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Process PiPe Drafting

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pace provided for student drawing.

70
Chapter 6
PIPING PLANS AND ELEVATIONS

illre piping drafter "wades into deeper water,, you can locate all remaining equipment with
beginning the piping plans and elevations. centerlines.
drawings contain all the information Your next task is to draw in the outlines of the
Essary to construct the system. Flow diagrams, equipment you just located. Any nozzles, platforms,
fdiagrams, structural drawings, and vendor in_ concrete pads, or foundations that will show should
must all be used to obtain the informa- be drawn at this time. lf the equipment is inside a
necessary to create the piping plans and eleva_ building, then the walls and structuralsteel columns
These drawings are the true representatives should be drawn. The first stages of a layout are
piping drafting. Let's examine how they
shown in Fig. 6-1.
drawn. At this point, you will have used tank and eguip-
ment drawings, structural drawings, site plans, and
PIPING PLANS general arrangements for references.
lhe PIPING PLANS are important drawings thar
PIPING LAYOUT
a large investment of time once they are
Ited. The best approach is to ,,be prepared,,
The flow diagram or p & ldiagram comes into play
putting any lines on the drawing paper. To
when you work on the piping layout. you must
the piping plans, you must use flow know the size and type of pipe that runs between
vendor information, structural drawings,
equipment. This information is found on the flow
drawings, equipment schedules, project diagram. An experienced pipe drafter is responsi_
ications, and possibly site plans and general
ble for routing the pipes without assistance, but the
nts. Know where all this information is junior drafter often works from sketches or pre_
before you begin. liminary drawings done by the group leader, an
engineer, or a designer.
NT LAYOUT
Draw the pipe centerlines lightly. lf an area
st, determine the amount of space on the paper
will be congested with pipe, sketch both plans
will be used for the equipment layout drawing.
and elevations first to check for clearances.
Fig. 6-2 shows the addition of pipes to our plan
l your limits. Decide upon a scale, if you view.
't already. Next, locate and draw the lf you encounter difficulty in visualizing the turns
rlines of the principal piece or pieces of equip_
and run of the piping, begin by laying out one or
that will show on the plan. The location of the
more of the sections you plan to draw. This will give
ment on the drawing will be determined by the you another dimension, or viewpoint, to work with
of the mill you're working with and the coor_
when drawing the plan view.
s of the match lines you are using (if any).
TCH LINES are used when anothei drawing PIPE BREAKS
of the area adjacent to the one you,re work-
Match lines may be needed on more than lmportant features of a piping system are often
side depending on the size of the area being
hidden below, or behind, pipes on plan and eleva-
,n. Some plans do not need match lines. Once
tion views. The best way to show the hidden
pieces of equipment have been located,
features is to "break" the pipe. PIPE BREAKS are

71
Irt
irr
h
rT
hl
Lr
i4
Ir
E..l

Fig. 6-1 . lnitial layout of a piping plan.

Fig. 6-2. Single line pipes are added to plan shown in Fig. 6-1.

72
Piping Plans and Elevations

strould be understood by the begin-

become most confusing when deal-


of pipes that must be broken for
;nrposes or to reveal details below.
h fu- 6-3 shows a stack of pipes
Example B illustrates that same
view. Example C shows the Fig. 6-4. Which pipe is closest to you?
fie stack in single line piping with
all of the pipes example C

you do? Look at example C again.


two pipes meet, the break sym-
ttre highest pipe. At the point where
below another, there is a small
pipe. When a lower pipe disap-
one, there is no pipe break sym-

ryhere pipes intersect, the one that Fig. 6-5. Which pipe is farthest from you?
viewer should have the break sym-
ft has been broken to show hidden
Sthich pipe is the farthest from you DIMENSIONING

One of the most important aspects of the piping


plan is the dimensions. These must be accurate
because. they will be used later to create the piping
isometrics and spool drawings. Equipment center-
lo" lines should be located from reference points such
as structural steel and other pieces of equip-
ment. These dimensions are important if equipment
location drawings have not yet been completed.
Most often, however, the drafter is given location
PLAN drawings as a reference showing equipment foun-
MITHOUT BREAKS)
dations, -anchor bolts, and location dimensions.
"Mill Coordinates" are often shown at key locations
to provide an overall reference to the "Mill Datum."
See Fig. 6-6.
Piping should be dimensioned at each direction
change. Dimensions should follow the pipe from its
beginning to its end. Dimensions have been added
to the drawing in Fig. 6-6. Note the type of dimen-
ELEVATION sioning used. Distances are shown in feet and in-
ches, and the dimension is written above the line
on horizontal dimensions and to the left of the line
on vertical dimensions.
One other set of features should be dimensioned.
These are the structural steel columns that comprise
the skeletons of buildings or the vertical members
PLAN
of pipe racks. Note in Fig. 6-6 that dimensions be-
(WITH BREAKS) tween these steel columns have been added, and
the columns have been labeled. These can become
iiclden features: A - Piping plan without important reference points when locating equipment
ion of example A. C - Piping plan with or piping, and when communicating with others
breaks. about the drawing.
73
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74
I
Piping Plans and Elevations

]hc structural columns are often referred to as a "bay," which makes sense.
hes" and "column lines," and they are
with numbers and letters. Bay lines span the VALVES AND INSTRUMENT PLACEMENT
d a building and column lines run the length.
tp6ce between bay lines is referred to as The flow diagram or P & I diagram becomes the

sctP No. Ao34- 256


t^src * VIANUFACTUFIEF
FIG. AVAIL. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
TIATA NO. stzEs BONNET Dtsc SEAT BOOY orsc. SEAT I STEM
YALVE MEEHA- NI. PL
m- CENTERL I NF I T-HN ?-4 INTFG | .n,,n MOI DFT) N'TF I RON FPT 304 ss
I-s20 MEEHA- NI. PL
CENTERLI NE LT-CLG 6- 30 I NTEG. SOLI D MOLDED NITF IRON EPT 304 SS

TYPE
23N-GR; NCDUI-AF NI.REs
CRANE T92 2-6 INTEG. SOLID MOLDED I RON IRON EPT 304 SS
Z3N-GR NUUULAT NI . RES
B'FLY CRANE s93 2-70 I NTEG. SOLID MOLDED I RON IRON EPT 304 SS
OJZLUrc KE. I. StPu 5Hvti
DOfiIECT
DEZURIK 666KGL. ?-4 I NTEG. SOLID RI NG STEEL STEEL EPT 316 ss
!lrHU. 632LDK Rtl. 5 tr4l 5tMl
LU6 DEZURIK 666 KEG! 6-20 I NTEG. SOLI D RI NG STEEL STEEL EPT 316 SS
,nEss. ttt-u6t ,IUUUL'{T( I\UUULAI
TATING KEYSTONE -401 2=i4 iNTEG. SOLI D MOLDED I RON I RON EPDI| / 3]6 SS
LLL.UO
150 l.r KEYSTONE -4r7
/r-ro I NTEG. SOLI D MOLDED
I\UUULAI(
I RON
IIUUULAI
I RON EPDP 3'16 SS
YI'LVE MEEHA-
ro. CENTE RL I NF I T-HO 2-4 I NTEG SOLID MOLDED NITE 315 SS FPT 3i5 ss
I'IEEHA-
I-52r CFNTFRI TNF IT-flG 6- ?n sor I t) ?16 ss
I NTFG. MOI DFI) NTTF FPT 315 ss
23N-SS \lODULAR
TY?E
CRANF TA2 ?-6 I NTFG s0r TN MOt nFn T DNN 316 ss FPT 3'15 ss
23N-SSi NODULAR
I'FLY CRANE sq? ? -1n T NTFG snt Tn Mnt nFn I RON 3't5 SS FPT 3't5 ss
DIXEgT 632LDR: RET. SEMI
DEZURI K 663KGr : ?-A INTFG sot I tl PT NN STTFI 315 ss FPT 315 SS
IIIRD. 632LDR: RET. SEMI
ttE DFTI'RI K 66 3KEGI 6-20 INTFG. sot I f) QINN STtrtrI 316 SS FPT ?16 qs
mcss- 722-80 NODULAR
alTrilG KEYSTONE -dn1 2-4 INTEG sot Iu 316
MOI DFN I RON SS FPDM 315 SS
122-801 !ODULAR
tqrl Lt K TYSTON F - c17 6-?O I NTFN qor Tn MOt nFn I DNN 315 ss FPNM ?16 qs
urlE MEEHA- NI.PL.
m- CENTERL I NE AA-HO 2-4 I NTEG SOLI D MOLDFT) NIIF I RON EPT 304 SS
NI . PL.
MEEHA-
]-sn CENTERLI NE AA-CLG 5- 30 INTEG. SOLI D MOLDED NITE I RON EPT 304 SS
2 1F-GRi !ODULAR NI.RES
TY"E
CRANF r92 2-6 INTEG sot Tn MOt nFn T RON I PNN EPT 304 ss
2 1F-GR: 'IODULAR Ni. RES
IIrl Y qa? 2-'to INTFG I ANN qs
CRANE SOLID MOI DFD T PNN FPT ?na
632l^,DR: SEMi
mcI DEZURI K 666KAr l ?-?4 ]NTFG sol Tn
BONDED/
OtrMNV qTFFI
SEI'II
STFFI FPT 316 sq
632l^JRS BCNDED SEMi SEI4I
UNFFR DEZURi K 666KEGI 6-20 I NTEG. SOLID REMOV. STEFL STEEL EPT 316 SS
rc.
:n*G
!ODULAR NODULAI
KEYSTONE 100- 2-4 I NTEG. SOLID MOLDED I RNN IRON EPDM 304 SS
\lODULAR NODULAI
lqII U KEYSTONI 100- 6-20 I NTEG. SOLID MOLDFT) I R,NN T PNN EPDI4 304 SS

'rxEsE vALvEs wtLL BE usED FoR THrs pRoJEcr. ALTERNATE MUsr HAVE AppRovAL oF THE
PROJECT ENGINEER.

Fig. 6-7. Chart lists valve specifications from project standards. (Sandwell lnternational, lnc.)

75
Process PiPe Drafting

principal reference for finding the number and place- is determined by the fluid within the pipe. ffii
ment of valves and instruments. You also need to flange has a pressure sensing device inserted gG
use the project specifications to determine the type a tapped hole. These devices measure the ftorl
of valves used on specific pipes, and the type of difference on either side of the orifice plate wh bca
connections needed for different instruments. Fig. can then be converted to the flow rate of the pipe- A
6-7 is an example of valve specifications. Valves A minimum amount of turbulence within the pi lxrr
should be drawn to scale and located in the best is required for this measurement. Therefore, a cer fr.tsl
possible position for easy access. lnstruments are tain amount of straight pipe is required before tud
shown as a circle with the code and loop number orifice plate. This dimension is noted in tma(
inside. specifications as "X number of pipe diameters." lt
Valves in a straight run of pipe should be krcated appears on the piping plan as shown in Fig. 6-10-
with a dimension. This dimension should be to the m{
face of the mating flange as shown in example A
in Fig. 6-8. Valves that are attached to fittings do
I
not normally have to be dimensioned because it is
a "fitting-to-fitting" assembly. See example B
in Fig. 6-8.

t
,tlb1l{r

Fig. 6-9. Orifice flange has tapped holes in flanges on eit


side of orifice plate for installation of pressure
devices

G
PE
5r
SFE
(12 x t!?+) &ti
ft
Fig. 6-1O. Portion of piping plan gives proper location and
dimensioning of orifice plate in straight pipe run- kt
ili
Bl $r'
NOTES AND ABBREVIATIONS q
Fig. 6-8. Locating valves: A - Valve in pipe run, dimen-
sion required. B
- Fitting-to-fitting assembly, no dimension After dimensions, NOTES are the most revealing
required.
aspect of the piping plan. Notes and callouts explain Yt
and describe things. ABBREVIATIONS are often a h
big part of the notes. General notes, of course, are dil
Seldom do instruments have to be located with shown to one side of the drawing. Local notes iden- #
a dimension. A common exception is the flow meter tify individual items on the drawing. M
or ORIFICE FLANGE, Fig. 6-9. This unit is basically Notes should be added to the drawing after the Lll
two flanges with a plate inserted between them. dimensions have been placed. Remember, dimen- Its
The plate has a small hole in the center, and its size sions are important and should be given preference. tr,
76
Piping Plans and Etevations

Each lhtes and callouts should be located as close as


d into
of that drawing. See Fig. 6-1 1.
pssible to where they apply. Avoid longJeader lines Since we're on the subject, let,s take a took at
SSure knthe note. Fig. 6-11 shows proper tocation of the characteristics of piping elevations.
bcal notes.
prPe- Appendix A in the back of the book contains com-
PIPING ELEVATIONS
mr abbreviations used in the process piping in_
a cer- *Ery. Use this reference regularly and become ELEVATIONS are also referred to as ,,sections.,,
e the firniliar with these standard forms. They can save Either term is acceptable. These views add another
r the mce and time. important dimension to our piping drawings. With
s." lt sections, we can determine verticalfeatures, dimen_
i-10.
sions, and relationships. Although the drawing
m techniques and use of symbols is the same as in
Iil
il
plans, dimensions for heights are handled differently
in sections.

,'-r' SECTION IDENTIFICATION

The section is always labeled on the plan view,


and the same label appears beneath the section
where it is drawn. You have seen how the cutting
plane line is placed and tabeled on the plan viewl
Now note Fig. 6-12, which shows a section from
lai
{t*t -aIg
Fig. 6-11. The subtitle carries the same label and
also the number of the drawing on which it was cut.
This number becomes especially important when
the section is placed on a different drawing.
BEGINNING THE L.AYOUT

ffiL 6-11. Piping plan shows dimensions, notes, Sections may be drawn at the same scale as the
specifications. plan or larger, depending on the required arnount
of detail to be shown. Most sections are the same
scale as the plan. lf you are not confident in choos-
ing the locations of sections, your supervisor wilt
PE SPECIFICATIONS AND SYMBOLS
do it for you. But in any situation, a logical view to
Pipes are idbntified on the piping plans in the
mre manner as on the flow diagram. The plpE
SPECIFICATION SYMBOLS shoutd be ptaced
&ectly in the pipe. lf no space is available, place
,ilre symbol near the pipe and point to it
with a
o
hader- The pipe spec symbols should be one of the leL. zta\G. I

lrstthings to be placed on the drawing. While you,re dx6'RE i


t it, don't forget to insert some flow arrows. Fig. +FL. zoe;-o*
S-11 shows the placement of this information.
-
TECTION NOTATIONS
+ eL. z.o/-6"
You must determine where SECTIONS -?Ut ? t&,
{eleva_
fuisl are needed in order to show additional details V^r4.... i...
drfte piping system. Sections are indicated on the """r.
;pi€ plan with cutting plane lines. See Fig. 6-1 1.
Orting plane lines have large arrows whi-h point
L the direction of view. Sections are identified by
I htter. lf the section is placed on another draw- Fig. 6-12. Piping Section A-A taken from Fig. 6-1 1 includes
Lg" then the letter is accompanied by the number notes, elevations, and specifications.

77
Process Pipe Drafting

choose is the one on the plan that shows the best fore, always check the project specifications
view of the equipment, such as A-A in Fig. 6-12. drawing or dimensioning any new pipes.
After that, the number and locations of sections
depends on the amount of detail left to show. STRUGTURAL FEATURES

EOUIPMENT LAYOUT Elevations often reveal features that are not


of the piping system, but they are vital to its ex
First, determine the size of the section and define istence. These may be foundations, pads, structur
these limits on your drawing. This enables you to steel columns, ladders, and platforms to name
balance the section on your sheet and give you an few. Fig. 6-13 is Section E-E in Fig. 6-6, and i
idea of how much room you have for other sections. illustrates a few of these features. The nature
Then, begin your layout in the same manner that the equipment and the location will determine
you did the plan. Draw the centerlines of equipment structural features that are included in your elev
lightly at first. tion views. These features are referred to
lf your section is to show the ground, then you "background information." They are often dr
will have to know the heights of the equipment from with a thinner weight line than the pipe.
the ground or floor. Vendor drawings supply this Pipe racks are steel structures that carry piping
data. Equipment outlines can then be drawn in and conduit throughout the plant. Think of them as
lightly. Pump outlines may be drawn or only a "pipe highways." Fig. 6-14 is an elevation view of
centerline can be shown. Check your standards. a typical pipe rack.
Centerlines are the most important feature. pump Color in concrete walls, pads, and foundatio
suction and discharge flanges are shown, as are the that have been cut through or marked with
reference dimensions to those flanges. Fig. 6-12 symbol for concrete. Footings and foundati
shows a typical elevation view of a centrifugal below grade levelmay be shown with dashed lines.
pump. You may remember this from Chapter 4. These techniques are shown in Fig. 6-15.
Note that an elevation is given for the pump DIMENSIONING
centerline instead of a dimension from the floor. This
is a common aspect of piping sections. We will see Few, if any, linear Cimensions appear on piping
more of this later. elevations. lnstead, heights of pipe are noted as
After you have drawn the outlines of allthe equip- elevations. Fig. 6-16 gives some examples. The
ment, begin locating the nozzles. Consult tank and elevation is not necessarily just the height off the
vessel drawings and vendor drawings to find this floor or ground. Most industrial sites maintain an
information. Also check structural diawings show- established "datum" elevation that is preserved by
ing foundations, pads, grout. etc. This is important a monument or marker of some sort. The elevation
data that eventually will give you exact elevations above sea level of this point is known and used
for all the nozzles on the equipment. throughout the entire site as a reference. All eleva-
tions relate to this point.
PIPING LAYOUT lf the elevation of a pipie is 14 ft.-l0 in. above
the datum and the datum is 864 ft.-3 in., what is
. . Now. piping can be drawn, beginning with the the elevation of the pipe? You guesSed it: 57g
highest nozzles. Draw light centerlines at first ft.-1 in. Some plants and mills will use a false eleva-
because you may have to erase a pipe and move tion of 1 OO ft. instead of the actual elevation. This
it two or three times. This also is a good argument gives an even number from which to measure, and
for doing sketches beforehand. it also insures that all underground elevations within
You should note at this point that it is impossi- the site are positive figures.
ble for this text to teach you ail the finer points of You should be aware of the elevations needed on
routing pipe. You wilt not be expected to do this a piping section. Some elevations must be given to
if you are hired on with no previous experience. the centerline, while others should be given to the
Laying out piping runs using only flow diagrams top or bottom. Examples of both are shown in Fig.
and equipment drawings is an art ihat is developed 6-14. Platforms, floors, steel beams, concrete pads,
sfter rpsny painful hours of erasing and several or foundations are often noted with an elevation on
forays to the construction site to viiw the actual the top of the feature. Pipe in a pipe rack will often
installation. be located with an elevation that says "8.O.P."
important point to remember is that different (bottom of pipe). See Fig. 6-14. The bottom of the
llne. specifications will call for different pipe rests on a piece of steel, so the elevation of
materials
such as pipe, flanges, valves, fiitings, etc. the bottom and not the centerline is important.
There-

78
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f er-.,s6' -rci
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EL tab'-*L. (F,'.,)
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tair5r

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4't>' fzo.

tEL. lr5-t

1eL t)7'-a'

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a-wt^- B
r::- E! 12',.zyo:
i" ",:5J
z_y@;tT\
O:;; "e.;;;9;-@
@ _EF',-5'

@
@a A
A

- 1EL.rta.1'
u^._--,-E

-la6-EeL-tq'-oy*
-ovt;

C,o'-_rCF

,ZA
4-e, tt'-r-t
E 4 e?r 2rr'
A
zzWY-Z Le;to'-zrf,

+E 9t-trt. -
b.;ra-;
PIJM7 i EL.9o'- 6,-
--q-
a\fafr,xt:l - *
KRP-uaa, -
t4'.r'o
Fig. 6-13. Section E_E is taken from Fig. 6-6.
{Weyerhaeuser Co.)

79
Process Pipe Drafting

I
I al
u
mE
(
r

xr
m

ffirl[flUl-
Fig. 6-14. Elevation view of a pipe rack illustrates structural features.

,nt
I
E-l
ild
EV
Ulr
AB L
r&Er
SHADING CONCRETE SYMEOL . DASHED LINES

Fig. 6-15. Concrete foundations below grade are shown in section.

DRAWING TIPS STANDARDS

ln your eff ort to create a neat and easily First of all, you should be familiar with your school
understood drawing, there are certain things you or company standards and use that information to
need to keep in mind. These include: adhering to construct your drawings. When you're not sure of
company standards; maintaining good line contrasu a symbol size or equipment shape, consult the stan-
checking and cross-checking your work; and spell- dards. The company standards set a consistency
ing all words correctly. of style for all company process pipe drawings,
80
Piping Plans and Elevations

terferences, and if you don't find


them, the checker
witt. tf the checker doesn,t ilJ
ter will; and that,s when tne cost
il;rn, the pipefit_
Oegins to exceed
the estimate. I

SPELLING

One last thing: keep a dictionary


reference materials. lf you with your
,n""^"in how a word
is spelled, look it uq,in the"r"
Ai"ti..rrY. Bemember:
misspelled words-on blueprints-iJof.,,tacky;,,
blueprints represent your companyi
spell those
-l.oFta. eL. rO)'-2. words correctly!
17

?E-zfj:2"

5-16. Heights are as "elevation.s. "

NTRAST

mind the purpose of your drawings.


that the most important aspect of plp_
- and often the most overlooked _

Steam stripper column at left is a rear


view of one shown
in Fig. 6-13. (Weyerhaeuser
Co.)

REVIEW QUESTIONS

t leave the checking to the checker. Have 1. Briefly describe the steps involved
in the in_
One day you may be a checker. Check your itial layout of equipment and pipe on piping
a
you go. Periodically review what you plan.
have
reck your work for drawing or inac_
measurements. Cross_check "rrori
your line
)ns on the piping drawings with the flow
Make sure they correspond. Check for
rences. There always will be in_
Process PiPe Drafting

PROBLEMS
How does a drafter check for clearances in a
congested area?
PROB. 6-1. Redraw the engineering sketches in
Figs. Prob. 6-1A and Prob. 6-1B as a
single line plan and elevation. Choose
What features are equipment dimensioned to? your scale and use B size vellum.
a.

What are the structural steel columns of a

What type of instrument must be dimensioned


within the PiPe run? WhY?

How does the drafter determine the location


and number of valves on the piping plan?

How is the location of a section determined?

Who determines the location of a section?

What type of information must the drafter refer Fig. Prob. 6-1A
to in order to properly locate nozzles on the
elevation views?
a.
b.
How does the presentation of background in-
formation differ f rom the actual piping?

How are verticaldimensions handled on a pip-


ing section?

Describe the difference between "project


specifications" and "company standards"'

Y-lZq - FA-e'v^LvE e|(r. +>


v-tLb- n Pto.7l
v-t30- { Fr(z. tl

Fig. Prob. 6-18

a2
Piping Plans and Elevations

6-2. Figs. prob. 6-2,4 and prob. 6_28


are PROB. 6-3. Redra*Ii9: 6-11 at 3/g,, 1, _ g,,
elevation views of pipe .na fi,ring =
assemblies. Complete the four scale. Shift the pump discharle
or- 1O 112,., toward column
thographic views of each in tne
spaces line ,,A.,,
provided. Show the 6,, line with the
going to the teft (insteaO C.O. valve
ot righi-aJ
shown) for 4,, then turning north.
the same sheet, draw the sectionOn
in
Fig. 6_ 13 to reflect the above
PBOB. 6-4. Fiil in the .i""ing -"Lrlii"",changes.
prob. 6-4. Use the in Fig.
appendix to find
necessary vatve dimensions.
Flanges
are 3OO# and gaskets are 1/g,,
Be sure to note the eccentric
th;k.
reducer-
I
i

TAN }<
O'P x a'-a'n.
Fig. Prob. 6-2A

!ir

Y-?A _ _J=Li4tN' Fta.


t7z5
v->4 - aF.Ar.J= uo.>ea-
Fig. Prob. 6-4

Prob. 6-28

83
l

h
Chapter 7 CU

NOTES, ABBREVIATIONS, AND REVISIONS

NOTES are an essential part of piping drawings. drawings. However, revisions are a vital part of the
A world of information is contained within them, design process, though sometimes carried to the
so it is important that they are written correctly. extreme by over-zealousness and carelessness.
Notes are often "peppered" with ABBREVIA- ln this chapter, we will look at notes, abbrevia-
TIONS which, if used properly, can save drafting tions, the purpose of revisions, and the manner in
time and space on the drawing. which they are handled on drawings. We will see
REVISIONS (changes, deletions, corrections) on why notes are necessary; who decides what goes
the other hand, are looked upon with scorn by many in the general notes; how local notes differ from
drafters because it means erasing portions of their general notes; and why revisions occur.

NOTE3:
4'4 b.d.10 4'O a?va l. ALL ?t?tttc, Zrz" Lr D De.Lcv t5 tl.iav\t
u,b. ,IAAEAMMATICALLY ONLY. XA'T LOCATIC)N
I, 1O 9E I7ETERMINED IN.THE = FIELD BY
THE l2IFIN6 C.j>t\ITRA6TCR..
+,.FIFE !:,IME\!9IOLJ' TO CAUIPMENT gE
'AP\ FreLD .}{ea<eD by Pt?txt6 <tNTe.A,aTcE
'F.LL:
beFO<e FdIBRTCATION CF PlPtu4r_
z'o r'LET ,/
4 PLAL€5 / ?I?E 9U?7CRT3 ARE TA 9E FUR.NI'HED A'NP
IIJSlALLEP O'{ ?tPt$a, aONJT<aaTCR.
,e.E LINE PE'I6X,IATION TAAL= FC<. MATER!.\L
4 a|Lae9+
,-TOP oF TLrJK MATeRTAL Ct\t, ,eE 2Pa(iFtc.\It iN-
ilF.w:' aeNcTet
FteLD U/ELP. !2,' '<tta
ALLCVANae To ga LoOe? r.) D|MENS|ON
,HO\VN OlJ l4OMeTRl(.'_

DETAIL 3
NO 2LALE

rATTK MACH INE *E


FIPING
rLAN t petartr

Fig. 7-1 . This piping drawing presents a good example of proper layout for general notes.
Notes, AbbreviationS, and Revisions

NOTES Valves are especially important items to label.


Many different kinds of valves may be used in one
NOTES on pipe drawings consist of generalnotes, piping system. lf they are not labeled, confusion
bcal notes, valve labels, and miscellaneous labels could result. Most companies establish specifica-
such as pipe specifications and flow arrows. tions for each valve type and give that valve its own
number. This is the number that is to appear on the
GENERAL NOTES piping drawings. Note in Fig. 7-3 that the valves
are labeled with different numbers, and pipe
Any drafter knows that GENERAL NOTES refer diameter is the first part of each label.
to the entire drawing and that they "congregate"
around the edges of drawings. Most often they are
found in the area above the title block or along the
bottom of the drawing. Seldom does the junior
drafter have to decide what goes in the general
notes. The engineer, designer, or lead drafter deter-
lhe mines the information needed here. lf located above
Ihe the title block, the heading "NOTES" should be
l. placed high enough above it to leave room for future
1'ta" 7-a9.
ria- notes. Fig.7-1 is an example of a good layout for 4.v-
'a'V'tZ'. e; ad. e.a
rin general notes. ra'E4a. EE'-T.L- Reo't
Fe
les LOCAL NOTES
0m
. LOCAL NOTES are more specific tharr general
notes, and they are found "sitting" very near the
place where they apply. A local note applies only i HALF
l!t?.
cPL.r.I
\ 4tY-4u>
?LLZEA\
to the part or area pointed out by its leader line. <AY?.

When placing the note on the drawing, keep it as Fig. 7-3. Single line pipe drawing contains many different
close as possible to the part it refers to. Fig. 7-2 valves, each properly labeled for identification.
shows acceptable placement of local notes.

MISCELLANEOUS LABELS

PIPE SPECIFICATIONS and FLOW ARROWS are


two items often omitted from drawings through
carelessness and haste. Pipe specifications are vital
Exr,r, ze;O Ltxte
MtTEr< to the interpretation of the piping drawings. Try to l

A2 Red'?. Ta rulT New


FIPE RUN. place them in a straight run of pipe. lf that fails, find
an empty space near the pipe and point to it with
a leader, Figs.7-2 and 7-3. Flow arrows add to the
,ai r 2o' FAB. ecc. ReP. TL, (2+" o.^.L-) clarity of the drawing. Don't forget them.
Fxr. -.!T. (6>/+" o.x.u.\ Notes and labels often appear unintelligible to the
untrained, either because of the wording, speiling,
Ftg. 7-2. Double line drawing shows care in selection of or the abbreviations used. Therefore, when writing
locations for local notes. notes: be brief, write clearly, and above allspell cor-
rectly. Most veteran drafters keep a good dictionary
on their reference shelf. You would do wellto follow
Notes are nice, but they must be limited to only this example.
necessary information. Most companies label only l

odd fittings. They leave common ones such as 9O o ABBREVIATIONS


elbows, straight tees, weld neck flanges, and slip-
on flanges to fend for themselves. For instance, all ABBREVIATIONS are little shortcuts that can be
reducers must be labeled, as must reducing tees. a great help - or they can cause untold confusion.
A general rule to follow is: "lf there be doubt, Appendix A contains an extensive list of abbrevia'
call it out." tions used in the industry. Each company has a few

85

)
Process Pipe Drafting

rffitlilrttown, but that is to be expected. Ab_


hurftlfuas siarre space.on
the drawing. Use them eANTII..JUOU 42 description
uhcrcrrcr possible. Some examples of notes with DECAN TER tlre person
abbreviations are shown in Figs. 7-2 and 7_3. L40,6> initials r
Notes and abbreviations sometimes get out of f.onrpanies
hand. Consider, for example, the lengthy, ab_ ind
breviated note found on an old blueprint years ago. The final
h read: "Angle brace, C.T.S., B.T.F., p.T.M., S.T-.F.
I
, ofte
& l.A.L." Some research was required to discover Hock, Fig
the meaning of this message. lt was finally rurmber, w
deciphered as: "Angle brace, cut to suit, beat to fibs of old
fit, paint to match, ship to field, and install at One last
leisure." of the lates
ffyou makt
have dug d
REVISIONS V-lbl
-?)" a natural gi
REVISIONS occur for any number of reasons; few L ee,g|'-9" rnemployn
of which are pleasant for the drafter. lt is the drafter
who must erase the fine line work and lettering it
took days or weeks to produce. lt is the drafter vriho eLgb'-b"
must redrarir entire portions of what was once a
beautiful drawing. lt is the drafter who must record
the revisions in a special block on the drawing and
be responsible for distribution of the revised copy. Y,R-?-ioo:o-F* 496
l/7,t. t'- gu
WHY REVISIONS

"Change" is the one certain thing in this world.


We can expect that things will change. And they
Fig.7-4. Revised iirformation is encircled by a revision cloud
and labeled by a number inside a triangle.
ffii
do. Bevisions are often the result of a change in the 7-6. Tid
design of a system or part of a system. ThJchange low
may come about because of a product improve_ removal. Only the current revision should have a
ment, client request, design innovation, gross cloud around it.
miscalculation. or blunder in drawing. When o-ne The revised area on the drawing is also labeted
of with a letter or number placed inside a geometric
these things happens, it is often uj to the drafter
to make the necessary alterations to the drawing. symbol, such as the triangle in Fig. 7-4. This sym-
Revisions generally are a vital part of the desig-n bol remains on the drawlng for future reference, but 1. What i

process, and it is in your best interest to become the cloud is erased on the next revision. local n
aware of that fact as soon as possible. lt is difficult The revision block itself is shown in Fig. 7-S. lt
to change something that is not yet on paper and is composed of the revision letter or number, a
can't be seen. But once a system becomes visible
to all in a drawing, it is subject to criticism and
changes.
KEV|SEIz 4"-az-e,a?DeD euev. e
vALVet, ApeED VALve cLLLauTb.
BEVIS|ON |DENTIF|CAT|ON
, REVzeP z',-WY-?, Aooeo ?"-wrt+
oNbal@N, c-c ANA E-E,
-
A preliminary drawing (one not yet approved by Loq@'to? \yoexl, -to 1\t- n Z? n _ q?o4 3. Howar
the chief engineer) can be changed and attered f Xq ry -fior,h@L?.81.E \ a-v-u,o'
.

without recording the changes. Buttnce it has been RELEA9EP be-LT. <.-c
approved for release to a ctient, all revisions must
be noted on the drawing and logged in a speciat
REVISIONS BLOCK. 4. Where
The area that is revised is often circled with a specifi
"cloud." See Fig. 7-4. This cloud usualty is drawn Fig. 7-5. Revision block identifies and describes revision;
on the back of the drawing to facitiiate easy also gives date made, who made reyision, and who
approved it.

86
Notes, Abbreviations, and Revisions

description of the revision, the name or initials of ldentify the following abbreviations:
Sre person making the revision, the date made. and
lhe initials of the person who approved the revision. 5. CPLG
Companies may vary stightly on the information re- ECC
qrired in the revision block. OAL
The final aspect of the revision is found in the title FOB
block, often in the lower right corner. This little 6. NPT
Uock, Fig. 7-6, contains the current revision
RF
mmber, which is handy when searching through
files of old blueprints to find a specific revision. NOM
One last warning: Always send the client a copy TE
of the latest revision. lt won't do anyone any good 7. SPEC
i[you make the revision and file it away. They may GSKT
lnave dug the trench in the wrong area and ruptured
FW
a natural gas line. And you may be standing in the
uremployment line. TOE
8. BE
TL
SR
APPROVED ron
CONSTRUCTION PS
9. STM
TOG

ffiffi
MS
CFM
10. DIA
API
7-6. Title block contains current revision number in tso
lower right c-grner. (sandwell lnternational, lnc.) SO FLG
ta 11. CO
NIP
ed
I REVIEW OUESTIONS BC
tc
n- IE
lrt I- What is the diffeience between general and 12. F-F
local notes?
WOG
h FDN
a
NTS

Name some fittings that aren,t normaily calted


13. What are revisions?
out with a note.
14. Why do revisions occur?

How are.valves identified on a piping drawing?

15. What is a preliminary drawing?

Where is the best place to locate pipe


16. How is a revision made to stand orrt on a
specifications? drawing?

87
Process Pipe Drafting

17. What kind of information is found on the revi- c. A 12" slip-on flange with a bolt
sion block? cle of 17".

d. A 1O" tee with an outlet size of 6"

e. A 9O degree elbow, short radius,


18.' What do you think is the most important in diameter, wall thickness
responsibility of the drafter concerning revi- schedule 40.
sions?
f. A 3" nominal pipe size with
beveled end.

PROBLEMS g. An orifice flange rated 3OO# and 6


PBOB. 7-1 . lnterpret the notes in Figs. prob. 7-1A in diameter.
through 7-1F. Write your answers in
the spaces provided.
PROB. 7-2. The following statements are verbal PROB. 7-3. Revise your drawing in Fig. Prob. 6-3
descriptions of simple notes. print the to reflect the following changes:
notes in the spaces provided as they a. 8"-WM-1O should run north at a
would appear on a piping drawing. Use centerline elevation of 2O8'-O",
abbreviations whenever possible. then drop to a centerline elevation
a. A 6 x 4 eccentric reducer with the of 2O2'-4" at 1'-9" from bay line g.
bottom surface flat. b. 6"-WM-12 should be raised to
elevation 214'-8" . Construct a revi-
sion block on your drawing and
b. A weld neck flange, ring faced, with record the changes. Draw a cloud
a pressure rating of 3OO#. around the changes and place the
proper revision symbol by the
change.

A
Y=-
f2'r
;i

88

L=,
Notes, Abbreviations, and Revisions

8".

8"
of
l" ?oo*

i-3 Fig. Prob. 7-1A


Fig. Prob. 7-1B

ta
)".
bn 'rz" QNrp. TaE.
9-
to
ri-
hd
ld
he
he -l?o*'.v,N. F'-e. L7^o Nte \iio.o. FLq.
q b.FLq. (ra5' *,
,T1b-u.l To Ecc. F\1E;D.{B.L.)

Fig. Prob. 7-1C


Fig. Prob. 7-.lD

2Lt47Le z.aN u. (':Y r )..


h" ilo* HaLr(rL6.. .\
h" bct 4o5 t'it?,
;'2"{'4+
'

I
2
3

Fig. Prob. 7-tE Fig. Prob. 7-tF

89
Chapter I
PIPING ISOMETRICS

An ISOMETRIC DRAWING is one in which three Remember the isometric axis? You wiil use it to
sides of an object can be seen in one view. lt is a lay out all of your isometric drawings. Take a look
type of pictorial drawing. Unlike perspective draw- at the simple isometric in Fig. 8-2, and note that
ings, the isometric can be measured and drawn with all directions of the pipe match the three isometric
relative ease. axis lines. Later, we will see that some lines may
This ease of measurement and layout, and deviate from one of the axis lines.
realistic appeaiance, make the piping isometric a
popular drawing within the industry. Some com_
panies use it in lieu of piping plans and elevations;
others use it to supplement the plans. lsometrics
can also be used as fabrication and shop drawings
from which the pipe assemblies can be constructed.
And, most importantly, piping isometrics can be us_
ed to calculate angular offsets in the pipe run.

ISOMETRIC LAYOUT

Fig. 8-1 is an exampte of an ISOMETRIC AXIS.


Note that three lines compose this tayout: a vertical Fig. 8-2. ln this simple piping isometric drawing, all piping
line and two lines at 30 o from horizontal. These parallels the three isometric axis lines.
three lines, and any other lines that are parallel to
them, are called "isometric lines.,,
lsometric lines can be measured. Any lines not
parallel to these three are termed ,,non_isometric SCALE
llnes" and cannot be measured.
Another nice thing about the isometric is that it
seldom is drawn to scale. Can you imagine why?
But it rs important to show the pipe tengihs in pro-
portion. A 64 ft. section of pipe *outd appear
longer than a 15 ft. piece. The example shown in
Fig. 8-3 illustrates this point. Many companies draw
isometrics on "8" size paper (1 1 in. x 17 in.), and
space is limited. Because of the lack of scale,
however, it is doubly important that the written
dimensions are accurate.
DIRECTION AND LOCATION

Location and direction features help to property


orient the isometric drawing. The north arrow gives
the isometric axes for laying direction. lt should always point to either thJ top
right or top left of the paper, Fig. B-3. The bay and

90
Piping lsometrics

line symbols or other structural reference on the plans and elevations except that they are
that provide location are also shown in Fig. shown at an isometric angle. See Figs. 8-4 and 8-5.
Dimensions must always be given to these Remember that elbows can be drawn a couple of
of reference, but only once in each plane. Mill ways, so check your company or school standards
ates may also be shown on the isometric before you draw. Example A in Fig. 8-6 shows
elbows represented as curved. This is a bit more
realistic than example B, which depicts them with
RIC PLANES
sguare corners. The square corner method is used
planes exist in isometric drawings. more often because it is quicker to draw. Note the
correct isometric ellipse orientation indicated in
ore, valves and fittings can be shown in a
example A in Fig. 8-6.
of ways. lt is up to you to choose the cor-
orientation. Fig. 8-4 illustrates the three planes
possible positions of fittings and valves. CONNECTED PIPING

G SYMBOLS AND ORIENTATION Most companies show only one run of pipe per
isometric drawing. However, many pipes have bran-
8-5 shows both good and bad metho.ds of ches andior "tributaries." These generally are
ing fittings. A general rule to use is to'draw shown with a dashed line for a short distance past
fittings so that they are parallel to the last direc- the main run. See Fig. 8-7 . A note is used to indicate
change or branch in the pipe. lt tends to give the name or specification of the branch pipe.
inuity between the planes. Existing piping is often shown by using the dou-
ings are drawn the same shape as they appeal ble line method, as in Fig. 8-7. This technique is

\
t

,ot

8-3. Single line isometric piping drawing illustrates the need for various pipe lengths to be drawn in proportion.
'91
Process PiPe Drafting

:ig. 8-4. Fitting orientatlon is shown on the three isometric


planes. A. B.

Fig. 8-6. These piping isometrics have curved elbow


re[resentation at A and square corner representation at B'

one direction line to another. This is done with a


fitting, usually a 45 o elbow. lt may be necessary
for you to use what some refer to as "artistic
license," and what others term the "fudge factor."
Refer to Fig. 8-B as you study the following
examples.

HOBTZONTAI- OFFSETS

A horizontal pipe with a "45" running from


southeast to northwest, if drawn technically cor-
rect, would appear as a vertical line. Since this could
o
create confusion, the offset is drawn 22 112 from
vertical to give the illusion of the angle. See exam-
ple A in Fig. 8-8. But. as we see in example B, an
offset drawn technically correct in the opposite
direction would be acceptable. "Squaring-in" lines
shown in example A are helpful in establishing
which plane the piPing is in.
Fig. 8-5. Proper and improper isometric fitting orientation
is illustrated in these examples. Note the parallelism of lines
and fitting symbols in the good example' VERTICAL OFFSETS

it distinguishes new from existing VERTICAL OFFSETS can appear particularly con-
useful in that
fusing if you neglect to follow some of the sugges-
piping.
tions given here. Refer to examples C through F in
Fig. 8-8. A vertical pipe with an offset to the south
DRAWING ISOMETBIC OFFSETS
and up, if drawn technically correct, would appear
An "offset" is just that. The pipe is moved from as an east-west horizontal run. The angle should be

92
Piping lsometrics

F
:

I
@

'r'

€FEtrrcgDG. rc. lE! oascirPrroi FITZGERALO,HAGAN & HACKATHOR N, IN C. N9 4 eil.


lFLt6 txwslnultrsrci Poiftao-offiBo
PrPrt{G rSorETRrC
ic&€ r€[ vEo
lvi, 2-E
Tat
t,
Brt
€) 41623
t-sMd -r2"Tc r2r-5xd-8'
8. TECXEO aJa nqEcT ro.
io.rq rtz-sua-6'
3sr 34 SH 7 B

Fig. 8-7. lsometric drawing shows connected piping. New piping is single line; existing piping is double line.
ta (Fitzgerald, Hagan & Hackathorn, lnc.)
ry
tic
raised approximately 22 1l2o to give the best
ng
appearance. See example C.
Similarly, a vertical pipe having a 45 o offset to
the west would appear as a north-south horizontal
run if drawn technically correct. ln this case, rotate
the line up 22 112o. Example D in Fig. 8-8 depicts
)tTl
this offset.
Dr-
td Examples E and F in Fig.. 8-8 show two cases in
m which the fudge factor does not have to be used.
Example E shows a vertical pipe run offset up 45 o
n-
an
to the east. When drawn technically correct, it is
te also isometrically correct. No change is needed.
The same situation is true with a verticalprpe t'rat
ds
1g
is offset 45 o down to the south. This particular
vertical offset is technically correct as drawn in
example F in Fig. 8-8. lt is also isometrically cor-
rect. No artistic alterations are needed.
You should constantly be aware of some of the
confusing qualities inherent in isometric piping
)I} VERTICAL OFFSETS
drawings, and always take measures to insrre ttrat
xt- these drawings are easily understood. Ore of tfiese
in measures is to draw in allsquaring lines (cenerhesl
n*t 8-8. Proper representation of isometric offsets is il- that represent the pipe run if only 9O o els were
ET lustrated. See explanatory text references. used in the run.
ti
93

)
Process Pipe Drafting

CAUCULATING ISOMETRIC OFFSETS sguares of the two sides. The hypotenuse is always
the side opposite the goo angle. Fig. 8-1O il-
When drawing offsets, you can often get by with lustrates the sides of a triangle and gives the three
an educated guess. But when determining pipe combinations of the "Pythagorean Theorem."
lengths and angles of the offset, precise calculations
enter the picture. lt is important that any beginning
pipe drafter develop a working knowledge of right
angle trigonometry. HYPOTENUSE

FTNDING UNKNOWN SIDES

Let's look at how trigonometry applies to pipe


drafting. The pipe in Fig. Q-9 rises at a 45o angle,
then "bends" again to go vertically upward. We
know the measurements of two sides, a and b, but
a = .fct-=-[r
need to determine the pipe length of side c. We can : Jcl -?-
b
calculate this by using the following formula: c : \fCrT-Tr
s = ,[z-+Tr
By substituting the given measurements into the Fig. 8-1 O. Pythagorean theorem formulas are given for right
formula, and converting.,the fractions to decimals, triangle sides.
we can solve for c:
c- 5'-6 1/4"2 + 5-'6 114"2
c: (5.52O8)2 + (5.520812 FROM SMOLEY'S TO CALCULATORS
c: 30.4792 + 30.4792 ln 19O1, an educator and civil engineer named
c: 60.9585 Constantine K. Smoley ("C.K." to his devotees)
7',-g 11116" published a thick gilded book called SMOLEY'S
We know that the two perpendicular sides of a TABLES. This book soon became the "bible" for
45 o triangle are equal. Normally, the elevation of engineers, architects, and students who needed to
443'-O 3/4" would not appear on a piping draw- calculate squares, square roots, logarithms, and
trigonometric functions. Well-worn, floppy, dog- 8-12
eared copies occupied prime spots for years on the
desks of engineers and architects worldwide.
Smoley had taken the "wet" out of "sweat."
These days that spbt on the desk is occupied by
powerful pocket calculators and microcomputers.
Smoley's volume shaved hburs of calculations from
engineering tasks, and now the new breed of
calculators and computers has shaved hours off of
thumbing through Smoley's.

Fig. 8-9. Common 4S o offset problem is presented in


text
reference. Find pipe length of side c.
TAN =so
SA
SO
SIN =
ing. lt is shown here for clarity only. HYP
,,stepped,, through
. The formula you just was CoS = SA
theorized in the 6th century B.C. by Greek HYP
philosopher Pythagoras. He concluded that the Fig. 8-1 1. Trigonornetric formulas are given for right triangle
square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the angles.

94
Piping lsometrics

, lest our squares and roots be forgot- FINDING UNKNOWN ANGLES


are urged to become familiar with
TABLES, especially the sections on Three basic "trig" function formulas are used fre_
and squares, logarithms of trigonometric quently in piping. See Fig. 8-1 1. When angle A is
and natural functions. These arelwere the used, a is the side opposite (SO) and b is the side
most frequently by pipe drafters. You adjacent (SA). When angle B is used, a is the side
when your calculator battery is going adjacent and b is the side opposite.
The angle "A" is required in Fig. B-12. Follow
the steps on the drafter's worksheet to determine
the angle. Then, using the correct pythagorean
Theorem formula given in Fig. B-1O, solve ior the
length of side "c."
A more complete list of formulas is shown in Fig.
8-13. Again, familiarize yourself with these foi_
JL{.ILE'A' mulas in solving for angles and lengths in piping
TAur.. + - offsets.
<'- 2'/-'
ttx x. ff/.. Solving for angles may be done by using loga-
tu t, 'ffiffi = ,?-.?.,;:, rithms or "naturalfunctions.,, Feet and inches must
7. (.a7 b I be converted to decimals, and the naturalfunctions
A. ZZ'>?' table of Smoley's can be used to convert your
answers. The table in Fig. 8- 1 4 is provided for this
purpose. The solution to Fig. 8-12 using natural
functions is shown in Fig. 8-1S.

SOLVING COMPOUND ANGLES

Piping must often be snaked through a hissrng,


Calculations
vibrating chaos of equipment, steel, conduit, ant
pipe. When this occurs, the pipe may be ,,rolled,,
2- Trigonometric calculations are shown on pipe along with the offset. This is termed a ,,rolling off_
worksheet. Follow steps under ANGLE ,,A,, and set" in piping parlance. lt forms a ,,compiund
solve for pipe length of side "c.,, angle." The example in Fig. B-16 is typical of a

FORMULAS FOR RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLES

a = y'gT= Sr
a b = jc2.- ;2-
g=.ia2+b2

REOUIRED
KNOWN
A I a b c Area

a,b fanA=a TanB=b !^7


ab
b a + b2
2
a,c SinA=a CosB=a aVc2 - aa
c c vc2 - a2
2
A,A 90" - A aCotA a'- Jg! a
Si; 2
A,b b b2 Tan A
90" - A bTanA
Cos A 2
A,C 900 A cSinA C'? Sin 24
- C Cos
4

Fig. 8-13. Formulas are listed for right angled triangles.


Study the workings of these formulas.

95

I
Process Pipe Drafting

Decimals ol a Foot Decimals


of an
o" 1 2" 3" 4" 5" t) 7" a" 9" 10" 11 inch
best
.000 )833 1 667 2500 3333 41 67 5000 .5833 6667 7 500 8333 e16Z al
1t16" oo52 )88 5 t7'tI 2552 3385 421 9 5052 .588 5 671 I 7552 8385 s21q 1t16" 0625
the I
1t8" o1 04 )937 1771 2604 3437 427 1 5104 .5 937 677 1 7604 8437 927 1 1t8" 1250
3t16" o1 56 )990 1823 2656 3490 4323 51 56 .5990 6823 76 s6 8490 9323 3t16" 1875 8-17-
114" o209 to42 1 875 2708 3542 4375 5208 .6042 687 5 7708 8542 937s 1t4" 250o view t
5116" o260 o94 1 927 2760 3594 4427 5260 .6094 6927 7760 8594 9427 5t16" 3125
r

146 979 2B't2 3646 4479 531 2 .6146 6979 7 812 8646 9479 3t8" 3750 alevatit
3t8" 031 2 | 1

7t16" 0365 r 198 2031 2865 3698 453 1 5365 .61 98 703 1 786 5 8698 953 1 7116" 4375 OT SCh,
1t2" 0417 t25A 2083 29't7 37 50 4583 541 7 .6250 7083 7917 87 50 9 583 1t2" 5000
6"
9t't 0469 r 302 21 35 2 969 3802 4635 5469 6.302 71 35 7969 8802 963 s 9t16" 562 5
5t8" o521 I 354 21 88 302 1 3854 4688 5521 6.3 54 71 88 802 1 8854 9688 5t8" 6250 in the
1 1/16 .o573 r 406 2240 3073 3906 47 40 5 573 .6406 7240 8073 8906 9740 1'l/16 687 5 point
3t4" .o625 r 458 2292 31 25 39 58 4792 5625 .6458 7292 81 25 89 58 9792 3t4" 7500
13/16 .0677 r 510 2344 317 7 401 0 4844 5677 .6510 7344 8't77 90'l o 9844 13/16 8125
7 t8" .o729 t562 2396 3229 4062 4896 57 29 .6 562 7 396 8229 9062 9896 7 t8" 8750
15/16 .o781 r61 5 2444 328 1 41'l 5 4948 578 1 .661 5 7 448 8281 9t15 9948 15i16 937 5
final
One of
Fig. 8-14, Table converts feet and inches to decimals. strould
Wtren c
r(wsh(
Enes. E
7',-6 3t4"
TAN A _a
b b

TANA=3'-21l2"
7' - 6 3t4"
N
TAN A = 3.2083 becorr
a
N
7.5625
o
TAN A = -4242
A = 22o 59'

=ig.8-15. Solution is shown here for problem presented in


Fig 8-12.

drafter's worksheet for a rolling offset.


Four terms are associated with this rolling offset
configuration:
RUN: Length of total offset in direction of pipe
run.
SET: Depth of offset. z'- >tt+"
c - JZ;-rTi
ROLL: Breadth of offset. c- - {(t' -1'to")' r (z'-)2o")z
TRAVEL: True length of pipe through offset.
The TRAVEL is most often the measurement to
- --J(l47V,lZ76i>.
a'-u74ti-lErae>
be found, and this may involve solving two . '-J -l.esG4
triangles. Follow the drafter's notes in Fig. B-16 to
find the solution (using natural functions from the
table in Fig. 8-14).
Accurate calculations at this point can eliminate
unnecessary field fitting, cutting, and welding.
A
< =4(Z'-n7t.\' r (t'-tOE4;)z
ISOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND LABELING
0\ .--1/7.7obz t l4.6i9o
N
-=6d68_
Two planes are evident in dimensioning and label- -= 4'- 74c; TRAV-EL.
ing: horizontal and vertical. Keep in mind the plane
of the pipe and dimension line in order to properly Fis. 8-16. Compound angle or "rolling offset" solution is
orient lettering and dimensions. 8-17. ls
worked out on drafter's worksheet.
illust
96
Piping lsometrics

ENSIONING PRACTICES drawing. The following guidelines will get you


started.
best way to dimension a pipe is to its lf the pipe is vertical, the lettering should be writ_
line at the intersection point. Do not dimen- ten vertically and a1 a o angle. fig.
A- l g clearly
to the pipe unless ybu must. See example A this. lf the pipe
_3O
is in the horizontal plane, the
3how9
t. 8-17 . Try to keep all dimensions outside the lettering will appear as if it is lying down. lt will be
view when possible- Vertical dimensions and oriented on both 3O o angles. See Fig. g_1 g. Dimen-
elevations are also shown. Check your com- sions appear to be lying down it tt,e pipe is horizon_
or school standards. tal, or standing on end if the pipe is vertical.
ensions should always be shown between
in the same plane. Measurements given be-
points in parallel planes are confusing and
Example B in Fig. 8-17 illustrates this

wo final notes about dimensioning: ,Z-no


<(<-- ".\
One of the extension lines of the dimension --9- 'f, '-1/G;
should be a centerline of the run of pipe.
When drawing arrowheads, the heel of the ar- rrr1*_)--
row should always be parallelto the extension
lines. Example A in Fig. 8-17 shows this.
\l
4o'*
IC LETTERING i
q.

the three planes mentioned earlier? \N


become evident when you begin to labelyour \\ ^->
*"{

Fig. 8-18. lsometric lettering guidelines are graphically


illustrated.

PIPING ISOMETRTC APPLICATIONS

The purpose of this chapter has been to expose


you to common methods used in the construction
of piping isometrics. Companies use isometric draw_
ings for various purposes. Some show an entire run
of pipe from one piece of equipment to another.
Others show an entire piping system in isometric.
Then there are those who show only the amount
of piping that will fit in a railroad car or on a flatbed
truck. These drawings are often referred to as
"isometric spool drawings.,, The spool is a
subassembly of pipe and fittings that is joined to
another spool to create an entire run of pipe. The
subject of "spools" will be covered in the next
chapter.

8-1 7. lsometric dimensioning dos and don'ts


illustrated. A - Correct. B - lncorrect. Turn to page 98 lor Beview Ouestions and problems.
r

97
Process Pipe Drafting

REVIEW OUESTIONS 10. Define the following terms:


RUN:
1. What is meant by "isometric lines" and ,,non-
isometric lines?"
SET:
[r.
BOLL:

TRAVEL:
2. Sketch the three isometric axes and label the
angle from horizontal of each.
'l '1. Sketch a one inch isometric cube
below, and
letter the words "top,', ',fronl,,, and ,,side,,
on the appropriate planes in isometric letter_
ing. Dimension the cube.

L
3. Why do you think that piping isometrics are
seldom drawn to scale?

4. Sketch the two ways that gO o elbows can be


drawn isometrically.

5. What is an offset?
PROBLEMS

6. What are squaring-in lines and why are they PROB. B-1. Draw the pipe assemblies in Fig. prob.
used? 3-3 in isometric form.
PBOB. 8-2. ln the spaces provided, draw piping
isometrics of each arrangement shown
7. Who was C.K. Smoley and what is he known in examples A through D in Fig. prob.
f or? B-2. These can be freehand or done
with a straightedge.
PROB. 8-3. Draw an isometric of the four pipe
assemblies in Fig. prob. g_2 on C size
vellum. Show all dimensions, eleva_
8- When do trigonometric formulas have to be tions, and callouts. Use standard
used in pipe drafting? dimensions for gate valves.
PROB. 8-4. Redray th" piping assembties
prob. 8-2 from two other
in Fig.
viewpointl.
9. your drawings must be isometric.
What is a rolling offset?
PROB. 8-5. Solve the problems in examples
A
through E in Fig. prob. g-5 ior the
unknown value indicated. Write your
answers in the spaces provided.

98
L
'iping lsometrics

lsometric Sketch of Fig. prob. g_2A

*!.275'-2"

W,
]'-rl

*t
Sketch of Fig. Prob. 8-28

99
Process Pipe Drafting

-Z
bTu

74e"
t\ EL.1f3^'

2l+"
-\ 7-4
(r +
-6 I
I Y b 8e?.
lI.- D-
-O
^..l

-{ir

l
!
lsometric Sketch of Prob' 8-2C A-A

--Z :I
YI
c..
sl
I

W.
/il
lza'- ?"1

lsometric Sketch of Fig. Prob. 2-D

Fig. Prob. 8-2 lcontinued)

100
Piping lsometrics

-;L,?4b:7'/2"

eL.?>5'41'

f 47euu

Fig. Prob. 8-5A

ANSWER

Fig. Prob. 8-58


ELL

ANSWER

Fig. Prob. 8-5C \ :ag'


{icniz
35"VEfiI

ANSWER

Fig. Prob- 8-5D

Fig. Prob. 8-58

Fig. Prob. 8-5

101
Chapter g
PIPING SPOOLS

A SPOOL to a drafter or pipefitter is an assembly tion skills for the drafter as well as for the pipefit-
of pipe and fittings that can be welded in the shop ter who reads them. The centertine becomes the
in less time (and for less pay) than it would take to pipe, and it is drawn as a heavy line. Centerline
weld in the field (at the construction site). Hence, extensions are shown at elbows and flanges. Again,
a spool drawing is the last in a series of drawings use only the number of views required to ?ully
before the final torch is lit. lt basically is a describe the assembly. Fig. g-2 is a single line ver_
subassembly drawing that will be crumpled, iolded, sion of the spool shown in Fig. g-1.
and soiled by the working hands of welders and
pipefitters. lt becomes their shop drawing; their
instructions.
- Creation of spool drawings is often done by the
contractor. On occasion, they may be done by the
engineering firm, job shoppers, or free-lancers.
"Spools" are simple drawings, but imponant ones. LES A
Let's take a look at how they,re made.
How mu
LAYOUT AND CONSTRUCTION ino? T
Two basic methods are used to illustrate pipe drafte
spools: the single line and double line methods. Both normally
are used in industry, and each has its advantages. eyanc
actor'
DOUBLE LINE SPOOLS shop tc
Fig. 9-1. Orthographic layout of a double line pipe
l so big. I

Double line spool drawings probably are the s[ool , you ca


easiest to interpret. Being basically doubie line pip_ drawing.
metric d
ing drawings, they closely resemble the actual ap-
dime
pearance of the pipe. However, double line
Keep in r
do take a little longer to draw than the single "poois
line ngs.
version. Fig. 9-1 is an example of the orthographic
often r
', layout used for double line spools.
When creating a spool drawing, you should try
break sl
Spools n
to show thd shape of the entire spool in one view. C
Only if this is impossible should you resort to extra
a comn
views. Note the use of centerlines and hidden lines addition
in Fig. 9-1. Always begin your layout with center- ,rma
llnes. Draw the skeleton, then add the skin. Add onl
dimensions later. T
S'NGLE LINE SPOOLS spool i
Scale is
I
Single line spooldrawings take tess time and are
easier to draw, but they do require some visualiza- Fig. 9-2. Orthographic layout of a single line pipe spool totally
drawing. easy an(
draft
102

L
\

Piping Spools

s wishing to keep drafting time to a spools at a certain scale, depending on the size of
while maintaining an easily interpreted the spool and the pipe diameter. The no-scale
resort to the "single-double" (hybrid or method is quick, and it is often used by contrac-
eed) method. You guessed it. The pipe is tors concerned with cutting costs. ln both cases,
n in single line, and the fittings are drawn written dimensions are the "sacred cows" of these
le line. An example is shown in Fig. 9-3. drawings. These must be accurate. Check dimen-
sions two or three times.

DIMENSIONING SPOOLS

Spools can be dimensioned by using a couple of


variations on a theme. Two common methods are
shown in examples A and B in Fig. 9-4. Regardless
of the method used, it is always important to know
the exact lengths of pipe and the locations of any
branches. These are critical. However, most com-
panies involved in spooling often include a few in-

9-3. Single-double method of pipe spool representa-


tion. Note single line pipe and double line fittings.

AND SIZE

w much pipe should be shown on the spool


ing? This is a question often asked by begin-
drafters. Listen up. The size of the pipe spool
rmally determined by the dimensions of the
yance the contractor will use. How big is the
ractor's truck? The spools must be hauled from Fig. 9-4. Two acceptable pipe spool dimensioning methods.
shop to the construction site, so they can only Study differences at A and B.

so big. lf you know the size of the truck or rail


, you can easily calculate the spool size from the
rnetric drawing. Remember, you're dealing with ches extra in the dimensions for straight pipe. This
dimensions. hopefully covers any miscalculations or mistakes.
Keep in mind that valves are not shown in spool
hwings. They are installed in the field- Knowing BILL OF MATERIALS
is often eliminates some decisions about where
rbreak spools. The BILL OF MATERIALS (B.O.M.) is the material
Spools must also be tagged with identification list of the spool drawing. lt contains the vital
rmbers. Companies vary on the marking method, statistics o{ all ingredients needed to create the
ft a common one uses the pipe specification plus spool. When this type of drawing is done on some
r additional number or letter to identify the spool. CADD systems, all of the pipe and fittings are
ircse "marks" or "tag numbers" usually are first automatically tabulated as you draw. The B-O.M.
town on the isometric drawing. Fig. 8-3 is a good is then generated by the computer without addi-
rample. These numbers are also spray painted on tional calculations by the drafter.
e spool itself for identification during erection.
Scale is often "thrown to the wind" on spool ITEM NUMBERS
awings. Some companies prefer notto use a scale
rd totatly rely on written dimensions- This makes ITEM NUMBERS serve to identify a piece of pipe
easy and fast to draw spools with a computer or a fitting on the drawing and key it to a descrip-
ded drafting system. Other companies draw the tion in the B.O.M. The item number is often found

103
insidt
pointi
J
s
5S*
o lr I
I
3il
O1l s,
the bi
descr
E,
lrl
F
: +, I
q'*i;
2t
el alt of ite
MATI
-b'e.
{Jo
lEl ;i
>Lq Thr
=
lL d
o er [- ut
HHI one c
J
Ict
UT
o
oA
4-
st il c.
o
tity"
the n
GL c,
-)a
used
;.rtJ
o, o
ow2 (D estim
UF-
Jd4 -i - the or
02
(.& oA
c
(E
o,
(o
A con
numb
:E fitting
oe si the la
zfr C,
o) comp
o o,
zd N Alu
ai
oE
-t
tL and tt
o this in
+R -c curatt
T?- k 3
(, mater
=Y Y
() !
6o
- o-
o
oU
z at,
The
f,
(9 1C been
<a .c techn
€>- ?6
-O
O-
cC,
C
made
r< o tems.
<r
t3
!
l
books
uJ9 oi Yot
Hs (, prima
'=
l-f o laid o
i.t (E
drafte
notes,
= be yor
in
that t
o Pipr
o)
o-
t
sibiliti
(o arran(
x
tJ.l locatir
,.r; duties
o, plete\
c; the jot
iI
glarinl
site sr
Pror
there'l
piping
Piping Spools

inside a circle on the drawing with a leader line REVIEW OUESTIONS


pointing to the part. The same number appears in
the billof materials, and it is followed by a detailed 1. Who uses the spool drawing?
description of the part. Fig. 9-5 contains examples
of item numbers.
2. List the three methods of drawing pipe spools
MATERIAL DESCRIPTION and briefly state the characteristics of each.
The MATERIAL DESCRIPTION can be handled in a.
one column or it may be broken down into "quan-
tity" and "description." A detailed description of
the material r's required. This information may be
used by pipefitters, purchasing agents, and cost
estimators. The bill of materials in Fig. 9-5 shows
b.
1 the order in which the pipe and fittings are listed.
I A common method is to show pipe (lowest schedule
I number and smallest diameter first), then common
I tittingr, then flanges and, finally, odd fittings. Often
I tfre last two categories are reversed. Also, some
I companies may list pipe last. c.
I Rt*rys remember the purpose of spool drawings
I and the requirements of the people using them. With
I tnir in mind, be certain that your dimensions are ac-
I curate and that the information within the bill of
materials is complete.
I 3. How big are pipe spools?

II fhu
',MMARY
purpose of PROCESS PIPE DRAFTING has
I Ueen to introduce you to the basic concepts and 4. What is the most comrnon scale used on spool
I technlques inherent in piping drafting. This text has drawinos?
J made no attempts to teach design of piping sys-
I tems. That subject is covered thoroughly in other
I books. 5. Why is extra pipe often included on spool
J Yor, the drafter, should keep in mind that your drawings? l

I primary responsibility is to create an accurate, well


J laia out, easily read piping drawing. As a junior
J drafter, constructing a drawing from sketches, 6. What is the B.O.M.?
I notes, vendor drawings, and verbal descriptions will
I be your job and, hopefuily, this text will aid you in
I that task.
I eip" drafters eventually assume greater respon-
I sibilities and find themselves designing piping
! arrangements, calculating bends and offsets,
I locating equipment, etc. These are challenging
7. What is a good order to list items in the
I puties and most of them cannot be taught com-
B.O.M.?
I OletelV in a book. The best teacher is experience on
I the job. The quirks and exceptions of piping become
I glaringly obvious to the drafter working at the job
I site searching for the elusive pipe.
t Process pipe drafting is an interesting field, and
alwavs room for good "pipers'" Eniov vour
I ff'"t

1.5
Process Pipe Drafting

(1} SINGLE

(2) DOUBLE (3I SINGLE.DOUBLE

PRO.BLEMS PROB. 9-3. Create a spool drawing of each of the


three spools indicated in Fig. prob. 9_3.
PROB. 9-1. Bedraw the three spools shown Use the methods indicated in the
isometrically in Fig. g-3 as single line
spaces provided for your drawings.
and double line orthographic ipools. Your instructor willdecide if drawings
Create a bill of materiit for each.
are to be done with a straight edge or
PBOB. 9-2. Redraw the orthographic spootin
Fig. freehand.
9-2 as an isometric. Fully dimensiJn PROB. 9-4. Create a spool drawing for each of the
your drawing. Use proper isometric spools in Prob. g-3 on B size vellum.
lettering. Your instructor will assign diameter and

105
Piping Spools

dimensions to the straight lengths of problem in Fig. Prob. 8-2. Be aware of


pipe. Flanges to be 150#, gaskets the field welds and valves. Use either
1 116" thick. Construct a bill of material single or double line. Use B size vellum.
for each spool. Construct a bill of material for each
qOB. 9-5. Draw the necessary spools for each spool.

,r.r**tA

Irefitters use spool drawings to construct piping runs such as this insulated steam piping systern at a cal=: mill.
(Weyerhaeuser Co-)

107
APPENDIX A FLr
FLE
ABBREVIATIONS
FL(
FOI
This appendix presents common abbreviations used within the FO'
process piping industry and related fields. Refer to it often. Become
FRI
familiar with as many abbreviations as you can. Learn what they FS
stand for; you will see a lot of them on piping drawings' FT
FT(
\ CPLG / Coupling FT
CRS / Cold rolled steel F\^
\B / Anchor bolt
\lsl / American lron and Steel lnstitute CS / Carbon steel or cold sPring G
ANSI / American National Standards lnstitute CU FT / Cubic foot GA
API / American Petroleum lnstitute CU lN / Cubic inch GA
APP'D / APProved CU YD / Cubic yard GA
ARRG'T / Arrangement CYL / Cylinder GE
ASME / American SocietY of D GE
Mechanical Engineers DBL / Double GP
hssY / AssemblY DEPT / Department GP
ASTM / American Society for Testing DET / Detail GF
and Materials DIA (d) / Diameter GF
AUX / AuxiliarY DIM / Dimension GS
AVG / Average DISCH / Discharge G\
AWS / American Welding SocietY DP / Drip proof H
B DSGN / Design HT
DWG / Drawing
[ / Bay line or between centers . HI
BC / Bolt circle E
HE
BE / Beveled end H(
EA / Each
BEV / Bevel HI
ECC I Eccentric
BF {B'FLG} / Blind Flange H(
E-E / End to end
BF / Bronze fitted HT
EL / Elevation
BL / Bottom level HS
ELEC / Electric
BLDG / Building H'l
ELE'/ / Elevation
BOC i Bottom of conduit H\
El-L / Elbow
BOM (BiM) / Bill of Material
EMER / Emergency I
BOP / Bottom of PiPe
ENGR / Engineer ID
BOT / Bottom
EOUIP / Equipment IE
BRKT / Bracket
ERW / Electric resistance weld IN
BRS / Brass
EST / Estimate IN
BW / Buttweld
EVAP / Evaporator IN
c EXH / Exhaust IN
C / Channel steel EXIST i Existing IN
C to F / Center to face EXP JT / Expansion Joint IN
CFM / Cubic feet Per minute EXT / Extension IP
CHG / Change IP
F
Cl / Cast lron tS
CO i Chain operator or clean out FAB / Fabricate
FD / Floor Drain J
CON / Concentric
CONC / Concrete FDN / Foundation J(
FEM / Female JI
COND / Condensate
F / Fahrenheit
CONN / Connection K
F-F I Face to face
CONST JT / Construction ioint K
FH / Fixed hanger
CONT / Continue KI
FIG / Figure
CONTR / Contractor Kt
CONVR / ConveYor FIN / Finish

108
Abbreviations

FL / Floor L
FLEX I Flexible L / Angle steel
FLG / Flange LAB / Laboratory
FOB / Flat on bottom LBR / Lumber
FOI I Flat on top LG / Long
FBP / Fiberglass reinforced pipe LGTH / Length
FS / Forged steel LH / Left hand
FT / Foot (feet) LIN / Lineal
FTG / Fitting, footing LIQ / Liquor
FT LB / Foot pounds LP / Low pressure or Low point
FW / Field weld LR / Long radius
LTD / Limited
G
LUB / Lubricate
GA / Gage
GALV / Galvanize M
GALV STL / Galvanized steel MACH / Machine
GEN / General MAT'L / Material
GEN ARRG'T / General arrangement MAX / Maximum
GPH / Gallons per hour MCC / Motor control center
GPM / Gallons per minute MECH / Mechanical
GRD / Grade MED / Medium
GRND / Ground MFG / Manufacturing
GSKT / Gasket MH / Manhole
GV / Gate valve Ml / Malleable iron
H MS / Mild steel
HD / Head MTG / Mounting
HDR / Header MTB / Motor
HEX / Hexagon N
HGT / Height NC / Normally closed
Hl PRESS / High pressure NIP / Nipple
HORIZ / Horizontal NO / Normally open
HP i Horsepower NOM / Nominal
HS / High speed NOZ / Nozzle
HTR / Heater NPS / Nominal pipe size
HVY / Heavy NPT / National pipe thread
I NTS / Not to scale
lD / lnside diameter o
lE/ lnvert elevation OAL / Overall length
IND / lndicate OD / Outside diameter
INS / lnsulate OLT / Outlet
INSP / lnspect O-O / Out to out
INST / lnstrument OPNG / Opening
INSTL i lnstall OPP lOpposite
INV / lnvert OR,F / Orifice
lP / lron pipe OSHA / Occupational Safety & Health
IPS / lron pipe size
Administration
ISO i lsometric
P
J PE/ Plain end
JCT / Junction
PED I Pedestal
JT / Joint PEHM / Permanent
K PERP / Perpendicular
K / Kip (1Ooo lb) PL / Plate
KD / Kiln dried PNEU / Pneumatic
KW / Kilowatt PNL / Panel

109
Process Pipe Drafting

POE / Plain one end TE / Threaded end


PRESS / Pressure TEMP / Temperature
PROJ / Project or projection TERM / Terminal
PRV / Pressure relief valve THD / Thread
PS / Pipe support THBU / Through
PSI / Pounds per square inch TIP / Tie in point
PSIG / Pounds per sguare inch gage TK / Tank
PT / Point TL / Top level
R
T'LET / Threadolet
TOC / Top of concrete, top of conduit
REC / Recirculate
TOE / Thread one end
RED / Reducer
TOG / Top of grating
REF / Reference
TOP / Top of pipe
REINF / Reinforce
REOD / Required
TOS / Top of steel
RET / Return
TRC / fop of rough concrete I

TURB / Turbine
REV / Revision
RF / Raised face
TYP lTypical
RPM / Bevolutions per minute V
S VAC / Vacuum
SCH / Schedule VAR / Variable
SCRD / Screwed VEL / Velocity
SCRN / Screen VERT / Vertical
SHT / Sheet VISC / Viscosity
S'LET / Sockolet VLE / Valve
SOC / Socket VOL / Volume
SO FLG / Slip on flange W
SPEC / Specification W / Wide flange steel shape
SR / Short radius w/ / with
SS / Stainless steel / Wrought iron
\A/l
STA / Station WN FLG / Weld neck flange
STD / Standard W'LET / Weldolet
STM / Steam WOG /Water oil and gas
STL / Steel WP / Working point
SUCT / Suction
SUP / Support X
SW / Socket weld XFMR / Transformer
SYM / Symmetrical XH / Extra heavy
SYS / System XMTR / Transmitter
XS / Extra strong
T XXS / Double extra strong
TBE / Thread both ends

110
APPENDIX B
WELDED FTTTING AND FLANGE DATA

This appendix provides two comprehensive Example B: Seamless Welded Fittings Chart
s of welded fitting and flange specifications. Find the inside diameter (1.D.) of an 8 in. diameter
he information contained in these charts is useful pipe with a wall thickness rating of "Sch. 80."
drawing fittings and flanges to scale, and 1. Locate "8" in Nom. Pipe Size column on left
calculating pipe and fitting assemblies. side of table.
The first chart gives specifications for Seamless 2. Find "Sch 8O" column under WALL
elded Fittings. The second chart covers ANSI NESS heading.
orged Steel Flanges. All specifications are coded 3. Find intersection of these two numbers. Wall
o nominal pipe size (NPS). thickness should be .5OO in-
To use the Seamless Welded Fittings chart, first 4. Multiply this number by two: .5OO x 2 :
the nominal pipe size of the fitting required, then 1.OOO.
for the letter that represents the dimension you 5. Under "Pipe O.D." column, find size fol an 8
d. Your answer will be at the intersection of in. N.P.S. pipe. lt should be 8-625.
ese two columns. 6. Subtract total wall thicknesses (1.OO) from
NOTE: When working with reducers and reduc- 8.625. l.D. of 8 in. diameter schedule 8O pipe
tees, always use the large end of the fitting as should be 7 .625. This is a good example of why
pipe size. 8 in. diameter designation is a "nominal pipe
The ANSI Forged Steel Flanges chart gives size" (commercial designation).
arious key dimensions for 1 5O-25OO lb. flanges
welding neck flange bores. When working with Example C: ANSI Forged Steet Ftanges Chart
is chart, use the same method of locating a need- Find the "Y" dimension for a 12 in. diameter
dimension as you employed with the fittings welding neck flange with a rating of 3OO lbs.
art. First find the NPS of the flange required, then 1 . Locate " 12" in Nom. Pipe Size column on chart.
for the letter or chart heading that represents 2. Find "Weld Neck" column under 3OO LB.
dimension you need. Again, your answer will FLANGES heading at top of chart-
at the intersection of these two columns. 3. Find intersection of these two variables. Your
Following are examples of how to use the charts answer should be 5 1/8".
find the dimension you need.
Example D: ANSI Forged Steel Flanges Chart
xample A: Seamless Welded Fittings Chart Find the "O" dimension of an 1 I in. N.P.S- 600
Find the "A" dimension for a 6 in. diameter, 90" lb. S.O. flange.
radius elbow. 1. Locate "O" column under 600 LB. FLANGES
Locate "6" in Nom. Pipe Size column on right heading in middle of chart.
side of table. 2. Find " 1 8" in Nom. Pipe Size column on left side
Find large letter " A" along top of chart. of chart.
Find intersection of these two. Dimension 3. Find intersection of these two numbers- Your
should be 9 in. answer should be 29 114 in.

111
Process Pipe Drafting

Seamless Welding Fittings

s- LoNO RAO.
W.ldELL
90. FEOUCINO €'LOXG
L8. WcldELL
s RAO.
W.ldELL
. wAfL THTCKNFSS
r80. LOilG R D|US
!ry.ldELL
4
c,. SXOm MD.
W.ldELL
1&'8HOR7
W.ldELl.
EAD.
rTT
o
c^p

F ,4il
&
L06.
PlD.
!tlr.
Plpt
o.o.
o
Llgil Sch Sch o Sch Sch o Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch xI- A B K D v E
lsl
G 3h.
"1,
Wrll 20 3o srd ao 60 f-Sl9 t0 100 120 'ta0 It0 slt 9ss

.640 083 l09 r09 t47 t47 .r88 .294 1n ,t lrA ,l


32 I't ,,
il3 h ltN I 32 lrN t/t

1
ta r.050
1.315
.083
.109 ,33
I r3
r33
r54
r79
t9l
15,1
179
.219
.250
.?50
_308
.358
382
1%
1V.
t% ,
,t 2l1t
?v,
'I

IV
;i
2l1t
1Y1
t/t
4?
12
2
2L
t
1ri
lr/t r .660 r09 r40 140 191 1

1n r.900 10s r45 r45 200 200 .241 ,400 2% lV. 3ta lth ?%t 1V. 12 2r l* 7
2 375 IU5 .1 54 .r54 2t .2tg .344 .436 3 rx 4lit 2 'lt 62% J'I Z 7

2rt ?.875 120 .203 203 .276 _375 .55? 3t/. 1ra 5Xr 2tl tYl IY, 6 ztA 1N 2\t t
3 3.500 r?o 216 .216 30r .300 hoe 600 1y, 2 6\ 3 v. ? 6 ?tA 5 t r
7r, 4.000
.120
.226 .?26 31 3r8 .636 5t/. 2y 7Y 3tA l( 2t/z 63 5ta t* I t0
a 4.500 120 .237 .237 .337 .337 38 .53r 674 6 2rt 8v. 4 6v. ?th 63 6Xr a C It
5 5.563 134 .258 .258 .375 .375 .500 .625 .750 ltA 3Yt lOlAe 5 7y. 3 83 7%t I a r3
3 6.625. r34 .280 .280 .432 .432 .562 .719 .864 9 3Yt tZ)1t 6 91At 3% 63y2 8* c lo IC
r!
t 8.525 148 250 27'l 32? 322 40t 500 .500 .59d .719 8r2 so6 .875 t2 5 1 611c 8 lZYrc A 84 r0x t 72

0.750 .165 .250 .307 .365 .365 500 .500 .59,t .719 .844 r.oo0 1.125 000 r5 6t'!, 20N 't0 15x 5 t0 5 t2v. 10 a
I
12.750 .r80 .250 .330 .375 .406 552 .500 .688 .844 r.000 1.125 r .312 ,.::o r8 7U2 24N 't2 18X 6 lo t5 12 a
12
ta 14.000 .250 .312 .375 .375 .438 594 .500 .750 .938 r.094 r .250 r .406 21 8v. 28 l4 21 6t/t 1? : t6ll 1a 4
1t r 6.000 250 .3r2 .375 .375 .500 656 .500 844 1 031 r 2r9 1 438 r 594 21 r0 32 r6 24 7 t2 1gta rt a
t.156 .375 .562 78 I t ry. 36 l8 1? 2'l 1t &
,8.000 .z5u .Jt z .438 .375 562 750 .500 .938 1 r E
2A 20.000 .250 .375 .500 .375 59,1 812 .500 r.031 1.281 r 500 I .750 1.969 30 t2k 40 20 30 9 12 23 20
2a 24.000 .250 .375 .562 .375 .500 r.2r9 r.53,l 1.8r2 2 062 2.344 36 r5 48 ?4 36 1OY2 12 27l 2a
30 30.000 .3t2 .500 .625 .375 ::: ::: .500 45 t8\l 60 30 45 lOt/z t0
350 36 000 31? 500 625 375 I .500 54 z2t/i 36 54 | 0t/t 3t@
420 42.000 1: 500 63 26 42 t2 a20
aro .8 000 ii: I 500 29t/. 4A 7ar/- {!o
-T
STRAIGHT R€OUCING COt{CENfnlC v ,,,
r-r+\ ECCErffnlC u I
T_e|\
hEoucEn '.' I l NEDUCEN I \
TEE
F TEE l--l# -l_\=;=,
".
ctc
Xoil- XoD, Noh. llod.
Plp.
Sln
Outlal c M H Pip.
Sh.
Oull.l
c M H Pip.
Slr.
Outl.! c M H Pl9.
sh.
Outlit c M H
.;;
v.
Y.
%
Y.
V. lY. 1tA
3%
3
3%
3,/t ^:;
J'/. 4
10
8
AYl
8% I 7
20
,E
!a
15
15
r5
i;i
l4 20 tt
I t/z 1\, 2% 3% 3th t0 6 8t/z 7% 7
20 1a ta
% v, ;;), i 2
ItA
3y. 3t/. 4 5 8th
ath
7tA
7 t/.
7
12
15
r5
14
13r/t
20
20 It
IL Vz ty, 2 3% 3% 4 1 7
10 l5 't3y. ?o a
7t/. . '/. 4
t l5 12r/. 20 L
12 t0
1 % 2 ttA 4th 4 4 'r0 9k 21
7ry'. ,/, %
h
%
%
2
2 a
3 4y, J7. 4
12
10
E 1o 9
8
I 20
'tE
17 r;' 20
2th 4Y. 3% 4
5 10 8% 8 t7 l6V2 20
1ta 2t,/,
2 4% J
"':
4
5 r0 8t/t 8 2{o r6 17 r6 ?o
1t/. 2V, ; i,' ;;; 1y, 4V. 3% 4 1a
l2
17
17
t6
151/t
20
ar/- ?o
lYr 1 2'/t 2t/. l{ tt 't0
,/,
%
2V
2t/.
2t/.
2t/,
2t/z
2V,
5
4 4rh ;;i 5
11
12
10 It
;;i"
to%
ii
13
t7 l5% 20

4 t/z
30 2?
3th 4,h 5
ll
5
4% 4y, 8 9'A 13 2a 2? ?t ?4
2 2t/t 3 5
ll 9% l3
1% 2t/z
) t/.
it; 3 2Y.
2
4,h
4rh 4Y6
5
5
6
300 20
18
22 ?0
l9V.
24
24
2 1ta 2t/. ,5 22 19 24
1
v.
2Vt
2y,
2
1 ,/. 3 6 5y,
16
la 2 .;' l4
'l,l 22 l9 24
5 5va s% 5th 12 ? 11Yt t4 36 26/2
15 't0
2th 4 55/t 5% 5th 2 1'l Y. l4 30 26tA 25 zo
2 3 2ta 3ri 6
3V, 51/t 5 5t/z E 2 10% t4 24 26V, 24
2ra 1% 3 3Lt 3 5yE 4rh 5th 6 2 'to% tt 36(,
20 26lr': 23 ?4
1tl 3 2% 3t/z 2V, 5t/a 4 t/. 5th 1E 26Y. ?2v. 24
t a 2 t/t 3v, 1E 13tA ,5 ?6% 22 ?4 XOIE
E 7 't6 tStA l; r5
,,;
3
2%
3%
3lt 3t/. 3th
6 oaD 6
tt l4 13y2 l3 l5 42
36
30
30
,28 oAh
?8 €) lnctr
5 lSth ,5
t 2 3% 3 'JV, E
1
7 6t/c
6%
6
6
12
to t3%
1?s/t
1?% r5
.2@ 30 30 28 24 ad3
hE
1k 3% ?% 3th 2a 30 ?6 24
1t/. 3y. 2% 3ta
3% 7 6 6 8 t3y, I1r/. r5
20 30 26 21 €t lnda
Oqil
at 33 @ Src
LorE3: (Dught w.ti rhrcr^.r6... r&.lr.r !o tr.6rc.r rr*t s.Mdst. lo5 r^ ....t
lhro 12", .nO ro *h&1. tO In 9:6 la.'.6d t.rF.
(E Ey * o' w.reo orxr r{.y.o.^a rtr.rr-..r,i.d. It a2
36
35
35
35
'32
3l
;i
28
allol
O lidi
O Oth.r ryH. ,..r .nd rh(k^.ttsr o, ,.ltintt on ator(.r.on. Scia
o slr^a'6 w.tr ihr.r..r9t .r. .*.1..t lo 1l.r6l.rt ttRl *n.dol. .os ,^
gra th.q I r,, O Sl6r.d ,n ca.ba .r.d ,.c . v..€ry ol oti.. ftt.rt ..o aIoyl 30 35 30 2A dE
O Erl.. skons-1!:;
sl ' rhc66s .r. r&^tior ro- it.r6r6i ltEr *Edur. !o5
(D k Ansl 616.9 .rg lcntthr rn.6 t.rl tittsEi..c t..rd
,n ur rnr" rhr. r.il9. 'il

Fig. g-t. Chart of Seamless Welding Fittings (Taylor-Bonney Div., Gulf + Western Mfg. Co.)
112
Welded Fitting and Flange Data

ANSI Forged Steel Flanges

wELDrilG NECI( FTAXOEO SUF{II FIAXGE THREADED FIINGE LAP JOITT FLAXGE

150 LB. FLANGES 3OO LB. FLANGES 4OO LB. FLANGES


lla
?lD. llo. rad
o lc-@
Yaa tlF
3lr
o c'c W.ld
ta.ct
Stlp ol
Th.d-
L.P
Jolnl
Bolt
Clrcl. SL. o,
Hol.! o c'€ wqld
X.ct
Yn)
Sll, o.
lhrd-
L.P
Jold
Bolt l{o..nd
ClrcL Slt. ot
Holat
W.ld
l'.ct
Y(a
Stlp cn L.P
Bolt
Clrch Sl!
Hol-t
oa !ib.
Thrd- Joiat
72 3r, ,At th ,t r 2Y. 4-.h J'/. ,i. 2hc r T Z-/. 1-t/c 3Y. 1a 2\e ,h ' Z'/. 1-X
Y. lra * ZtAt ta
rr{t
x Zta 4-Y. 1lc *rrA. 2% 'I 1 3ta 1-t/t 1Y. ,t 2% , , 3ta 1-r/t
h
Y.
t lra lie 2llt
rfir
r11, 3Y. 1-Vt 4% 2rAe 1 14c l tic 3% 4-r/t 4rA t\e 2rAc lXr l rlle 3\t 1-r/. I
lrA 1.h xt%t 2\ tll, 3ta 4-t/s 5Y. x 2Ac lYre 1\1c 3% 4-t/t 5t/. tYrt 2X 1N tx 3% 1-x 7V
1+, 5 2%c ,A ,A 3rh 4-lc 6yt rl{r 2t\1, lrie 'I
fie 1% 4-% ,l
6% 2y. 1y 1y lYa 1_ra 7\l
Z 6 x 2rl 'I 1 4r/t 4-t/t 'h h 2r, lXc ?lr 5 8-r/t 6% zT 1c lhc 5 Va. 2
zrt ,/ 2* 1-t/t t\t
7 1r* 1Y. 5% % t 3 y. 5rh 8-% 7Y. lY. 3rl tx 1N 5ra e-h 2t
3 7Y2 tXr
rXr
2v. I l{r lllt 6 4-.A % t\l 3t{ I rrAe ,Y| 6% g-rh 8t/t tyL 3y. 1tlc 1
tl1e 6% c-N 3
sti 8y,
!1{ r
2tx 1X 1% 7 8-t/. lXc 37rt 1a v. 7% 8-% 9 lYt 3* I tXr I r1(c 714 E-r ty,
a 9 3 1l4e 1*t 7Y2 8-r/t t( 1% 3'L 1rA h 7% a-ra ,0 tx 3ta 2 2 7h 8-t a
5 to '^t J'2 1%e thc 6'h 6-'/E 11 Y. 3h 2 2 9t/t d-'L ll 1r, I 2,1 zh 9V E-l
6 ll 1 3Y. 1?it 1ne 9% 8-rh 12tA ,Ae
3ra 2%t 2Jlc 1Ot/t 12-% 12ta 1% 4%c 2% 2Y r01t l2-r a
5
t t3y, 1N 1 1Y. 1a
!t(,
11t/. 8-h 15 x 1Y. 2rAt 2ke r3 12-1 t5 1ra 4* 2'Yc ?rrAc l3 12-tN I
'to r6 I l(r 4 1 rTrc 1 14% t2-1 17ra ta 47t ?rt 3v. 15t/. 1g-1Y. 17th 2% 1% zra 1 r5X r6-r y to
12 t9 1y 1w 2*c 2llt 17 t2-1 20Yz 2 st{ 2ra 1 17% 16-1% 20Y2 2\ 5X 3* 1Y 1lx rGtl( t2
1a 21 1* 5 2Y 3% 1A.A 12-1% 23 211 5X 3 4X ZU'/T 2O-1 t/. ?3 ZS 5,4 37rt 1'L 4% ?o-tx ta
16 23t?, l rAt 5 ztt 3kc 21t/. l6-l Y. 2s% 5y.
1t 25 I lle 5t, 2t\t 22Y. 16-1 y.
2%
2X
3% 4y. 22ta 2O-l Yt ?5'A 2r, 6 3rXr 5 a.t, 2*1y t6
l rXr
311(r 2A 6% 3% 5\l 24r/, 24-1Vt 28 2* 6% 3N 5r( 21li ?a-1u it
m ?7% 5rx ztr 4|1e 25 20-1tA 30% ?ta 6N 3v. 5* 27 24-1Yt 30tr 2X 6x a 5X 27 24-1Y.
2a 32 1 tlL 6 3X a* 29y2 20-1rh 36 2N 6Yt 1*: 6 32 24-15/a 36 3 6h 1x 6l( a "(t
21-1rA 2a
600 LB. FLAHGES 9OO LB. FLANGES 1500 ,8. FLANGES
',\ 3Y. na
.a
?\1t ,A x Zt/t 1-y. 4ra h 2X 1% 1'L 3tn 4-h 1v. h ?ra l* 1X 3ta 1-h ,,
tA 2v , 3r/. 1-t/t
1Yr. s% 1 ?'L 1x 1'A 3% 1-% 5% I 2y. rra rT ,/t
t 4rh LN 2%e ,At l'tlt 3rA 1-y. s% tx 2% 1x lYt t$
3Yr 1-rh
trA
lrA
5%
6h
rx,
lt
2X r 1t* 3ra 1-Y. 6y. 1*
'ty
2k 1N rtt 4Yc
4 1-1
4-1
s%
6y.
1N
t%
2%
?% 1..(
1Yt
tx
1
1N.
/t-
4-t
l 1
7yL
2X x 7y 1% 1-ra 7 31{ 1y.
, 6'h t 2 l^. 1frt 8-v. 1t5
1N 4Yt 4-1% 7 1% 3ra IN 1x 1/. 4-1Yc 7*
J AY2 4 zh 2Y 6Y2 8-1 8% 1t, 4 2v 2X o'a E-r
7Y1 r!a 3Y. tx !ra S'A a-ra 9,L 1x 4* 2rt 2A 7rA a4lA 9V. 1tt lta ztt
2
"tL
3 8Y. tx 3% lrXe I rl{r 6Y.. A-V. 1t5 1
2y, 7Y2 8-1Y. 2\,
3rl 9 1N 3L r1{e rll.
9Ya 2Y. 2X 7% 8-r lOY2 1r 4N 2% 2A I 8-1 Y. 3
I 7ra 8-1
;i ;i
I
a
5
tor/t
r3
1y,
tx
1
a'a ?
tx 211
zlt 1OY.
8v, 8-1
8- Y.
tltl
13rA z
1;i 1\t
5 3N 3Yt
9tn
1t
e-iir,
lt
12ra 2;; ;i 3;. ;;, 9Yz a-i v.
,+,
a
llra
8-1 11Y. zh 6'( 4lt 4h 1l Ya, 6-77c 5
6 14 1ra 411 2X 2X 12- \L t5 2l1t 5Y 3X 3X 12% l2-1,.4 lsrh 3\ ltXe
t 16Y. 2llt 5\ 3 3 13t/t 12- v. 1Ar9, 2t, 6x I 1% 'tsu
6N. 1r|7t 12th 12-' t'2 I
12-1Yz t9 3x 8rl SN 5X 15% 12-1 r/t !
10 ?o 2\l 6 3N 1r( l7 ,6- v,: 21 Yz 2X 7X 4 5 ra% 16-1tA l0
2* 3r( t9% th 23 1% 6|,1 7 l9 12-? 10
12 22 6% 1N 20- 21 3!( 7ra a?, 5r 21 20-1% 2672 4rA Itrl 7l( 81t 22y, t6-2%
ta 23% ?* olt SrXr 5 Zo'/. 20- Yz?5v. JA 8X 5X oil 22 2O-1Vt 29Yz 5v. lty.
ta 2f 3 7 4Ytt ?3% 20- % 27 t/.
9Y2 ZJ 16-2Y. ta
3t5 8Yz 5X 6A 24% 20-1ta 32W sx
1l 29% 3X 7y lx 'tt
6 25% 20- ,/, 31 I 9 6 7Yt 27 20-2 36 6r
12,Z
t?lt
10t4 27t/t 16-23A 1C
fi aa 3x 7A 5 6\t 28tA 24- ta 33r/. 1x 9X 6X AY 29V2 ?o-?y, 38% 7 11
10ra
11tt
30Y. 16-2r/t 1t
,a 37 1 I s\5 7v 33 24-i 11 1Yr lr}{ 8 1orL 35Yz 20-2r/t 46 I 16 t3
32r/t
39
16-3'/i 20
16-3y. ,a
25OO LB. FLANGES WELDING NECK FLANGE BORESO@
vt 5Y. I t{. a'fi 1v,r lfir JV? 1- h IC
Y. 5th 1y. 3Y. rtlle '| rXr 3r/t 4-
,A
tit 0rtridc tislt Sci.a. Sci.l. stt. sclla. trba
0.rll!
0ia-
Scica. Sri.i. 3.lcl. Sci!a- sttc,. $i!1. Ir0,
I 6v, rx 3lt 1% 11( 4y. 4. I
Sirr f,.llO 20 !! lv.ll- rll a0 Stnnt t0 t00 t20 ta! t50 Stnrl
lra IV 1rt 3x 2Yc 2Xe 5Y. 1- % !t 0.840
1t9 8 lx 4N 2* 2rl Sr/t 4- V.
I
* r.050
t.3r5
.671
.881
t -097
0.622
o-824
r.o,r9
0.622
0.824
0.546
o-712
0.5.a6
o.712
0.464
0.612
o.251
0.i43.
a J'.l. z 5 av 6'/. E-l Y.
t -049 0.957 0.957 0.8r5 0.59S
2tL 1A% 2V 5X 3ta 3tr 7 r/, 8-tU t!a 't.660 1.142 r.380 1.3S0 1.218
t l2 2rl 6X 31t 3rl 9 a-lrA lt
2
,.900
2.375
r.682
2.t57
l-6lo t.6ro r.500
1.27A
1.500
1.r60
r.338
0.89r
t.rq
a 14 3 7y, 1Y. 4N. 1oY. 8-1Vt 2-06,7 2.067 r.939 I _93q r.687 1.50:
5 16n 3tt 9 5N 5* 12tl a-1ra 2t, 2.475 2.535 2-469 2-,t69 2.323 2.323 2.125 1-771
t r9 4ta. ron D 6 14 Y2 o-z'h 3 3.500 3.250 3.058 3.068 2.900 2.gfl)
I 21t/. 5 't2rl 7 7 17Y. t2-2%
I ,r.000 3.750 3-548 3.548 3.364 3.364
2.624 ?.300
2.72A
'161t
10 ?6yz 6\' 9 9 21v 1?-2r/r { ,4.500 4.260 LO26 ,{.026 3.826 3.8?6 3.62,( 3-,138 3.r5:
12 30 7v ,8X to t0 24Vt t2-2r/, 5 5.563 5.295 5-04' 5.0,17 ,..8r3 /..813 4.563 ,1.313 4.061
a 6.625 6.357 6.065 6-065 5-76r 5.76r s-50r
I 8_625 8.329 8.r25 8.07r 7-98r 7.96r 7.8r3 7.625 7.625 7.13t 7.t87 7-mr
5.r87
6.8t3
4.89:
6_87
to 10.750 tO..l20 ,0.250 r0. r35 r0.0?o r0.020 9,750 9.750 9.562 9.3r2 9.062 8.750 8.500

'iI
8.75(
12 t2-750 r2.390 r2.250 .l2.090 12.0(m t t.934 1 r.626 r r.750 rr.374 rr 062 ro_750 r0.500 r0. r26
IIOTES: ta t4.000 r3.500 13.375 t3.250 t3.250 13.121 l2.Et2 r3.0@
,t !6.000 15.500 t5-376 rs.250 r5-250 r5.000 I 4_684 r 5.000
t2.500 12-124 I t.8l,a 1r.500 r 1.r8ll
t1.3lz r3.938 l3-56a r3-r?4 lz-at2
O Alrays specily bor€ when ordering. 'tl r0-000 r.500 r7-376
r t7-121 r 7.250 16.876 t6_500 r7.000
O lnclud6 t/16- raiscd lace in tso tb. and 3q) lb. stand. N l9_250 r9.mo r9.250 r8.8r2 r8.376 r9.0(x)
ts.688 ,5.25{t ,a.876 ta-,438
r6. r2,a
ads. Oocs iol irclqde l./.1- rarsrd ,ace an zlOO lb. end 2a
20.000
2il.0OO
r9.500 r7.938 t7.43A r7-fi)o ,F.soo r6.062
hcavier slanda.ds. ?3.500 23.250 22.676 21-2SO 22.621 22.62 43.000 !r.562 20.938 20.375 r9.876 r9.3r 2
(,l Insrda p.9a Clamel.6 .rc also p@idcd by thas table. 30
@ Othcr tp6. 5;26 and ,aciogs on aDgti€tid.
@ Sl6fld i6 Bbon stecl tnd I E.icty ot oris 6"tals ild
ta
4t
30.000
36.(m
.r2.o(xl
a9-376
15.375
29.O0('
35.000 *:li
28.750 29-250
15.25r'
tr.250
3,r.500
t9.0(x,
15.000
lt-axto
al aa o00 17.250 11000
@ tighl W.ll
W.tl diamclrr3 rrr id€ntic.l lo sleinlGs slc.l
Schedula IOS in si:Gt thru tf. .nd !o Sch€dula lO in
tir.s 14- aod lrigrr.

Fig. B-2. Chart of ANSI Forged Steel Flanges. (Taylor-Bonney Div., Gulf + Western Mfg. Co.l
113
APPENDIX C
VENDORS'VALVE DATA
This.appendix presents a sampling of pages taken from vendor
catalogs. The information they contiin is used in severat
problems and exercises. Famili'arize yourself with the kinds
of valves found here and the types of dimensions used. b{

NAMES OF PARTS

Whal Ea
Whccl nu,
l{hel
Wheel nsl
Whcel
Whecl Pocling a-
Potking nul
Stm Glond
Pocking nut Glond
Pockiog
Pocking Poc&in9

Stutting box loonel


Srcm
Bonnet Union OuG*
Sonncl bonnr, rinE
Dirc
Union Stah
Sody bonnel riog
Dirs Dirc

Dody Body reot


ringr

Body
Grt3, il-R stGm Gato, Rirlng Stem
Sct*ld Eonnel Unlon Bonnet Gale, Bising Slem
Wcdgc Dl3c Unlon Bonne!
Solld Wedge DIsc Solld Wedge Dlsc
Expanded Seal Rlngs

ThEadcd
t.o. a5a!6
globe S.onze TriEc
Wheel aut

Whcel nut Wheel


Sizes 10- al
Stem
Whel larger havr
SrGD Porling not
convention
stulling bo
Whcel nsl
P.(ting nut Glond
Wheel Glond Pocting

Stem ?ocling Bonnel

Pocking nut Bonnel


Union 5onne, ring
Union bcnnet ring
Pocking Dil. il.m ,in9
Body
Eoonat Lock worhcr
Di* holdcr
Di3c ttcE rang Di3c
Compodtio dis<
Dir< Dix worhcr Body sot ring
Eody Di$ DUt
lody

Globc clobe
SclcrCd Bonnet Globe, Union Bonnel
Unlotr BoBoel
lrct.l Dirc Composilioo or TFE Disc
Plug Typc Disc
Reoerable Selt Ringg os&YVd
tll ustratol
Crane
114

L
Vendors' Valve Data

IRON WEDGE GATE VALVES

12s.POUND FERROSTEEL WEDGE GATE


Bronze Trimmed or All-lron
Non-Rising Stam
BATINGS

Temp. Prl, Non-Shock


'14 18 30
F o 12' & 16' lo 24' to 48-

-20 lo'l 500 200 150 150 150


200 190 145 't35 1t5
225 180 140 130 100
250 175 140 125 85

275 170 135 1m 65


300 165 130 ',10 50
325 155 130 105 All valves 8' and smaller have an in-
350 150 125 100 iection type stulling box: petmits
adding lrcsh packing wilh twisl ol e
375 145
wtench- fhete's no need ro disas-
semble valve or shut dovn the linc-
400 140 Oulside sctew and yoke valves, as
Thtoadsd Flangod shown above, also lealure a moditied
425 'r30
No.45l t-hezd disc-slem conneclion wilhin,
No. 460 450 125 ralher than above, lhe disc-
Bronze Trimmod Bronzg Trimmsd
No. 473
All- lron 'Uso Crans lsGpound ste€l valves.

Body and bonnet are Ferrosteel (ASTM A126, Class B) in sizes 16" and smaller and
Outside Screw & Yoke Higli Tensile Cast lron (ASTM 4126, Class C) in sizes 18" and larger.
Sizes f-inch and smaller have injection type stulling box. Permits adding packing
with twist of a wrench at any time . . . even when valve under full raled line pressure.
Turning the packing inlector screw torces packing from iniector reservoir into stuffing
box. The packing (TFE impregnated asbestos) forms a tight seal aiound the stem, is
self-lubricating, stays sott and pliable. When reservoir supply is depleted, inserl a
fresh packing stick.
ln addition, non-rising stem valves feature a patented thrust collar design. The collar
is above the stulfing box, completely isolated from damaging effecls of line lluid.
Design assures easier operation and reduced maintenance.
Sizes 10" and larger have conventional type stuffing box lilled with high grade
asbestos packing and equipped with a gland (bronze or nickel-plated steel, depend-
ing on trim) and malleable iron gland flange. Valves can be backseated.
Bronze Trimmed
For sleam, water, air and non-corrosive oil or gas lines.
Body seat rings, screwed into the body, are bronze. Stem is bronze (except No. 465
Thrsaded stem is steel, nickel-plaied all over). Sizes 3" and smaller have a solid bronze disc;
Flang6d
[n largersizes, bronze disc laces are rolled into the disc. Non-rising stem valves 12"
No.4541,
Ironze Trimmed No- {65 and smaller have bronze bushings above and below the stem collar.
Bronze Seats, Steel Stem
No. 465rzl AII-lron
Bronze Sgats, Bronze Stem
For oil or gas, or for fluids that corrode bronze but not iron. Seats are cast integral
No. 4751t
Sizes 10" and All-lron wilh body and disc. Stem is steel, nickel-plated all over. Non-rising stem valves have
larger have steel bushinEs above and below the stem collar.
conventional
stulling box Compliance with Standards
All valves conform to MSS Standard SP-70. Flanged valves have ANSI 816.10, Class 125 iron wedge gate
lace-to-face dimensions. End flanges coniorm to ANSI 816-1, Class 125.
All bronze trimmed valves 12" and smaller (except No.465) meel Federal Spec. WW-V-58b, Type I, Class 1
material and design requirements.

Slze 2- z\r' 3- l1a 1' 5" 5" a- 10' 12' t! 15- t8" 20" 30" 36' 42' ar
!Veiqhlt
No. 460 26 3t 4a 76
No. /t6l 3l 5: 95 130 160 275 490 700 850 1 180 1440 1740 2774
-on reolE!-
No- 473 33 ,t! 5l 95 160 275
No- 464V 2e /n 80
No.465 3(l 48 6( 100 170 290 530 720
No. 455, $ 4{ 5( 67 100 138 170 29{' 530 720 908 1372 rs40 950 4980 t480 ,25{' 5.r [!iE
No- 475 4! 6{ 1m 134 'r70 290 530 720 908 1372 t540 r950 1980 i4lB0 ,250 5@ n-
Dlmensroil
End lo end 5t, 6V I
Face lo tace 7U E'A I 10 10Y, IV 14 t 16 17 18 20 24 ?lt3 I
t7% t9 t?.t ,6, 48 49 ,3tz t6
Ctr- to toD- N-RS
Ctr- to toD. OS A Y
10
t3
71.1
15!l
t2%
li 17
t
as% 30 38
33
t/. 58
3e%
68 75V t3v IV 109 138
!t2
r60 -
a I
Wheel dia- N-RS 10 t0 12 1/t 20 20 2t 22 24 24 30 35 42t A c
OS & Y valvo Wheel dil OS & Y 8 10 10 I 14 20 m ?(, 22 21 24 30 35 tE2 | l5I. iE
lllustrated
Cr.nc
115
Process PiPe Drafting

IRON CHECK VALVES

125.POUND FERROSTEEL SWING CHECK - B


Bronze Trimmed or All-lron (

R
Tsmp. Psl. Non-Shock
Slze3 Slzag Slzes
F 2-17 lt 16' 1A-24'
150 150
-20 io 1500 ?o0
200 't90 1.15 135
2123 180 'tlo 130
250 175 140 1E
215 170 135 120
130 't 10
300 165
325 155 130 1G5
350 150 125' 100

375 1,+5
400 1.10 Recol
125 130 Valver 8- end Smsllo, and u
(panlal s€ctlon)
450 't2s No- 2
Stralghtthru body design and wlde hinge sup-
'Maxlmum ls 125 psi saturaled steam (353 F). port provld6 turbulenca-trea llow and accu- Boilet
ral€ soating, lntorior is contoured ror smooth 'Unfire
flow without uoduo pressure drop- Oesign also
Sturdy, welt constructed valves. Bodies, oval or globular in.shape, provide. amp-le flow tacllilatss conversion to oulside lever and preve
iiea iiounO disc when valve is wide open. Disc cannot stick in open position, .Tappe! wslght operation...can bs done ln ,ield i, No- 2
anO pluggeO opening in each of two bosses on body provide eaqy access to either end nacassary.
press
ot nihgil. . si;nplify field-changeover to lever and weight operation- back
screr
Bodies 8" and smaller have straight-thru inlet port and long sweeping contour in outlet for tl
port. Oesign assures unusually efficient flow characteristics-
Bodv and cap are Crane Ferrosteel (ASTM A]26, Class B) in sizes 16't and smaller and
Higti Tensile'Cast lron (ASTM A126, Class C) in sizes 18" and larger-
Bronze Trimmed
Forsteam, water, non-corrosive oil and gas, and other fluids that do not corrode bronze.
Elody seat rinq is bronze. Hinge pin, also bronze, rides in two bronze bushings, one at
eacli side of valve body- Disc is bronze in sizes 6" and smaller and iron faced with
bronze in larger sizes. Threadod
No.372, Bronzs Trimmod
No.372Yr, All-lron
AIN-tron
For gas, oil, and tluids that corrode bronze but not iron-
Seatinq surfaces are cast integral with the body and disc. Exelloy hinge pin is sup-
portedUy an iron bushing at each end of valve body'
Lerer and Weight Valve
Iilo- 383 except for its lever and weight mechanism is identical to the No. 373. Generally
used where quick action is necessary to avoid sudden reversal of flow, to assist disc
in closing, or to balance disc so that valves open with minimum pressure. They are not
intended to be used as back pressure valves, unloading valves, etc.
Positioning and setting of lever and weight are easily accomplished in field. Lever can
be rotatedthrough 360" and is adiuslable in 15" increments.
t!
Rang€d
klstallalion Ho.373, Bronzo Trimmed
No.373Yz, AII-lron
Crane swing check valves may be used in a horizontal position . . . or in a vertical No. 38:1, gronza Trimmed
po6ition for upward flow. With Lever E Weight
(not illusttated)
Standards
Face-to-face dimensions of flanged valves, in sizes applicable, conlorm to those listed
in ANSI 816.'10 for Class 125 cast iron swing check valves.
lllustration lypical
Dimensions and drilling of end llanges conform to ANSI 816.1, Class 125 requirements.
Flanges are plain faced, with a smooth linish- of sizes 10t' and larger

Sht It' to- 12- 11' 16- ,8' 20' 24'


p
il
No.372 18 22 5,1
No.372lA 18 5a
tClghlr
No.3r:t 25 34 14 t5 1tr3 2') 23l) 14 660 160 v2a r575 t17'J rom
No.373iA 25 34 tl 15 xo !,t{, 560
,to.3Et 30 {o Elt t3 24t) 4t5 710
End to end. thrsaAod nn 7% ,Y.
Dh.Blonr Fac. to ,ace, flangsd 6 6i tri t3 lc,A aln lt i/z IU t6 to 18
(.;6ntor to top 5,4 /7. ,% to% t2 t5 IE t4 t9i Crane

116
Vendors'Valve Data

SAFETY AND RELIEF VALVES

BRONZE POP SAFETY VALVES BRONZE POP SAFETY VALVES


For Steam For Air and Gas

ffi
g
No.250'l No.260,
$,
gg
No.2550
Top Discharge
No.255t
Sld6 Outlet
Ea.2etl
$eOrlla
Sld6 Outlet Sido Outlet

Recommended for air and gas service on receivers, tanks,


Recommended for steam service on boilers, miniature boilers' pipe lines, compressors, rylinders, etc.
and unfired pressure vessels such as receivers, pipe lineS, etc'
Nos. 2551 and 2651 are prelerred for ga service becanse itpir
No. 2501 complies with requirements of the^ASME Power side outlet permits the discharge to be pi@ arary- For rmrinus
iioir"i Cooe (Siction l), Miniaiure Boiler Code.(Section V), and or inflammable gases, howeveq use the No- 2651- h b pressure-
'[niiieO Pressure Vesiel Code (Section Vlll). A wire seal tight on outlet side, can discharge agairst tou bad( pressutes,
prevents tampering with the factory pressure setting-
and a stuffing box aroqnd the spring adittstirq screry b filled
No. 2601 are widely used in non-Code installations- They are with asbestos packing to lorm an efiective sed for Ute body.
ofusiure-tiqht on th'e outlet side and can discharge against low
Sait or.ss-rtes. A stuffing box around the spring adjusting The valves are sealed to prevent tarnpering rilh fle factory
pressure setting. All three comply with ASME Unfired Pressure
icrew'is filled with asbeslos packing to form an effectfve seal Vessel Code, Section Vlll (No. 2651 afso rneets noxious and
for the bodY. inflammable gas requirements).

BRONZE SAFETY RELIEF VALVE


For Water, Oii, or Steam WEIGHTS AND DlUENSIONS
SiE Welgh D[mEion3. ]nche3
For liquid and saturated steam service- onlrr) uenler uenrer wet{[ ov€r-all Size
ol slem ot side height height of
Especially recomnrcrldd lor use on water to end outlet to to top sid6
heaters requiring a Yalve of outstanding Poundl of side to top top ol af lever, outlet
quality- tnchs Each outlat of cao cag

Has a po.p ctamber and bbtdown regulat- No.2501


ing ring which effect dE same positive f o.E lY, o t'/t Yz
operating actioo as a pop safety valve h 1,0 1% ,4, 6 r% l/
/2
should steam denelop in vater heater. % 2.O 1% 3% 6% 8%
Stuffing box around stem prerrents leakage t 3.0 1sa 1ra 7% gt/, :l

of hot vater from top of valve- Wire seal Y. .+.0 1?a 47. l7t l'/t t'
prevents tampering willr factory pressure 7U2 5.0 2Y. 5% s% 1111 1%
setting- 2 8.0 2%t 6Y. 10rl 1lya 2
ztL 7% l6 ,v-
Compties with ASME Unfired Pressure 13.0 2% 12%.

No.2606, Sido Outl€t Vessel Code, Section Vlll. No.2550


tl u.o o t'r'a
Y2 1.0 6 7.4
lc 2.O 6% ,%
I 3.0 7rl 9rl
BRONZE RELIEF VALVE No.2551

For Water or Oil x 0-8 1Y.


a7/
o .h 7.
Yz 1.0 1% 6 %
aa 2-O 1% 3% 6Yt 6% %

n lri
I 3-0 'tsz 7ra qu- I
For liquid service on pipe lines, cylinders,
presses, pumps, etc- Relief valves are in- ilo- 2601. 2611, 2651
iended to relieve excessive pressures; 1l 1.0 1% aih J7a
however they should not be used in an Y2 1.2 1% 3% 5rl tA
attempt to relieve shock pressures in hy-

ffi
th 2.O 1% 3% 6
draulic lines. 1 3.6 131 3rl 6rz t
Valves are pressure-tight on oullet side l{o.2606

g
and can discharge against low head pres- 7Yt 5 ,^ tt
sures. Stufling box around main spring ra 1J)
.N Y.
adiusting screw is filled with asbestos % 1.7 1r/a 314 6Yz
t 2.8 Itt 1tl Tta tte 't
packing to seal body area.
: Comolies with ASME Unfired Pressure
Vlll. Crarp
No.2611, Stda Outl6t Vess'et Code, Section

117
Process Pipe Drafting

VALVE.SIZE
Face to Face
4 6 810 12 14 24
Centerline to Top
11th 14 27th 3 34 38'A 51
7 8Y. 12'h 141h 14tA t6%
Centerline to Shaft
3'A 5% 5% 7'h 8'h gu, gL

VALVE SIZE 36 42
Face lo Face 50 60 66
Cenlerline to Top 394l 50
Centerline to Shaft 19 22'h 27
4@ 3600 4700 6300
DIMENSIONS SHOWN FOR 50 LB. C.W.P. OVER 24'SIZE
Easily cleaned while in line . adjustabte counten^reight to control slamming
Swing
. 150 tb. c.w.P.
Check
Valve weq
Valvt
VALVE SIZE
Face to Face
s l o a ro rere
9% 11th 14 1g 21'i,. rsu,m
Bolt Circle
Flange Diameter
Number of Holes
t,t g .t.t tzu rc *iffi
,tt - ^..

agg
Hole Size

Drip'free shutoff . easily disassembled for cleaning


and maintenance
" 150|b. C.W.p. . stop Check vatve avaitable.
Angle -
Disc
Check
Valve
VALVE SIZE 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 72
Face to Face 81212
84 132 114
Flange Diameter
12 15 15 15 18 18 24 21 21 21
32 38% 46 59% 0o'r. zs aou sgL rrgy. ril--ls2--i;;-J6t
Boll Circle Diameter 29'h 36 42'L 62!y. 6e% 82v, esy, loqv, lzo-lz7[-]ffiE Hea
Number ol Botts
Bolt Size
28 32 sgclssz Wec
r, 1 1 - 1,r. 1't, 1,/. .t[-- 1L 222
wercnrs vaRv wri Valr
l,i::[:fil;j"^lil?Ti:rl :_:!rr desisns 'v' a[
for qPlr'"wc"'tttru ;'aval'aole
sr' applicarions avaitabte ln stain-ts
in Stalnless
steel and othef attoys r custom desioi'- application excettenr tor trigh
Flanged
ttemperature
e m pe ra t u re sservice
i
-r
e rv c e rn 2o^^oE
o 20oo ,^^.^:::lj1-3eet
F ;- r*
0
ta il ; t ;,#;
;, ji fj Lj; ".1t r;""J[il'
-.
?,1'ffi1
Butterfly
Valve

VALVE SIZE
Face to Face
2 810 12 14 16 18 24
Flange Diameler
Boli Circte
13'/, 15 ?1 23'h 25 27'b 32
Number ot Bolts
1rt. 7'h 11Y. 14'h 17 18% 21Yt 22't, 25 29'h
Bolt Size Tap NC
Center to Top, Open 1% lrh 1'L
17'h 20,h 221tr 28'L 37 49% 50h 57 6{ ?o'h 82'1,
Handwheel Diameler I 10 10 12 18
59 105 145 205 235 320
Solid. one'piece cast
body.. o-ring 99atjn9 avaitable . Neoprene and asbestos
packing for maximum seiring . ,iairauie i, riffil,ii . iio'ru. c.w.p.
Cast
Knife Gate Bon
Valve Knil
Fabri-Valve Valt
118
Vendors' Valve Data

6 8 10 '12 14 16 18 20 24
VALVE SIZE !.
Face to Face 7 10 lOVz 11U2 't3 't4 15 16 n 18 20
10 12 12 16 18 24
Handwheel Diameter
Centerline to ToP, OPen 161h 191/2 23 27 3146Yt 55Ve 55Vt 67 731h TIYI 92Vt
We 36 55 70 80 100 175 230 330 400 s50 650 750 120{l
VALVE SIZE 30 36 42 48 54 60 72 84
Face to Face 24 28 33 36 39 42 48
HandwhLel Diameler 30 36 MANUAL OR ELECTRIC GEAR qlE84Iqlq
Centerline to Top, Open 128 150 '174 198 DIMENSIONS AVAILABLE

DIMENSIoNSANDWEIGHTSVARYWITHPBESSURERATINGovER24"SIZE
Wedge gate assures positive shutoff . fabricated from any_weldable alloy
. sizes through 96" .'standard working pressure is 150 lb. C-W-P. ' other
working pressure designs available.

Wedge Gate
Valve
-l

150 lb. working Pressure


VALVE SIZE 10 14 16 18 an s 12 itS

Face to Face 13 14 15 16 17 't8 m 212A3(,$3E}42


18 21 21 24 3{' u.ro.I a Efrclra Gcz OpEe: Ecccrat(ted
Handwheel Diametet 16 18
Center to Top Open 45'X. 55 ln t4 1G5 '16
weight (lb.) 370 435 660 875 1000 1320 1700 3450 4!m ;1s 5t tr2q)

3fi) lb. Working Pressure


VALVE SIZE 12 20 24 30 12 4C

Face lo Face 18 19Vc 30 39 45 uPo$a !t Pl-rGiTlON


55
Hanctwheel diameter OR ELECTBIC GEAR OPERATORS
Center lo Top Open 6OY2 57 841/z 99t/t 1 10 132
Weighr (lb.) 670 780 1150 1s75 1900 2500 3225 6550 9300 1300 18368 25000 34000
Flanges 24n and smaller per ANSI B-16.5 26" lo 60" per API 605
t Pressure ratings meet ANSI 816.5 requirements ' fabricated of combined
1
, wrought plate ind castings ASTM rated . other alloy trim,- replac^ea_ble seats,
Heavy DutY Iantein siuffing box optionatly availabte ' welders qualiried per ASME
i Wedge Gate Section tX . frsitive-shutoft: ,ully wetded seats. single lloating disg-'fuIly
l
machined batk seat altows valve io be repacked under pressure ' lully
i Valve machined raised lace on tlanges . ualve tLsted in accordance with MSS SP{-|.
:
s
h

VALVE SIZE 23156810121416r1I84a


Face to Face 1'/c 2 2 2Y. 2Y4 23h 23/. 3 3 3h trb '4\h 4b
Handwheel Diameter I 10 10 12 12 16 ',16 18 18 21 21 tr|t m
Centerline lo Top, Open 22 24Yr 27V2 32 35y. 45y. 52V. 62V2 62!tr 7312 fI $! 1@,
Weiqht 40 61 77 89 110 190 260 370 44O 600 715 fi5 ]@
VALVE SIZE 54 72
Face to Face 37c 4Ys 5 5Y2
Handwheel Diameter MANUAL OR ELECTRIC GEAR OPERATOFE
Cenlerline to Top, Open 106 40 177'r 189 D I u El,.€llore flm&t&"liE
Weight 1850 2550 3450 4700 5950 7350 10600 144C0 19600 Oli AFli.lGn'lfimmmr@

3iilEil:i8il:3I3#-'',"#:JIJ""H?;XEi":7'",*,',GovEB,!',3@
Knife gate assures positive, non-clogging shutotl on susPended solids
. bonnet design eliminates teakage through the packing gland' O'ring
sealing available for drip-tight shutolf sizes lo 96"' 150 lb. C.W.P.
slandard . Other working pressure designs ayailable.
Bonnet-type
Knife Gate
Valve ffinrffi
119
lx"

Process Pipe Drafting

ACTUATORS

Air Electric Hydraulic


Cylinder Motor Cylinder

Chain
Wheel Lever

U
Handwheels are standard on Fabri-Valves. However, our factory will equip
your valves with any type of actualor you specify. We can supply a wide
variety of acluators, depending on valve size and service.

INSTRUMENTATION

Limit Switches Positioners Transducers

Solenoids

Fabri-Valve will install instrumentation at the factory-and save you time


and installation costs. our cylinder actuated valves can be equipped with
four-way solenoids for remote operations; positioners for automatic control;
limit switches to indicate open and closed position; position transmitters;
transducers; cylinder speed control valves; and fail-safe systems.

Fabri-Valve

120
Vendors' Valve Data

GATES

Solid Wedge ' Multiple Bolted Bonnet


Outside Screw & Yohe ' Rising Spindle
Screwed: 200 lbs., 500' F.
Flcrnged: 150 lbs., 500" F.
230Ibs., -20" F. to 100'F.

Yz" -2" Fio.1325. Yz"-lt/2" Figs.1325 or2325 Figs.1325 or23?5


Fiq. 1324 Fia. 1324, b qnd6
t/n" ond 3/t" rilq. zlzs, vr" -t" ti6.ztzs,l" md Iy," 2"-4"

-Fi"..1324 AND 1325 qre mcrde


FIGURES ol Tvpe Risilg spindle serves qs indicqtor of wedge posi-
-3]! tion. Threods are outside oi vqlve, crwoy lrom cor-
2324 crr..d 2325 qte mode ol Tvpe J-20
"if""' ttr"y embody gote volve, construction feq- rosive medio in the line qnd qre eosily qccessible
"ii"v.
tures which crssurs long, trouble-hee valve per- Ior lubricoiing ond cleoning-
io.*or,.. in lines wherl severe corrosive condi- Multiple bolted bonnet qssures tight body-bonnet
tions prevoil. joint crnd permits eosy ond repeaied dismontling
Ior cleoning inside oi vqlve or renewol of ports.
Through-port design permits full, uaobstructed llow
*h..t-roir" is wide open, minimi'ing turbulence' Deep pocking box hos chevron-type Tellon pock-
ingr, especiclly suitoble Ior corrosive services.
Sturdy. solid wedge, slotted lor engogement io
i.e huod o{ spindle. is held in position by body Eqch vqlve is individucrlly tested for tightness ond
guide ribs. Thii reduces drog crnd wecrr on lhe seqt' subjected to cr 300 psi hydrostotic shell test ond cr
Ind lessens chqtter in rcrpidly vibroting currents' 200 psi secrt test.

Dimensions
Size, rn. r/t 3/s
Yz
3/+ I lr/a U/z 2 2r/z 3 4 6 8

3 3 3k 3ta 1 1* lrh 7 7 I lo 12 t1
Diometer ol Wheel--------
Fios. 132{ or2324:
- -Ceot"r lJlr l5
to SPindle ToP---OPEN 6Yt 7%: 9 fll I
Zr-- 6k oAt 7fi $Yt 97At l2Y.
Center lo Wheel ToP-- 5tr/tt
l7tt
End to End-.-- rl, 2Y. 21, 3rilr 3h 3rh 1$t
Fios. 1325 ot 2325:
- -Center eh to I lllr 15 t6x r8k 2ty 2efi 37
6lt 7t7\t
to SPiodIe ToP--OPEN 9rAt 17Y. l3ta 11|i 1v/t 23 28Yt
ToP.....---- 5tllr 67tt 7Y, 816
Ceater to Wheel 1* 5 5k 6h 7 7th I 9 tota ltl|t
Face to F<rce---- 1Yt
1ta 1* 5 6 7 7h I il t3Y,
Flooge Disoeter 3k 3ra

Florge Thicloess Yt
rltz 74, v, lt, Ys
t\e lt tfft I rr
Jenkins

121
Process Pipe Drafting

GLOBES

Regrinding Beveled Disc crnd Secrt . Bolted Bonnet


Outside Screw & Yoke . Rising Spindle
Screwed: 200 lbs., 500' F.
Flunged: 150lbs., 500" F.
230lbs., -20" F. to 100" F.

AI

Br

B.
!
t B
I
i

Fis. l3l6-A fig. l3l7-A, Vz"-3" Fis. l3l7-A,4" ond 6"

Figures 1316-A crnd'1317-A mode ol Type 316 olloy body-bonnet joint ossures tightness ond permits
ore recommended lor controlling corrosive goses eosy dismontling Ior cleoning or removol oI ports.
or llui& where condiiions ore severe, where the A hole in the spindle, with corresponding grooves
close regulotion leoture ol o globe volve is essen- in the disc locknut through which o pin is inserted,
iiol ond where spindle threods must be out ol the enqbles the spindle-disc ossembly to be used lor
Iine oI flow. regrinding when necessory.
Outside screw ond yoke desigm permils spindle Pocking box is deep, holding o liberol guontity oI
threa& to be eosily cleqned crnd iubriccrted. Bis- Teflon ring pocking.
ing spindle ond wheel serve c:s indicqtor ol disc
position. Eoch volve is tested {or tightness qnd subiected
to o 300 psi hydrostotic shell test ond o 200 psi
Multiple bolted bonnet with mole crnd lemcrle seqt test.

Dimensions
Size, in. Yz 3/e I l1/z 2 2t/z 3 4 6
Ceuter lo Wheel Top----------------.OPEN 634 6y, 7* 8,{ e% 1?yt 13Y. | Sra 191/s
Dicrmeter of Wheel-- 3 3 3rYtt 5 7 8 8 t0 12
Fis. I3l6-A:
End to End-.-- 2lt 3 3k
Fis. 13U-A:
Foce lo Foce-.---------- {Y. 1X 5 6h 8 8k ek 1lk 16
Flonge Dicrmeter -.---.-----------.----.- 3h 3h 41/t 5 6 7 7ta I ll
Flonge Thickness Yt
rr{'! ,At 1At Ys
tl/tt Y. rltt I

Jenkins

122
DICTIONARY OF TERMS

A CONCENTRIC REDUCER: A pipe fitting with dif-


AGITATOR: A propeller attached to a shaft and a ferent diameter openings at each end used to
motor that is mounted on tanks and used to mix change size of piping run. Openings at each end
liquids and solutions to prevent settling of solids' have same centerline.
CONDENSER: A piece of equipment that accepts
B gases at one end, cools them with a refrigerant'
BALL VALVE: A regulating valve that utilizes a ball Ind discharges a liquid condensate at other end'
with a hole through it to adjust amount of flow CONSULTANi: A person or company hired by a
through valve. client to design or modify systems, products' or
BAY: Space between tvvo structural steel or con- services.
crete columns atong side of a building' CONTROL VALVE: An automatic'valve of any type
BAY LINE: An identification number or letter given that operates as a result of electric, pneumatic'
to a specific line of structural steel members that hydraulic, capillary, or electromagnetic signals'
are aligned across width of a building' COLUMN: A vertically oriented vessel used in
BILL OF MATERIALS: A complete list of items petrochemical industry to distill various products
needed to construct a tank or an assembly of irom crude oil. Also: a vertically oriented struc-
pipe- Usually found on spool drawings and tank tural steel member used to support other steel'
drawings. wood, or concrete structural elements'
BLIND fGftgg: A circular piece of blank plate steel COLUMN LINE: A line of structural steel columns
having a machined face and bolt holes around that runs length of a building. An identification
perimeter. h is used to temporarily seal end of a number or letter is usually assigned to a column
pipe. line.
gdtlEn: A heater fired by oil, natural gas, or wood CROSS: A pipe fitting that has four openings at 90
o
chips, used to heat or reheat water or conden- to each other.
sate and convert h to steam- CUTTING PLANE LINE: A thick line that indicates
BUTTERFLY VALVE:'A valve with a rotating stem
. where a section or elevation is to be "cut"'
o in place
attached to a flat plate- Plate rotates 90 CYCLONE: A piece of separation equipment inside
with only a quarter turn of stem- which a whirling motion is created to separate
BUTTWELD: A type of weld in which two pieces heavy solids from lighter material'
of material (pipe) are "butted" together and D
welded.
DOWNCOMER: A vertical pipe in which flu'rd is flow-
c ing down.
CAP: A pipe fitting that is used to sealend of a pipe' DRYER (ROTARY KILN): A piece of equipment
CHAINWHEEL: A valve operator composed of a resembling a long inclined tube used to dry lime
pulley wheel and a chain that is attached to gate slurry in PulP and PaPer mills-
valves located out of reach overhead'
CHECK VALVE: A vatve containing a spring-
E

operated flap that allows flow in one direction ECCENTRIC REDUCER: A pipe fting toithdffierent
only. Flap "checks" backflow. diameter openings at each end, ad lnu-rg one
CLARIFIER: A large open tank, usually concrete, into side that is flat. Used to reduce lip lllt sfu in
which wastewater and effluent is piped' Heavy situations where one side of ;i-nnlrdrcmdn
material settles to bottom and is pumped away, level.
and clear or "clarified" tiquid flows over top and ELBOLET: A pipe fitting that b rrrd b GrCtE a
branch on an existing etbou -- I
-
is piped elsewhere for treatment'
123
ELBow: A pipe fitting that creates a bend
in pipe
' run' usually go o or 45 o' is turned manuaily to open and crose varve.
ELEVATION: A vertical measurement HANDWHEEL ExiENSroN: A mechanism
from a datum attached
to valve stem to extend handwheel up above
Xl,T,l;Y}";lr!lrT;I?]rins
drawinss to iilic;i; warkways, pratforms, and obstructions.
EVAPORATOR: A piece of separation
equipment in
which water is removed oi ,,arrporated,, INSTRUMENT: A pr""i"Jty catibrated
from mechanism
a liquid chemical compound through ,,"u, that can sense, transmit, indicate, record,
heating. and
control various process variables.
EXPANDER FLANGE: A flange with
an ,,expanded,, ISOMETR|C: See ptptNc |SOMETRIC.
neck that is used in place of reducers
or reduc-
ing flanges to create a change in pipe
run size. KNIFE GATE: A type ot gI" valve having a thin pro-
F file. Used in areas oilimited
FILTER: Any piece of equipment that removes liquid "pr"".
or solids from a solution.
FITTING-TO-FITTING: Several fittings LAP JOTNT FLANGE: e tt"ng" composed
attached with parts, "stub end,, and flange. Used
of two
no pipe in between. on expensive
FLANGE: A circutar piece of plate pipe such as stainless
steel with a LATERAL: A pipe fitting that"t"Ll.has a branch of
machined face, bolt holes in perimeter, run
and a large size or smaller entering run pipe at an angle
hole in center to match .ir" oi , piece such
of pip"e. as 45 o.
Used to attach valves and instruments
to a pipe LATROLET: A pipe fitting that is wetded
run. to a run
FLOW DIAGRAM: A non_scale schematic pipe to create a branch at an angle
type to run.
drairuing that illustrates flow of materials LOOP: An interconnected group of instruments,
through or
a system using symbors and various a "circuit" in which one or more instrur"n,"
thicknessEs
of lines. connected. "i"
FLOW LINE: Thick and thin lines (prim
secondary flow) used on flow diagrams
ary and M
dicate flow of substance" through a
to in_ MANHOLE: An access way into tanks
and vessels.
system. MATCH LINE: A thick line used to align
FLUSH-BOTTOM TANK VALVi:;; or ,,match,,
angted, gtobe two drawings together to create a complete ptan
type valve used at low point of tanks
to facilitate or systern.
easy discharge of fluids.
MILL COORDINATES: Numbers or measurements
used to locate a specific point in a ptant
G site from
GASKET: A thin piece of rubber or a mill datum.
asbestos that
is placed between two flangei MILL DATIJM: Origin, or reference point,
proof seal.
tl proriae a leak_
dustrial site for mill coordin"t.
at an in_
All linear
GATE VALVE: A vatve designed
for on and off measurements and elevations are "y"t"m.
taken from this
vice. lt is actuated by turnlng a franawneel ser_ point.
which
raises and lowers a flat pie"ce oi
gate.
_"rrf called a

GEAR OPERATOR: An operating


NEEDLE VALVE: a ,"glt"ilng vatve in which a
mechanism at- "needle-shaped,, part is r""-d to
tached to valves composed oi a control flow of
bevel or spur fluids through valve.
gear. NOMINAL PlpE SIZE: A number that
GENERAL AHRANGEM-EIT, A plan is an approx-
view drawing imation of actuat size of pipe.
that shows outline of buildinfs,'stiuctrral NOZZLE: A piece of pipe thaipiotrudes
steel from a tank,
cotumns, equipment centerlines
.rd ;;ili;;;, ;;; vessel, or other piece of equipment. pipes,
h";;;;
locating dimensions for majo. pi"""" or instruments are usually attached to
of equip_ nozzles.
ment. NOZZLE SCHEDULE: A list of all no..l""
GLOBE VALVE: A regulating valve
that are
in which a round_ attached to a tank. lt contains diameter, projec_
ed or "globe" shaped mEcfranism tion length, and material composition of each
is attacfred to
a stem to make contact with valve nozzle.
seat.
NOZZLE WELD: A type of weld that is
H used to at_
HANDWHEEL: A valve operating mechanism tach nozzles to tanks and vessels. lt actualty
posed of a circular wheel aft;hed com- refers to a process of cutting a hole, inserting
to a stem. a
lt short piece of pipe, and welding pipe to
tank.
124
o Coarse material is fed into refiner and fine material
t" OFFSET:'A situation in which fittings are used to discharged.
I
I
shift pipe run from one location to another. A 45 " REGULATING VALVE: A valve used for controlling
, elbow is often used for this purpose. or regulating amount of flow of a fluid through
ORIFICE FLANGE: Two flanges with a plate inserted a pipe.
between them. Plate has a small hole in center RELIEF VALVE: A valve designed to open at a
and flanges have pressure-sensing devices in- specific set pressure or temperature and release
serted into tapped holes. Unit is used to measure liquid or gas until temperature or pressure falls
pressure differences to calculate flow rates. below critical point.
RETURN: An elbow pipe fitting have a bend of
P 180".
PAD: A constructed fitting that is used to RISER: A vertical run of pipe in which fluid is flow-
strengthen a piece of pipe at a stub-in connection' ing up.
PIPE: A cylinder of various sizes, wall thicknesses, ROLL: Breadth of a piping offset.
and materials used to transport liquids, slurries, ROLLING OFFSET: An offset in which elevation of
and solutions. pipe has been changed in addition to position in
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM: A plane.
non-scale drawing that shows flow of materials RUN: Length of total offset in direction of pipe run.
through a system. P & lD may also show allequip-
ment, instruments, and fittings used in system'
s
SAFETY VALVE: A rapid-opening valvethat permits
PIPING ISOMETRIC: A pictorial piping drawing that
momentary full flow of steam and otfrcr gases to
shows entire piping run in one three-dimensional
release pressure on a pipe run or p{ece of equip-
view.
PIPING PLAN: A view of a piping system from ment.
above. A toP view- SET: Depth of offset
PIPING SPECIFICATION SYMBOL: A svmbolon pip- SIGNAL: A message that is sent from an instrument
ing drawings placed on or near pipe that contains to an operating mechanism- h can be electrical,
pipe diameter, content code, and identification pneumatic, hydraulic, capillary, or electromag-
nurhber. netic.
PROCESS: A system in which a raw material is in-
SIGNAL LEAD: Une type used on piping drawings
troduced at one end and a finished product is to indicate specific types of signals.
claimed at other end- SITE PI-AN: An engineering map of an industrial site.
PROCESS PIPING: Large size piping that is used in
SUP-ON FLANGE: A flange that slips over end of
an industrial situation to handle rnaterials used in a pipe.
manufacture of a Product- SOCKETWELD: A pipe connection composed of a
PH O CES S VARIAB LE : Characteristics of materiials,
socket into which pipe is inserted and welded.
such as fluids, used in industrial process' SOCKOLET: A pipe fitting that produces a branch
Temperature, pressure, and flow rates are corF' to accept socketwelded pipe ard finings smaller
mon process variables. in diameter than run PiPe.
PUMP: A piece of equipment that draws fluid in one SPOOL: A subassembly of pipe fittings-
side and discharges it from other side under SOUARING LINES: Thin projection Enes rrced qr pip
pressure. ing isometric drawings to indicate plnEof offset.
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM: A mathematical for- STRAIGHT TEE: A pipe fitting that pudrces a
mula, developed by Greek philosopher and branch of run size or smaller.
for calculating STUB-IN: A pipe branching process h rilfth a hole
. mathematician Pythagoras, used
is cut into an existing pipe and a nn qito'grtdler
f length of sides of triangles.
pipe is inserted and welded- Also -{rl e'"noz-
I
zle weld."
t R
REDUCER: A pipe fitting that changes diameter of
I pipe. See CONCENTRIC REDUCEFI and ECCEN- T
TRIC REDUCER. TANK: A piece of equipmentof vairndEf--d
REDUCTNG FLANGE: A flange that produces a sizes used for storage of Eqib d frs-
change in diameter of pipe- Used in place of THREADOLET: A piPe fiuingftc#nHr
reducers. to accept threaded PaPe d ftffF * ir
BEFINER: A piece of equipment having two grinding diameter than run PiPe-
plates spinning raptdly in opposite directions' TRAP: An automatic vahrcfficffi&,*,

125
i
I
t
f
I
and gases in steam lines and discharges them w
without releasing steam. Also used in air lines to WELDED SADDLE: A fitting that'is placed around
trap water. a stub-in to give additional strength to connec-
TRAVEL: True length of pipe through an offset. tion point.
V WELDING NECK FLANGE: A flange with a long nect
VENDOR: A company that manufactures and sells that is attached to fittings and pipe with a
equipment, pipe, and fittings. buttweld.
VESSEL: A piece of equipment of various shapes WELDOLET: A pipe fitting that produces a brandr
and sizes containing internalworkings and com- in run pipe to accept welded pipe and fittings th*
ponents that generate some sort of chemical or are smaller in diameter than run pipe. This fitting
physical activity. makes a 9O o branch on run pipe.

DEDICATION

This book is dedicated to James C. ,,HacK,, Hackathorn-a man


with an encyclopedic knowledge of piping, and a human being with
.an inspiring love of life, and
a contagious sense of humor.

126
INDEX
A screwed syrrbols. 27 Flush-bottom tank valve, 39
Abbreviations, 84-86, 108-1 1O spools, lO2 Forged steel flanges, 1 1 3
Abbreviations, piping plans, 7 6, 77, Downcomer, defrftion. 20 Formulas, right angled triangles, 95
t 108-1 10 Drafting resporrfrtties, 6. 7 45o elbow, fitting,2l
Agitator, 54 Drain syrr6ob" 63 Fractionation column, 54
t Drawing, Function of flow diagram, 59
Agitator, symbol, 61
i Appendices, 108, 11 1, 114 clarity, 12. l3 G
quatrty. 12
B Gasket symbols, 49
sequence, 7-l I Gate valve, 36
Bill of materials, 52 tips, 80
Bill of materials, piping spools. Gear operated valve, 36, 37
Drum fifter, syr6ol, 61 General arrangement drawing, 1O, 48
103,105 Dryer, 55
Blind flanges, 25 General notes, 85
Blower, symbol, 61 E
H
Boiler, 54 Eccentric rcdrcer, firu{q, 22
Heat exchanger, symbol, 61
Breaks, pipe, 71 , 73 Elbole€ , fting, 24 Hidden line, 1?
Butterfly valve, 38 Elevation layout 77. 78
Elevations. 71,77 Horizontal offsets, isometric
Buttwelded branch fittings, 23, 24 drawings, 92, 93
Buttwelded fittings, 21 -23 dimensimirg, TS
Buttwelded pipe fitting symbols, 26 standards,8(),8l I
Buttweld, joining pige, 17, 18 stnrurrd features, 78 lndicate, instrument function, 39
Engineering o.xnpany structure, 6 lndustrial pipe drafting, 5
c EquipmenL flow diagram, 60-62 lnstrument,
( Calculating isometric offsets, 94-96 Equiprnent labeling, flow functions. 39
Cap, fitting, 23 diagrams. 60, 62 identification table, 41
Centerline, 1 2 Equiprnent layout, 71, 72 mounting symbols. 43
#- Chainwheel valve, 36 elevatiros, 78 piping plans, 75, 76
Checking drawings, 81
t Check valve, 38
Clarifier, 54
flow dagram, 66
Equipment numbers, flow
Jiag'am,6(),62
placement. 75,76
representation, 42-44
signal leads, 43, 44
Clarffier, symbol, 61 Equiprnem shapes, flow lnstrumentation, 35, 39, 41
Clarity, drawing, 12, 13 tliagnam, 60, 61 lnstrumentation symbols, 42, 43
Cleaner, symbol, 61 Equipnent standards, 53 lnstrument symbols, flow
Column, 54 Evaporator, 55 diagrams, 64
Column, symbol, 6'l Expander flange, 24,25 lnstrument types, flow diagrams, 64
Compound angles, solving, 95, 96 Extension line, 12 lsometric applications, 97
Compressor, 55
F lsometric,
Concentric reducer, titting, 22
Condenser, 54 Fan, symbol, 61 connected piping, 91-93
Connected piping, isometric, 91 -93 Fiher, 55 dimensioning, 96, 97
Finished drawing, flow labeling, 96, 97
Construction, piping spools,
102,103 diagram, 66 layout, 9O-92
Frttings, 20-25 lettering, 97
Consulting engineering firm, 6
buttwelded, 21-24 piping, 90
Control, instrument function. 39
symbols, 26, 27 planes, 91, 92
Control valve, 38
Fittings and pipe, 17 pump symbol, 49, 50
Conversion table, feet and inches
to decimals, 96 Fitting-to-fitting, definition, 2O symbols and orientation,9l, 92
Flanged. joining pipe, 18 lsometric drawing. 1O, 1 1
Cross, fitting, 22, 23
Flanges, 24,25 horizontal offsets, 92, 93
Cutting plane lines, 12
Flanges, symbols, 26 vertical offsets, 92, 93
Cyclone, 55
Cyclone, symbol, 61 Flow diagram, 9, 1O, 59 lsometric offsets,
equipment symbols, 61 calculating, 94-96
D finished drawing, 66 drawing, 92,93
Design process, 1O, 11 flow lines, 60, 62, 66 Item numbers, spools, 103, 105
Dimensioning, function, 59 J
elevations, 78 instrument symbols, 42, 43, 64
isometric, 96, 97 layout, 66
Joining pipe, '17, tg
piping plans, 73.75 piping drawing reference, 6O L
spools, 1O3 system identification, 59 Labeling, isometric. 96, 97
Dimension line, 12 tank symbols, 5O, 52 Labels, miscellaneous, 85
Direction, isometric, 90, 91 valv€ symbols, 4O, 63, 64 Lap joint flange, 24, 25
Double line, Flow indicator, symbol, 42 Lateral, fitting, 22
buttwelded symbols, 26 Flow line direction, 62, 63 Latrolep , fitting, 24
pipe break symbols, 19 Flow, lines, 12 Layout, piping spools, f (}a 103
piplng, 18-20' Flow lines, diagrams, 60, 62, 66 Lettering, isometric, 97

127
Level indicating controller, Primary flow lines, 12 scales and size, 103
symbol, 42 Process, definition, 5 single line, 1O2
Line connections, flow Process variabies, 39 Standards, elevations, pO. g1
diagrams, 60, 62 Pump flow diagram symbols, 49 Straight tee, fitting, 22
Line contrast, 8 1 Pump, 48-50 Structural features, elevations, 7g
Line crossings, flow piping drawing symbols, 4g Stub-in, 23
diagrams, 60, 62 Pythagorean Theorem, 94 Symbols,
Lines, drafting, 11, 12 break, 2O
Local notes, 85 o double line, buttwel ded. 26
Location. isometric, 90, 91 Quality, drawing, 12
double line pipe breaks, I9
Long break line, 12 R double line, screwed, 27
M Reactor,'symbol. 61 fittings, 26, 27
Manholes, tank drawings. 52-54 Record, instrument function, 39 flanges. 26
Match lines, 12 Reducer, titting, 22 flow diagram equipment, 6 i
Match lines, piping plans, 71 Beducing elbow, fitting, 21 flow diagrams, tanks. 50, 52
Material description. spools. 1O5 Reducing flange. 24, 25 gasket, 49
Methods of joioing pipe. 17, 18 Reducing lateral, fittiog, 22 instrumentation, 42, 43
Miscellaneous equipment, 48, 54-56 Reducing tee, tittrng, 22 instruments. flow diagrams,,64
Refiner, 55, 56 isometric, 91 . 92
N isometric pump. 49, 50
Refiner, symbol, 61
9Oo elbow, fitting, 2'l piping drawings, tanks, 50, 52
Regulating valve, 37
Nominal pipe size, 17 pump, 49
Relief valve. 37
Notes, 84. 85 Representation of pipe, 18-2O single line, buttwelded, 26
Notes, piping plans, 76,77 single line, screwed, 27
Revision identification, 86
Nozzle schedule. 54
Revisions, 84, 86, 87 tank, 50, 52
Nozzles, tank drawings, 52-54
block, 86 valves. 40
o drawings, 'l O, 1 1 valves, flow diagrams, 63, 64
Object line, 12 Riser, definition. 2O System identification, flow
O'let. fitting, 23 Rotary kiln. symbol, 61 diagram, 59
1 80 o return, fitting, 21 T
Orientation, isometric, 91, 92 s . Tank drawings. 52-54
Orifice flange, 76
Overview of pipe drafting, 5
r

!
Safety valve, 37, 38
Scale, isometric. 90, g1
Scales, piping spools, 1O3
Tank
Tank
nozzle projection chart, 53
shapes and sizes. 50
t
Phantom line, 12
P Screen, symbol, 61
Screw conveyor, symbol. 61
Tank symbols. 50, 52
Tanks, 48, 50, 52,54
Temperature controiler, symbol, 42
I
Pipe and fittings, 'l 7 Screwed fittings, 25
Pipe breaks, 71, 73 Screwed, joining pipe, 18 Tempe;ature indicator, symbol, 43
Pipe drafting overview, 5 Screwed pipe fitting symbols, 27 Throttling valve, 37
Pipe fiuings, 20-25 Seamless welding fittings. 1 12 Transmit, instrument function, 39
Pipe joints, Secondary flow lines, 'l 2 Trap, valve. 39
buttwelded, 1 7 Section identification, elevations, 77 Trigonometric formulas, 94, 95
flanged, 1 B Section line, 12 U
screwed, 1B Section notations, piping plans, 77 Unknown angles, finding, 95
socketwelded. 18 Section views, piping drawings, 1O Unknown sides. finding, 94
Pipe representation, 1 8-2O Sense, instrument function. 3g
Pipe specifications, 62, 63,77 Short break line, 12
V
Piping and instrumentation V6lve data, vendor samples,
Short radius 9O o ell. fitting, 22
diagram. 59, 64 1't 4-122
Signal leads, instrument, 43, 44 Valve flow diagram symbols, 4O
Piping and processes, 5 Signal leads, symbols, 43
Piping drawings, 1O Valve piping drawing symbols. 4O
Single line, Valve specifications, .75, 76
instrument symbols, 42, 43 buttwelded symbols, 26
reference, 6O Valve symbols. 4O
pipe breaks, 2O
tank symbols. 5O, 52 Valve symbols, flow diagrams.
piping, 2O
valve symbols, 4O 63, 64
screwed symbols. 27 Valves, 35-4O
Piping elevations. 71 , 77 spools, 102, 103
Piping isometrics, 9O basic symbol, 36
Site plan, 7, 8 piping plans. 75, 7O
applications.9T Size, piping spools, 1O3
drawing, 10, Vendor pump data, 49, 50
1 1 Sizing of pipe, 'l 7
Piping layout, 71 , 72, 78 Vendor's valve data, 114-1 22
Slip-on tlange, 24
Piping plans, 71 Vent symbols, 63
Smoley's Tables, 94
dimensioning, 73, 75 Socketweld, joining pipe, 18 Vertical offsets, isometric
Piping plans and elevations, 71, 77 Specifications of pipe, 17
.
drawings, 92, 93
Piping size, 17 Vessel, 56
Spelling, 81
Piping specifications. 17 Spool drawing, 1O, 1 1 W
Piping spool drawing, 1O, 11 Spools, Welded fitting and flange
Piping spools,102, 103, 105 dimensioning, 1O3 data,111-113
Plan views,- piping-drawings, I O double line. 1O2, 1O3 Welded saddle, fitting, 23
Pressure indicator, symbol, 42 layout, 102, 103 Welding neck flange, 24
Pressure recorder, symbol, 43 piping, 1A?,'tO3, 105 Weldolet@ , fitting. 23

124

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