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FLOODS

-is overflow of excess water that submerges land and inflow of tide onto land.
-rising and overflowing of a body of water especially onto normally dry land.
-an unusual high stage of a river due to runoff from rainfall and/or melting of snow in quantities too great to be confined in
the normal water surface elevations of the river or stream,as the result of unusual meteorological combination.

In the design flood estimates, reference is usually made to three classes:


(a) Standard Project Flood (SPF)
(b) Maximum Probable Flood (MPF)
(c) Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP)
(a)Standard Project Flood (SPF). This is the estimate of the flood likely to occur from the most severe combination of the
meteorological and hydrological conditions, which are reasonably characteristic of the drainage basin being considered,
but excluding extremely rare combination.
(b) Maximum Probable Flood (MPF). This differs from the SPF in that it includes the extremely rare and catastrophic
floods and is usually confined to spillway design of very high dams. The SPF is usually around 80% of the MPF for the
basin.
(c) Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP). From the observations of air moisture from the maximum due-point and
temperature recorded and air-inflow (from the wind speed and barometric pressure recorded), the moisture inflow index in
the storm is determined.

FLOOD CONTROL
 Flood control refers to all methods used to reduce or prevent the worst effects of flood waters.
 In other words, we can say that flood control is the prevention or reduction of the flood damage.

GROUNDWATER
• Groundwater is water that exists in the pore spaces and fractures in rocks and sediments beneath the Earth’s
surface. It originates as rainfall or snow, and then moves through the soil and rock into the groundwater system,
where it eventually makes its way back to the surface streams, lakes, or oceans.
• Hydrogeology is the branch of hydrology that deals with the study of groundwater.

REGIONS OF EARTH’S CRUST


1. Zone of Aeration or Vadose Zone or Unsaturated Zone: Overlies Phreatic Zone. Pore spaces partly filled with
water. Contains soil moisture.
2. Zone of Saturation or Phreatic Zone: saturated zone overlying impermeable bed rock. Water fills all the available
pore spaces

PROPERTIES OF A GOOD AQUIFER


Porosity: Proportion of void space: pore space, cracks, vesicles
Gravel : 25-45% (1K - 10K), Clay: 45-55%(<.01)
sandstone: 5-30% (0.3 - 3), Granite: <1 to 5%(.003 to .00003)
higher porosity in well rounded, equigranular, coarse grained rocks
Permeability: Measure of how readily fluid passes through a material
Depends on the size of the pores and how well they are interconnected
Clay has high porosity but low permeability
There are basically four types of geological formations
• Aquifers
• Aquitard
• Aquiclude
• Aquifuge

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