Integrated Modifed Projeect

ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING
ELEVATED RECTANGULAR WATER TANK DESIGN
JANUARY 1, 2018
NAME ID
HAILE MARIYAM SEWAGEGN ATR/2455/06
ELIAS SOLOMON ATR/2455/06
MULUALEM SOLOMON ATR/2455/06
ABDULEMENAN ATR/2455/06
FITHUM ABERA ATR/2455/06
1
Acknowledgment
In performing our project, we had to take the help and guideline of some respected persons, who
deserves our greatest gratitude. The complete of this project gives us much pleasure. We would like to
show our gratitude to Mr.semion . For giving us a good guideline for the project throughout numerous
consultations. We would also like to expand our deepest gratitude to all those who are have directly and
indirectly guided us in working in this project.
2
Contents
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Volume of Water Requirement .................................................................................................................... 5
Water Tank Size & Capacity Calculation ....................................................................................................... 5
Design of elevated rectangular water tank................................................................................................... 6
Exposure classes, structural class and concrete cover ................................................................................. 6
Basis of design ............................................................................................................................................... 7
Limit State Method of Design ....................................................................................................................... 7
Effective depth determination of vertical walls............................................................................................ 8
Design of vertical walls ............................................................................................................................... 10
Control of cracking ...................................................................................................................................... 18
Top slab design ........................................................................................................................................... 20
Design of bottom slab ................................................................................................................................. 22
Loads on the supporting beam ................................................................................................................... 27
Earth quake load ......................................................................................................................................... 29
Etabs result ................................................................................................................................................. 34
Column design ............................................................................................................................................ 36
Foundation design ...................................................................................................................................... 39
3
Table of figures
Figure 1. Water pressure on vertical walls ................................................................................................. 10
Figure 2. bending moment at the end of the wall ..................................................................................... 11
Figure 3.Plan showing pressure-causing pull in long walls ......................................................................... 13
Figure 4.Plan showing pressure- causing pull in short walls....................................................................... 13
Figure 5.load distribution of top slab.......................................................................................................... 21
Figure 6. footing pad ................................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 7. footing pad detailing ...................................................................................................................... 2
4
INTRODUCTION
“Water is the source of every creation.” In day to day life one cannot live without water. Therefore water
needs to be stored for daily use. Overhead water tank and underground water reservoir is the most
effective storing facilities used for domestic or even industrial purpose.
Depending upon the location of the tank the tanks can be named as overhead, on ground or
underground. The tanks can be made in different shapes usually circular and rectangular shapes are
mostly used. The tanks can be made of RCC or even of steel. The overhead tanks are usually elevated
from the roof top through column. In the other hand the underground tanks are rested on the
foundation.
Volume of Water Requirement

As per IS code, 135 liters is needed for daily use per person per day. Breakup of the IS assumptions
 Drinking – 5 liters
 Cooking – 5 liters
 Bathing & Toilet – 85 liters
 Washing Clothes & Utensils – 30 liters
 Cleaning House – 10 liters
Water Tank Size & Capacity Calculation

For a typical family (4 members),
Total water requirement is 135 liters x 4 = 650 liters per day
Assuming 4 story building and in each story 4 families lives totally 16 families live in the whole buildings.
650 liters*16 = 10400 liters
1 m3 = 1000 liters
1 liter = 0.001 m3
Our requirement is 10400 liters,
Therefore, 10400litres = 10.4m3
Considering water supply for 6 four story buildings
5
10.4*7 = 72.8 m3
Assuming our water tank depth as 3m
Area of the tank is 72.8/3 = 24m2
Assuming area of the tank as 6m and 4m considering workability during construction.
HenceL = 6m, W = 4m, H=3m
Design of elevated rectangular water tank
Exposure classes, structural class and concrete cover

The design working life of a structure is 50 year
Normal quality control is put in place
Maximum aggregate size is dg = 20mm
Structural class is 4 (hence design period 50)
Exposure class XC2 for slabs, vertical walls and foundation XC1 for columns and beams
 XC2 implies wet, rarely dry

 XC1 implies dry or permanently wet
Cover requirement
Identify the MINIMUM cover for both durability (“dur”) and bond (“b”)
Minimum cover for bond
The minimum cover to ensure adequate bond should not be less than the bar diameter, or equivalent bar
diameter for bundled bars, unless the aggregate size is over 32 mm
C min = max [C min,b ; (Cmin,dur - Cdur,add ); 10 mm]
C nom = max [(C min +△C); 20 mm]
6
Cmin,dur = 25 mm EC2 for S4 and XC2
△cdev = 5mm (for normal quality control put in place)
For slabs and vertical walls Cnom = max [(25+5); 20 mm]
=30mm
Beams and columns (XC1/S4)
Cmin,dur = 15 mm
MAX (15 mm+ 5mm, 20mm)

= 20mm
Cover for slabs, vertical wall and foundation is 30 mm and for the beams and columns is 20 mm.
Basis of design
One of the vital considerations for design of tanks is that the structure has adequate resistance to
cracking and has adequate strength. For achieving these the following assumptions are made:
• Concrete is capable of resisting limited tensile stresses the full section of concrete including cover and
reinforcement is taken into account in this assumption.
• To guard against structural failure in strength calculation the tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
• Reduced values of permissible stresses in steel are adopted in design.
Limit State Method of Design

This is based on the behavior of structure at different limit states ensuring adequate safety against each
limitation.
1. Ultimate Limit State: With respect to strength in shear, flexure, torsion, bond or combined effects.
2. Serviceability Limit State: With respect to deflection & cracking. The appearance, durability and
performance of the structure must not be affected by deflection &cracking.
Assumptions in limit state method:
1. Plane section before bending will remain plane after bending.

2. Tensile strength carried by of concrete is zero.
3. Does not obey Hook`s law.
0.85∗fck
4. Partial safety factor for concreteγm = 1.5 Hence, design strength of concrete 1.5
7
fy
5. Partial safety factor for steelγm = 1.15. Thus the design strength will be: 1.15 = 0.87 ∗ fy
Necessary parameters
Tank size L=6m, W= 4m and H = 3m total water holding capacity 72 m3
Height of a structure above the ground 12m and foundation below ground level 2m
Number of columns 4
Size of columns 300*400
Size of beams 300*600
Height of braces 3m
Nominal cover 30mm for slabs and 20mm for beams and columns
Material
Concrete C25/30
Unit weight of concrete 25KN/m3
Partial safety factor for concreteγm = 1.5

0.85∗fck
Hence, design strength of concrete 1.5
= 14.17
fy
Partial safety factor for steelγm = 1.15. Thus the design strength will be:1.15 = 0.87 ∗ fy
fy = 415N/mm2
Hence fy = 361.05N/mm2.
Effective depth determination of vertical walls

The design of slabs has to fulfil both Serviceability Limit States (SLS) and Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
requirements (in this exact order!). In general the height “h” of slabs is controlled by the deflection limits
(EC2 7.4).
In EC2 the deemed-to-satisfy rule for verifying SLS deflection is based on the limitation of elements’
“slenderness” by setting maximum “slenderness ratios” (lef /d) of the “effective span” lef (axis-to-axis
distance in the case of supporting beams, or center-to-center distance of columns in the case of flat
slabs) to the “effective depth”, d,
8
. In the case of slabs with ρ ≤ ρ0 EC2 gives:
Where ρ0 = 10−3 *√fck
For C25/30 ρ0 = 0.5%

AS
ρ= b∗d
For lightly reinforced slab ρ<0.5%
K=1
Substituting and solving the above equation we find that
D (effective depth = 204)
D= 204 + cover + ∅/2
D= 204 + 30mm + 16/2
D= 250mm
D= 250mm
9
Design of vertical walls

The design of the sidewalls is carried out by approximate method. The method is broadly
Categorizes as follows:
• Tank wall having ratio of L/B less than 2.
• Tank wall having ratio of L/B greater than 2
Tank wall having ratio of L/B less than 2
• The tank walls are designed as horizontal slabs continuous along and subjected to a triangular load
due to the water pressure varying from zero at the top to maximum height of h =H/4 of 1 m above the
base whichever is greater.
• For the bottom portion the wall is considered as a vertical cantilever fixed at the base and subjected to
triangular loading given by the area P.F.G of the diagram varying from zero at P and maximum WH at
the base.
Maximum pressure
Maximum pressure (p) for design of wall for horizontal bending per unit height at level of P = w (H-h) per
m
Figure 1. Water pressure on vertical walls
H
h= Max ⌊ 4 m , 1m⌋
H= 0. 75m h= 1m
10
Thus top 2.00m height of walls will be bend horizontally while the bottom 1m will bend as vertical
cantilever. The bending moments for horizontal bending may be determined by moment distribution by
considering tank as continuous frame of unit height at level of D.
Water pressure at point D(just above 1m) = P*(W − h)
= 9800∗ (3m − 1m)
= 19600N/m2
P∗L2 P∗62
Fixed end moment for long walls 12
= 12
= 3P
P∗L2 P∗42
Fixed end moment for short walls 12
= 12
= 1.33P
Figure 2. bending moment at the end of the wall
Referring the above figure consider the quarter frame with joint A rigid taking the clockwise moment as
positive and anticlockwise as negative the fixed end moment MAF will be +3P while the fixed end moment
MAE for short walls will be -1.33P considering area A and moment of inertia I and for both the walls to be
the same, the stiffness of walls will be inversely proportional to these length.
MEMBER STIFFNESS RELATIVE SUM DISTRIBUTION

STIFFNESS FACTOR
AE 1 1
*6=2
2
= 0.4
3 5
3 5
AF 1 1
*6=3
3
= 0.6
2 5
2
Table 1. Determination of distribution factor
11
JOINT A
MEMBER AE AF
DISTRIBUTION FACTOR 0.4 0.6
FIXED END MOMENT +3.00P -1.33P
BALANCED MOMENT -0.667 -1
FINAL MOMENTS +2.33P -2.33P
Table 2. Moment balancing.
Hence moment at the support Mf 2.33*19600 = 45733Nm
This support moment will cause tension at the water force
Bending moment at the center of long span

P∗ L2 19600 ∗ 62
8
- Mf = 8
– 45733
42467Nm
Bending moment at the center of short span

P∗ L2 19600 ∗ 42
- Mf = – 45733
8 8
= -6533Nm
This will cause tension at the water face
For design purpose we take the MAX value that is
42467Nm
Direct tension or pull in long walls
The water pressures on short walls are transformed into tension to the long walls.
Pressure due to water
P = w ∗ (H − h) ∗ 1 ∗ B
Direct tension or pull transformed to each long wall

1
T = 2 ∗ W(H − h) ∗ B
1
= 2 ∗ 9800(3 − 1) ∗ 4
= 39200N
12
Figure 3.Plan showing pressure-causing pull in long walls
Direct tension or pull on short walls

1
T= ∗ W(H − h) ∗ L
2
1
T= 2 ∗ 9800(3 − 1) ∗ 6
= 58800N
Figure 4.Plan showing pressure- causing pull in short walls
13
Cantilever moment at the base per unit length

h h
T=W∗H∗ ∗
2 3
1 1
T = 9800 ∗ 3 ∗ 2 ∗ 3
= 6533Nm
This will cause tension at the water face
Reinforcement:
Long wall
Long wall which act as cantilever fixed to the base reinforcement for moment is vertical and for the
direct tension or pull it is horizontal.
Short wall
In case of short wall above (h) from base the wall bends horizontally and hence the reinforcement for the
B.M as well as tension are provided in horizontal directions.
For lower portion of the short walls for height (h) the main reinforcement is vertical whereas for the
tension reinforcement is horizontal.
Reinforcements at the corner of long walls
The upper portion of long walls is subjected to both bending in horizontal direction as well as pull. The
reinforcement for both will be in horizontal direction. Hence reinforcement has to be provided for a net
moment (Mf-PX) where Mf is the moment at ends (causingtension on water face). Similarly vertical
section of unit height (1m) of long wall, at its end, at the level of1m above the base, where reinforcement
is provided at the water face.
T
X=d−
2
255
X = 186.68 − 2
= 74.5mm
186.7
Z= 2
[1 + √1 − 3.53 ∗ 0.0490] ≤ 0.95D
14
Z= 177.36mm
M−PL(T)∗X
Ast for B.M = fyd∗z
45733∗1000−39200∗74.5
Ast =
361∗177.36
= 669mm2
PL(T)
Astfor pull = fyd
39200
= 361
109mm2
Total Ast =669 + 109
=778mm2 per meter height

Π∗ D2
Using 16 mm bar diameter A = 4
Π∗ 162
=
4
= 201mm2
201
Spacing of bars =min [400mm, 3 ∗ h, 1000 ∗ 778]
=258mmsay 260mm
Adopt 16mm diameter bar at spacing of 150mm C/C and
The above reinforcement is to be provided at inner face, near the corner, and at the height 1.00m above
the base. For the other height the above spacing may be varied since bending moment will reduce
Reinforcement at the middle of long span
Tension occurs at outer face.
Design constants
Design bending moment is 42467Nm and PL= 39200

M−PL(T)∗X
Ast for B.M = σst∗J∗d
42467∗1000−39200∗74.5
Ast= 361∗177.36
Ast = 618mm2
PL(T)
Ast for pull = σst
15
39200
= 361
=108.58mm2
Total Ast =618 + 108.58
= 727mm2per meter height

Π∗ D2
Using 16 mm bar diameter A = 4
Π∗ 162
= 4
= 201mm2
201
Spacing of bars =min [400mm, 3 ∗ h, 1000 ∗ 778]
201
Spacing of bars = 1000 ∗
727
=276.47say 280mm
This is very near to the reinforcement provided at ends. Hence provided 16mm bars at C/C 280mm.bend
𝐿
half the bar provided at end, outwards at distance = 1.5m form ends this reinforcment is provided at
4
the outer face. The additional 16mm diameter bars provided at 300mm C/C are continued up to end.
Reinforcements in short walls
B.M at the ends Mf = 45733Nm
Direct pull = 58800N
M−PL(T)∗X
Ast for B.M =
σst∗J∗d
45733∗1000−58800∗74.5
Ast=
361∗177.36
Ast= 645.85mm2
PL(T)
Ast for pull = σst
58800
=
361
=162.88mm2
Total Ast =162.88+645.85
= 808.73mm2per meter height
16
201
Spacing of bars =min [400mm, 3 ∗ h, 1000 ∗ 808.73]
201
Spacing of bars = 1000 ∗ 808.73
=248.53say 250mm
Hence provide 16mm diameter of bars 150 C/C at the inner face near the ends of short span. The bending
moment at the center of short walls cause tension at water face since this bending moment is very small
only nominal reinforcement is provided. Similarly we have to nominal reinforcement at outer face. Hence
B
bend half bars outward at distance 4 = 1m from each end and continue remaining half throughout. Thus
at the center of span the reinforcement on each face will consist of 16mm diameter bar at 300mm C/C.
Reinforcement for cantilever moment and distributionof reinforcements
Maximum cantilever moment 6533Nm
6533∗1000
Ast= 361∗177.3
= 102.06mm2
0.3∗225∗1000
But minimum reinforcement in vertical direction is = 675mm2
100
Since half of this area of steel can resist cantilever moment 338mm2steel area vertically on the inner
face and remaining area 338 mm2 vertically at the outer face to serve as distribution reinforcement
Using 10mm bar

Π∗ D2
A= 4
Π∗ 102
= 4
= 78.5mm2
78.51
Spacing of bars =[400mm, 3 ∗ h, 1000 ∗ 338
]
78.54
Spacing of bars 1000 ∗ 338
= 232.2mm say 230mm
Hence provide diameter 10mm bar C/C 230mm
17
Control of cracking
In Euro code 2 cracking is controlled in the following ways:
1. Minimum areas of reinforcement Cl 7.3.2 &Exp (7.1)

2. Limiting crack widths. w kmax is determined from Table 7.1N (in the UK from Table NA.4) These
limits can be met by either:– ‘deemed to satisfy’ rules (Cl. 7.3.3) – direct calculation (Cl. 7.3.4) –
design crack width is w k
Minimum areas of reinforcement Cl 7.3.2 &Exp (7.1)
Where
σ s = Stress in the reinforcement ( = f yk )
K c = Stress distribution factor:
= 1.0 for pure tension
= 0.4(1-σ c /(k 1 (h/h*)fct,eff )
Where:
σ c = N Ed /bh
K 1 = 1.5 for compression
= 0.66h*/hfor tension
h* = Max(h, 1000 mm)
fct,eff = f ctm = 0.30f ck (2/3) for ≤ C50/60 (or lower if cracking is expected before 28 days)
18
k = Coefficient to allow for ‘non-uniform equilibrating stresses’
1.0For h = 300 mm
0.65 For h = 800 mm. Interpolate between.
A ct = area of concrete within tensile zone.
The tensile zone is that part of the section which is calculated to be in tension just before formation of
the first crack
Area of concrete in tension zone
Bending moment at the center of long span= 42467Nm
Bending moment at the center of long span= 6533Nm
The larger moment governs
42467Nm
=
14.16∗1000∗250∗250
= 0.048
From design table for 0.048 Kx = 0.067

X
Kx= implies X =13.668
d
For short walls
AC = 13.668*1000*4 =54672mm2
Kc = 1
K= 1
1
= 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 2.6 ∗ 54672 ∗ 361
Asmin= 393.8mm2
113.04
Spacing of bars =min [400mm, 3 ∗ h, 1000 ∗ 393.88]
113.04
=1000 ∗ 393.88 = 286.99 =280mm
19
Use 4 bars diameter of 12 c/c 280 per meter
For long walls
Ac = 13.668*6 = 82008mm2
Asmin = 590.64mm2
Use 6 bar diameter of 12 c/c 190 per meter
Top slab design

Using strip method (neglecting the hole)
= 41.05 for 1.41: 1 ratio

0.6∗410 Le
D ≥ {0.4 + 400
} ∗ βa
=154.53mm = 160mm using diameter 12mm bar and 30mm spacing
12
D= d + cover + 2
= 200mm
Slab own weight

W= 0.2 ∗ 25
= 5KN/m2
Cement screed
W= 0.03 ∗ 23
= 0.69KN/m3
Total dead weight is 5.69Kn/m2
Use live load of 2KN/m2
20
Pd= 1.3GK + 1.5LL

Pd= 1.3 ∗ 5.69 + 1.5 ∗ 2
= 10.397KN/m2
Choose the load distribution
Figure 5.load distribution of top slab
Choose the load distribution
DIRECTION D. MOMENT K Z DMIN ASMIN DIAMETER SPACING

STRIP ROD
X Middle MXS 3.46 0.0054 152 160 299.61 10 250
MXF 1.732 0.0027 152 160 299.61 10 250
Edge MXS 1.732 0.0027 152 160 299.61 10 250
MXF 0.86 0.0013 152 160 299.61 10 250
Y Middle MYS 18.46 0.028 152 160 299.61 10 250
MYS 9.243 0.014 152 160 299.61 10 250
Edge MYS 1.73 0.0027 152 160 299.61 10 250
MYF 0.86 0.0013 152 160 299.61 10 250
Table 3. Moment and area of steel
21
Design of bottom slab

Step 1. Material property
Step 1 Material property

Since the water load is high we shall use a concrete grade of c 30/37
Concrete
fcd = (α × fck)/αc fck=30Mpa
=0.85 × 30/1.5 fcu = 37Mpa
=17Mpa fctm = 0.3 × fck2/3 = 0.3 × (30)2/3 =
2.896Mpa
Steel
fyk = 460Mpa
αs = 1.15
fyd = 460/1.15 = 400MPa
Step 2
Depth determination using euro code
Ƥ = 0.55% from graph for c − 30/37
Ƥo = 0.55% from table for c − 30/37

Hence
Ƥ ≤ Ƥo
5.5 ∗ 10 − 3 ≤ 5.5 ∗ 10 − 3 … … … … … it’s ok
lx/d = k(11 + (1.5√fck Ƥo/ Ƥ) + 3.2√fck ((Ƥo/ Ƥ) − 1)1.5) ∗ 500/fyk 0
lx/d = k(11 + (1.5√30 ∗ 5.5 ∗ 10 − 3/5.5 ∗ 10 − 3) + 3.2√30((5.5 ∗ 10 − 3/5.5 ∗ 10 − 3) − 1)1.5)

∗ 500/fyk
lx/d = 21.43k
 k=0.4…….for cantilever
 k=1.5…….for intermediate span
 k=1.3……..for end span
 k=1…………for a single span
In our case since we only have one span we use k=1
l/d=21.43*1=21.43
22
Length of a slab in the x and y direction is
Lx=4.39m Ly= 6.39m
6.39/4.39 = 1.455 < 2………..it is a two way slab
d = lx/21.43 = 4.39/21.43 = 0.2m………effective depth
Total depth=dmin + cover + D/2
dmin= 200mm
Cove r=let’s provide 30mm cover
Diameter=let’s provide 16mm diameter
H=200+30+12/2
=236mm
Step 3. Loading
 Dead load
By taking 0.02m thickness for plastering above the slab and same 0.02m below the slab
Load Thickness specific weight (KN/m3) Weight (KN/m2)
RC-own weight of slab………………………...0.179m 25 4.475
Plastering…………………………………………….0.04 23 0.92
∑=5.395KN/m2
 Live load
Capacity of the tank=72m3 of water

Specific weight of water=10KN/m3
23
Water load = 72m3 × 10KN/m3

=720KN
Area = 4Χ6 = 24m(by excluding the area of slab that the wall rests on because this is the area of slab
that water rests on only)
Water load per square meter=720/24 = 30KN/m2
Total factored load= 1.35DL + 1.5LL
= 1.35 ∗ (5.395) + 1.5 ∗ (30)

= 52.284KN/m2
Step 4 Moment competition (by using coefficient method)
Msx = βsxqLx2 Msy = βsyqLx2

Msx, span = 0.441 ∗ 52.284 ∗ 4.392 = 444.4KN/m2
Msy, span = 0.441 ∗ 52.284 ∗ 4.392 = 444.4KN/m2
SPAN LX LY LX/LY ΒSX,SUP ΒSY,SUP ΒSX,SPAN ΒSY,SPAN Q(KN/M2) MSX,SUP MSY,SUP MSX,SP
4.39 6.39 1.45 0 0 0.44 0.44 52.284 0 0 444.4
Table 4. Moment distribution of slab
Step 5. Adjust the unequal edge moment
Since there is only one span no need for adjustment
Step 6. Design for flexure
Reinforcement calculation
Using design table
µsd, s = Msd, s/fcdbd2 = 444.4 ∗ 1000/17 ∗ 1 ∗ 2002 = 0.654 > µsd, lim = 0.295
Therefore compression reinforcement is required.
Area of tension reinforcement
24
As1 = (ωlim + ω’)bd ∗ fcd/fyd

d2 = d/2 + cover = (12/2) + 30 = 36mm
d=200mm
ω’ = (µsd, s − µsd, lim)/(1 − (d2/d) = (0.654 − 0.295)/(1 − (36/200)) = 0.438

ωlim = 0.363(from table)
As1 = (ωlim + ω’) bd ∗ fcd/fyd
= (0.363 + 0.438) ∗ 1000 ∗ 200 ∗ (17/400)
= 6808mm2
As, min = 0.26fctmbd/fyk ≥ 0.0013btd
= (0.26 × 2.896 × 1000 × 200)/460 ≥ 0.0013 × 1000 × 200
= 327.3 ≥ 260
Since As1 > As , min we take As1 = 6808mm2
as = 3.14 × 82 = 201mm2
6808
Using a φ16mm reinforcement, n = = 34 bars
201
25
Spacing computation
b – 2 ∗ cover 1000 – (2 ∗ 30)
s= = = 28.48mm
n−1 34 − 1
400mm
smin=max Aggregate size +5 mm=20mm+5mm=25mm
20mm
smin = 25mm
400mm
smax=min 3×h=3×236=708mm
1000 ×201
= 29.52mm
6808
smax = 29.52mm
since the designed spacing doesn’t exceed the maximum value then we could take 28.48≈25mm
Bottom reinforcement on both sides (X and Y axis) is φ16mm c/c25mm
->Check whether the compression reinforcement has yielded
εcs2 = (1 − ((d2/d)/kx)) ∗ εcu kx = 0.448 from table

= (1 − (0.1945/0.448)) ∗ 3.5
= 1.981 ≤ εyd = 2‰
Stresss2 = εcs2Es = 1.981 × 200 = 396.2 MPa
Calculate the stress in concrete at the level of compression reinforcement to avoid double counting of
area
εcs2 = 1.981 ≤ εc2 = 2‰ (from table for c 30/37 concrete)
stresscd, s2 = fcd (1 − (1 − (εcs2/ εc2))n)

= 17(1 − (1 − (1.981/2))2)
= 16.998MPa
Area of compression reinforcement
As2 = ω’bdfcd/(stresss2 − stresscd, s2)

= 0.438 × 1000 × 200 × 17/ (396.2 − 16.998)
26
= 3927mm2
As, min = 0.26fctmbd/fyk ≥ 0.0013btd
= (0.26 × 2.896 × 1000 × 200)/460 ≥ 0.0013 × 1000 × 200
= 327.3 ≥ 260
Since As2 > As, min we take As2 = 3927mm2
3927
Using a φ12mm reinforcement, n = = 34 bars
114
Spacing computation
b – 2∗cover 1000 –(2∗30)
s= = =28.48mm
n−1 34−1
400mm
smin=max Aggregate size +5 mm=20mm+5mm=25mm
20mm
smin=25mm
400mm
smax=min 3×h=3×236=708mm
1000 ×114
3927
= 29.03mm
smax=29.03mm
Since the designed spacing doesn’t exceed the maximum value then we could take 28.48≈25mm
Upper reinforcement on both sides (X and Y axis) is φ12mm c/c 25mm
Loads on the supporting beam

Load of the top slab on the wall
Vsy = Bvy ∗ n ∗ lx Andvsx = Bvy ∗ n ∗ lx
Ly/lx = 6/4 = 1.5
From graph for ly/lx = 1.5 and discontinuous edge Bvy = 0.33 and Bvy = 0.45
N = 0.15 ∗ 25 = 3.75KN/M2
So Vsy = 3.75 ∗ 0.33 ∗ 4 = 4.95 KN/m
And vsx = 3.75 ∗ 0.45 ∗ 4 = 6.75 KN/m
Load of wall on the beam
27
Total dead load = 3 ∗ 0.2 ∗ 25 + 0.04 ∗ 3 ∗ 23

= 17.76 KN/m On each side of the beam
Dead load of bottom slab on the beam
Vsy = Bvy ∗ n ∗ lxandvsx = Bvy ∗ n ∗ lx
Ly/lx = 6/4 = 1.5

From graph for ly/lx = 1.5 and discontinuous edge Bvy = 0.33 and Bvy = 0.45
N = 0.2 ∗ 25 = 5 KN/M2
Vsy = 5 ∗ 0.33 ∗ 4 = 6.6 KN/m
vsx = 5 ∗ 0.45 ∗ 4 = 9 KN/m
total dead load on the beam that considered to act over the middle three – quarter of the edge
is the sum the two slabs
Vsy = 4.95 + 6.6 = 11.55 KN/m

vsx = 6.75 + 9 = 15.75 KN/m
Live load of the water on the beam
N = 30 KN/M2
Vsy = 30 ∗ 0.33 ∗ 4 = 39.6 KN/m
vsx = 30 ∗ 0.45 ∗ 4 = 54 KN/m
28
Earth quake load

Step 1.Finding the first mode period T1
For the concrete frame we can use a simplified equation from thomaspoulay
T1 = 0.061 ∗ H^0.75And our length of the frame is 12m
So T1 = 0.061 ∗ (12)^0.75 = 0.39
Step 2. Finding the horizontal elastic response

We choose type 1 i.e. high and moderate seismicity region because we are doing this structure
in addis ababa which is found high seismic region according to the new code
And assuming the ground type is rock
 S=1.0
 TB=0.15
 TC=0.4
 TD=2.0
Since T1 is 0.39 which is in between TB and TC we use the second equation
Sd(T) = ag ∗ s ∗ ɳ ∗ 2.5/q
ag = ɣ1 ∗ agr ɣ1 = 1Andagr = 0.1 from table and   10 5     0.55
But for five percent viscous damping we can take ɳ=1 and we take q=1.5
SoSd(T) = 0.1 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 2.5/1.5 = 0.167
Step 3. Finding mass of the building

Dead weight of the building is 77200 Kg and the live load from the water is 72000 Kg
total mass = ƩGk + Ʃψei ∗ Qk Andψei = ϕ ∗ ψ2i and ψ2i = 0.8 and ϕ = 1
total mass = 77200 + 0.8 ∗ 72000 = 134800 Kg
Step 4. Finding the base shear force
Fb = Sd(T) ∗ m ∗ λAndλ = 1 because our structure is 2 story
Fb = 0.167 ∗ 134800 ∗ 1 = 22511.6 N = 22.5116 KN
29
Step. 6 distribution of shear force
si  mi
Fi  Fb 
 sj mj
ZI MI MIZI F
TOP FRAME BEAM 12 56.2 674.4 20.588
STORY 1(BOTTOM 6 10.5 63 1.923
BEAM)
Ʃ = 737.4
Table 5. Distribution of shear force
Beam design
A) Flexural design
A hand check for the second story beam 1 i.e the shorter beam 4m
4m
600mm
300mm
Step 1. Summarizing the parameter
Fck = 25Mpa Fcd = 14.166 Mpa Fctm = 2.6 Mpa
Fyk = 400 Mpa Fyd = 347.826 Mpa
B = 300 mm H = 600 mm d = 600-40 = 560 mm

Cover = 40 mm we get the nominal cover from calculation is 30mm but for the water reservoir
the min cover is 40 mm so we use a 40 mm cover for the beam.
Step 2.Computing the maximum moment

From ETABS analysis we get the max moment on the beams
Med = 203.0408
30
203.0408
Step 3. Computing μsd
µsd = Msd/(Fcd ∗ b ∗ d^2)
µsd = 203.0408/(14.166 ∗ 300 ∗ 560^2) = 0.152
Since our μsd is less than 0.295 no need for the compression reinforcement we just only give a
minimum reinforcement
From the table
ω = 0.164Kx = 0.202Kz = 0.916
ω = As1 ∗ fyd/(fcd ∗ b ∗ d)
540
As1 = 0.164 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 300 ∗
347.826
= 1082.04 mm^2
Assuming to use a 20mm diameter bar which area of
= πr^2 = 314.16mm^2
Number of bar = 1082.04/314.16 = 3.44which round to 4 bars
The new As1 = 4 ∗ π ∗ 100 = 1256.64 mm^2
Step 4. Checking for the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement
Asmin = 0.26 ∗ fctm ∗ bt ∗ d/fyk
Asmin = 0.26 ∗ 2.6 ∗ 446.88 ∗ 560/400 = 422.92 mm^2and
Asmax = 0.04 ∗ Ac = 0.04 ∗ 600 ∗ 300 = 1800 mm^2
Our reinforcement area is in between the two areas it is ok!
For the compression reinforcement we will take the minimum which is
= 422.92/314.16 = 1.35Which rounds to 2 diameters 20 reinforcement.
31
Step 5. Spacing
S = area of single bar ∗ b/As1
S = 314.16 ∗ 220/1256.64 = 55 mm
Step 6 checking for minimum spacing
k  bar diameter

1
max d  k g 2
20mm

Smin = max (20 , 25 , 20 ) = 25 mm

Which less than our spacing so ok!
Etabs design result is 1089 mm^2 area of reinforcement and the one we get is 1082.04 mm^2
which has a deviation of (1089-1082.04)/1089 =0.6% which at most zero so ok!
From Etabs result we get
STORY REINFORCEMENT IN MM^2 NO OF REINFORCEMENT DIAMETER
20MM
end i middle end j End i Middle End j
2 b1 Top 512 0 512 2 2 2
bottom 512 1089 512 2 4 2
b2 Top 512 512 512 2 2 2
bottom 823 1904 823 3 6 3
b3 Top 512 512 512 2 2 2
bottom 823 1904 823 3 6 3
b4 Top 512 0 512 2 2 2
bottom 512 1089 512 2 4 2
1 b1 Top 512 512 512 2 2 2
bottom 512 512 512 2 2 2
b2 Top 512 512 512 2 2 2
bottom 512 512 512 2 2 2
b3 Top 512 512 512 2 2 2
bottom 512 512 512 2 2 2
b4 Top 512 512 512 2 2 2
bottom 512 512 512 2 2 2
Table 6. etabs result
B) Shear design
32
Step 1 maximum shear at support

From the ETABS analysis a maximum shear force for the story 2 beam 1 is Ved = 228.96
Step 2. Finding VRdmax
V = 0.6(1 − Fck/25) = 0.6(1 − 25/25) = 0.6

Cotθ = 2.5 And Z = 0.9 d = 0.9 ∗ 560 = 504
Then substituting VRdmax = 443.15 KN
Which is greater than Ved so ok!
Step 3 identifying the region which shear reinforcement is required
,
VRd is max of the two
0.18
And d = = 0.12 , k1 = 1 + √(200/d) = 1.6 and ρ
1.5
= As1/(bw ∗ d) = 0.0075
Substituting in both equations we get
VRd, c = max(446.316 , 58.8 )

= 446.316
Which is greater than the max Ved getting so only a min shear reinforcement is required
Computing Smin
√fck
ρw = Asw/(s ∗ bw ∗ sinα)Andρwmin = (0.08 ∗ )
fyk
Smin = 558 mm
Computing Smax
Smax = 0.75 ∗ d ∗ (1 + cotα)
Smax = 420 mm
We choose 420mm since it is spacing.
33
Etabs result
STORY LABEL LOCATION AT
mm²/m
STORY2 B1 End-I 837.02
STORY2 B1 Middle 579.18
STORY2 B1 End-J 837.02
Table 7. Etabs result
But all the result spacing is above the min spacing required we take the max spacing i.e.
420 mm spacing.
Anchorage length
∅ δsd
lbrqd = ( ) ( )
4 fcd
M
δsd = As∗z Med = 203.04 Z = 0.9d = 0.9*560 = 504 and As = 1256.64
203.04
δsd = 504∗1256.64 = 320.5
20 320.5
lbrqd = ( ) ( ) = 113.15
4 14.166
We can use the simplified approach
34
i.e.lbd = α1 ∗ lbrqd
lbd = 1*113.15 = 113.15 mm
Computing the additional length (a1) from shear requirement using shift rule
a1 = z(cotθ − cotα)/2 Z = 504 α = 90 so cotα = 0
a1 = 504(2.5-0)/2 = 630 mm
Serviceability check
Crack control
1, by limiting the max bar diameter
δsd = 320.5 And from the table max bar diameter is 12 mm and modifying this for fctm=2.6
fctm kc ∗ hc
∅s = ∅′ ∗ ( )( )
2.9 2(h − d)
δc
Kc = 0.4(1 − h
k1 (h′ ) ∗ fctm
Ned 103
δc = = 143.86 ∗ 300∗600=0.8
b∗h
0.8
kc = 0.4 (1 − ) = 0.318
1.5 ∗ 2.6
2.6 113.12
∅s = 12 ( ) ∗ (0.318 ∗ ) = 4.84
2.9 2(40)
2. By limiting max bar spacing

From table the max spacing is 100 mm which is greater than we get previously which is 55 mm
Although the max bar size is not met, spacing requirement is satisfied so ok!
35
Column design
Step 1. Summarizing parameters
C25/30
fCK = 25
fCD = 14.16
fctm = 2.6
s400
Step 2. Finding effective length
k1 k2
Lo = 05 ∗ lo ∗ √{1 + 0.5+k1} ∗ 1 + 0.5+k2
column stiffness
K=∑
beam stiffness
EI
COLUMN
L
K= EI
∑ beam
L
400 ∗ 4003
Icol = = 2133333333.33
12
300 ∗ 6003
Ibeam =
12
K = 5400000000
E∗2133333333.33
6
COLUMN
= K = E∗54000000000
∑ ∗ 0.0416 beam
6
Lo = 3.9m
Step 3.Slenderness ratio
lo I
λ= i = √ = 115.47
i A
3900
λ= 115.45 = 33.801
Step 4. Combination 2
P = 1.35GK + 1.5QK
Finding λlim in the y direction
λlim= 20 ∗ A ∗ B ∗ C/√n{A = 0.7, B = 1.1, C = 1.7 − rm}
36
−23.1729
rm = = -0.49
47.0632
C= 2.19
NED
n= AC∗fcd
556.0219
=
400∗400∗14.16
= 0.245
λlim =20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 2.17/√0.245
= 68.13 > λ short column
In the Z direction
−51.2949
rm = = -0.47{A = 0.7, B = 1.1, C = 1.7 − rm(2.17)}
100.5279
λlim =20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 2.17/√0.245
= 67.59
Step 5. Accidental eccentricity

L0
EA =400= 9.75
Step 6. Equivalent moment
MOL = max{0.6mo2 + 0.4mo1,0.4mo2}
But in this case
= mo2 + NED ∗ Ea governs
In the y direction
MED = 47.0623 + 556.02 ∗ 9.75/1000
=52.48KNm
In the z direction
MED = 108.53 + 556.02 ∗ 9.75/1000
=113.95KNm
Step 7. Find Vsd, μsdz and μsdy

NSD
vsd = fcd∗b∗h
37
556.02
=
14.167∗400∗400
= 0.245
MSD
μsdy = fcd∗b∗h∗h
52.48
=
14.166∗400∗400∗400
=0.058
113.95
μsdz= 14.16∗400∗400∗400
= 0.13
b′ h′
Step 8 assuming = = 0.1
b h
Referring interaction chart ω = 0.2

ω∗fcd∗b∗d
ASTOT = fyd
0.2∗14.16∗400∗400
= 347.83
= 1303.26mm2
Step 9.Checking min and max rebar

0.1NED
AS,MIN= max{ fyd
= 159.83 ,0.002AC = 320}
=320mm2
Asmax = 0.04Ac = 6400mm2
The reinforcement is between the two that is ok.
Assuming using diameter 16 bar number of bars will be 8.
From Etabs result we get 1600 mm for all the column which is also 8 bar with diameter 16 mm. and the
1600−1303.26
ratio is = 1600
= 18.54%
38
Foundation design
1. Proportioning
 We used presumptive allowable soil pressure for proportioning of shallow foundation.
- For stiff clay allowable soil pressure = 280KPa
 Using service SLS loads(un-factored load) of 450KN
F F 450kN
δ= ; l*b = = = 1.607m2
l∗b δ 280kN⁄ 2
m
Since My ≈ Mx ≈ 0, we can use a square footing
L*b = 1.607m2; L2 = b2 = 1.607m2; L = b = 1.23m
So, we use a 1.5m * 1.5m dimension footing pad.

2. Cover design
Cover 30 mm form above
3. Material assumptions
 Reinforcement ->fyk = 400MPa;
o fyd = 400/1.15 = 347.83MPa
 Concrete ->fck = 25MPa;
0.85∗ 25
o fcd = = 14.167MPa
1.5
4. Loading
 Ultimate load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk = 556kN
 Since moments are very small, so they are ignored in our analysis.
 Load is considered to be centric (even distribution of stress under the footing pad)
39
 Assuming a total footing pad depth to be 500mm;

486.4kN
Stress under foundation = 1.5m ∗ 1.5m = 216.18kN/m2
Figure 6. footing pad
5. Flexural Design
 Moment for flexure is maximum at the face of the column.
 Msd = 247.11kN/m2*(0.55m+0.4m) = 234.756kN*m/m
 Taking diameter of bar = 14mm
o d1 = 500mm – 30mm – 14mm/2 = 463mm
o d2 = 500mm – 30mm – 14mm – 14mm/2 = 449m
o davg = 500mm – 30mm – 14mm = 456mm
Msd,1 234.75kNm/m → µsd, 12(0.054) < µsd, lim (0.295)
 µsd, 1 = =
fcd bd1 2 14.1MPa∗1.5m∗(463mm)2
compression reinforcement is not required
μsd, 1 = 0.051533 ω2 = 0.0563, from table
→ μsd, 1(0.051) <μsd,lim (0.295) compression 1
As12 = (ω ∗ b ∗ d ∗ fcd + Nsd)
reinforcement is not required fyd
ω1 = 0.05265, from table As12
1 0.0563 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 103 mm ∗ 449mm ∗ 14.16MPa
As1 = (ω*b*d*fcd + Nsd) =
fyd 347.83MPa
0.0526∗1.5∗103 mm∗463mm∗14.16MPa As12 = 1,543.8mm
As1 = 347.83MPa
As1 = 1,489.3mm2
Msd,2 234.75kNm/m
 μsd, 12 = =
fcd bd2 2 14.MPa∗1.5m∗(449mm)2
μsd, 12 = 0.0548
40
 As, min = 0.26fctmbtd/fyk ≥ 0.0013btd
fctm for C-25 concrete is 2.6MPa; bt = b = 1.5m = 1500mm
d = d avg = 456mm; fyk = 400MPa
0.26 ∗ 2.6MPa ∗ 1500mm ∗ 456mm
 So, As, min = 0.26fctmbtd/fyk = 400MPa
= 1,156mm2
0.0013btd = 0.0013 ∗ 1500mm ∗ 456mm = 889.2mm2

-> As, min = 1,156mm2
As, min > As12 > As1, As, min is the governing one,
1,156mm2
 Using a φ14mm reinforcement, n = 153mm2
= 7.5 ≈ 8 bars
b – 2∗cover 1500mm – 2∗30mm 1420mm
 Spacing = n−1
= 8−1
= 7
= 205.7mm ≈ 200mm
-> Bottom reinforcement on both sides (X and Y axis) is φ14mm c/c 200mm.
6. Wide beam Shear
The critical section is d -distance from the face of the column.
-> Shaded areas are areas contributing to

wide beam shear
-> Since every side is similar in

dimension, depth, and landing, we need
to consider only one edge.
Shear force at critical section

VEd = 247.11kN/m2 * 90mm* 1500mm
VEd = 33.36kN
Shear force resistance of concrete
VRd, c = [CRd, c K(100ρ1fck)1/3 + K1δcp] * bwd ≥ (Vmin + K1δcp) * bwd
Shear resistance
0 0
VRd, c = [CRd, c K(100ρ1fck)1/3 + K1δcp] * bwd ≥ (Vmin + K1δcp) * bwd
200 200
 K=1+√ d
≤ 2.0; K = 1 + √460 = 1.66 ≤ 2.0
A 1156mm2
 ρ1 = b s1d ≤ 0.02; ρ1 = 1500mm∗460mm = 0.0016 ≤ 0.02
w
 fck = 25MPa
 δcp = 0 -> no normal force
 CRd, c (recommended value) = 0.18/ϒc = 0.18/1.5 = 0.12
 Vmin = 0.035k3/2fck1/2 = 0.035 (1.66)3/2(25)1/2 = 0.37
So, VRd, c = [0.12*1.66*(100*0.0016*25)1/3] * 1500mm * 460mm = 223.11kN
Vmin * bwd = 0.414 * 1500mm * 440mm = 221.5kN
->VRd, c = 223.11kN
VRd, c (=223.11kN) >VEd (=33.36kN); so, there will be no wide beam shear (i.e. the depth provided is
sufficient).
1
7. Punching Shear
Punching perimeter: d= 460mm; 2d = 920mm
-> Punching perimeter is entirely outside the

footing area
-> The provided depth is sufficient for punching

resistance
Note: - for a more economic design, a smaller d

(h) can be selected. Since the assumed “d” is very
large, reinforcements required is the minimum.
And there is significant difference between wide
beam and punching shear applied
and the resisting capacity.
8. Detailing
Figure 7. footing pad detailing
2

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ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING

ELEVATED RECTANGULAR WATER TANK DESIGN

Volume of Water Requirement

 Bathing & Toilet – 85 liters

 Washing Clothes & Utensils – 30 liters

 Cleaning House – 10 liters

Water Tank Size & Capacity Calculation

Total water requirement is 135 liters x 4 = 650 liters per day

650 liters*16 = 10400 liters

Therefore, 10400litres = 10.4m3

Considering water supply for 6 four story buildings

Assuming our water tank depth as 3m

Area of the tank is 72.8/3 = 24m2

Assuming area of the tank as 6m and 4m considering workability during construction.

HenceL = 6m, W = 4m, H=3m

Design of elevated rectangular water tank

Exposure classes, structural class and concrete cover

Normal quality control is put in place

Maximum aggregate size is dg = 20mm

Structural class is 4 (hence design period 50)

 XC2 implies wet, rarely dry

Minimum cover for bond

C min = max [C min,b ; (Cmin,dur - Cdur,add ); 10 mm]

C nom = max [(C min +△C); 20 mm]

Cmin,dur = 25 mm EC2 for S4 and XC2

△cdev = 5mm (for normal quality control put in place)

For slabs and vertical walls Cnom = max [(25+5); 20 mm]

MAX (15 mm+ 5mm, 20mm)

• Reduced values of permissible stresses in steel are adopted in design.

Limit State Method of Design

Assumptions in limit state method:

1. Plane section before bending will remain plane after bending.

Tank size L=6m, W= 4m and H = 3m total water holding capacity 72 m3

Size of columns 300*400

Size of beams 300*600

Unit weight of concrete 25KN/m3

Partial safety factor for concreteγm = 1.5

Effective depth determination of vertical walls

. In the case of slabs with ρ ≤ ρ0 EC2 gives:

Where ρ0 = 10−3 *√fck

For C25/30 ρ0 = 0.5%

For lightly reinforced slab ρ<0.5%

Substituting and solving the above equation we find that

D (effective depth = 204)

D= 204 + cover + ∅/2

D= 204 + 30mm + 16/2

Design of vertical walls

• Tank wall having ratio of L/B less than 2.

• Tank wall having ratio of L/B greater than 2

Tank wall having ratio of L/B less than 2

Figure 1. Water pressure on vertical walls

Water pressure at point D(just above 1m) = P*(W − h)

= 9800∗ (3m − 1m)

Figure 2. bending moment at the end of the wall

MEMBER STIFFNESS RELATIVE SUM DISTRIBUTION

Hence moment at the support Mf 2.33*19600 = 45733Nm

This support moment will cause tension at the water force

Bending moment at the center of long span

Bending moment at the center of short span

This will cause tension at the water face

For design purpose we take the MAX value that is

Direct tension or pull in long walls