Advantages:
– Very flexible within the reception area
– Ad-hoc networks without previous planning possible
– (Almost) no wiring difficulties:
• E.g., historic buildings, firewalls
7. Wireless Local Area Networks – More robust against disasters like:
• E.g., earthquakes, fire - or users pulling a plug
– Quite cheap networking infrastructures possible
Characteristics Drawbacks:
IEEE 802.11 – Typically very low bandwidth compared to wired networks: 1-10 Mbit/s and error
rates of about 10-4 instead of 10-12
HIPERLAN, WATM, BRAN, HIPERLAN2
– Many proprietary solutions, especially for higher bit-rates:
Bluetooth • Standards take their time, e.g., IEEE 802.11
RF – Products have to follow many national restrictions if working wireless:
Comparison • It takes a vary long time to establish global solutions like, e.g., IMT-2000
– Lack of security, “open” air interface, War Driving
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 1 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 2
Design Goals for Wireless LANs Comparison: Infrared vs. Radio Transmission
1
IEEE 802.11 — Architecture of an
IEEE Standard 802.11
Ad-hoc Network
Direct communication within a
802.11 LAN Fixed
limited range: Terminal
– Station (STA): Mobile Terminal
STA1 • Terminal with access mechanisms
IBSS1 STA3 to the wireless medium
Infrastructure
– Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS):
Network
• Group of stations using the same
STA2 radio frequency Access Point
Application Application
TCP TCP
IBSS2 IP IP
LLC LLC LLC
STA5
802.11 MAC 802.11 MAC 802.3 MAC 802.3 MAC
STA4 802.11 LAN 802.11 PHY 802.11 PHY 802.3 PHY 802.3 PHY
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 7 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 8
transmission 1 or 2 Mbit/s
LLC
– Chipping sequence: +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1 (Barker code),
DLC
IEEE 802.11 — FHSS PHY Packet Format IEEE 802.11 — DSSS PHY Packet Format
Synchronization: Synchronization:
– Synchronization with 010101... pattern – Synchronization, gain setting, energy detection, frequency offset compensation
SFD (Start Frame Delimiter): SFD (Start Frame Delimiter):
– 0000110010111101 start pattern – 1111001110100000
PLW (PLCP_PDU Length Word): Signal:
– Length of payload including 32 bit CRC of payload, PLW < 4096 byte – Data rate of the payload (0A: 1 Mbit/s DBPSK; 14: 2 Mbit/s DQPSK)
PSF (PLCP Signaling Field): Service:
– Data of payload (1 or 2 Mbit/s): 0 = 1 Mbit/s, 10 = 2 Mbit/s etc. – Future use, 00: 802.11 compliant
HEC (Header Error Check) Length:
– CRC with x16+x12+x5+1 – Length of the payload (measured in ms)
80 16 12 4 16 variable bit HEC (Header Error Check)
Synchronization SFD PLW PSF HEC Payload – Protection of signal, service, and length, x16+x12+x5+1, ITU-T-CRC-16 standard
128 16 8 8 16 16 variable bit
PLCP Preamble PLCP Header Synchronization SFD Signal Service Length HEC Payload
PLCP Preamble PLCP Header
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 11 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 12
2
IEEE 802.11 — MAC Layer DFWMAC (1) IEEE 802.11 — MAC Layer DFWMAC (2)
Traffic services (Roaming, Authentication, Energy Savings): Priorities (determine waiting time before medium access):
– Asynchronous Data Service (mandatory): – Defined through different Inter Frame Spaces (IFS)
• Exchange of data packets based on “best-effort” – No guaranteed, hard priorities
• Support of broadcast and multicast, however, no QoS support – SIFS (Short Inter Frame Spacing):
– Time-Bounded Service (optional): • Highest priority, for ACK, CTS, polling response: DSSS 10 ms, FHSS 28 ms
• Implemented using PCF – PIFS (Point Coordination Function IFS):
3 Access methods: • Medium priority, for time-bounded service using PCF, polling of terminals,
PIFS = SIFS plus time slot duration
– DFWMAC-DCF CSMA/CA (mandatory) (Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC):
– DIFS (Distributed Coordination Function IFS):
• Collision avoidance via randomized „back-off“ mechanism
• Lowest priority, for asynchronous data service, DIFS = SIFS plus 2 time slots
• Minimum distance between consecutive packets
DIFS DIFS
• ACK packet for acknowledgements (not for broadcasts)
PIFS
– DFWMAC-DCF with RTS/CTS (optional):
SIFS
• Avoids hidden terminal problem DCF: Distributed Coordination Function Medium Busy Contention Next Frame
PCF: Point Coordination Function
– DFWMAC- PCF (optional): t
Direct access if
• Access point polls terminals according to a list Clear Channel Assessment (CCA)
medium is free ≥ DIFS
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 13 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 14
IEEE 802.11 — CSMA/CA Access Method (1) IEEE 802.11 — Competing Stations/Simple
Contention Window
(randomized back-off DIFS DIFS DIFS DIFS
DIFS DIFS
mechanism) boe bor boe bor boe busy
Station1
Medium Busy Next Frame boe busy
Station2
Direct Access if t
medium is free ≥ DIFS Slot Time busy
Station3
– Station ready to send starts sensing the medium (Carrier Sense based on
CCA, Clear Channel Assessment) boe busy boe bor
Station4
– If the medium is free for the duration of an Inter-Frame Space (IFS), the
station can start sending (IFS depends on service type) boe bor boe busy boe bor
Station5
– If the medium is busy, the station has to wait for a free IFS, then the t
station must wait additionally a random back-off time (collision avoidance,
multiple of slot-time) Busy Medium not idle (frame, ack etc.) boe Elapsed back-off time
– If another station occupies the medium during the back-off time of the
Packet arrival at MAC bor Residual back-off time
station, the back-off timer stops (fairness)
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 15 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 16
IEEE 802.11 — CSMA/CA Access Method (2) IEEE 802.11 — DFWMAC including RTS/CTS
3
Fragmentation DFWMAC-PCF (1)
(Con’t) Types:
– Contention-free and contention period shown: – Control frames, management frames, data frames
– Station D3 does not have any reply in queue, waiting PIFS Sequence numbers:
– PC frees contention-free period by CFend signal – Important against duplicated frames due to lost ACKs
– Early release of super-frame, contention period moves from t3 to t2
Addresses:
t2 t3 t4 – Receiver, transmitter (physical), BSS identifier, sender (logical)
Miscellaneous:
PIFS SIFS – Sending time, checksum, frame control, data
D3 D4 CFend
Point
Coordinator SIFS
Byte 2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0-2312 4
U4
Wireless Frame Duration/ Address Address Address Sequence Address
Stations Data CRC
Control ID 1 2 3 Control 4
Stations‘ NAV
NAV Contention Free Period Contention t bit 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Period Protocol To From More Power More
Type Subtype Retry WEP Order
Version DS DS Frag Mgmt Data
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 21 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 22
IEEE 802-11 — MAC Address Format Special Frames: ACK, RTS, CTS
Acknowledgement:
Byte 2 2 6 4
Scenario to DS from Address 1 Address Address 3 Address 4
DS 2 ACK Frame Receiver
Duration CRC
Ad-hoc network 0 0 DA SA BSSID - Control Address
Infrastructure 0 1 DA BSSID SA -
network, from AP Request To Send:
Infrastructure 1 0 BSSID SA DA -
network, to AP Byte 2 2 6 6 4
Infrastructure 1 1 RA TA DA SA Frame Receiver Transmitter
network, within DS RTS Duration CRC
Control Address Address
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 23 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 24
4
IEEE 802.11 — MAC Management Synchronization using a Beacon (Infrastructure)
Synchronization: Synchronization:
– Try to find a LAN, try to stay within a LAN – Timing Synchronization Function for all clocks
– Timer – FHSS sequence synchronization in stations and BSS
– Beacons periodically indicates start of interval
Power management: – TSF (Timing Synchronization Function) part of the standard
– Sleep-mode without missing a message
– Periodic sleep, frame buffering, traffic measurements Beacon Interval
Association/Re-association (Roaming): B B B B
Access
– Integration into a LAN Point
– Roaming, i.e. change networks by changing access points busy busy busy busy
Medium
– Scanning, i.e. active search for a network t
Value of Times-tamp B Beacon Frame
MIB - Management Information Base:
– Managing, read, write
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 25 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 26
Idea:
– Switch the transceiver off, if not needed
– States of a station: sleep and awake
Beacon Interval
Timing Synchronization Function (TSF):
– Stations wake up at the same time
B1 B1 Infrastructure:
Station1
– Traffic Indication Map (TIM):
B2 B2 • List of unicast receivers transmitted by AP
Station2
– Delivery Traffic Indication Map (DTIM):
busy busy busy busy • List of broadcast/multicast receivers transmitted by AP
Medium
t Ad-hoc:
Value of Time-stamp B Beacon Frame Random Delay
– Ad-hoc Traffic Indication Map (ATIM):
• Announcement of receivers by stations buffering frames
• More complicated - no central AP
• Collision of ATIMs possible (scalability?)
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 27 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 28
ATIM
TIM Interval DTIM Interval Window Beacon Interval
D B T T d D B B1 A D B1
Access Station1
Point
busy busy busy busy
Medium B2 B2 a d
Station2
p d
Station
t t
T TIM D DTIM Awake B A Transmit ATIM D Transmit Data
Beacon Frame Random Delay
Data Transmission a Acknowledge ATIM d Acknowledge Data
B Broadcast/Multicast p PS poll d Awake
to/from Station
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 29 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 30
5
IEEE 802.11 — Roaming WLAN: IEEE 802.11b
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 33 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 34
Data rates: Connection set-up time: OFDM with 52 used sub-carriers (64 in total):
– 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbit/s (SNR) – Connectionless/always on – Reduction of symbol rate -> a bit distributed across multiple sub-carriers
– User throughput (1500 byte packets): 5.3 (6),
Quality-of-Service:
18 (24), 24 (36), 32 (54) • 250.000 symbols/s and 0.8 ms guard space OFDM: Orthogonal FDM
– 6, 12, 24 Mbit/s mandatory – Typically best effort, no guarantees
– 48 data + 4 pilot (robustness against F drifts)
Transmission range: (same as all IEEE 802.11 standards)
– Plus 12 virtual sub-carriers
– 100m outdoor, 10m indoor Manageability:
312.5 kHz
• E.g., 54 Mbit/s up to 5 m, 48 up to 12 m, – Limited (no automated key distribution, 312.5 kHz Pilot
36 up to 25 m, 24 up to 30m, 18 up to
40 m, 12 up to 60 m sym. Encryption) spacing
Frequency: Special advantages/drawbacks:
– Advantage: fits into 802.x standards, free
– Free 5.15-5.25, 5.25-5.35, 5.725-5.825 GHz
ISM-band, available, simple system, uses
Security: less crowded 5 GHz band
– Limited, WEP insecure, SSID – Drawback: stronger shading due to higher
Cost: frequency, no QoS
– 280€ adapter, 500€ base station
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 35 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 36
6
Operating Channels for IEEE 802.11a/US U-NII IEEE 802.11a — PHY Frame Format
36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 Channel
4 1 12 1 6 16 variable 6 variable bit
Rate Reserved Length Parity Tail Service Payload Tail Pad
5150 5180 5200 5220 5240 5260 5280 5300 5320 5350 [MHz]
16.6 MHz PLCP Header
Center frequency =
5000 + 5*channel number [MHz]
149 153 157 161 Channel PLCP Preamble Signal Data
12 1 variable symbol
16 ms
6 Mbit/s 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbit/s
5725 5745 5765 5785 5805 5825 [MHz]
16.6 MHz
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 37 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 38
Overview: Original HIPERLAN Protocol Family Key Developments: Why Wireless ATM?
7
ATM — Basic Principles ATM Forum Wireless ATM Working Group
– Favored by the telecommunication industry for advanced high-performance ATM Forum founded Wireless ATM Working Group 06/1996
networks, e.g., B-ISDN, as transport mechanism
Task:
– Statistical (asynchronous, on demand) TDM (ATDM, STDM)
– Development of specifications to enable the use of ATM technology also for
– Cell header determines the connection the user data belongs to
wireless networks with a large coverage of current network scenarios (private
– Mixing of different cell-rates is possible:
and public, local and global)
• Different bit-rates, constant or variable, feasible
– Compatibility to existing ATM Forum standards important
– Interesting for data sources with varying bit-rate:
• E.g., guaranteed minimum bit-rate
It should be possible to easily upgrade existing ATM networks
• Additionally bursty traffic if allowed by the network
with mobility functions and radio access
Two sub-groups of work items:
Radio Access Layer (RAL) Protocols: Mobile ATM Protocol Extensions:
ATM cell: 5 48 Byte – Radio access layer – Hand-over signaling
– Wireless media access control – Location management
Cell Header User Data
– Wireless data link control – Mobile routing
– Radio resource control – Traffic and QoS Control
Connection Identifier, Checksum
– Hand-over issues – Network management
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 43 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 44
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 45 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 46
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 47 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 48
8
Ad-hoc Networking Today Bluetooth
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 49 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 50
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 51 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 52
Characteristics Piconet
2.4 GHz ISM band, 79 (23) RF channels, 1 MHz carrier spacing: Collection of devices connected in an
– Channel 0: 2402 MHz … channel 78: 2480 MHz ad-hoc fashion
– G-FSK modulation, 1-100 mW transmit power P
One unit acts as master and the S
FHSS and TDD: others as slaves for the lifetime of the S
– Frequency hopping with 1600 hops/s piconet M P
– Hopping sequence in a pseudo random fashion, determined by a master
– Time division duplex for send/receive separation
Master determines hopping pattern,
slaves have to synchronize SB S
Voice link – SCO (Synchronous Connection-oriented):
– FEC (forward error correction), no retransmission, 64 kbit/s duplex, point-to-point, Each piconet has a unique hopping P SB
circuit switched pattern
Data link – ACL (Asynchronous Connectionless): Participation in a piconet =
– Asynchronous, fast acknowledge, point-to-multipoint, up to 433.9 kbit/s symmetric synchronization to hopping sequence M: Master P: Parked
or 723.2/57.6 kbit/s asymmetric, packet switched Each piconet has one master and up S: Slave SB: Standby
Topology: to 7 simultaneous slaves (> 200
– Overlapping piconets (stars) forming a scatternet could be parked)
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 53 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 54
9
Forming a Piconet Scatternet
All devices in a piconet hop together: Linking of multiple co-located piconets through the sharing of
– Master gives slaves its clock and device ID: common master or slave devices:
• Hopping pattern: determined by device ID (48 bit, unique worldwide) – Devices can be slave in one piconet and master of another
• Phase in hopping pattern determined by clock M: Master Communication between piconets:
• All members utilize the same 1 MHz channel S: Slave – Devices jumping back and forth between the piconets Piconets
P: Parked
Addressing for active members: SB: Standby
(each with a
capacity of
– Active Member Address (AMA, 3 bit) ¡P ¡ P
S S < 1 Mbit/s)
– Parked Member Address (PMA, 8 bit) S
SB ¡S S
P
SB ¡M ¡P M
P
£SB M
¡SB ¥SB SB ¡S SB S
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 57 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 58
Piconet/channel definition
Low-level packet definition: Types
– Access code:
• Channel, device access, e.g., derived from master Payload (30)
– Packet header:
• 1/3-FEC, active member address (broadcast + 7 slaves), link type, alternating HV1 Audio (10) FEC (20)
bit ARQ/SEQ, checksum
HV2 Audio (20) FEC (10)
(Typo in the
68(72) 54 0-2745 bit standard!) HV3 Audio (30)
Access Code Packet Header Payload
DV Audio (10) Header (1) Payload (0-9) 2/3 FEC CRC (2)
4 64 (4) 3 4 1 1 1 8 bit (Byte)
Preamble Sync. (Trailer) AM Address Type Flow ARQN SEQN HEC HV: High-quality Video
DV: Data-Voice combined
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 59 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 60
10
Asynchronous Connectionless Payload types Baseband Data Rates
Payload User Symmetric Asymmetric
Payload (0-343) Header Payload max. Rate max. Rate [kbit/s]
ACL Type [byte] [byte] FEC CRC [kbit/s] Forward Reverse
Header (1/2) Payload (0-339) CRC (2) DM1 1 0-17 2/3 yes 108.8 108.8 108.8
1 slot
DH1 1 0-27 no yes 172.8 172.8 172.8
DM1 Header (1) Payload (0-17) 2/3 FEC CRC (2) DM3 2 0-121 2/3 yes 258.1 387.2 54.4
3 slot
DH1 (Byte) DH3 2 0-183 no yes 390.4 585.6 86.4
Header (1) Payload (0-27) CRC (2)
DM5 2 0-224 2/3 yes 286.7 477.8 36.3
5 slot
DM3 Header (2) Payload (0-121) 2/3 FEC CRC (2) DH5 2 0-339 no yes 433.9 723.2 57.6
DH3 Header (2) Payload (0-183) CRC (2) AUX1 1 0-29 no no 185.6 185.6 185.6
HV1 n/a 10 1/3 no 64.0
DM5 Header (2) Payload (0-224) 2/3 FEC CRC (2) HV2 n/a 20 2/3 no 64.0
SCO
DH5 Header (2) Payload (0-339) CRC (2) HV3 n/a 30 no no 64.0
DV 1D 10+(0-9) D 2/3 D yes D 64.0+57.6 D
AUX1 Header (1) Payload (0-29) Data Medium/High rate, High-quality Voice, Data and Voice
ACL: Asynchronous Connectionless, SCO: Synchronous Connection-oriented
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 61 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 62
Polling-based TDD packet transmission: Slow frequency hopping with hopping patterns determined by a
– 625 µs slots, master polls slaves master:
SCO (Synchronous Connection-oriented) – Voice: – Protection from interference on certain frequencies
– Periodic single slot packet assignment, 64 kbit/s full-duplex, point-to-point – Separation from other piconets (FH-CDMA)
ACL (Asynchronous Connectionless) – Data: Retransmission:
– Variable packet size (1,3,5 slots), asymmetric bandwidth, point-to-multipoint – ACL only, very fast
SLAVE 1
f1 f7 f9 f13 f19
SLAVE 1 B D E
SLAVE 2
f5 f17 f21
SLAVE 2 G G
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 63 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 64
11
L2CAP — Logical Link Layer Control
Example: Bluetooth/USB Adapter (2003: 30 €)
and Adaptation Layer Protocol
Protocol multiplexing:
– RFCOMM, SDP, telephony control
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 67 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 68
Connectionless PDU
2 2 ≥2 0-65533 Byte
Length CID=2 PSM Payload
Slave Master Slave
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 69 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 70
12
Additional Protocols to Support
Profiles
Legacy Protocols and Applications
Represent default solutions for a certain
Applications
usage model:
RFCOMM: – Vertical slice through the protocol stack
Protocols
– Emulation of a serial port (supports a large base of legacy applications) – Basis for interoperability
– Allows multiple ports over a single physical channel Generic Access Profile
Service Discovery Application Profile
Cordless Telephony Profile
Telephony Control Protocol Specification (TCS): Intercom Profile
– Call control (setup, release) Serial Port Profile Additional Profiles
Profiles
– Group management Headset Profile Advanced Audio Distribution
Dial-up Networking Profile PAN
Fax Profile Audio Video Remote Control
OBEX: Basic Printing
LAN Access Profile
– Exchange of objects, IrDA replacement
Generic Object Exchange ProfileBasic Imaging
Extended Service Discovery
Object Push Profile
Generic Audio Video Distribution
WAP: File Transfer Profile Hands Free
– Interacting with applications on cellular phones Synchronization Profile Hardcopy Cable Replacement
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 73 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 74
13
Who is using BTnodes today? WPAN: IEEE 802.15-1 — Bluetooth
Successful deployment of more than 200 units with more than 21 groups Data rate: Connection set-up time:
world-wide, second generation of BTnode is being worked at now: – Synchronous, connection-oriented: 64 kbit/s – Depends on power-mode
TIK, ETH Zurich – Asynchronous, connectionless – Max. 2.56 s, avg. 0.64 s
WPAN: IEEE 802.15 — Future Developments (1) WPAN: IEEE 802.15 — Future Developments (2)
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 81 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 82
Data rate: Connection set-up time: Data rate: Connection set-up time:
– 0.8, 1.6, 5, 10 Mbit/s – 10 ms bounded latency – Typical up to 115 kbit/s (serial interface) – N/A
14
RFID — Radio Frequency Identification (1) RFID — Radio Frequency Identification (2)
– Products available with read/write memory, smart-card capabilities 5.8 GHz and many others experience, high volume available, no power
Security: for passive RFIDs needed, large variety of
Categories: – Application dependent, typically no crypt. on products, relative speeds up to 300 km/h,
– Passive RFID: operating power comes from the reader over the air which is RFID device
broad temp. range
feasible up to distances of 3 m, low price (1€) Cost:
– Drawbacks: no QoS, simple denial of service,
– Active RFID: battery powered, distances up to 100 m – Very cheap tags, down to 1€ (passive)
crowded ISM bands, typically one-way
Availability:
– Many products, many vendors (activation/ transmission of ID)
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 85 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 86
RFID – Radio Frequency Identification (3) RFID – Radio Frequency Identification (4)
Applications: Security:
– Total asset visibility: tracking of goods during manufacturing, localization of – Denial-of-Service attacks are always possible
pallets, goods etc. • Interference of the wireless transmission, shielding of transceivers
– Loyalty cards: customers use RFID tags for payment at, e.g., gas stations, – IDs via manufacturing or one time programming
collection of buying patterns – Key exchange via, e.g., RSA possible, encryption via, e.g., AES
– Automated toll collection: RFIDs mounted in windshields allow commuters to drive
through toll plazas without stopping
– Others: access control, animal identification, tracking of hazardous material,
Future Trends:
inventory control, warehouse management, ... – RTLS: Real-Time Locating System – big efforts to make total asset visibility come
true
– Integration of RFID technology into the manufacturing, distribution and logistics
Local Positioning Systems: chain
– GPS useless indoors or underground, problematic in cities with high buildings – Creation of „electronic manifests“ at item or package level (embedded
– RFID tags transmit signals, receivers estimate the tag location by measuring the inexpensive passive RFID tags)
signal‘s time of flight – 3D tracking of children, patients
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 87 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 88
RFID – Radio Frequency Identification (5) RFID – Radio Frequency Identification (6)
Devices and Companies: Example Product: Intermec RFID UHF OEM Reader
– AXCESS Inc., www.axcessinc.com – Read range up to 7m
– Checkpoint Systems Group, www.checkpointsystems.com – Anti-collision algorithm allows for scanning of 40 tags per second regardless of
– GEMPLUS, www.gemplus.com/app/smart_tracking the number of tags within the reading zone
– Intermec/Intellitag, www.intermec.com – US: unlicensed 915 MHz, Frequency Hopping
– I-Ray Technologies, www.i-ray.com – Read: 8 byte < 32 ms
– RF Code, www.rfcode.com – Write: 1 byte < 100ms
– Texas Instruments, www.ti-rfid.com/id
– WhereNet, www.wherenet.com
Example Product: Wireless Mountain Spider
– Wireless Mountain, www.wirelessmountain.com
– Proprietary sparse code anti-collision algorithm
– XCI, www.xci-inc.com
– Detection range 15 m indoor, 100 m line-of-sight
– > 1 billion distinct codes
Only a very small selection … – Read rate > 75 tags/s
– Operates at 308 MHz
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 89 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 90
15
RFID – Radio Frequency Identification (7) RFID – Radio Frequency Identification (8)
Relevant Standards ISO Standards
– American National Standards Institute
– ISO 15418
• ANSI, www.ansi.org, www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/ANSIT6.html
– Automatic Identification and Data Capture Techniques • MH10.8.2 Data Identifiers
• JTC 1/SC 31, www.uc-council.com/sc31/home.htm, • EAN.UCC Application Identifiers
www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/sc31.htm
– European Radio Communications Office – ISO 15434 - Syntax for High Capacity ADC Media
• ERO, www.ero.dk, www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/ERO.htm – ISO 15962 - Transfer Syntax
– European Telecommunications Standards Institute – ISO 18000
• ETSI, www.etsi.org, www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/ETSI.htm
• Part 2, 125-135 kHz
– Identification Cards and related devices
• JTC 1/SC 17, www.sc17.com, www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/sc17.htm, • Part 3, 13.56 MHz
– Identification and communication • Part 4, 2.45 GHz
• ISO TC 104 / SC 4, www.autoid.org/tc104_sc4_wg2.htm,
www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/TC104.htm
• Part 5, 5.8 GHz
– Road Transport and Traffic Telematics • Part 6, UHF (860-930 MHz, 433 MHz)
• CEN TC 278, www.nni.nl, www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/CENTC278.htm – ISO 18047 - RFID Device Conformance Test Methods
– Transport Information and Control Systems
– ISO 18046 - RF Tag and Interrogator Performance Test Methods
• ISO/TC204, www.sae.org/technicalcommittees/gits.htm,
www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/ISOTC204.htm
© 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 91 © 2005 Burkhard Stiller and Jochen Schiller FU Berlin M7 – 92
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