23-01-2018 Lab No.

1 Tuesday

Environment
The sum of all the surroundings of a living organism, including natural forces and other living things, which
provide conditions for development and growth as well as of danger and damage. The environment or
surroundings in which every organism, or living thing, exists can be divided into two categories: its abiotic and
its biotic environment

Biotic Environment
The living organisms in the environment refer to the biotic environment. The organisms that make up the
biotic part of an environment can interact in several different ways. Organisms with a neutral interaction have
little or no contact with or impact on each other. Living organisms include plants, animals, bacteria, etc.

Abiotic Environment
Abiotic refers to the nonliving part of the environment. Typical examples of abiotic factors that make up an
organism's environment are sun, wind, rain, soil, and water.

In a properly balanced environment, abiotic and biotic factors work together and make up a healthy, functional
system. In a typical environment like a small pond, algae, plants, and animals make up the biotic forces, while
the pond's water, minerals, and soil (as well as the amount of light it receives) make up some of the more
obvious abiotic factors.

Ecosystem
As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their
environment.
Autotroph
Autotrophs are the producers in a food chain, such as plants on land or algae in water. They are also referred
to as the producers of the food chain. They are capable of manufacturing their own food by photosynthesis or
by chemosynthesis. They produce complex organic compounds (such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins)
from simple substances present in its surroundings, generally using energy from light (photosynthesis) or
inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis).
Sustainability
Sustainability is the ability to continue a defined behavior indefinitely.
Environmental sustainability is the rates of renewable resource harvest, pollution creation, and non-
renewable resource depletion that can be continued indefinitely. If they cannot be continued indefinitely then
they are not sustainable.
Sustainable source of energy
 Solar Power
 Wind Power
 Hydropower
 Geothermal
Sustainable Development Goals
The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's
surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere.
If a planet's atmosphere contains radioactively active gases, they will radiate energy in all directions. Part of
this radiation is directed towards the surface, warming it. The intensity of the downward radiation – that is,

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23-01-2018 Lab No. 1 Tuesday
the strength of the greenhouse effect – will depend on the atmosphere's temperature and on the amount of
greenhouse gases that the atmosphere contains.
Internal and External Environment
 Physically
 Psychologically related to behavior
 Socially
Water Pollution
Water pollution is defined as the presence in groundwater of toxic chemicals and biological agents that exceed
what is naturally found in the water and may pose a threat to human health and/or the environment.
Additionally, water pollution may consist of chemicals introduced into the water bodies as a result of various
human activities. Any amount of those chemicals pollutes the water, regardless of the harm they may pose to
human health and the environment.
Types of Water
Following are some of the types of water with brief introduction:
 Tap Water (Water supplied to a tap)
 Demineralized Water (Water free from ion, normally used in industries)
 Fresh Water (Water flowing in rivers and lakes)
 Ground Water (underground water)
 Raw water (Unprocessed Water)
 Clarified Water (Water from all visible mater is removed)
 Hard Water (Water containing soluble minerals)
 Soft Water (Water that do not contain any soluble Mineral)
 Infected Water (Water that contains biological Specie)
 Turbid Water (Water that is relatively unclear and contains suspended solids)
 Brackish Water (Brackish water is water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as
seawater)
 De-aerated water (Water whose soluble oxygen has been removed)
 Potable Water (Drinking water)
 Water for irrigation (Water that is used for crops and plants)
 Waste Water (Water from industrial Plants)
 Water of Crystallization (Water recovered by crystallization)
 Boiler Feed Water (Treated water)
 Water from Precipitation (Water recovered from Precipitation)
Air Pollution
Air pollution occurs when harmful substances including particulates and biological molecules are introduced
into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies or death of humans; it may also cause harm to other
living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment. Human
activity and natural processes can both generate air pollution.
Atmosphere
The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is
retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing
for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface, absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface
through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between dayand night
(the diurnal temperature variation).
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In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, temperature has a
more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in
some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude
profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings, the temperature behavior
provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided
(called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers. Excluding the exosphere, the atmosphere has four
primary layers, which are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.[10] From highest
to lowest, the five main layers are:
 Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km (440 to 6,200 miles)
 Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles)[11]
 Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles)
 Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles)
 Troposphere: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 miles)[12]

Green House Effect

the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere, due to the greater transparency of the
atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.
If a planet's atmosphere contains radioactively active gases (i.e., greenhouse gases) they will radiate energy in
all directions. Part of this radiation is directed towards the surface, warming it. The intensity of the downward
radiation – that is, the strength of the greenhouse effect – will depend on the atmosphere's temperature and
on the amount of greenhouse gases that the atmosphere contains.
Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management is a term that is used to refer to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes.
It also offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash. As long as people have been
living in settlements and residential areas, garbage or solid waste has been an issue. Waste management is all
about how solid waste can be changed and used as a valuable resource. Solid waste management should be
embraced by each and every household including the business owners across the world. Industrialization has
brought a lot of good things and bad things as well. One of the negative effects of industrialization is the
creation of solid waste.
MSDS
A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a document that contains information on the potential hazards (health,
fire, reactivity and environmental) and how to work safely with the chemical product. It is an essential starting
point for the development of a complete health and safety program.