Disciplines and subjects- meaning, definition and concepts - Distinction between school
subjects and academic disciplines - Importance of the knowledge of disciplines and subjects -
Need and importance of studying school subjects - Curriculum content – meaning, definitions
and importance - John Dewey’s ideas on disciplinary knowledge and curriculum - Relationship
between school subjects and academic discipline
Education
Education empowers human beings and it is used to acquire some knowledge, to realize
our potentials, an asset for a lifetime and it is not just a key to open the doors of various
professions, but a social resource, enabling you to mix with many people. A narrow education,
merely serving ones chosen profession.
Important/ uses of Education
Earn your own living
Avoiding societal embarrassment
Forgoing baseless superstitions
Reasoning against the illogical
Keeping up with evolutions
Exposure to the World
A Healthier Lifestyle and living
Adapting to newer techniques for productivity
Ethical values that help make the world more peaceful
Economic growth of the nation
A longer, disease free life for the younger generation
School Subjects - Meaning
A school subject is an area of learning within the school curriculum on societal
expectations. We learn the traditional subjects, such as language, maths, Science, and Social. It is
compulsorily taught to the students.
Arrangement of content of knowledge, skills and the transformation of that content to the
students in school and classroom teaching. Thus a school subject contains content, and
translating content for educational purposes.
School Subjects-Definition
A school subject constitutes an organizing framework that gives meaning and shape to
curriculum content, teaching, and learning activities (Karmon, 2007)
School Subjects is defined as an “area of knowledge that is studied in school”.-
(Britannica Encyclopaedia).
Academic disciplines-Meaning
The term “discipline” originates from the Latin words discipulus, which means pupil, and
disciplina, which means teaching (noun). Discipline is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary
as "a branch of learning or scholarly instruction."
A field or branch of learning affiliated with an academic department of a university,
formulated for the advancement of research and scholarship. Discipline is for the professional
training of researchers and specialists and a part of higher education.
Examples:
Anthropology, Space Science, psychology, sociology, archaeology, Education etc.
Academic disciplines – Definition
“An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of knowledge that is taught and
researched as part of higher education”.
Anthony Biglan
A branch of knowledge or learning which is taught or researched at the college or
university level.
Glosbe
The main focus of the study of the discipline
• Methods used to expand disciplinary knowledge
• Impact of these disciplines on our lives
• Professions and the disciplines
• Emergence of academic disciplines
Academic disciplines and subjects
Subjects are grouped under a specific discipline. If one looks at the courses offered by
various universities one can see that broadly subjects are classified under the following
disciplines.
a) Humanities
b) Social Sciences
c) Natural Sciences
d) Mathematics
e) Business Geosciences
Discipline Humanities Social Sciences Natural Mathematics Business
→ Sciences
Examples of Languages, History, Physics, Logic, Accounting,
Subjects Literature, Geography, Chemistry, Life Geometry, Finance,
arts, Sociology, Law, Sciences, Algebra, Taxation,
Religion, Demography, Geosciences Arithmetic, Economics,
Philosophy, anthropology Management,
Cultural Marketing
studies
Main focus understand, concerned with Systematic Seeks Commerce,
of study appreciate society & study of the patterns, trade,
and critique relationship universe resolves the organizations,
the human between around us truth, various
interactions individuals in the transactions,
society finance,
entrepreneurship
Methods analytical, Social critique , Scientific Mathematical Analytical,
used to critical, interpretative inquiry, inquiry inquiry based
expand and/or methods experimentatio methods
knowledge reflective n, empirical
methods methods
Impact Teach to Foster social Better life Used in other Helps to
think justice, equality quality, helps disciplines understand
logically, and empathy. Help to overcome like Science. transactions,
interpret to think critically problems, helps Mathematical organize one’s
phenomena, and decide to understand Models have assets, facilitates
appreciate judiciously. Build natural helped in business deals,
culture, build committed citizens phenomena, analysis and helps a nation to
reading and development of predictions. progress
writing skills, scientific
help to attitude
communicate
effectively
Examples of Interpreter, Archaeologist, Scientist, Analysts, Banker,
Professions journalist, economist, researcher, statisticians, financial
reporter, advocate, doctor, programmers, analyst, business
author, pharmacist, , consultant,
botanist entrepreneur
Curriculum Content
Definition of Curriculum
All the learning which is planned and guided by the school, whether it is carried on in groups or
individually, inside or outside the school.
Teaching Strategies
Evaluation
Content
Aims and objectives
Elements of Curriculum
Definition of Content
Content is defined as “Information to be learned in school, another term for knowledge (a
collection of facts, concepts, generalization, principles, theories)”
Content comes in any form (audio, text and video) and it informs, entertains, enlightens or
teaches people who consume it.
Subject-cantered view of curriculum
The fund of human knowledge represents the repository of accumulated discoveries and
inventions of man down the centuries, due to man’s exploration of the world.
Learner-cantered view of curriculum
Relates knowledge to the individual’s personal and social world and how he or she defines
reality. • Jerome Bruner: “Knowledge is a model we construct to give meaning and structure to
Purposes of Content
To present material basic to a general understanding of a course.
To help a sequential relationship of material
To help organize materials
To furnish a source of valuable information.
Includes cognitive skill and affective elements.
Responds to the needs of the learner.
United with the goals and objectives of the basic education curriculum.
General Information
John Dewey was born in the United States of America on October 20, 1859.
American philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in
education, philosophy, and psychology.
From 1884 to 1894 he had a faculty position at the University of Michigan.
In 1894 Dewey joined the University of Chicago where emerged his Pragmatic Philosophy.
In 1903 Dewey also set up the “University of Chicago Laboratory Schools” to actualize the
pedagogical beliefs that provided material for his first major work on education, “The School and
Social Progress” (1899).
In 1905 he became president of the American Philosophical Association.
Nowadays, Dewey is considered one of the founders of The New School.
Writings
My Pedagogic Creed (1897)
The School and Society (1900)
The Child and the Curriculum (1902)
Democracy and Education (1916)
Experience and Education (1938)
John Dewey’s ideas on disciplinary knowledge
Experiential education: Dewey focused his concept of “instrumentalism” in education on
“learning by doing or hands-on learning”, which means to learn not only by the theory, but also by
the practice. “Instrumentalism” is a theory of knowledge created by Dewey in which ideas are
seen to exist primarily as instruments for the solution of problems encountered in the environment.
The school’s role: Dewey stressed the importance of education in school not only as a place to
gain content knowledge, but also as a place to learn how to live. The purpose of education should
be the realization of everybody’s full potential and the ability to use any skills for the greater good.
The educational process’ role: Dewey advocated for an educational structure that makes a balance
between the child and the curriculum, that is to say, delivering knowledge while also taking into
account the interests and experiences of the student.
The teacher’s role: The teacher’s role should be that of facilitator and guide since the teacher
becomes a partner in the learning process who leads students to independently discover meaning
within the subject area.
The Dewey School
• In January of 1896, Dewey opened the doors of the Experimental University of Chicago with the
idea of setting up an “Experimental School” by his own.
• The program core of the studies of the Dewey School figured what he denominated “occupation”,
in other words, “a form of activity done by the children that reproduce a type of work done in
social life or that is parallel to it.
• The Dewey Teaching Method
• Dewey wrote: “the child goes to school to make things: to cook, to sew, to work the wood, and to
make tools through acts of simple construction; and in this context, and like consequence of those
acts it articulates the studies: reading, writing, and calculus.
• The Dewey pedagogical key consisted in providing the children with “experiences of first hand”
about conflictive situations, most of the time based on personal experiences. In his opinion, “the
mind is not completely free until the right conditions are created to make the children participate
actively in the personal analysis of his/her own problems, and participate in the methods to solve
them, at the price of multiple tries and mistakes.
• Even though he didn’t expect that the Experimental School method were followed in a strictly way
in other places, he kept the hope that his school served as a source of inspiration to whom
pretended to transformed the public education.
• The End of the Dewey School
• The precursor community of Dewey lasted too short. Its end was caused by the people who
worked with Dewey in the Experimental school. They all wanted to have the control of the school,
since the school didn’t belong to Dewey, in fact, it belong to the Chicago’s University.
• The lost of the Experimental school left an opened room to others to understand, apply, and even
deform Dewey’s pedagogical ideas.
Conclusions
Dewey considered schools and civil society as two fundamental elements and major topics that
need attention and reconstruction to encourage experimental intelligence and plurality in order to
improve our life and environment.
Dewey strongly believed that students must be active learning perceivers and critical thinkers
rather than passive believers and receivers of information.
Dewey’s theories have been a great influence on 20th-century thought. His writings on educational
theory and practice have been widely read and accepted because he showed that the disciplines of
philosophy, pedagogy, and psychology should be understood as closely interrelated. For that reason,
Dewey's ideas have remained at the center of much educational philosophy in the United States and in
many countries around the world.