Porfidos PDF

DEPÓSITOS MINERALES
TIPO PÓRFIDO
Depósitos de Pórfidos
Muestra de mano de un Pórfido
CLASIFICACION DE LOS DEPOSITOS DE PORFIDOS
Segun Seedorff et al., (2005):
Existen 5 CLASES de depósitos de pórfidos:
I.  Pórfidos de Oro (Au)
II. Pórfidos de Cobre (Cu)
III. Pórfidos de Molibdeno (Mo)
IV. Pórfidos de Tungsteno (W)
V. Pórfidos de Estaño (Sn)
Cada clase se subdivide en subclases, para un total de 13 subclases

CLASE: PÓRFIDOS DE ORO
Subclase: (1) Porfido Dioritico de Au (Dioritic porphyry Au)
(Tiene continuidad con los pórfidos de Cu subclase Tonalitico-granodioritico)
Q
>0.4 g/t Au 90
Quartzolite
90
Quartz-rich
Granitoid
60 60
Granite Grano-
diorite
Alkali Fs. 20 20 Qtz. Diorite/

Quartz Syenite Quartz Quartz Quartz Qtz. Gabbro
Alkali Fs. 5 Syenite Monzonite Monzodiorite 5 Diorite/Gabbro/
Syenite Syenite35 Monzonite 65 Monzodiorite90
10 Anorthosite
A (Foid)-bearing (Foid)-bearing (Foid)-bearing P
Syenite Monzonite Monzodiorite
10 10 (Foid)-bearing
Diorite/Gabbro
(Foid)-bearing
Alkali Fs. Syenite
(Foid) (Foid)
Monzosyenite Monzodiorite
60 60
(Foid)olites
CLASE: PÓRFIDOS DE COBRE
Subclases: (Tenores de 0.2% a mas de 1% de Cu)
A. Rocas Subalcalinas (son las variedades mas abundantes y reconocidas):
(1)  Pórfidos Tonalitico-granodioritico de Cu-(Au-Mo).

Presente en arcos de islas, aunque hay ejemplos en arcos continentales
(2) Pórfidos Cuarzomonzodioritico-granitico Cu-(Mo).

Presente en arcos continentales (comunes en suramerica:ejemplo: Chuquicamata)
Q
Quartzolite
90 90
Quartz-rich
Granitoid
60 60
Granite Grano-
diorite
Alkali Fs.20 20 Qtz. Diorite/

Alkali Fs.
5 Syenite Monzonite Monzodiorite 5Diorite/Gabbro/
Syenite 10 Syenite 35 Monzonite65Monzodiorite 90 Anorthosite
A (Foid)-bearing
Syenite
(Foid)-bearing
Monzonite
(Foid)-bearing
Monzodiorite P
10 10(Foid)-bearing
(Foid)-bearing Diorite/Gabbro
Alkali Fs.
Syenite
(Foid) (Foid)
MonzosyeniteMonzodio
rite
60 60
(Foid)olites
CLASE: PÓRFIDOS DE COBRE
B. Rocas Alcalinas:
(3) Pórfido Monzonitico de de Cu-(Mo-Au)

Presente en las mayores provincias de porfidos del mundo
forma grandes depositos como Ok Tadi, Bingham, Peschanka
(4) Pórfido Sienitico (subsaturado en Silice) de Cu-(Au)

Q
Quartzolite
90 90
Quartz-rich
Granitoid
60 60
Granite Grano-
diorite
Alkali Fs.20 20 Qtz. Diorite/

Alkali Fs.
5 Syenite Monzonite Monzodiorite 5Diorite/Gabbro/
Syenite 10 Syenite 35 Monzonite65Monzodiorite 90 Anorthosite
A (Foid)-bearing
Syenite
(Foid)-bearing
Monzonite
(Foid)-bearing
Monzodiorite P
10 10(Foid)-bearing
(Foid)-bearing Diorite/Gabbro
Alkali Fs.
Syenite
(Foid) (Foid)
MonzosyeniteMonzodio
rite
60 60
(Foid)olites
CLASE: PÓRFIDOS DE MOLIBDENO
Subclases:
•  Pórfido Monzonitico de Mo-(Au)
•  Pórfido Sienitico de Mo
Q
Quartzolite
•  Pórfido Cuarzomonzonitico-granitico de Mo-Cu 90 90
Quartz-rich
Granitoid
•  Pórfido Granitico de Mo 60 60
•  Pórfido Trondhjemitico de Mo Granite Grano-

diorite
Alkali Fs. 20 20 Qtz. Diorite/

•  Pórfido Riolitico de Mo Q
Quartz Syenite
Alkali Fs. 5
Quartz
Syenite
Quartz
Monzonite
Quartz
Monzodiorite
Qtz. Gabbro
5 Diorite/Gabbro/
Syenite Syenite35 Monzonite 65 Monzodiorite 90
10 Anorthosite
A (Foid)-bearing (Foid)-bearing (Foid)-bearing P
Syenite Monzonite Monzodiorite 10 (Foid)-bearing
10
Diorite/Gabbro
(Foid)-bearing
60 60
Alkali Fs. Syenite

(Foid)
Rhyolite Dacite
(Foid)
20 20
Monzosyenite Monzodiorite
Trachyte Latite Andesite/Basalt
35 65
A (foid)-bearing (foid)-bearing (foid)-bearing P
10 10
Phonolite
60 60
Tephrite
(Foid)olites
60 60
(Foid)ites
F
CLASE: PÓRFIDOS DE TUNGSTENO (W)
Q
Subclase:
60 60
(1) Pórfido Riolitico de W-Mo Rhyolite Dacite
20 20

35 65
10 10
Phonolite Tephrite
60 60
(Foid)ites
http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/myphotos/porph.gif
CLASE: PÓRFIDOS DE ESTAÑO (Sn) Q
Subclase:
60 60
(1)  Pórfido Riodacitico de Sn Rhyolite Dacite
20 20
Ejemplo: Cerro Rico (Potosí, Bolivia) Trachyte

35
Latite Andesite/Basalt
65
10 10
Phonolite Tephrite
60 60
(Foid)ites
Tomado de: http://www.lfhill.com/handsamples/rhyodporph1.jpg

Alteration
characteristics in
porphyry copper
deposits.
From Cox (1987) Tomado de:
RJB - FLUIDS IN THE EARTH

PÓRFIDO DE Au
Magmas Calco-alcalinos
PÓRFIDO DE Cu-Mo PÓRFIDO DE Cu-Au

http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/synth_dep/porph/images/fig11.jpg
(B) Quartz-molybdenite veins in altered porphyry (1) terminate at contact of intermineral

dyke (2); a younger quartz-molybdenite (3) vein cuts the altered porphyry, earlier veins
and the intermineral dyke. A late quartz-base metal vein (4) cuts all other features.
Kitsault Mo deposit, Alice Arm district, British Columbia, GSC 2006-013.
Intermineral porphyry dyke with chilled margin cuts older porphyry with magnetite and quartz-magnetite veins
and associated potassic alteration. Both the older porphyry and the intermineral porphyry are cut by bornite-
and chalcopyrite-bearing quartz veins. Granisle deposit, Babine district, British Columbia.
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/photolib/porph/babine/index_e.php?p=1
ALTERACION POTASICA
Examples of different types of alteration associated with porphyry deposits. (A)

Potassic K-feldspar (Kfs) alteration around mineralized quartz veins in Bethsaida
granodiorite. Valley Cu deposit, Highland Valley district, British Columbia, GSC
2006-017. (B) Potassic alteration of granodiorite porphyry consisting of pervasive
pink K-feldspar and patches of fine-grained hydrothermal biotite (Bt) associated
with quartz-molybdenite veinlets. Red Mountain Mo deposit, Yukon Territory, GSC
2006-008
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/synth_dep/porph/index_e.php
Quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite vein stockworks in feldspar porphyry heavily overprinted
by sericitic (phyllic) alteration. Bell deposit, Babine district, British Columbia.
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/photolib/porph/babine/index_e.php?p=1
Corobre Hole: Depth 658.95m, Quartz and sulphide veins with chalcopyrite and
molybdenite cutting P1 porphyry. ARGENTINA
http://www.savantexplorations.com/i/photos/7.jpg
Corobre Hole: Depth 643.2m, Quartz vein with chalcopyrite and
molybdenum cuts sericitized P1 breccia
http://www.savantexplorations.com/i/photos/7.jpg
(C) Intermineral intrusive breccia with a partly digested chalcopyrite fragment (1) and
a chalcopyrite-bearing quartz vein fragment (2). The matrix porphyry is cut by later
chalcopyrite-bearing fractures and quartz veins (not shown). Granisle Cu deposit,
Babine district, British Columbia, GSC 2006-015.
http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/originals/Weber-Toba/pinatubo.jpg
http://www.richard-seaman.com/Travel/Philippines/Highlights/MtPinatubo.jpg
Pinatubo (Fillipinas)
The June 12, 1991 eruption column from Mount Pinatubo taken from the east side of Clark Air Base.
U.S. Geological Survey Photograph taken on June 12, 1991, 08:51 hours, by Dave Harlow.
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Pinatubo/Pinatubo91_eruption_plume_06-12-91_med.jpg
http://www.geokem.com/images/pix/Pinatubo-eruption.jpg
Pinatubo (Isla Lozón, Filipinas)
800 x 526 - 139 KB - jpg www.vulkane-infos.de/img/pinatubo.jpg
White Island
http://www.geonet.org.nz/images/volcano/our-volcanoes/White-Island-28766-20-lge.jpg
Satsuma-Iwojima volcano, located 40 km south of Kyushu, Japan
http://googlesightseeing.com/wp-content/miyakejimaisland.jpg
http://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~kazan/images/Image24.jpg
continuously emits high-temperature volcanic gases from the rhyolitic cone of Iwodake
http://www.terrapub.co.jp/images/symbol/eps/54030173.gif
http://www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/fmaeno/Pic/Iwo-jima/20010720_Iwojima.jpg
SKARN
HS-IS-LS
Potassic K-feldspar (Kfs) alteration around mineralized quartz veins in Bethsaida

granodiorite. Valley Cu deposit, Highland Valley district, British Columbia, GSC
2006-017.
(B) Potassic alteration of granodiorite porphyry consisting of pervasive pink K-

feldspar and patches of fine-grained hydrothermal biotite (Bt) associated with quartz-
molybdenite veinlets. Red Mountain Mo deposit, Yukon Territory, GSC 2006-008.
Older porphyry with magnetite and quartz-magnetite veins and associated biotite and
K-feldspar (potassic) alteration (1) truncated by an intermineral porphyry dyke with a
chilled margin (2); both the older porphyry and the intermineral porphyry are cut by a
bornite- and chalcopyrite-bearing quartz vein (3). Granisle Cu deposit, Babine district,
British Columbia, GSC 2006-014.
Stockwork of wolframite- and molybdenite-bearing fractures with white selvages of

quartz-topaz-fluorite-sericite alteration cutting chloritized granite. Fire Tower zone, Mount
Pleasant W-Mo deposit, New Brunswick, GSC 2006-009.
Schematic time-depth relations of principal alteration types in

Au-rich porphyry Cu systems and other types of porphyry
deposits (after Sillitoe, 1993b).
Tomado de Robb (2005)
SiO2-(Fe2O3/FeO) variation diagram for granitic rocks related to porphyry deposits of Cu, Cu-Mo, Cu-Au, Mo, W-Mo and Sn
(modified from Kirkham and Sinclair, 1995). The dividing line between the magnetite and ilmenite series is from Ishihara (1981)
and the field of tin granites is from Lehmann (1990).
Descripción General
Petrografía
•  Hospedados por intrusivos ácidos a intermedios, tales
como granitos, granodioritas, tonalitas, dioritas.
•  Los depósitos de Porfidos de Cu estan generalmente
asociados con granitoides tipo I.
•  Multiples eventos intrusivos son comunes en las áreas
con mineralización de porfidos de Cu, donde las
intrusiones hospeadoras son las más jóvenes y las más
diferenciadas.
•  Generalmente emplazadas pasivamente …rather than
forcefully ie an extensional rather than compressive
regime
Alteración Hidrothermal
•  Cuatro zonas de alteración se asocian con los depósitos de
pórfidos
1)  Zona Potasica – development of secondary orthoclase-
biotite-chlorite and minor sericite which replace primary
orthoclase, plagioclase and mafic minerals
2)  Zona Fílica – Se caracteriza por el desarrollo de una
asociación con cuarzo-sericita-pirita con algo de clorita, illita y
rutilo. La Sericitización afecta a los feldespatos y la biotita.
This rea’n releases silica resulting in silicification and quartz
production
3)  Zona Argílica – Los minerales del grupo de la arcilla
predominan. Caolinita predomina cerca del cuerpo
mineralizado y la montmorillonita más retirada
4)  Zona Propilítica – siempre presente! La Clorita es el mineral
predominante junto con la pirite, calcita y la epidota.
Minerales máficos son parcialmente reemplazados por la
clorita y carbonato, la plagioclasa puede no ser afectada.
Gradualmente grada hacia la roca circundante hasta 1 km.
http://www.und.nodak.edu/instruct/mineral/320petrology/opticalmin/jpgs/KspP51P.jpg
Conversion no hidrotermal
These photos show several grains of microcline (K-feldspar) with well developed cross-
hatched twinning (XP). Quartz and plagioclase are also present; they have color and
interference colors similar to microcline's but lack microcline twinning. Brown biotite and
green hornblende can be seen in the PP view. One hornblende grain has a diamond
shape and shows hornblende's characteristic two cleavages at angles of 60o and 120o.
A few grains of magnetite are in the lower right.
http://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dukelabs.com/Abstracts%2520and%2520Papers/CM2005b_files/
image010.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dukelabs.com/Abstracts%2520and%2520Papers/
CM2005b.htm&usg=__6t_M1k95Zb0v5xo4Ncnc76U3y5I=&h=356&w=444&sz=43&hl=es&start=62&tbnid=XLa3H8DIejhQWM:&tbnh=102&tbnw=127&
prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbiotite%2Bhornblende%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D21%26hl%3Des%26sa%3DN%26start%3D42
Photomicrograph in cross-polarized light of a rhyodacite dike showing a 1mm phenocryst of zoned hornblende (hbl)
surrounded by a siliceous and partly glassy groundmass consisting of quartz and K-feldspar dusted with fibrous
aggregates of iron oxide – the probable result of quenching and devitrification of felsitic volcanic glass. Note the
microphenocrysts of plagioclase (pg) and biotite (bi) to the top left, left, and bottom right of the hornblende. Such
porphyritic textures are unique to the rhyodacite dikes of the Queens Tunnel. (Sample Q006C; Queens Tunnel Station
151+80; 2 mm field of view.)
bornite is an important ore of copper. It can occur as a
primary mineral, for example in porphyry-copper
deposits, or commonly as a supergene species
occurring in the secondary enriched zones of copper
ore bodies. Bornite is a distinctive mineral when fresh
Bornite on Precambrian sandstone matrix and unweathered and may be identified in hand
from Dolyhir Quarry. The metallic pinkish specimen by its reddish-pink colour. However, like
many sulphides it readily tarnishes to iridescent blues
colour is well-displayed. A little malachite and and greens. The commonplace name for bornite,
azurite are also present. Sample 4 cm across. 'peacock ore', reflects this property but has also caused
confusion: chalcopyrite also tarnishes in this manner
and many specimens labelled bornite often turn out to
simply be tarnished chalcopyrite. The colour of the
fresh sulphide is critical in identification.
http://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/geology/mineralogy/media//2/1/0/bornite2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://
www.museumwales.ac.uk/cy/800/%3Fmineral
%3D50&usg=__svIE3zOIk4fFIoZLM6Pd0NVwdoc=&h=275&w=350&sz=40&hl=es&start=39&tbnid=4I5Rh9QYYCAEMM:&tbnh=94&tbnw=120&prev=/
images%3Fq%3Dhydrothermal%2Bbiotite%2Bporphyry%2Bdeposit%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D21%26hl%3Des%26sa%3DN%26start%3D21
Alteration Halos
Alteration Shell
Hydrotherm
al
Circulation
Multiple Intrusives
Structural Settings
Youngest Phase of Intrusion
Hypogene Mineralization
•  Ore can be found in 3 situations
1)  Totally within the host stock (veins)
2)  Partially in stock and partially in country rock
3)  Totally within the country rock
•  Orebodies are usually surrounded by a pyrite-rich
shell, which occur in concentric zones.
•  Usually a central barren core passing outwards
firstly to Mo-rich minzn, then Cu-rich minzn as the
main ore shell is encountered. Pyrite gradually
increases to form a pyrite-rich halo (10-15%) but
with minor chalcopy and Mo.
•  The highest Cu values often occur at the boundary
between the potassic and phyllic zones with weak
minzn in the propolyitic zones
The Diorite Model
•  Some porphyries assoc with low silica:alkali ratios and
referred to as the diorite model
•  Diorite model deposits have low sulfur conc. in the
mineralizing fluids. Consequently not all the iron oxides
are converted to pyrite and much remains in chlorite and
biotite while excess iron tends to occur as magnetite
•  The phyllic and argillic alteration zones are usually
absent so that the potassic zone is surrounded by the
propylitic zone
•  Significant amounts of gold occur and Mo and Cu is
usually low
•  Gangue material may be devoid of quartz but contain
abundant chlorite, epidote and albite
Comparison of the Lowell-Guilbert and Diorite Types of Porphyry Copper Deposits
FEATURE LOWELL- DIORITE

GUILBERT
Host Pluton Quartz Monzonite Qtz. Diorite to Diorite (I)
to Granodiorite (S)
Alteration Potassic, Phyllic, Potassic
Argillic,Propylitic Propylitic
Mineralization
Quartz in fractures Common Common Erratic
Orthoclase in fractures Common Erratic

Magnetite Minor Common
Pyrite in fractures Common Less Common
Molybdenite Common Rare
Chalcopyrite/bornite >3:1 <3:1
Gold Rare Important
Structure
Breccia May Occur Rare
Stockwork Important Important
Characteristics of S & I Type Granites
FEATURE S TYPE I TYPE
Gabbro:diorite: 2:18:80 15:50:35

granite
Na2O (felsic) <3.2% >3.2%
Al2O3/Alkalis >1:1 <1:1
+CaO
Iron oxide ilmenite magnetite
87Sr/86Sr
>.706 .704-.706
Normative corundum diopside
Assoc. metals Sn, W Au
Genesis Crustal anatexis of Partial melt of mantle
sediments
Distribution
•  Most porphyry deposits occur within Mesozoic
and Cenozoic orogenic belts associated with
either island-arcs and convergent continental
margins
•  Some porphyries occur in Paleozoic orogenic
belts in Central Asia, Australia and US
•  Few are found in Precambrian rocks due to their
low preservation potential (erosion)
Porphyry Cu Locations
Genesis of Porphyry Cu
• 
Deposits
A question of magmatic versus meteoric derivation for the
mineralizing fluids and the origin of the metals and sulfur
•  Crackle brecciation indicates that at least some of the fluids
originated from the pluton. Consists of fractures (brecciation)
that have been healed with veinlets to form the stockwork
mineralization
•  Brecciation is a result of volume increase in the magma
chamber within 0.5-2km of surface caused by continual
fractionation of anhydrous minerals and the generation of
volatiles and an increase in vapour pressure.
•  If vapour pressure rises above confining pressure, retrograde
boiling occurs which may overcome the tensile strength of the
rock resulting in expansion and extensive and rapid brecciation
•  Retrograde boiling produces an aqueous phase (hydrothermal
fluid) rich in chloride and bisulfide ions which act as an important
transport mechanism for base metals and gold
•  Stable isotope data indicate that the potassium silica alteration
occurred at 550-700C and derived from primary magmatic
fluids. However, fluids from sericites in the phyllic zone are a
mix of meteoric and magmatic fluids
Cadia/Ridgeway
•  Shoshonite association
Tholeiite trend
Where does Cadia
fit into the typical
porphyry model?
Island-arc?
Continental arc? Or
no arc at all –
intracontinental?
What environment
are highly alkaline
shoshonites most
likely to form?
References/Links
Porphyry deposits
http://www.geo.arizona.edu/geos256/azgeology/porphyry.html
http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/GSC433/Porphyry.htm
http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/GSC433/Moly.htm
http://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/minerals/pics/porcop.jpg&imgrefurl=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/minerals/gold.html&usg=__F_LA6neytj7DPtD8-PiTo-
msV2Q=&h=274&w=350&sz=28&hl=es&start=82&tbnid=_tp8BZ126sb0bM:&tbnh=94&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPotassic%2Balteration%2BPorphyry%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Des%26sa%3DN%26start%3D72
Idealized drawing of a porphyry copper deposit, showing the relationship
between the porphyry body, the altered and mineralized rock, and the
overlying volcano. http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/22/1522-004-87015467.gif
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/method/geophysics/images/fig07.jpg
http://www.sges.auckland.ac.nz/home_page/geol340/gfx/porphyry_molybdenum_01.jpg
Schematic image of airborne and ground gamma-ray spectrometry anomalies
associated with a porphyry Cu deposit.
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/method/geophysics/images/fig07.jpg
http://www.beloit.edu/sepm/Rocks_and_minerals/images_rocks.html/copper1.gif
Hypothetical cross-section of a small
(100 m to 5 km across) pluton, probably
derived from a larger magmatic
reservoir, and intruding into extensional
regimes at higher crustal levels. Of note
is the asymmetric hornfels aureole and
the early-chilled and more brittle
marginal carapace. Preferred sites of
intrusion-hosted Au mineralization are
above the cupola, where exsolved fluids
will accumulate, and mineralized
fractures developed in the pluton's apex
and shoulders. Epizonal styles of
mineralization are associated with dike
and sill complexes that would be hosted
near the top of the hornfels aureole.
Reduced Intrusion-Related Gold Systems (RIRGS)
Schematic plot
emphasizing the variations
in metal association as a
function of the primary
magmatic oxidation state
and the lithologic character
of the associated plutonic
rocks. Gold, associated
with RIRGS, plot in the
field occupied by W
systems but notably is far
removed from the more
characteristic Au-Cu field
that is associated with
highly oxidized and more
mafic magmas. The result
is that Au can be enriched
in both oxidized and
reduced magmas, but that
a reduced oxidation state
may be necessary for Au
enrichment in fractionated
systems. The corollary is
that fractionated oxidized
systems are likely to be
depleted in Au. Modified
from Thompson et al.
(1999).
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/synth_dep/gold/rirgs/images/fig14.jpg
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/grocha/monument/images/metchem.gif
http://www.ucm.es/info/crismine/Geologia_Minas/Exploracion_alteracion_porfidos.jpg
http://plata.uda.cl/minas/apuntes/geologia/depos/L&G02.gif
filica
Schematic time-depth relations of principal

alteration types in Au-rich porphyry Cu
systems and other types of porphyry
deposits (after Sillitoe, 1993b).
http://plata.uda.cl/minas/apuntes/geologia/depos/L&G02.gif
http://www.beloit.edu/~SEPM/Rocks_and_minerals/images_rocks.html/copper1.gif
El modelo se SILLITOE (1973) incluye algunos puntos nuevos. A parte de
alteraciones hidrotermales (SILLITOE: potásica, sericítica, propilización, argilica
y silificación) se concluye la presencia de stocks (=cuerpos subvolcánicos,
hipabisales en bajas profundidades), y la presencia de un aparato volcánico o
volcán estratificado. Además se toma en cuenta la formación de brechas
hidrotermales. Interesante es la alteración propilitica hasta el aparato volcánico y
la silificación en partes superiores del sistema.
http://plata.uda.cl/minas/apuntes/geologia/depos/cuposil02.gif
Examples of different types of alteration associated with porphyry deposits. (A) Potassic
K-feldspar (Kfs) alteration around mineralized quartz veins in Bethsaida granodiorite.
Valley Cu deposit, Highland Valley district, British Columbia, GSC 2006-017. (B)
Potassic alteration of granodiorite porphyry consisting of pervasive pink K-feldspar and
patches of fine-grained hydrothermal biotite (Bt) associated with quartz-molybdenite
veinlets. Red Mountain Mo deposit, Yukon Territory, GSC 2006-008. (C) Stockwork of
wolframite- and molybdenite-bearing fractures with white selvages of quartz-topaz-
fluorite-sericite alteration cutting chloritized granite. Fire Tower zone, Mount Pleasant W-
Mo deposit, New Brunswick, GSC 2006-009. (D) Quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite vein
stockworks in feldspar porphyry heavily overprinted by sericitic (phyllic) alteration. Bell
Cu-Au deposit, Babine district, British Columbia, GSC 2006-011.
http://eris.unalmed.edu.co/~rrodriguez/epitermales/schem.gif
Jeffrey W. Hedenquist
Colorado School of Mines
Dept. Geology and Geological Engineering
1500 Illinois Street
Golden CO 80401-1887 USA
tel: (1)303-273-3978
fax: (1)303-273-3859
Jhedenqu at Mines.edu
Personal CV
Born: 26 September 1954, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
U.S. and New Zealand Citizen, Canadian resident;
married
www.mines.edu/.../faculty/jhedenqu/index.html
Dick Sillitoe
El modelo de SILLITOE en un ambiente erosionado y levemente inclinado
(tectónicamente) provoca un afloramiento de varias rocas.
a) morfológicamente como elevación afloran los sectores silificadas. Abajo, protegido
por la silificación la propilización, alteración serizitica y la alteración potásica. Las
rocas volcánicas jóvenes (del aparato volcanico que provocó las alteraciones) existen
casi solamente en una forma fuertemente alterada. Las rocas pre-volcanicas y la
intrusión se conoce en su forma fresca y alterada. Brechas hidrotermales se ubican
cerca del sector silificado, normalmente adentro de rocas pre-volcanicas alteradas.
http://plata.uda.cl/minas/apuntes/geologia/depos/cuposil02.gif
IOCG
Iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposits encompass a wide
spectrum of sulphide-deficient low-Ti magnetite and/or
hematite ore bodies of hydrothermal origin where breccias,
veins, disseminations and massive lenses with polymetallic
enrichments (Cu, Au, Ag, U, REE, Bi, Co, Nb, P) are
genetically associated with, but either proximal or distal to
large-scale continental, A- to I-type magmatism, alkaline-
carbonatite stocks, and crustal-scale fault zones and
splays. The deposits are characterized by more than 20%
iron oxides. Their lithological hosts and ages are non-
diagnostic but their alteration zones are, with calcic-sodic
regional alteration superimposed by focused potassic and
iron oxide alterations. The deposits form at shallow to mid
crustal levels in extensional, anorogenic or orogenic,
continental settings such as intracratonic and intra-arc rifts,
continental magmatic arcs and back-arc basins. Margins of
Archean craton where arcs and successor arcs were
developed appear to be particularly fertile.
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/synth_dep/iocg/index_e.php#typ
Distribution of IOCG districts and important deposits worldwide (red dots).
Australia: Gawler (Olympic Dam, Acropolis, Moonta, Oak Dam, Prominent Hill and Wirrda Well deposits), Cloncurry (Ernest Henry, Eloise, Mount Elliot,
Osborne and Starra deposits), Curnamona (North Portia and Cu Blow deposits) and Tennant Creek (Gecko, Peko/Juno and Warrego deposits) districts;
Brazil: Carajas district (Cristalino, Alemao/Igarapé Bahia, Salobo, and Sossego deposits);
Canada: Great Bear Magmatic Zone (Sue-Dianne and NICO deposits), Wernecke, Iran Range, West Coast skarns and Central Mineral Belt districts, and
Kwyjibo deposit;
Chile: Chilean Iron Belt (Candelaria, El Algarrobo, El Romeral, Manto Verde, and Punta del Cobre deposits);
China: Bayan Obo deposit (Inner Mongolia), Lower Yangtze Valley district (Meishan and Daye deposits);
Iran: Bafq district (Chogust, Chadoo Malu, Seh Chahoon deposit);
Mauritania: Akjoujt deposit;
Mexico: Durango district (Cerro de Mercado);
Peru: Peruvian Coastal Belt (Raul, Condestable, Eliana, Monterrosas and Marcona deposits);
Sweden: Kiruna district (Kiirunavaara, Loussavaara), Aitik deposit (also described as a porphyry Cu deposit);
South Africa: Phalaborwa and Vergenoeg deposits;
USA: Southeast Missouri (Pea Ridge and Pilot Knob deposits); Adirondack and Mid-Atlantic Iron Belt (Reading Prong);
Zambia: Shimyoka, Kantonga, and Kitumba prospects.
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/synth_dep/iocg/images/fig01.gif
Fe-Oxide Copper Gold deposits (IOCG): Candelaria-Punta del Cobre, Chile; Salobo,
Brazil; Raúl-Condestable, Peru.
Specular hematite (hm) with
pyrite (py) and chalcopyrite
(cpy) in the Candelaria-Punta
del Cobre District. Frequently
specular hematite is replaced
pseudomorphically by
magnetite (mushketovite).
Marschik and Fontboté (2001).
http://copperrange.com.au/docs/Stuart%20Shelf/IOCG%20model.jpg
Model for the formation of IOCG deposits
Olympic Dam is the biggest of a class of ore deposits known

as iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Ukinrek_Maar_eruption_April_1977.jpg
http://z.about.com/d/geology/1/0/a/I/1/maar500.jpg
Maars:form when rising magma meets groundwater, triggering an explosion.

Dark ash fell around this maar, one of the Ukinrek Maars, in a tephra ring.
Maar, Alaska Peninsula

Magnetite breccia, Kwyjibo deposit, Québec.
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/synth_dep/iocg/images/fig04.jpg
http://www.impactsilver.com/i/maps/lr-model.gif
YACIMIENTOS MINERALES
1. PORFIDOS CUPRIFEROS
www.ucm.es
Magmatismo del
Eoceno-Oligoceno
Cuarzomonzonita y
Granodiorita
http://econgeol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content-nw/full/100/1/87/FIG008801EPS http://z.about.com/d/geology/1/0/o/I/chilemap.gif
http://www.beloit.edu/~SEPM/Rocks_and_minerals/images_rocks.html/copper1.gif
The world's largest porphyry
copper mine, La Escondida, Chile
www.ersdac.or.jp/.../Image/103_Escondida.jpg
TIPOS DE DEPOSITOS CON Au
http://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gsi.ie/NR/rdonlyres/5097086D-C351-4503-9B1D-67EDF51AB1A9/0/Au_float_printsize.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.gsi.ie/Newsletters/Geology%2BMatters
%2BNo1%2BWinter%2B2004.htm&usg=__fV23bBU7ea5yUoE4hUTS3aOwwUo=&h=228&w=227&sz=17&hl=es&start=175&tbnid=2aRVf7b03Mjn5M:&tbnh=108&tbnw=108&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCARLIN
%2BSAMPLES%2BGOLD%2BDEPOSITS%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D21%26hl%3Des%26sa%3DN%26start%3D168
http://www.chilnet.cl/escondida/36362.jpg
http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/SS325/redox.gif
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vd5iKHKN8GE
Link para ver un pequeño video sobre aspectos generales de la polarización unducida
IP, el cualmes un método geofísico muy importante en la exploración de pórfidos y
Depósitos epitermales ricos en sulfuros.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vT8pcdfBjmY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KzE9osMMJsk
h t t p : / / w w w. g o o g l e . c o m . c o / i m g r e s ? i m g u r l = h t t p : / / w w w. g e o g a s c h . c o m / I n d u c e d _ P o l a r i z a t i o n _ M o d e l . j p g & i m g r e f u r l = h t t p : / / w w w. g e o g a s c h . c o m / h t m l /
induced_polarization.html&h=630&w=989&sz=84&tbnid=zWKqb1oNyK30rM:&tbnh=92&tbnw=144&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dinduced%2Bpolarization%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo
%3Du&zoom=1&q=induced+polarization&usg=__lwo7E9L4alCWQ_RfKspHf8L-gbU=&docid=9snAv3HqE5tVBM&hl=es&sa=X&ei=6tSwUNDQHpSy8ASI5IH4Dw&ved=0CCsQ9QEwAA&dur=1820
A porphyry
copper
deposit is
composed
of different
layers of
copper
minerals.
Minerals
close to
the surface
are more
oxidated
than those
deeper
down. By
courtesy of
Anna
Bauer and
Andor Lips
http://wiki.biomine.skelleftea.se/wiki/images/thumb/e/e2/PorphyryCopperDeposit061006.png/
550px-PorphyryCopperDeposit061006.png
3500
Plg Las series de reacción de Bowen se
Aug Hbl pueden considerar como un modelo
7.0 (% H2O)
3000 general.
Sin embargo, otros parámetros, como
Hbl
2500 6.0 el contenido de H2O, pueden alterar la
Presión H2O (bar)
secuencia de cristalización de un
Opx magma.
2000 5.0
En el sistema que se muestra a la
Opx izquierda, al variar el contenido de
1500
Plg+Opx 4.0
+ Aug agua en el magma (PH2O), varía la
+ Hbl Plg secuencia de cristalización.
1000
+Opx 3.0
Plg cristaliza como primera fase a
Plg+Opx 2.0 bajo contenido de agua (y mayor T),
500
+Aug
Opx a contenidos de agua y T
Plg
intermedios,
0
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Hbl a contenidos altos de agua (y
Temperatura (ºC) menor T).
Diagrama de fases para composición andesítica Estas variaciones se reflejarán en la
(lampró-fido: espessartita) a condiciones de composición mineralógica de la roca.
saturación de agua.
Moore y Carmichael (1998), Contrib. Mineral.
Petrol., 130, 304-319.
Examples of comb-quartz layers in felsic intrusions associated
with porphyry deposits. A. Comb-quartz layers containing
molybdenite (Mlb) separated by aplite interlayers; growth
direction from the top to the bottom. Anticlimax Mo deposit,
British Columbia, GSC 2006-018. (B) Multiple thin to thick
comb-quartz layers separated by aplite interlayers; growth
direction of the quartz crystals in the layers was from the
upper right to the bottom left. Logtung W-Mo deposit, Yukon
Territory, GSC 2006-003. (C) Photomicrograph of a comb-
quartz layer in aplitic granite showing euhedral termination of
quartz crystals approximately perpendicular to the layer; the
very fine-grained texture of the granite adjacent to the crystal
faces resulted from pressure quenching and consequent rapid
cooling related to sudden (catastrophic) release of the fluid
phase in which the quartz crystals were growing. North zone,
Mount Pleasant Sn deposit, New Brunswick, GSC 204152-T.
(D) Contorted comb-quartz layers cut by a parting vein, which
consists of quartz veinlets with numerous septa or partings of
aplite; one of the quartz veinlets in the parting vein appears to
be rooted at the termination of a comb-quartz layer (arrow).
Logtung W-Mo deposit, Yukon Territory, GSC 2006-006.
Examples of different types of alteration associated with porphyry deposits. (A) Potassic K-feldspar (Kfs) alteration around
mineralized quartz veins in Bethsaida granodiorite. Valley Cu deposit, Highland Valley district, British Columbia, GSC 2006-017.
(B) Potassic alteration of granodiorite porphyry consisting of pervasive pink K-feldspar and patches of fine-grained hydrothermal
biotite (Bt) associated with quartz-molybdenite veinlets. Red Mountain Mo deposit, Yukon Territory, GSC 2006-008. (C)
Stockwork of wolframite- and molybdenite-bearing fractures with white selvages of quartz-topaz-fluorite-sericite alteration cutting
chloritized granite. Fire Tower zone, Mount Pleasant W-Mo deposit, New Brunswick, GSC 2006-009. (D) Quartz-pyrite-
chalcopyrite vein stockworks in feldspar porphyry heavily overprinted by sericitic (phyllic) alteration. Bell Cu-Au deposit, Babine
district, British Columbia, GSC 2006-011.

Porfidos PDF

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Porfidos PDF

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

DEPÓSITOS MINERALES

Segun Seedorff et al., (2005):

Existen 5 CLASES de depósitos de pórfidos:

I. Pórfidos de Oro (Au)

II. Pórfidos de Cobre (Cu)

III. Pórfidos de Molibdeno (Mo)

IV. Pórfidos de Tungsteno (W)

V. Pórfidos de Estaño (Sn)

Cada clase se subdivide en subclases, para un total de 13 subclases

Alkali Fs. 20 20 Qtz. Diorite/

A. Rocas Subalcalinas (son las variedades mas abundantes y reconocidas):

(1) Pórfidos Tonalitico-granodioritico de Cu-(Au-Mo).

(2) Pórfidos Cuarzomonzodioritico-granitico Cu-(Mo).

Alkali Fs.20 20 Qtz. Diorite/

(3) Pórfido Monzonitico de de Cu-(Mo-Au)

(4) Pórfido Sienitico (subsaturado en Silice) de Cu-(Au)

Alkali Fs.20 20 Qtz. Diorite/

• Pórfido Monzonitico de Mo-(Au)

• Pórfido Trondhjemitico de Mo Granite Grano-

Alkali Fs. 20 20 Qtz. Diorite/

Alkali Fs. Syenite

(1) Pórfido Riolitico de W-Mo Rhyolite Dacite

Trachyte Latite Andesite/Basalt

(1) Pórfido Riodacitico de Sn Rhyolite Dacite

Ejemplo: Cerro Rico (Potosí, Bolivia) Trachyte

Tomado de: http://www.lfhill.com/handsamples/rhyodporph1.jpg

From Cox (1987) Tomado de:

RJB - FLUIDS IN THE EARTH

PÓRFIDO DE Cu-Mo PÓRFIDO DE Cu-Au

(B) Quartz-molybdenite veins in altered porphyry (1) terminate at contact of intermineral

Examples of different types of alteration associated with porphyry deposits. (A)

Potassic K-feldspar (Kfs) alteration around mineralized quartz veins in Bethsaida

(B) Potassic alteration of granodiorite porphyry consisting of pervasive pink K-

Stockwork of wolframite- and molybdenite-bearing fractures with white selvages of

Schematic time-depth relations of principal alteration types in

FEATURE LOWELL- DIORITE

Orthoclase in fractures Common Erratic

Gabbro:diorite: 2:18:80 15:50:35

Schematic time-depth relations of principal

Model for the formation of IOCG deposits

Olympic Dam is the biggest of a class of ore deposits known

Maars:form when rising magma meets groundwater, triggering an explosion.

Maar, Alaska Peninsula

Anda mungkin juga menyukai

I.  Pórfidos de Oro (Au)

(1)  Pórfidos Tonalitico-granodioritico de Cu-(Au-Mo).

•  Pórfido Monzonitico de Mo-(Au)

•  Pórfido Trondhjemitico de Mo Granite Grano-

(1)  Pórfido Riodacitico de Sn Rhyolite Dacite