OBJECTIVES
1
OBJECTIVES
2
CHAPTER -2
INTRODUCTION
3
INTRODUCTION
2.1 BACKGROUND
Nowadays, the automatic gate mechanisms have been improved and developed
with different kind of features. These features have increased the product cost and
this cost does not include the installation cost. Many people especially with low
4
income could not afford to purchase the gate mechanism. The gate mechanism
needs a very skillful or trained person to install the mechanism to the gate. Some
gate mechanisms also need to be attached with rail on the ground, this seems to be
inconvenience and need a lot of work force to install the track. Development of
automatic gate mechanism should help in term of cost reduction and ease of
installation.
2.3 PROJECT SCOPES
The scopes for this project are to study about several types of automatic gate
mechanism and to understand the working principle in term of movement. Those
mechanisms include swing gate type mechanism, sliding gate type mechanism and
folding swing type mechanism. Design and sketches in rough view, are compared
between those designs and the best is chosen. The design should consider about the
portability and cost. Based on the design, a prototype is constructed for mechanism
rough view. Finite element analysis using ALGOR software is to determine the
critical failure part of the mechanism. This is to ensure the mechanism can
withstand high torque.
2.5 LIMITATION
The limitation for this project is hard to collect data about the automatic gate
mechanism. Automatic gate are normally for commercial purpose and it is
impossible for the product company to expose their own design and working
principle of the product.
5
CHAPTER -3
LITERATURE REVIEW
6
LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter will provide the detail description literature review done according to
title of design of automatic gate mechanism. Automatic gate mechanisms act as the
actuator part for the gate system and provide motion in order to open or closed the
gate. The on-board circuit board receives a signal from an access control (like a
keypad or a control) and tells the automatic gate opener to open or close the gate,
reverse it if an obstacle is in its path. The automatic gate mechanism available type
includes arm type for swing gate, rack and pinion sliding type, and cubic
underground automatic systems for swing gates.
A gate operator is a mechanical device used to open and close a gate, such as one at
the end of a driveway. There are two main types of electric gate openers –
hydraulic or electromechanical; these can be further split into the following
categories, worm (or screw) driven, arm openers and underground openers.
Automatic and Electric Gate operators are designed for both swinging and sliding
gates. They can be programmed to open and close with a wireless transmitter or a
manual device. Low Voltage Automatic Gate openers can also be fitted with solar
panels to ensure function during loss of electricity or blackouts.
A gate is a potential traffic hazard, so it is important that you locate the gate far
enough away from the road to eliminate the potential of traffic getting backed up.
This distance is affected by the size of the gate, how often it is used, and how fast
the gate operates. The operator you choose to install on your gate must be designed
for the type and size of your gate and for the frequency with which you use the
operator. Gate must be properly installed and must work freely in both directions
before the automatic operator is installed. An automatic operator should be
installed on the inside of the property/fence line. Do not install the operator on the
7
public side of the property/fence line. Pedestrians should not use a vehicular gate
system. Prevent such inappropriate use by installing separate gates for pedestrians.
Exposed, reachable pinch points on a gate are potentially hazardous and must be
eliminated or guarded. Outward swinging gates with automatic operators should
not open into a public area. The operating controls for an automatic gate must be
secured to prevent the unauthorized use of those controls. The controls for an
automatic gate should be located far enough from the gate so that a user cannot
accidentally touch the gate when operating the controls. An automatic gate operator
should not be installed on a gate if people can reach or extend their arms or legs
through the gate. Such gates should be guarded or screened to prevent such access
(Automated Gates Ltd. 2009).
Hand held remote’s, are radio transmitters. Use to control gate opening/closing for
a certain range. Gate openers refer to the gate mechanism or actuators that use to
provide motion for the gate opening and closing activities. Next automatic gate
control to seriously consider is the ‘keypad’. It will allow visitors without remotes
8
to enter the property with a numeric code. The codes are easily programmed and
may be changed frequently. These units are designed for all weather conditions
(Prestige Door and Gates Ltd .2008).
A visitor leaving the property needs to open the gate. One way is to have a
keypad on the inside, or a simple push button that will open the gate. More
convenient is the ‘exit sensor’. An exit sensor is buried alongside the driveway and
detects moving metal. A vehicle, motorcycle or bicycle passing the sensor will
open the automatic gate. It will also sense a lawn mower and some children’s toys
and may not be the best choice for every situation. Receive signal form the remote
and respond to it. The signal then will be processing for gate opening (Prestige
Door and Gates Ltd .2008).
When you are thinking about installing a gate for your business or for home use,
you will probably want to think about what type of gate opener you will want to
install. When you or your drivers are bringing in or taking out loads, a gate opener
makes things a lot easier. There will be no need to get out of your vehicle, open the
gate, pull in, and then get out again closing the gate. With just a push of a button or
putting in a security code, the gate will open and close behind you. Several types of
businesses use gate openers. Some storage unit facilities use sliding gate openers
for security, requiring customers to put in a code to open the gate. Security tight
apartment complexes use electric openers for security and convenience as well.
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Figure 3.2: Automatic Gate
When you are considering an automatic gate opener, you need to decide whether
you want a gate to swing open or to slide open when you need to get in. The
convenience and security of a gate opener not only offers ease and convenience,
but the security of installing a gate opener keeps interlopers from being able to get
vehicles in to take things off of your property.
It is important that you plan carefully because it is very expensive to install a gate
opener. You need to make sure that you get the right one, because of the cost
involved if the one you purchase does not fit your needs. This is not something you
can go into in a haphazard way. Do your research, know exactly what you want
and get advice from professionals to make your experience as stress-free as
possible. There are several styles and options from which to choose, so plan
everything with careful consideration.
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There are a lot of mechanisms in market. The mechanisms of automatic
gate also refer to the actuator. Mechanism is the component for automatic gate that
provide movement.
The sliding gate is built to run parallel with your fence lines, thus taking up less
room to save space. Some sliding gate openers come with a single operator, which
is used when you have only one gate. However, if you have a double gate, you will
need to have two operators, as each gate will require its own separate operator.
When considering a sliding gate opener, you must consider how much you expect
your gate opener to be used. If it will just be for light use, such as for your home or
for light use in your business, you will be able to purchase a gate opener built for
lighter use. However, if your gate opener will be subjected to heavy daily usage,
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you will need to purchase a more heavy duty gate opener that can stand up to the
daily use.
Many choose the sliding gate openers for their driveways because cars will be
parked right inside the gates on the driveway. A swinging gate would not be
suitable for a driveway gate because cars would have to be parked far enough out
of the way to keep from getting hit by the swinging gate.
The sliding gate will slide open along tracks that have been placed across the
driveway and the operator uses a cog that fits perfectly into the tracks that are
toothed, allowing the cog to slide easily when opening.
Many sliding gate opener reviews have been good, mentioning the ease of
installation and satisfaction with the overall performance of the opener. You might
want to consider researching a gate opener buyer’s guide to help you find the right
gate for your purposes.
Aleko is great provider of gate openers that the discerning buyer should look into.
Aleko also thinks green with the production of their solar panels that run gate
openers. Check out a gate opener buyer’s guide to see what you can find out about
solar panel powered swing gate openers. They also have swing gate openers that
have back-up batteries in case there is a power failure so that your swing gate will
open whenever you need it to open.
Swing gate openers are built to be durable and have the power to swing the
heaviest gates. One great addition to having an automatic gate opener is the US
underground sensor, which is installed under the ground in a strategic spot so that
your gate will open automatically for you to go through and close after you have
cleared the gate. This could be a great addition and it is a great time-saver. No
more getting out in inclement weather to open and close those pesky gates.
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Figure 3.4: Swing gate
Swing gates usually work more quietly and have less repair issues because there
are not as many moving parts as are found in slide gates. However, as stated
before, the area where you are considering a gate opener may be small and tight,
therefore, not suitable for a swing gate. Also, if the drive is on a slope, the swing
gate would not be the best choice.
US Automatic offers some solid, heavily built gate openers which have received
five star ratings from a majority of customers. US Automatic builds gate openers
that can satisfy any customer’s needs.
While swing gates for residential uses are lighter, heavy wrought iron gates are
made for those heavy duty jobs where gates will be opening and closing on a
frequent daily basis. Choose from electric, battery and solar powered gate openers.
Mighty Mule makes a very heavy duty dual gate opener easily opens those large
double gates. You can check out the specifications of dual gate openers online to
find out exactly what dimensions you need to install. According to reviews, and
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the manufacturer’s promises, the gate openers are easily installed within 2-3 hours.
You get a heavy duty fix for a few hours of your time. And just think of the time
you can save from not having to get in and out of vehicles, as well as finally being
able to stay out of bad weather.
You can also find some good quality dual gate openers from Aleko, so don’t
forget to check out their assortment of gate openers and their solar panel gate
opener power. They make quality dual gate openers that are reliable and will fit
anyone’s needs.
Of course, US Automatic manufactures quality dual gate openers with your choice
of electric powered and battery powered openers that rate right up there with the
best of gate opener manufacturers. These gate openers are both heavy duty and
reliable, able to stand up to any amount of use you can throw at them.
Just as with other types of gate openers, before you purchase your dual gate opener
from anyone, make sure you know all of your specifications so that you don’t
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waste time buying an opener that does not fit your needs. This would not only be a
big waste of time for you, but would also be quite an expense on your finances.
When you get ready to get those gate openers, you need to make sure that the spot
where you intend to install them is near a 110 Volt AC power source. Of course,
you can always buy solar powered dual gate openers if no 110 Volt AC power
source is available.
No matter the company you choose to buy your gate openers from, make sure that
you read reviews from other customers. You will want to know about the quality
and ease of installation. Also find out if the company provides good service if
something quits working. It’s your gate, so take charge and get it right the first
time.
This is the arm type automatic gate mechanism for swing gate. This mechanism
using screw driven piston type where actuated by hydraulic cylinder. This type of
mechanism produce Accurate path and position control, High force output use for
heavy duty automatic gate with extra weight, provided with self-locking system,
Ideal for level regulation, lifting and other applications with intermittent operations
(Parker Hannifin Corporation. 2008).
Installation instructions, Use the threaded holes in the free end cap and a mid-
section support close to the motor end for mounting the linear actuator. The linear
actuator can be fitted in any position. To prevent contamination such as fluid
ingress, the actuator should be fitted with its sealing band facing downwards
(Parker Hannifin Corporation. 2008).
Maintenance, all moving parts are long-term lubricated for a normal operational
environment. This arm type automatic mechanism product recommends a check
and lubrication of the linear drive, and if necessary a change of wear parts, after an
operation time of 12 months or 300 km travel of distance. Please refer to the
operating instructions supplied with the drive (Parker Hannifin Corporation. 2008).
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Figure 3.6: Screw driver and piston rod for swing gate
Figure 3.7: Screw driver and piston rod mechanism for the low part
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Figure 3.8: Screw driver and piston rod mechanism for the upper part
Features, Good quality with MAG system major components are made of
top grade tough, durable and rust resistance material, Fast and silent where the
actuator is capable for 90˚ opening within only 8 to 10 seconds and is
exceptionally quiet in operation, Last longer. Gear box is submerged in oil bath for
more protection.
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CHAPTER -4
PRINCIPLE, COMPONENT AND
MODEL DESIGN
18
PRINCIPLE, COMPONENTS AND MODEL
DESIGN
4.1 PRINCIPLE
This automatic gate control is based upon principle of RACK and PINION. Rack
and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears which
converts rotational motion into linear motion. The circular gears called the
“PINION” engages teeth on a linear gear bar called “the track”. Rotational motion
applied to the pinion, thereby translating the rotational motion of the pinion into
linear motion.
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4.2 COMPONENTS USED
The various components used in making the model of automatic gate controller are listed
below:
4.2.1 IC 555
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as
an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in
one package.
Introduced in 1971 by American company Signe tics, the 555 is still in widespread use
due to its low price, ease of use, and stability. It is now made by many companies in the
original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types. As of 2003, it was estimated that
1 billion units are manufactured every year.[1]
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Table 4.1 The connection of the pins for a DIP
The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this input falls
2 TRIG below 1/2 of CTRL voltage (which is typically 1/3 VCC, CTRL being
2/3 VCC by default if CTRL is left open).
A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the
4 RESET timing does not begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0.7
volts. Overrides TRIG which overrides THR.
The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at THR
6 THR
("threshold") is greater than that at CTRL (2/3 VCC if CTRL is open).
Pin 5 is also sometimes called the CONTROL VOLTAGE pin. By applying a voltage to
the CONTROL VOLTAGE input one can alter the timing characteristics of the device. In
most applications, the CONTROL VOLTAGE input is not used. It is usual to connect a
10 nF capacitor between pin 5 and 0 V to prevent interference. The CONTROL
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VOLTAGE input can be used to build an astable multivibrator with a frequency-
modulated output.
Modes
1. Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger – the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS
pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-free latched
switches.
4.2.2 RELAY
22
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with
no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to
protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these
functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
Magnetic latching relays require one pulse of coil power to move their contacts in one
direction, and another, redirected pulse to move them back. Repeated pulses from the
same input have no effect. Magnetic latching relays are useful in applications where
interrupted power should not be able to transition the contacts.
The American scientist Joseph Henry is often claimed to have invented a relay in 1835 in
order to improve his version of the electrical telegraph, developed earlier in 1831.
[2][3][4]
.However, there is little in the way of official documentation to suggest he had
made the discovery prior to 1837.[5]Magnetic latching relays can have either single or
dual coils. On a single coil device, the relay will operate in one direction when power is
applied with one polarity, and will reset when the polarity is reversed. On a dual coil
device, when polarized voltage is applied to the reset coil the contacts will transition. AC
23
controlled magnetic latch relays have single coils that employ steering diodes to
differentiate between operate and reset commands.
4.2.3 BATTERY
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode
materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline
battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable devices. Secondary (rechargeable
batteries) can be discharged and recharged multiple times; the original composition of the
electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid
batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics.
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Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing
aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power
for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.
According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in
sales each year, with 6% annual growth.
Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than
common fuels such as gasoline. This is somewhat offset by the higher efficiency of
electric motors in producing mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.
Electrolytic capacitor is the generic term for three different capacitor family members:
All electrolytic capacitors (e-caps) are polarized capacitors whose anode (+) is made of
a particular metal on which an insulating oxide layer forms by an odization, acting as
the dielectric of the electrolytic capacitor. A non-solid or solid electrolyte which covers
the surface of the oxide layer in principle serves as the second electrode (cathode) (-) of
the capacitor.
Due to their very thin dielectric oxide layer and enlarged anode surface, electrolytic
capacitors have—based on the volume—a much higher capacitance-voltage (CV) product
compared to ceramic capacitors or film capacitors, but a much smaller CV value than
electrochemical super capacitors.
25
The large capacitance of electrolytic capacitors makes them particularly suitable for
passing or bypassing low-frequency signals up to some mega-hertz and for storing large
amounts of energy. They are widely used for decoupling or noise filtering in power
supplies and DC link circuits for variable-frequency drives, for coupling signals
between amplifier stages, and storing energy as in a flashlamp.
Figure 4.7: Most common styles of aluminum and tantalum electrolytic capacitors
Bipolar electrolytic (aka non-polarized) capacitors which may be operated with either
polarity are special constructions with two anodes connected in reverse polarity.
4.2.5 RESISTANCE
26
An object of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional to its resistivity and
length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. All materials show some
resistance, except for superconductors, which have a resistance of zero.
For a wide variety of materials and conditions, V and I are directly proportional to each
other, and therefore R and G are constant (although they can depend on other factors like
temperature or strain). This proportionality is called Ohm's law, and materials that satisfy
it are called ohmic materials.
In other cases, such as a diode or battery, V and I are not directly proportional. The ratio
V/I is sometimes still useful, and is referred to as a "chordal resistance" or "static
resistance",[11][12] since it corresponds to the inverse slope of a chord between the origin
and an I–V curve.
4.2.6 DC MOTOR
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical
power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces produced by
magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either
electromechanical or electronic; to periodically change the direction of current flow in
part of the motor. Most types produce rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces
force and motion in a straight line.
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing
direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled
over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of
current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances.
The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for
portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric
vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power
27
electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many
applications.
4.2.7 TRANSISTOR
28
The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is
ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in
1926[13] and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John
Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the field of
electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators,
and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in
electronics,[14] and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in
Physics for their achievement.[15]
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CHAPTER-5
WORKING
30
WORKING
When supply given by two separate 9V battery. Each battery provides voltage
commonly to both the motors with opposite polarity.
One battery provides voltage with its motor rotate in one direction 2nd battery
provides same voltage with opposite polarity. So that motor can rotate in opposite
direction.
When we press the micro switch voltage at pin2 (IC555) voltage reduced to zero.
At the same time voltage at pin 3 increases, which is connected to the base of npn
transistor through resistance.
A relay is connected between either positive or negative terminal of dc supply and
collector of npn transistor.
As current flow through the relay it gets magnetized. Then the pole of both relay
is connected to either positive or negative terminal of motor.
Then motor get rotated in one direction or opposite direction.
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CHAPTER -6
ADVANTAGES AND
APPLICATIONS
32
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
6.1 ADVANTAGES
It provides disabled and aged people an easy access. Since they are not obliged to
step out of car and open the door by themselves.
safety is increased once installed, not only do you keep unwanted visitors out, you
also keep children and pets within the safety of the premises if applicable - away
from the roadside
enhancing your property with an automated system will increase its value
if you're tired of manually having to find your key, step out of your car to open
your gate, then get back into your car to drive through, before having to park,
walk back to the gate and lock again manually...an electric gate can be seen as
very convenient and time saving
robust, tough and weatherproof metal electric gates will ensure a resilient security
system, which does do require regular maintenance
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6.2 APPLICATIONS
Typical sites where automatic gates are especially suitable include those listed below:
1. Automatic gates are used in public parking, residential building parking.
2. Delivery areas for retail outlets (in particular supermarkets and other retailers on
out-of-town developments)
3. Waste disposal and recycling plants.
4. Water processing plants.
5. Shopping mall entrance.
34
CHAPTER -7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
SCOPE
35
CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE SCOPES
7.1 CONCLUSIONS
By the use of automatic gate we can have the best solution over the time wasted in
opening and closing of parking gates. We can also save the money by reducing
man power for keeping.
In this project we have used a micro switch on pressing of which leads to open-
close the gate.
We have used IC555 timer which controls the duration of gate opening and
closing.
By using these easy steps we are able to represent the automatic gate.
Automatic gates can be used everywhere like hospitals, shopping malls in future
to save energy we can use a solar cell as a replacement of battery .or automatic
gates based upon sensors also be made.
Automatic gates on modification can be used at parking barrier, railway crossings
etc.
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REFERENCES
[1] Ward, Jack (2004). The 555 Timer IC – An Interview with Hans Camenzind. The
Semiconductor Museum. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
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