SAHYADRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

&
MANAGEMENT
MANGALURU
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

POWER ELECTRONICS LAB

(10ECL78)
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MERGEFORMATINET

LAB MANUAL
SEMESTER: VII
 CONTENTS

Exp. No. Title Page No.

1. Static Characteristics of SCR & Diac 1-6

2. Static Characteristics of MOSFET & IGBT 7-12

3. Controlled HWR & FWR using RC Triggering Circuit 13-16

4. Synchronized UJT Firing circuit for HWR & FWR Circuits 17-21

5. SCR turn-off circuits using: (i) LC circuit and

(ii) Auxiliary commutation 22-26

6. AC voltage controller using DIAC-TRIAC 27-31

7. Single phase FWR using R and RL loads 32-36

8. Voltage (Impulse) commutated chopper 37-40

9. Speed control of separately excited DC motor 41-45

10. Speed control of induction motor 46-49

11. Speed control of universal motor 50-53

12. Series and Parallel inverters 54-60

EXPERIMENT NO. 1A : STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR
Aim: Obtain the V-I characteristics of SCR. Also find the holding current, latching current,
break over voltage, and on-state resistance of the given SCR TYN612.

Apparatus required:
SCR – TYN612 – 1 no., 2 Power Supplies (0-30 V), 2 Wattage Resistors - 100 Ω, 5W,
Ammeter, Voltmeter, etc.

Procedure:
a) V – I Characteristics:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram below.
2. The value of gate current IG, is set to convenient value by adjusting VGG.

3. By varying the anode- cathode supply voltage VAA gradually in step-by-step, note down
the corresponding values of VAK & IA for every 5V and enter the readings in the tabular
column.
4. Further vary VAA till the SCR conducts. This can be noticed by a sudden drop of V AK
and rise of IA readings. Note down these readings.

5. The point at which SCR fires, gives the value of threshold gate current IGT and the
break over voltage VBO.

6. A graph of VAK V/S IA is to be plotted. Repeat the above steps for a different value of IG.
Hence, the V-I characteristics of SCR are obtained.

7. The on state resistance can be calculated from the graph by using the formula:
Ron = ∆VAK / ∆ IA ohms.

b) Holding Current:

1. The gate supply voltage VGG is to be switched off.

2. Observe the ammeter reading by reducing the anode-cathode supply voltage VAA.
The point at which the ammeter reading suddenly goes to zero gives the value of
Holding Current IH.

3. Note down the values of VAK and VAK just before the SCR turns off. The value of
holding current can be found out by: IH = (VAK --VAK ) / RA.
c) Latching Current:

1. Set VAA to a particular value, and observe the values of VAA, VAK, and IA.

2. Increase the gate supply voltage VGG to 1.2 times the threshold voltage, and connect
the gate supply momentarily.

3. If the SCR voltage falls to 0.7V till the gate current is supplied and rises back to the
original value, or its voltage does not fall at all. This shows that the anode current is
lower than the latching current, and therefore, the SCR is either getting switched off
as soon as the gate supply is removed, or is not getting switched on at all.
4. Increase the anode supply voltage VAA in steps of 0.2V each time and check if the
SCR turns on permanently by connecting the gate supply momentarily. At this point,
note down the values of VAA & VAK . Calculate the value of latching current i,e, the
minimum anode current at which the SCR does not stop conducting even after
removing the gate supply.

IL= ( VAA -- VAK ) / RA

Base Diagram of TYN612 Ideal Graph

 Note: IL is always greater than IH, and is 1.5 to 2 times of IH.

Circuit Diagram:

Tabular Column:

IG = _____________mA IG = _____________mA

Sl.No VAK Volts IA μA/mA/A Sl.No VAK Volts IA μA/mA/A

EXPERIMENT NO. 2A : CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET
Aim: To plot the characteristics of a MOSFET and to find the ON state resistance, the
transconductance, and the threshold voltage.

Apparatus: MOSFET – IRF 540 or IRF 740, resistors, power supplies, multimeters.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

Transfer Characteristic

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram above.

2. Initially keep VGG and VDD to zero.

3. Set VDD , and hence VDS to some value = say 10 V. Slowly vary VGG , and note down ID
and VGS readings in a table for every 0.5 volts. Plot the transfer characteristic graph i.e.
the graph between ID and VGS for different values of VDS.

4. The minimum gate to source voltage VGS that is required for conduction to start the
MOSFET is called the threshold voltage.
 Output Characteristic

1. Now set VGG , and hence VGS to a value equal to the threshold voltage.

2. Now slowly vary VDD, and note down ID and VDS readings in a table for every 1.0
volts.

3. Plot the output characteristics (drain characteristics) graph i.e. the graph between ID
and VDS for different values of VGS.

Ideal Graphs:

Transfer Characteristic Output Characteristic

6. Calculate the transconductance ‘ gm’ by finding the slope of the transfer characteristics as
shown in the graph above.

7. Calculate the On state drain to source resistance RDS for all the values of drain current.
Tabular Column

Transfer Characteristics Output Characteristics

VDS1 = ____ VDS2 = ____ VGS1 = ____ VGS2 = ____

volts volts volts volts

VGS ID VGS ID VDS ID VDS ID

(V) (mA) (V) (mA) (V) (mA) (V) (mA)
EXPERIMENT NO. 2B : CHARACTERISTICS OF IGBT
Aim: To plot the V-I characteristics of IGBT.

Apparatus: IGBT-IRGBC 20S, Power Supplies, Wattage Resistors, Ammeter, Voltmeter, etc.

Procedure: -

Collector Characteristics

1. Connections are mode as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Initially set V2 to VGE1 = 5v (slightly more than threshold voltage)

3. Slowly vary V1 and note down IC and VCE

4. Repeat the experiment for different values of VGE and note down IC v/s VCE

5. Draw the graph of IC v/s VCE for different values of VGE.

Transconductance Characteristics

1. Connections are mode as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Initially keep V1 and V2 at zero.

3. Set VCE1 = say 0.8 v

4. Slowly vary V2 (VGE) and note down IC and VGE readings for every 0.5v and
enter in the tabular column

5. Repeat the experiment for different values of VCE and draw the graph of

IC v/s VGE.
Collector Characteristics Tran conductance
Characteristics
VGE1 = ___ V VGE2 = ___ V VCE1 =____ VCE2 =___ V
V
IC VCE IC VCE IC VGE IC VGE
 Circuit Diagram:

Collector Characteristics Transconductance Characteristics

EXPERIMENT NO. 3 : CONTROLLED HWR & FWR USING RC
TRIGGERING CIRCUIT

Aim: To build a controlled half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier using RC triggering
circuit, and to study their waveforms.

Apparatus: RC triggering module having RC firing circuit, Bridge rectifier, SCR and isolation
transformer , rheostat , CRO, multimeters

Circuit Diagram for realizing HWR using RC triggering Circuit:

Procedure:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the main supply. Vary the firing angle of the thyristor by varying the control
resistor, and observe the voltage waveforms across the load, SCR, and different parts of the
circuit.

3. Keep the pot at minimum and maximum positions and measure the output voltage and
firing angle for both the cases.

4. Note the waveform across the SCR and the load capacitors for a firing angle of 90o.

5. Tabulate the readings and plot the graph with firing angle ( α ) along the x-axis and the
output voltage VO along the Y-axis.

6. Reconnect the module to realize a full wave rectifier and repeat the same observations
and plot the graph.

7. Calculate theoretical output voltage VO (TH ) = [Vm (1 + cos α)] / 2π for HWR and

VO (TH ) = [Vm (1 + cos α)] / π for FWR, where Vm is the maximum value of the ac applied
across the rectifier.
Circuit Diagram for FWR
Waveforms for a controlled full wave rectifier:
Expected Graph

Tabular Column:

Controlled HWR Controlled FWR

Firing VO VO Theoretical Firing VO VO Theoretical=

angle Practical angle Practical
=[Vm (1 + cos α)] / 2π [Vm (1 + cos α)] / 2π
EXPERIMENT NO. 4: SYNCHRONIZED UJT FIRING CIRCUIT FOR
HWR AND FWR CIRCUITS
Aim: To study the SCR firing circuit using UJT, measure intrinsic stand off ratio of UJT, and
to build a controlled HWR and FWR using UJT firing circuit.

Apparatus: UJT module consisting of UJT, pulse transformer, R, C, bridge rectifier, SCR’s,
and pulse transformer, rheostat, multimeter, and CRO.connecting wires.

Circuit Diagram for controlled HWR using UJT:

Observation Table:

Controlled HWR Controlled FWR

Firing angle VO Practical VO Theoretical Firing angle VO Practical VO Theoretical

NOTE: Theoretical output voltage VO (TH ) = [Vm (1 + cos α)] / 2π for HWR and VO (TH ) =
[Vm (1 + cos α)] / π for FWR, where Vm is the maximum value of the ac applied across the
rectifier.

Circuit Diagram for controlled FWR using UJT:

Waveforms for a controlled FWR using UJT:
Procedure:

1. Switch on the module.

2. Note down the voltages at zener using CRO. This is the synchronizing voltage.
Measure the voltage applied to the UJT.

3. Record the voltage at the capacitor and measure the intrinsic stand off ratio of the UJT.

4. Vary the pot and record the waveforms for minimum and the maximum position of pot.

5. Connect the module for HWR using transformer and SCR. Record waveforms across
the load and SCR.

Vary the firing angle and record the variation of load voltage with the firing angle.

6. Reconnect the module for FWR and repeat the same measurements. Note the
observations and plot the variation of load voltage with the firing angle. Also plot the
waveforms.
Experiment No. 5: AC Voltage Control by using TRIAC-DIAC Combination
Aim: To realize an AC voltage controller by using a DIAC- TRIAC combination.
Apparatus: DIAC –TRIAC module, rheostat, differential module, CRO, isolation transformer,
multimeter.

Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply.
3. Vary the potentiometer and observe : Ac voltmeter reading, load voltage waveform on
the CRO, brightness of the lamp.
4. As the resistance R (ie the pot) changes, the firing angle also varies. Note down the ac
voltmeter reading of the output voltage and the firing angle.
5. Plot the graph of firing angle vs ac load voltage.
6. Compare ac voltmeter readings with the theoretical readings.
Waveforms:
EXPERIMENT NO. 8: VOLTAGE (IMPULSE) COMUTATED DC
CHOPPER FOR FIXED AND VARIABLE FREQUENCY
OPERATION( CLASS D COMMUTATION)

Aim: To build a chopper using Class D commutation and study its characteristics.

Apparatus: DC chopper module or forced commutation module, CRO, 150 ohm rheostat,
multimeter, firing circuit, external power supply.

Circuit Diagram:

Waveforms:
Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram using the chopper / commutation module.

2. Switch on the firing module. Study the firing pulses for main and auxiliary SCRs and
find the minimum and the maximum frequency and the duty cycle possible.

3. Set the external voltage supply to 25 volts, connect it to the module and switch the
module on.

4. Observe the voltage waveforms across the load, main SCR, auxiliary SCR and the
capacitor.

5. Keep the duty cycle at 50 % and vary the frequency from maximum to minimum. Note
down the variation of DC voltage with frequency for different duty cycles, and plot the graph.

6. Keep frequency at mid position and vary the duty cycle from minimum to maximum.
Plot the graph of DC voltage vs. duty cycle.
Experiment No. 9: LC Commutation circuit
Aim: To study the principle of Class A Commutation, limiting condition for commutation,
and waveforms across the components.

Apparatus: Commutation module, CRO, rheostat, Differential module

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Check the trigger pulses at the output of the trigger circuit. Apply the trigger pulses to
the Gate and Cathode of the SCR.

2. Connect the dc supply and switch on the circuit.

3. Observe the output voltage waveforms across the load and also observe the voltage
waveforms across the SCR and other devices by varying the frequency.

4. Repeat the above steps for different values of L, C, R.

EXPERIMENT NO. 11: SERIES INVERTER
Aim: To study the operation of a series inverter.

Apparatus: Series Inverter module, power supply, CRO, rheostat, connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Switch on the power supply to the firing circuit check the trigger pulses by varying the
frequency.

2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

3. Now connect trigger outputs from the firing circuits to gate and cathode of
SCRs T1 & T2.

4. Connect DC input from a 30v/2A regulated power supply and switch on the input DC
supply.
5. Now apply trigger pulses to SCRs and observe voltage waveform across the load.
6. Measure Vorms & frequency of o/p voltage waveform.
Waveform

TABULAR COLUMN:

Frequency Firing
Amplitude Time (msec) Frequency (Hz)
Circuit
EXPERIMENT NO. 12: PARALLEL INVERTER
Aim: To build and study a parallel inverter.

Apparatus required: Parallel inverter module, CRO, power supplies, rheostat.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown.

2. Switch on the dc supply and set it to 25 volts. Keep the frequency in the middle, switch
the firing circuit on and press the trigger button.

3. Confirm the working of the inverter by monitoring the waveforms across SCR or load
resistor.

4. Note the waveforms across SCR- 1 & 2, load resistor, and capacitor C1. Use the
differential module for seeing two waveforms simultaneously..

5. Measure the ac voltage with the multimeter. Tabulate the readings and plot the variation
of load voltage vs. load resistance.

6. If the commutation fails, the fuses should blow, so check the fuses first. Switch off the
dc supply first and then the trigger outputs. Check the connections once again.

Circuit Diagram & Waveform:

WAVEFORMS: Case: Half (Frequency of firing circuit)
Vo

TIME

PULSE TRIGGERING:
VO
LT

TIME
TABULAR COLUMN:

Frequency Firing
Amplitude Time (msec) Frequency (Hz)
Circuit

OUTPUT WAVEFORM FOR PARALLEL INVERTER

 EXPERIMENT NO. 8
SINGLE PHASE FULL CONTROLLED BRIDGE
RECTIFIER
FOR R & R-L
LOAD

AIM:

1. To plot Vdc v/s firing angle for R load.

2. To plot Vdc v/s conduction angle ( - ) R-L load.
3. To observe load voltage on CRO.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Trainer module, Multimeters, CRO ,Patch cords Rheostat,

inductor.

PROCEDURE:

Rig up the circuit and connect the triggering circuit as shown in the fig 8.1(a).
First connect the circuit for 40V AC tapping as shown in fig8.1 (a)
Adjust the triggering angle using variable resistance on triggering circuit to observe
the waveform on the CRO.
Connect 0-300 rheostats as load resistance.
Repeat the experiment for various conditions of the load with different tapping of
Vp
AC voltage (max 120V).
Pure R load.
R-L load (R load in series with L load).
R-L loads with free wheeling Diode.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXPECTED WAVE FORMS:
Fig 8.2(b) Output waveforms across R-L load without freewheeling diode.
 TABULAR COLUMN: Ac Vin = 30V (AC), R = 135
R-L LOAD without Dm

Vdc (V) Idc (A) (prac) Vdc TH (V) Idc TH (A)

Calculations:

Vdc = (Vm/ ) * (1 + cos )

Idc = (Vm/ R) * (1 + cos )
(Vm(1 + cos )) / = Vdc
Vm = (Vdc* ) /(1 + cos )

RESULT: The values of Vdc, Idc & are found out, plotted and verified with expected
waveforms.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 11
SPEED CONTROL OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR(AC/DC MOTOR)

AIM:
1. To control the speed of universal motor.
2. To plot o/p voltage Vdc V/S speed

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Trainer Kit, CRO, CRO Probes, Multi meters, Patch
cords, step down Transformer, Tacho meter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

Rig up the circuit as shown in fig

Apply AC voltage and switch on MCB.
Vary firing angle and note down the o/p voltage and speed.
Plot Vdc v/s (firing angle) and Vdc v/s speed.
 TABULAR COLUMN:

Speed in
α in degree Vdc (V)
RPM

Calculations:
Vdc = (Vm/ ) * (1 + cos)
Idc = (Vm/ R) * (1 + cos )
(Vm(1 + cos )) / =Vdc Vm
= (Vdc* ) /(1 + cos)

Compare the theoretical & Practical Values of Vdc &

Idc. ( R = 60 ), Vm = 80 V.

RESULT: The theoretical values of current, voltage and firing angle are computed and
compared with their practical counterparts. The results are plotted and verified.

Tabular Column

Firing Angle ( α in degrees) Speed in r.p.m

Vdc
EXPERIMENT NO. 13: SPEED CONTROL OF SEPARATELY EXCITED
DC MOTOR
Aim: To demonstrate that the speed of the DC motor can be controlled by varying the DC
voltage applied to the motor and by varying the field current.

Apparatus: DC Motor speed control module, DC motor, isolation transformer, differential

module, multimeter, CRO, firing circuit module.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Switch on the mains supply to the firing circuit and make sure that the trigger outputs
are proper.

2. Connect the trigger outputs to the respective SCRs. Connect the ac input to the circuit
through the isolation transformer.

3. Connect the field terminals of the dc motor to the field supply points in the circuit.

4. Connect the armature terminals of the dc motor through the voltmeter and the ammeter
to the output of the rectifier.

5. Keep the load on the motor to the minimum by loosening the pulley belt. Keep the
firing angle maximum i.e. 180o and keep the field supply in the minimum position.

6. Decrease the firing angle gradually in steps, and note down the dc voltage, motor
current and motor speed till the speed reaches around 1400 rpm. Do not go beyond 1400 rpm
for safety reasons.

7. Tighten the load pulley till the spring balance on one side shows 2.5 Kg. Again vary the
firing angle from 150 degrees to around 30 degrees or till the motor attains speed close to 1400
rpm.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF SPEED CONTROL OF
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR
TABULAR COLUMN:

(A) ARMATURE CONTROL

Sl Field Voltage (const) Firing VDC volts IO Amps Speed

No Angle θf

(B) FIELD CONTROL:

Sl No Armature volt (const) Field voltage Speed Current

VDC

RESULT:
1) Speed of a separately excited DC motor is controlled.
2) Graph of
(i) VDC v/s Speed for Field control.
(ii) VDC v/s Speed for Armature control.
(iii) θf v/s VDC v/s Speed in Armature control.
is plotted.
 EXPERIMENT.
12
SPEED CONTROL OF STEPPER MOTOR

AIM: To rig up and verify operation of Stepper Motor.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Stepper Motor Controller (SMC), Stepper Motor

Module.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:o
SWITCHING LOGIC SEQUENCE:

Full step

A1 A2 B1 B2
(RED) (GREEN) (BLUE) (BLACK)
0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 0

1 0 1 1
 Half step

A1 A2 B1 B2
(RED) (GREEN) (BLUE) (BLACK)

1 0
 Power Electronics Lab Manual

Dept. of ECE SCEM, M’lore