0.23 0.00114 66.423 -6.481 -43.699
3000000.000
-12 -0.21 0.00097 64.479 -5.994 -40.416
-11 -0.19 0.00082 62.536 -5.504 -37.115
-10 -0.17 0.00068 60.592 -5.012 -33.796 2500000.000
-9 -0.16 0.00055 58.648 -4.518 -30.461
-8 -0.14 0.00043 56.705 -4.021 -27.112
-7 -0.12 0.00033 54.761 -3.522 -23.751 2000000.000
-6 -0.10 0.00024 52.818 -3.022 -20.379
-5 -0.09 0.00017 50.874 -2.521 -16.997
1500000.000
-4 -0.07 0.00011 48.931 -2.018 -13.607
-3 -0.05 0.00006 46.987 -1.514 -10.211
-2 -0.03 0.00003 45.044 -1.010 -6.810
1000000.000
-1 -0.02 0.00001 43.100 -0.505 -3.406
0 0.00 0.00000 41.157 0.000 0.000 71994.08
1 0.02 0.00001 43.100 0.505 3.406 71811.22 500000.000
2 0.03 0.00003 45.044 1.010 6.810 71628.36
3 0.05 0.00006 46.987 1.514 10.211 71445.50
4 0.07 0.00011 48.931 2.018 13.607 71262.64 0.000

0.000

25.000

50.000
5 0.09 0.00017 50.874 2.521 16.997 71079.78
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-500000.000
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663 11.57 0.01948 151.937 -22.320 -150.495 98428.48
664 11.59 0.01888 149.994 -22.125 -149.182 97964.71
665 11.61 0.01829 148.050 -21.921 -147.809 97500.95
666 11.62 0.01771 146.107 -21.709 -146.377 97037.19
667 11.64 0.01713 144.163 -21.488 -144.885 96573.43
668 11.66 0.01655 142.220 -21.258 -143.334 96109.67
669 11.68 0.01598 140.276 -21.019 -141.724 95645.91
670 11.69 0.01542 138.333 -20.771 -140.055 95182.15
671 11.71 0.01487 136.389 -20.515 -138.328 94718.38
672 11.73 0.01432 134.446 -20.251 -136.543 94254.62
673 11.75 0.01378 132.502 -19.977 -134.701 93790.86
674 11.76 0.01324 130.559 -19.696 -132.802 93327.10
675 11.78 0.01272 128.615 -19.406 -130.848 92863.34
676 11.80 0.01220 126.672 -19.108 -128.837 92399.58
677 11.82 0.01169 124.728 -18.801 -126.771 91935.82
678 11.83 0.01119 122.785 -18.487 -124.652 91472.06
679 11.85 0.01070 120.841 -18.165 -122.478 91008.29
680 11.87 0.01021 118.898 -17.834 -120.252 90544.53
681 11.89 0.00974 116.954 -17.497 -117.973 90080.77
682 11.90 0.00927 115.010 -17.151 -115.643 89617.01
683 11.92 0.00882 113.067 -16.798 -113.263 89153.25
684 11.94 0.00837 111.123 -16.438 -110.833 88689.49
685 11.96 0.00793 109.180 -16.070 -108.354 88225.73
686 11.97 0.00751 107.236 -15.695 -105.828 87761.96
687 11.99 0.00709 105.293 -15.314 -103.254 87298.20
688 12.01 0.00668 103.349 -14.925 -100.635 86834.44
689 12.03 0.00629 101.406 -14.530 -97.971 86370.68
690 12.04 0.00590 99.462 -14.128 -95.263 85906.92
691 12.06 0.00553 97.519 -13.720 -92.513 85443.16
692 12.08 0.00516 95.575 -13.306 -89.721 84979.40
693 12.10 0.00481 93.632 -12.886 -86.888 84515.64
694 12.11 0.00447 91.688 -12.460 -84.016 84051.87
695 12.13 0.00414 89.745 -12.029 -81.107 83588.11
696 12.15 0.00382 87.801 -11.592 -78.160 83124.35
697 12.16 0.00352 85.858 -11.150 -75.178 82660.59
698 12.18 0.00323 83.914 -10.702 -72.162 82196.83
699 12.20 0.00294 81.971 -10.250 -69.113 81733.07
700 12.22 0.00267 80.027 -9.793 -66.033 81269.31
701 12.23 0.00242 78.084 -9.332 -62.922 80805.55
702 12.25 0.00217 76.140 -8.866 -59.782 80341.78
703 12.27 0.00194 74.197 -8.396 -56.615 79878.02
704 12.29 0.00172 72.253 -7.923 -53.421 79414.26
705 12.30 0.00151 70.310 -7.446 -50.203 78950.50
706 12.32 0.00132 68.366 -6.965 -46.962 78486.74
707 12.34 0.00114 66.423 -6.481 -43.699 78022.98
708 12.36 0.00097 64.479 -5.994 -40.416 77559.22
709 12.37 0.00082 62.536 -5.504 -37.115 77095.45
710 12.39 0.00068 60.592 -5.012 -33.796 76631.69
711 12.41 0.00055 58.648 -4.518 -30.461 76167.93
712 12.43 0.00043 56.705 -4.021 -27.112 75704.17
713 12.44 0.00033 54.761 -3.522 -23.751 75240.41
714 12.46 0.00024 52.818 -3.022 -20.379 74776.65
715 12.48 0.00017 50.874 -2.521 -16.997 74312.89
716 12.50 0.00011 48.931 -2.018 -13.607 73849.13
717 12.51 0.00006 46.987 -1.514 -10.211 73385.36
718 12.53 0.00003 45.044 -1.010 -6.810 72921.60
719 12.55 0.00001 43.100 -0.505 -3.406 72457.84
720 12.57 0.00000 41.157 0.000 0.000 71994.08
721 12.58 0.00001 43.100 0.505 3.406
722 12.60 0.00003 45.044 1.010 6.810
723 12.62 0.00006 46.987 1.514 10.211
724 12.64 0.00011 48.931 2.018 13.607
725 12.65 0.00017 50.874 2.521 16.997
726 12.67 0.00024 52.818 3.022 20.379
727 12.69 0.00033 54.761 3.522 23.751
728 12.71 0.00043 56.705 4.021 27.112
729 12.72 0.00055 58.648 4.518 30.461
730 12.74 0.00068 60.592 5.012 33.796
-500000.000
0.000
500000.000
1000000.000
1500000.000
2000000.000
2500000.000
3000000.000
3500000.000
0.000

25.000

50.000

7 5 . 0 00

1 0 0. 0 0 0

1 2 5. 0 0 0
�=𝑅^2/2� 〖��𝑛〗 ^2 𝛼+𝑅(1−𝑐𝑜�𝛼)

150.000

1 7 5. 00 0

2 0 0. 00 0

2 2 5. 00 0

2 5 0. 00 0

2 7 5. 0 0 0

300.000

325.000

3 5 0. 0 0 0

3 7 5. 0 0 0

400.000

42 5 . 00 0
ω_𝑎𝑑=(𝐶_𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 〖∗�〗 _𝑝)/𝑓_𝑎𝑑
325.000

3 5 0. 0 0 0

3 7 5. 0 0 0

400.000

42 5 . 00 0
ω_𝑎𝑑=(𝐶_𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 〖∗�〗 _𝑝)/𝑓_𝑎𝑑
TIPOS DE PRESIONES
1 Presión absoluta
2 Presión manométrica PSI Atmósfera Kgf/cm2 mca mmHg Bar Pa inHg
3 Presión barométrica PSI 1 0.06804 0.070306 0.68473 51.715 0.0689 6894.7572 2.036
Atmósfera 14.69 1 1.03322 10.0627 760.0021 1.01325 101325 29.92133
Kgf/cm2 14.22 0.96784 1 9.73915 735.5612 0.980665 98066.5 28.95909
cm ca 0.0142 0.09937 0.10267 1 75.52621 0.10069 10069.3064 2.97347
mmHg 0.0013 0.00131 0.00135 0.01324 1 0.00133 133.322 0.03937
Bar 14.5037 0.98692 1.01971 9.93117 750.0637 1 100000 29.53005
Pa 1.45E-04 9.87E-06 1.02E-05 9.93E-05 7.50E-03 1.00E-05 1 2.95E-04
inHg 0.4911 0.03342 0.03453 0.3363 25.4 0.0338638 3386.38 1

1615.9

Pabs = Pmanométrica + Patm

ΔP = ρgΔh --> P=Po+ ρgh
Pabs= Patm + ρgh

1 Kgf=9,80665 N
1lbf=4,4482 N
UNIDADES BASICAS Unidades derivadas sin dimensión.
Magnitud Nombre Símbolo
Magnitud Nombre

Longitud metro Ángulo Radián

m plano
Masa kilogramo Ángulo Estereorradi
kg
sólido án
Tiempo segundo
s

Intensidad de corriente ampere

A
eléctrica
Temperatura kelvin
K
termodinámica
Cantidad de sustancia mol
mol

Intensidad luminosa candela

cd
 Observa el siguiente mapa, los países que están
en negro no han adoptado todavía el Sistema
Internacional. ¿Te animas a investigar cuáles
son?

vadas sin dimensión. Unidades SI derivadas expresadas a partir de unidades básicas y suplementarias.
unidades SI Magnitud Nombre Símbolo
Símbolo básicas

rad mm-1= 1 Superficie metro cuadrado m2

sr m2m-2= 1 Volumen metro cúbico m3

Velocidad metro por segundo m/s

Aceleración metro por segundo m/s2

cuadrado
Número de metro a la potencia m-1
ondas menos uno
Masa en kilogramo por metro kg/m3
volumen cúbico

Velocidad radián por segundo rad/s

angular
Aceleración radián por segundo rad/s2
angular cuadrado
que están
Sistema
cuáles

es básicas y suplementarias. Unidades SI derivadas con nombres y símbolos especiales.

Magnitud Nombre Símbolo Expresión en Expresión en
otras unidades SI
unidades SI básicas
Frecuencia hertz Hz s-1

Fuerza newton N m·kg·s-2

Presión pascal Pa N·m-2 m-1·kg·s-2

Energía, trabajo, joule J N·m m2·kg·s-2

cantidad de calor
Potencia watt W J·s-1 m2·kg·s-3

Cantidad de coulomb C s·A

electricidad carga
eléctrica
Potencial eléctrico volt V W·A-1 m2·kg·s-3·A-
fuerza electromotriz 1

Resistencia eléctrica ohm W V·A-1 m2·kg·s-3·A-

2

Capacidad eléctrica farad F C·V -1

m-2·kg-
·s ·A2
1 4

Flujo magnético weber Wb V·s m2·kg·s-2·A-

1

Inducción magnética tesla T Wb·m -2

kg·s-2·A-1
Inductancia henry H Wb·A-1 m2·kg s-2·A-2
Unidades SI derivadas expresadas a partir de las que tienen nombres especiales Nombres y símbolos especiales de múlti
Magnitud Nombre Símbolo unidades Magnitud Nombre
SI básicas

Viscosidad dinámica pascal Pa·s m-1·kg·s-1 Volumen litro

segundo
Entropía joule por J/K m2·kg·s-2·K- Masa tonelada
kelvin 1

Capacidad térmica joule por J/(kg·K) m2·s-2·K-1 Presión y bar

másica kilogramo tensión
kelvin
Conductividad watt por W/(m·K) m·kg·s-3·K-1
térmica metro kelvin
Intensidad del volt por V/m m·kg·s-3·A-1
campo eléctrico metro
mbolos especiales de múltiplos y submúltiplos decimales de unidades SI autorizados
Símbolo Relación

loL 1 dm3=10-
3
m3
t 103 kg

bar 105 Pa
 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Presiones http://www.translatorscafe.com/cafe/ES/units-converter/pressure/c/
Temperaturashttp://www.metric-conversions.org/es/temperatura/fahrenheit-a-celsius.htm