A Project Report on Smart Grid

Submitted to: - Submitted by: -

Mr. M.L. Deb Gautam Kumar
Principal, STC, APPR. SSE/Electrical
NBQ, N.F. Railway Batch: - 2016-A
Contents
1 Acknowledgement 1
2 Abstract 2
3 Introduction 3
4 Historical Development of Electricity Grid 4
5 Modernization Opportunities 5
6 Early Technology Innovations 5
7 Conceptual High level of Smart Grid 6
8 Smart Grid Drivers 7
9 Smart Grid Technologies 8
10 Key Characteristics of Smart Grid 9
11 Smart Grid and Integration of Renewable Energy 10
Sources
12 Steps to performing a Smart Grid Cost/Benefit 11
Analysis
13 Indian Government Initiatives Towards Smart Grid 12
14 Smart Grid Initiatives- Overseas 14
15 How does Smart Grid benefit different 15
stakeholders
16 Smart Grid projects in India 15
17 Barriers to Implement 17
18 Immediate way Forward 18
19 Conclusion 19
20 Bibliography 20
Acknowledgement
First and foremost I would like to express my sincere thanks
and gratitude to Mr. M.L Deb(Principal, Supervisors’ Training
Centre New Bongaigaon, N.F. Railway) for giving me the opportunity
to undergo this project. I wish to express my sincere and grateful
thanks to the people who helped and extended their support in this
endeavour.

I would like to thank Mr. Behrul Islam (Chief Electrical Instructor,

Supervisors’ Training Centre New Bongaigaon, N.F. Railway) for his
support from time to time and for providing the necessary resources
for the timely completion of the project.

I am also thankful to Mr. Murari Hari (Supervisors’ Training Centre

New Bongaigaon, N.F. Railway) for giving valuable suggestions
towards the project.

I take the opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Dipak Roy

(Supervisors’ Training Centre New Bongaigaon, N.F. Railway) for his
scholarly guidance through the course of the project and without
whose efforts, this project would not have been possible.

Thank You
Gautam Kumar
APPR. SSE/Electrical
Batch: - 2016-A
Abstract
Today’s alternating current power grid evolved after 1896, based in part on Nikola Tesla’s design
published in 1888. At that time, the grid was conceived as a centralized unidirectional system of
electric power transmission, electricity distribution and demand-driven control.

In the 20th century power grids originated as local grids that grew over time, and were eventually
interconnected for economic and reliability reasons. By the 1960s, the electric grids of developed
countries had become very large, mature and highly interconnected, with thousands of central
generation power stations delivering power to major load centres via high capacity power lines
which were then branched and divided to provide power to smaller industrial and domestic user
over the entire supply area. The topology of the 1960s grid was a result of the strong economic scale
of the current generation technology: large coal , gas and oil fired power stations in 1GW to 3GW
scale are still found to be cost-effective due to efficiency boosting features that can be cost
effectively added only when the stations became very large.

A smart grid is a digitally enabled electrical grid that gathers, distributes, and the acts on information
about the behaviour of all participants( suppliers and consumers) in order to improve the efficiency,
importance, reliability, economics and sustainability of electricity services.
Introduction
Automated Reports are often needed in the business world. In any business, the underlying business
data is constantly changing as new products are sold, payments are received and new employees are
hired. To enable managers to make informed decisions, business intelligence reports need to be
available with data that is as current as possible. Additionally, with the business units spread
across continents, automating the reporting process is even more important.

A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all electricity flowing in the
system. It also incorporates the use of superconductive transmission lines for less power loss, as well
as the capability of integrating renewable electricity such as solar and wind. When power is least
expensive the user can allow the smart grid to turn on selected home appliances such as washing
machines or factory processes that can run at arbitrary hours. At peak times it could turn off
selected appliances to reduce demand.”

A smart grid integrates new innovative tools and technologies with the T&D system that connects
the entire grid all the way from generation to appliances and equipment inside consumer’s homes. A
smart grid would create a digital energy system that will:

• Detect and address emerging problems on the system before they affect service,

• Respond to local and system-wide inputs and have much more information about broader system
problems,

• Incorporate extensive measurements, rapid communications, centralized advanced diagnostics,

and feedback control that quickly return the system to a stable state after interruptions or
disturbances.
Historical Development of the
Electricity Grid
The first alternating current power grid system was installed in 1886 in Great Barrington,
Massachusetts.[6] At that time, the grid was a centralized unidirectional system of electric power
transmission, electricity distribution, and demand-driven control.
In the 20th century local grids grew over time, and were eventually interconnected for economic and
reliability reasons. By the 1960s, the electric grids of developed countries had become very large,
mature and highly interconnected, with thousands of 'central' generation power stations delivering
power to major load centres via high capacity power lines which were then branched and divided to
provide power to smaller industrial and domestic users over the entire supply area. The topology of
the 1960s grid was a result of the strong economies of scale: large coal-, gas- and oil-fired power
stations in the 1 GW (1000 MW) to 3 GW scale are still found to be cost-effective, due to efficiency-
boosting features that can be cost effective only when the stations become very large.
Power stations were located strategically to be close to fossil fuel reserves (either the mines or wells
themselves, or else close to rail, road or port supply lines). Siting of hydro-electric dams in mountain
areas also strongly influenced the structure of the emerging grid. Nuclear power plants were sited
for availability of cooling water. Finally, fossil fuel-fired power stations were initially very polluting
and were sited as far as economically possible from population centres once electricity distribution
networks permitted it. By the late 1960s, the electricity grid reached the overwhelming majority of
the population of developed countries, with only outlying regional areas remaining 'off-grid'.
Metering of electricity consumption was necessary on a per-user basis in order to allow appropriate
billing according to the (highly variable) level of consumption of different users. Because of limited
data collection and processing capability during the period of growth of the grid, fixed-tariff
arrangements were commonly put in place, as well as dual-tariff arrangements where night-time
power was charged at a lower rate than daytime power. The motivation for dual-tariff arrangements
was the lower night-time demand. Dual tariffs made possible the use of low-cost night-time
electrical power in applications such as the maintaining of 'heat banks' which served to 'smooth out'
the daily demand, and reduce the number of turbines that needed to be turned off overnight,
thereby improving the utilisation and profitability of the generation and transmission facilities. The
metering capabilities of the 1960s grid meant technological limitations on the degree to which price
signals could be propagated through the system.
Through the 1970s to the 1990s, growing demand led to increasing numbers of power stations. In
some areas, supply of electricity, especially at peak times, could not keep up with this demand,
resulting in poor power quality including blackouts, power cuts, and brownouts. Increasingly,
electricity was depended on for industry, heating, communication, lighting, and entertainment, and
consumers demanded ever higher levels of reliability.
Towards the end of the 20th century, electricity demand patterns were established: domestic
heating and air-conditioning led to daily peaks in demand that were met by an array of 'peaking
power generators' that would only be turned on for short periods each day. The relatively low
utilisation of these peaking generators (commonly, gas turbines were used due to their relatively
lower capital cost and faster start-up times), together with the necessary redundancy in the
electricity grid, resulted in high costs to the electricity companies, which were passed on in the form
of increased tariffs. In the 21st century, some developing countries like China, India, and Brazil were
seen as pioneers of smart grid deployment.
Modernization Opportunities
Since the early 21st century, opportunities to take advantage of improvements in electronic
communication technology to resolve the limitations and costs of the electrical grid have become
apparent. Technological limitations on metering no longer force peak power prices to be
averaged out and passed on to all consumers equally. In parallel, growing concerns over
environmental damage from fossil-fired power stations has led to a desire to use large amounts
of renewable energy. Dominant forms such as wind power and solar power are highly variable,
and so the need for more sophisticated control systems became apparent, to facilitate the
connection of sources to the otherwise highly controllable grid.[8] Power from photovoltaic
cells (and to a lesser extent wind turbines) has also, significantly, called into question the
imperative for large, centralised power stations. The rapidly falling costs point to a major change
from the centralised grid topology to one that is highly distributed, with power being both
generated and consumed right at the limits of the grid. Finally, growing concern
over terrorist attack in some countries has led to calls for a more robust energy grid that is less
dependent on centralised power stations that were perceived to be potential attack targets.

Early Technological Innovations

Smart grid technologies emerged from earlier attempts at using electronic control, metering, and
monitoring. In the 1980s, automatic meter reading was used for monitoring loads from large
customers, and evolved into the Advanced Metering Infrastructure of the 1990s, whose meters
could store how electricity was used at different times of the day.[10] Smart meters add continuous
communications so that monitoring can be done in real time, and can be used as a gateway
to demand response-aware devices and "smart sockets" in the home. Early forms of such demand
side management technologies were dynamic demand aware devices that passively sensed the load
on the grid by monitoring changes in the power supply frequency. Devices such as industrial and
domestic air conditioners, refrigerators and heaters adjusted their duty cycle to avoid activation
during times the grid was suffering a peak condition. Beginning in 2000, Italy's Telegestore Project
was the first to network large numbers (27 million) of homes using smart meters connected via low
bandwidth power line communication. Some experiments used the term broadband over power
lines (BPL), while others used wireless technologies such as mesh networking promoted for more
reliable connections to disparate devices in the home as well as supporting metering of other
utilities such as gas and water.[8]
Monitoring and synchronization of wide area networks were revolutionized in the early 1990s when
the Bonneville Power Administration expanded its smart grid research with prototype sensors that
are capable of very rapid analysis of anomalies in electricity quality over very large geographic areas.
The culmination of this work was the first operational Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) in
2000.[12] Other countries are rapidly integrating this technology — China started having a
comprehensive national WAMS system when the past 5-year economic plan completed in 2012.[13]
The earliest deployments of smart grids include the Italian system Telegestore (2005), the mesh
network of Austin, Texas (since 2003), and the smart grid in Boulder, Colorado (2008).
Conceptual High level of Smart Grid
Conclusion
I am very thankful to principal sir for giving me such an opportunity to do this project work.

The paper presents introductory details of a Smart Grid. Through this project I have gathered the
knowledge about the revolutionary changes that are taking place and how it is going affect our daily
lives. It has provided me the details of the stake holder and their concerned work that would play
their respective role in creating a reliable, economic viable, resilient, sustainable power system.
Bibliography
Articles: -
 Energy Conservation through Energy management- IEEMA
magazine.
 Wireless Transmission of Electric power- Electric India
magazine.
 Smart infrastructure: the future, The Royal Academy of
Engineering, Jan. 2012.
 SMART 2020: Enabling the Low Carbon Economy in the
Information Age
 The Smart Grid Vision For India’s Power Sector – A White Paper

Websites: -
 ieeexplore.ieee.org
 www.smartgridnews.com
 www.drsgcoalition.com
 www.nima.com
 www.howstuffworks.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid
 www.xlenergy.com/smargridcity
 www.schneider.com
 www.renewableenegyworld.com
