Development of Protection Scheme for Off-Grid
Topology
Jakub Vramba, Stanislav Mišák
Department of Electrical Power Engineering
VSB-TU Ostrava
Ostrava, Czech Republic
vramba@seznam.cz, stanislav.misak@vsb.cz
Abstract—In the field of energy, there are themes such as
decentralized electricity production, the use of renewable energy
sources, such as photovoltaic and wind power plants for self-
sufficient energy supply of buildings or objects in the so-called
Off-Grid island autonomous systems. Traditional distribution
networks are facing new opportunities and challenges,
considering the protection scheme and control technology. This
paper proposes a new approach to use Adaptive protection
scheme to limiting of at failure states and abnormal operation
states, such as short-circuits and overloads in an autonomous
single phase Off-Grid systems. Developed by the Adaptive
protection scheme is able to change and configure itself for
various operation states in the Off-Grid system. In addition, the
proposed Adaptive protection scheme is based on central control
and real-time analysis of data acquired from conventional
electronic measuring devices.
Keywords—Off-Grid system, adaptive protection scheme,
failure states, abnormal operation states, short-circuit current
I. INTRODUCTION
Within the research of renewable energy sources, physical
platform family house operated in Off-Grid system mode based
on hybrid energy system has been developed in the campus of
VSB – Technical University of Ostrava [1]. The Off-Grid
system is significantly defined for the purpose, where the
system is able to operate independently from the external
distribution grid to feed power to the dependent loads. This
system primarily integrates the parallel cooperation of a Wind
Power Plant (WPP) and a Photovoltaic system (PV), where the
power of the individual sources may be used to supply of
appliances in a low-voltage Off-Grid system and the surplus of
power is used for charging the energy storage system. The
monitoring and remote control system together with on-line
visualization has been developed of in order to perform a
quality analysis of the entire system operation. This monitoring
system is able to obtain enough information and data for the
final evaluation of all elements in the Off-Grid system, such as
parameters of the electric power quality, power flows, short-
circuit conditions in different operation states of the Off-Grid
system. [2]
The subsequent results of this monitoring system have been
used to design and complete the sophisticated energy active
management system. Active management system is designed
This paper was conducted within the framework of the IT4Innovations Centre
of Excellence project, reg. no. CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0070, project ENET –
CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0069, Students Grant Competition project reg. no.
SP2015/170, SP2015/178, project LE13011 Creation of a PROGRES 3
Consortium Office to Support Cross-Border Cooperation
978-1-4799-7993-6/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
Vít Houdek, Jakub Kosmák
Department of Electrical Power Engineering
VSB-TU Ostrava
Ostrava, Czech Republic
vit.houdek@vsb.cz, jakub.kosmak@gmail.com
for energy management and control of energy power flow in
the Off-grid system. Active management system developed for
Off-Grid system ensures a specific set of requirements [3].
These requirements are summarized in the following points.
Autonomous operation Off-Grid system without dependence
on energy from external distribution grids. Operation with
equable generation-production balance with predominant use
of renewable energy sources such as WPP and PV. Operated
under sophisticated control management system. And finally
using new type of grid protection allowing bi-directional power
flows with respecting the dynamic changes of short-circuit
power in the Off-Grid system [4].
The short-circuit power in the Off-Grid system is
determined by the Off-Grid inverter with battery bank, WPP
and the PV along with the power converters. As the electric
power generation from renewable energy sources is stochastic
in nature and hence, this has a negative impact on the short-
circuit power changes in the Off-Grid system in comparison to
conventional low voltage distribution system (On-Grid).
Moreover, the short-circuit current in the Off-Grid system is
usually several times less than conventional On-Grid system
[4]. In order to ensure selective and the most reliable relay
protection against short-circuit and overload in the Off-Grid
system, there is a need to modify the standard relay protection
concept which is used in conventional low-voltage networks
with a considerably higher short-circuit power than in the Off-
Grid system. Protection methods presented in represents new
approach for whole Smart-Grids, however not for residential
households as a basic cell of Off-Grid system [5], [6], [7]. The
most recent sophisticated protective scheme is intended,
however, for higher voltage and power levels and this
protection is not suitable to ensure the low-voltage electric
systems such as Off-Grid system (against short-circuit and
overload [8]). For this reason, the research team of VSB–
Technical University of Ostrava developed the Adaptive
protection scheme (APS) which uses information about the
current operation states in the Off-Grid system. The developed
algorithm of Adaptive protection scheme sets the threshold
value of short-circuit release of the protective device according
to predetermined sets of parameters with regard to the short-
circuit power changes in the Off-Grid system during various
operation states. These pre-established sets of parameters are
based on the measured instantaneous values, such as wind
turbine speed (RPM) and Global irradiation in (W·m-2).
 Adaptive protection scheme (APS) uses conventional
protection elements, such as a circuit breaker with an under-
voltage trigger. In the Off-Grid system, there’s used an
Adaptive protection scheme of multifunctional measuring
instruments for accurate measurement of currents and voltages
in the individual current circuits of electrical power
distribution. The Adaptive protection scheme concept is based
on the regulations and standards intended for the basic
requirements for the protective measures which need to be
implemented in a low voltage electrical installations.
II. OFF-GRID SYSTEM PHYSICAL PLATFORM DESCRIPTION
The physical platform of the Off-Grid system was built in
the campus of VSB–Technical University of Ostrava in the
Czech Republic [1]. Simplified wiring diagram of physical
platform with installed hybrid energy system is shown in
Fig. 1. The physical platform of the Off-Grid system is
operated in AC By-Pass topology, hybrid energy system
consists of two types of renewable energy sources such as WPP
and PV with different electric energy conversion. The
advantage of proposed power topology is that, WPP and PV
system with their DC/AC inverters are connected directly to
the single phase AC power system (the main connection bus of
the Off-Grid inverter - 231V/50 Hz, see Fig. 1) created by the
Off-Grid inverter.
The cornerstone of the insular electrical grid is the Off-Grid
inverter. The Off-Grid inverter is capable to make bidirectional
power flow with the help of energy storage battery, inverter
and charger, allowing stable operation of connected loads and
power generation devices on the AC side. The output power of
PV and WPP may be self-sufficient to meet the dependent load
power without the necessitating the loading of Off-Grid
inverter and it can charge the battery bank with the surplus
amount of energy. The Off-Grid inverter can also cover the
peak load demands. The Off-Grid inverters often use the
frequency shift power control (FSPC) [9]. The Off-Grid
inverter changes the power frequency in Off-Grid system to
limit the PV and WPP inverter power output to keep the power
balance between generation-consumption, when the power
consumption is low and battery bank is fully charged. This can
cause the frequency fluctuations within the electric power
system up to 50 ± 5 Hz. The Off-Grid inverter used in this Off-
Grid testing platform creates conditions defined for a standard
single phase AC system which can integrate individual
electrical appliances. The Off-Grid inverter is able to provide
rated power output of 4 kW, with a maximum of 5 kW for a
time period of 1 minute. Due to its sophisticated control of the
battery bank charging, the Off-Grid inverter always aware of
State of Charge (SoC) of the battery bank, and makes further
decisions based on its control function in the system. It also
determines the optimal strategy for charging the battery bank.
The Off-Grid inverter allows to use a standby fossil fuel-
generator during bad weather conditions and low power
production by each power sources and low state of charge
battery (SoC). The battery bank charging process uses the
IUoU Active Inverter Technology characteristics. Owing to the
testing operations of the entire system, the capacity of battery
bank (Ni-Cd) was selected at 750 A·h with a nominal voltage
of 24 VDC. Energy efficiency is about 85 % and state of
charge (SoC) is 30 %, battery lifespan is about 5 000 charging
cycles.
PV WPP DC
AC
APS
DC/AC
DC/AC
AC/DC
Off-Grid inverter L1
DC/AC
L1A L1B
G Fault
BAT LOAD
LOAD Location
Zp = 0,8 Ω
231V/50 Hz
Fig. 1. Simplified wiring diagram of the Off-Grid system (“By-Pass”
topology) with APS
The source with the highest rated output power is 3-phase
WPP, with an installed power of 8 kW using permanent
magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), the AC output voltage
(3 x 425 V, 0 – 35 Hz) is rectified using rectifier and the
rectified power output is subsequently led through the DC/AC
inverter (with a maximum power output of 5.5 kW AC) to the
single phase AC power system, see Fig. 1 for detail. The PV
system has an installed maximum power output of 4 kWp. The
PV system is divided into two strings (PV1 and PV2). The
maximum power output of each PV is 2 kWp. PV1 uses
polycrystalline solar cells which are fixed on the roof of the
building. PV2 uses monocrystalline solar cells, which are more
efficient. PV2 is located on a 2-axis pointing device – so-called
tracker. The PV1 and PV2 power output is led into the DC/AC
inverter, with a maximum AC output power of 4.2 kW with 2 x
2.1 kW maximum power point tracking input (MPPT). The
Off-Grid system is capable of using 100 % power of hybrid
energy system with the use of the active management system,
cover the consumption of up to 13.5 kW. The physical platform
of the Off-Grid system is used here as a generic model in order
to realize the proposed Adaptive protection scheme.
III. ANALYSIS OF FAILURE STATES AND OPERATING
CONDITIONS DURING SHORT-CIRCUIT IN THE OFF-GRID
SYSTEM
In order to design the proposed adaptive protection concept,
it is necessary to know the short-circuit current during various
operation states in distribution electrical power insular grid.
During the single phase short-circuit, the magnitude of angle
and time behavior of short-circuit current is determined by the
voltage of the source (short-circuit power of the sources),
circuit impedance and the fault inception. The fault inception
of waveform angle determines whether the waveform of the
short-circuit current is symmetrical or asymmetrical. The short-
circuit power in the Off-Grid system is determined by the
output of three sources, namely the Off-Grid inverter with
battery bank, PV and WPP. In this paper, the simulation of the
single phase short-circuits and the results of experimental
measurements at the terminals of the appliances in the Off-Grid
system (connection of the phase and the neutral conductors in
Off-Grid system, see fault location in Fig. 1 is described in
three basic operation modes Off-Grid system:
(A) Off-Grid system is supplied only by Off-Grid inverter
with battery bank, first operational modes.
(B) Off-Grid system is supplied by Off-Grid inverter and
supplemented by PV, second operational modes.
(C) Off-Grid system is supplied by Off-Grid inverter and
supplemented by PV and WPP, third operational modes.
A. First Operational Mode
The testing and measurement during the first operational
mode was carried out with following conditions before the
short-circuit was performed: System voltage was 231 V, Load
was set to 2 kW at 50 Hz, and the fault location was circuit
L1B (from power source to appliance terminal). Fig. 2
illustrates the waveforms of the short-circuit current and the
voltage at the output AC side of the Off-Grid inverter (SI).
Prior to the short-circuit, the Off-Grid inverter is loaded at
60 % of its nominal load. The voltage is 231 V and the Off-
Grid inverter supplies power to Off-Grid system with 8,2 A.
The stabilized effective value of the short-circuit current is 34
A, after short-circuit and settling the transient effects, whereas
the effective value of voltage decreases to 10 V from rated
voltage 231 V.
According EN 50178 and EN 610000-6-1 Standards, the
Off-Grid inverter has its own relay protection against over-
heating and the output AC is monitored for short-circuit and
overload [10]. In case of a short-term overload (AC motor
starting current), the Off-Grid inverter is able to provide 50 A
for 100 ms. Once the period defined for a short-term overload
expires and the maximum current consumption is detected as
exceeded, which occurs during the single phase short-circuit or
overload, the Off-Grid inverter of the testing platform
disconnects the AC appliance side of the Off-Grid system to
protect the humans life as well as to keep the appliances and
power electronics lifespan. In current operated system, there is
no way to disconnect the part, where the fault occur, because
the Off-Grid inverter is disconnecting the main contactor based
on the AC voltage value; the system parameter. The Off-Grid
inverter disconnects the power supply to the AC side of the
Off-Grid system when the failure duration exceeds time of 6
seconds. This period for shut-down is intended for the relay
protection to the Off-Grid inverter, but it does not correspond
to the time limit for a failure shut-down, e.g. upon the single
phase short-circuit in low voltage networks, for TN networks
(terra neutral grounding system) is time limit 0.4 s [11].
As a protective device it can be used an automatic
disconnection of the power supply (short circuit breaker B16
and fuse gG16). The relay protection (will ensure automatic
disconnection if the conditions indicated in equation (2) is met.
If this requirement is met, the current which flows through the
failure loop (depending on the value of the loop impedance) is
higher than the release current Ir (in the short-circuit relay
protection).
Fig. 2. AC Voltage and Current waveform during the short-circuit in the
Off-Grid system, first operational mode
The relay protection can consequently be shut down within
the required time limit (the prescribed releasing time is 0.4 s;
for TN networks). If conventional relay protection, such as a
circuit breaker B, In = 16 A, factor 5, is used, the release
current of the breaker is Ir = 80 A.
U0 U0
Zp ≤ k ⋅ (Ω ), Ip = ( A), (1)
Ip Zp
2 231
Z p = 0,8 ≤ ⋅ = 1,93 (Ω ), (2)
3 80
where Zp is impedance of the failure short-circuit loop (in
the Off-Grid system, at the fault location of short-circuit
0.8 Ω), consists of the electric power source, the external
conductor up to the point of failure and the grounding
conductor between the failure point and the electric power
source, U0 is voltage before the short-circuit occurs (V) and Ip
is fault current (A). [11]
The impedance value of short-circuit loop was Zp = 0,8 Ω
in a location of a short circuit. Theoretically, due to the
mentioned impedance, the value of short circuit current should
be 288 A, according to equation (1). The electrical protection is
able to provide automatic shutdown, when the requirements in
equation (2) are met. If this requirements are met, the current
flowing in the circuit is higher than the initiating current Ip of
short-circuit protection. The short circuit protection disconnects
the fault within the required time limits. The value of the short-
circuit current is insufficient for safety use of the safeguarding
element, such as the circuit breakers with characteristic B16 or
B10 (34 A < 80 or 50 A) see Fig. 2, failure is not disconnected
within a determined time limit. The limited short-circuit current
flows from the Off-Grid inverter to the fault location. This
failure current value can’t be safely disconnected by the
standard relay protection concept, without limitation of the
maximum power input to the various appliances. Therefore a
failure state emerges in the Off-Grid system and it can
jeopardize the human health or safety and reliability of the
system.
B. Second Operational Mode
The second operational mode, Off-Grid system are supplied
by Off-Grid inverter with battery bank and PV. The maximum
contribution of PV, along with the limitation ability of the PV
inverter, to the total short-circuit power of the Off-Grid system
is just beyond the limit of the PV maximum output (MPP-
maximum power point). MPP is the point when the PV inverter
sets up so that it corresponds to the present point of the
maximum output of the used photovoltaic panels. The
maximum current of PV is determined by the short-circuit
current which is the maximum current which may be supplied
by the solar element at a given sunlight intensity. From the
information mentioned above, the maximum current of PV is
determined by short-circuit current which is depending on the
maximum short-circuit current of PV panels corresponding to
the given sunlight intensity. The maximum contribution of PV
to total short-circuit power is approx 1.3 times of maximum
installed power - due to the limited PV maximum power (DC
side) and PV inverter limitation ability (AC side), the
maximum contribution of the overall short-circuit current of
PV inverter to the fault location is approximately 23 A. Usually
the maximum short-circuit current of PV inverter is given in
manufactures’ datasheet. The value of the short-circuit current
during the second operation modes is insufficient for safely use
of the safeguarding element, such as the circuit breakers with
characteristic B16 or B10, failure is not disconnected within a
determined time limit. The limited short-circuit current flows
from the Off-Grid inverter and PV inverter to the fault location
see Table 1. The PV inverters are automatically disconnected
from the Off-Grid system within 0.06 s. When PV inverters are
disconnected, the short-circuit power is only supplied from the
Off-Grid inverter fed by battery bank. [12]
C. Third Operational Mode
The third operational mode, Off-Grid system is supplied by
Off-Grid inverter with battery bank and supplemented by both,
PV and WPP. Fig. 3 illustrates the waveforms of the short-
circuit current and the voltage at the terminals of the appliance
in the case of the third operational modes in the Off-Grid
system. Prior to the short-circuit, the WPP inverter output is at
50 % load and the PV inverter output is at 30 % load. The
power output of WPP and PV is sufficient to cover the current
load in the Off-Grid system as well as to charge the battery
bank throughout the Off-Grid inverter. Upon the single phase
short-circuit at the terminals of the appliance powered by the
Off-Grid system, the initial sub-transient short-circuit current
reaches a peak value of 109 A. When the transient phenomena
is settled, the effective value of the stabilized short-circuit
current is 36 A. The voltage in the Off-Grid system drops
below 10 V from rated 231 V. The PV and WPP inverters are
automatically disconnect from the Off-Grid system within
0,06 s. When the WPP and PV inverters are disconnected, the
short-circuit power is only supplied from the Off-Grid inverter
with battery bank. The effective value of the short-circuit
current decreases to 34 A. The higher contribution to the
overall sub-transient short-circuits current is from WPP - 50 A
peak value, before WPP inverter is disconnected. The PV
contribution is 9 A, before it’s disconnected. The Off-Grid
inverter contribution is 36 A (see Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. AC Voltage and Current waveform during the short-circuit in the Off-
Grid system, third operational mode
If the short-circuit is electrically similar to the synchronous
generator, the waveform of the short-circuit current is more
complicated. The maximum short-circuit current of the
synchronous generator of WPP, as determined in equation (3)
during the sudden galvanic short – circuit connection of the
output terminals during idle state. It is limited by the machine
reactance [13].
t t
− −
⎛U ⎞ ⎛U0 U0 ⎞ ′ ⎛ ⎞ ′′
I kWPP ( t ) = ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ ⋅ e Td + ⎜ U 0 − U 0 ⎟ ⋅ e Td (A)
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ x ′′ ⎟
⎝ xd ⎠ ⎝ x d′ xd ⎠ ⎝ d x d′ ⎠ (3)
where IkWPP(t) is effective value of the short-circuit current
(A), U0 is effective value of the voltage before the short-circuit
(V), Xd is synchronous reactance (Ω), Xd´´ is subtransient
reactance (Ω), Xd ´ is transient reactance (Ω), t is time from the
occurrence of the short-circuit (s), Td´´ and Td´ are subtransient
and transient time constant.
The reactance of the generator changes gradually, from the
sub-transient to the transient and synchronous value. The
rotating inertia mass (inertia moment of the wind power plant
and the synchronous generator) determines the mechanical and
dynamic properties of the wind turbine. The maximum short-
circuit current of the synchronous generator of WPP during the
sudden galvanic connection (3-phase symmetrical short-circuit)
is 122 A according to the value Xd´´ (Xd´´= 6 Ω). However,
WPP is connected to the Off-Grid system via their converters
(see Fig.1). These converters have limited ability due to the
maximum power output and constraining power electronics
switches used to build the converters. The maximum
contribution of the WPP to total short-circuit power is approx 2
times of maximum installed power WPP inverter. Based on
experimental measurements is the maximum contribution of
the overall short-circuit current of WPP inverter to the fault
location is approximately 50 A see Table 1.
TABLE I. SHORT-CIRCUIT VALUES IN DIFFERENT OPERATION MODES In order to avoid the wrong activation of the short-circuit
OF THE OFF-GRID SYSTEM
degree by exceeding the threshold value, this value must be
Maximal contribution to initial peak short-circuit dynamically changed in real time as a function of the present
Operation current Ik´´(A) output of WPP and PV. Based on the measured and evaluated
modes Off-Grid
Total initial peak short- values, the system adjusts the threshold value of the
PV WPP circuit current at the fault short-circuit degree for the primary circuit L1. Based on the
inverter
location
A 34 0 0 34
current WPP’s speed and Global irradiation value, the system
dynamically increases or decreases the threshold value of the
B 36 23 0 59
C 36 23 50 109
short-circuit degree. If the preset threshold value is exceeded,
the independent instantaneous trigger will be released and
initiate the circuit breaker.

IV. THE PROPOSED ADAPTIVE PROTECTION SCHEMA N L1 L1A L1B

Release circuit UPS
Actor
One of the possibilities for short-circuit protection in the breakers 230 V
Short-circuit
Off-Grid system is to install the under-voltage relay or modern trigger
digital protection [6], [8]. The under-voltage relay monitors the Voltage LAN
sensor Microcomputer In · (n)
value of the phase voltage. When the lower adjustable voltage
level is exceeded, the trigger releases the applied protection
A/D RPM & W·m2
element, in this case the B16 circuit breaker (see Fig. 1). This Converter
protective relay can be used to protect against under-voltage XML Monitoring WPP, PV
which occurs in the island electric network during the Current sensors system
L1- primary circuit RPM & W·m2
short-circuit. The under-voltage relay helps to release the L1A,B - secondary circuits
circuit breaker (B16) and disconnects the faulty part within 0,1
s after the short circuit is occurred in the Off-Grid system.
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the proposed Adaptive protection
However, the disadvantage of this relay mechanism
susceptibility to release of the protection elements upon a The Fig.4 illustrates the schematic diagram of Adaptive
short-term voltage drop in the Off-Grid system. Another protection scheme. The basic circuit of this scheme is formed
disadvantage of this system is the absence of selectivity - the by the converter of the analogue signal from current probes to
ability to only switch off the affected area within the electric the digital format, and the controlling microcomputer which
lines of the Off-Grid system, because voltage profile is the evaluates the flowing current, pre-sets values of the threshold
system parameter in Off-Grid systems. The use of modern value of the short-circuit trigger according to the current RPM
digital protection would increase the cost to build the Off-Grid of the WPP turbine and Global irradiation value, and activates
system. The cost of modern digital protections is about 20 % of the tripping relay at the moment of the breaker switching off.
the total cost to build the Off-grid system. The communication interface of the control computer allows
In order to ensure a safe selective protection against the the acquisition of data from the WPP and PV measuring system
short-circuit and overload in all operation modes of the through the data (XML), it is supplied the external supply.
Off-grid system, there is a need to change threshold value of Fig. 6 and Table 2 illustrate the model situation, settings of four
the short-circuit trigger for short-circuit protection threshold values of the short-circuit degree for the primary
dynamically. In order to achieve this, an algorithm of the circuit at various WPP’s speed and Global irradiation value.
Adaptive protection scheme has been developed, see Fig.5. In Value Imax represents the maximum transmitted current in the
the first operation state (the short-circuit current source was the Off-Grid system.
Off-Grid inverter only), the value of the short-circuit current is
only 34 A. The value a fault current for the short-circuit trigger Measured Set the nominal
must be set below this limit In · n < 34 A. If this limit remains Measured actual values current value START
set for the second and third operation state as well, the actual values RPM & W·m-2 In
maximum transmitted current would be limited in the By-Pass In
system concept. The developed algorithm of Adaptive Setup→short-circuit trigger
protection scheme sets the threshold value of short-circuit n
1,5 → ≤ 52 r.min-1, ≤ 120 W·m-2 >>I →IOFF = In · n
release of the protective device according to predetermined sets IL n= …
-1 -2
of parameters with regard to the short-circuit power changes in 3,5 → ≥149 r.min , ≥ 640 W·m
the Off-Grid system during various operation states. The
threshold value of the short-circuit trigger for the primary
IOFF
circuit L1 is dynamically changing based on the WPP’s speed YES IL > IOFF
variation and Global irradiation value from monitoring system. Releasing the trigger,
The measured instantaneous values of wind turbine speed in STOP initiate the circuit breaker NO
RPM and Global irradiation in W·m-2 and they are converted
into XML format and are executed in one sec interval. The
value of the threshold short-circuit trigger for the secondary Fig. 5. Algorithm of the Adaptive protection scheme
circuits L1A and L1B is determined by a fixed settable value
which is lower than the value for the primary circuit L1.

Fig. 6. Model situation, settings of four threshold values of the short-circuit
degree of the adaptive protection scheme
V. CONCLUSION
This paper has presented an innovative Adaptive protection
scheme for autonomous single-phase Off-Grid systems.
Adaptive protection scheme presents a novel approach to
scheme protection against abnormal conditions such as short-
circuit and overload in the Off-Grid system. For Off-Grid
system or microgrid protection, it is always better to use a
scheme that utilizes communication links as it will ensure fast
operation of the protective devices. This proposed Adaptive
protection scheme is intended for the Off-Grid system, which
contains several independent sources of short-circuit power
especially; wind turbine, PV system and is able to change and
configure itself for various operation states in the Off-Grid.
This Adaptive protection scheme is verified in the steady-state
and transient mode. The result of the analysis of Adaptive
protection scheme operation implies that the protection fulfills
the requirements for reliability, selectivity and price
availability.

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accordance with ISO/IEC/EN 81346 33. September 2010. International
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