BIBLIOGRAPHY Fone Pena, Ross, ad Camo Wists 199p. Eeprscons yexcaasones el Vale de Sckn, Cama, evs at Maes Nia 43 10155 Li "OTH Informe de bores 1 Proyecto Chan. Arua 15: 3758 Parremsox, Tuosas Th Cnt Resch. Amerion Amity 33: 482-44 avo, Roces, and Waa H. I 192s) Garay: sto cern emprano en lV Lima, Rein ed Der Nana 59°97 Li “Teo, juu0 ¢. 19st Agu det Vale de Came ce: Chan, Sot Hayes Ynge nihchia. Putas Anopoligia del Archivo uloC. Teo" tele Univesiad Mayor de Sam Mares 1. Lim 1960 Charen matic dete cin adie, Phine_ pee Pbiciin-Avtopigindel Atchivo "Joo C. el” del Ua serial Mayor de San Marae > Lins “Tuowroy, Dosa E 1) Pout Clase naoentons i Archiecre and Setlement Pater | the Casma Vay, Per. Suen fal of py 36 91— we ‘Wisin Leon, Caos {Argues ysbninmo en elancigue Pei Hira del Po 8: 38) sf. Bi Mejt Bc, Lim ‘oto Compeos de pines cm plana en U, pin aque dela ‘ots ental. Reve dl Me Nina 98-100 Lina. Jaws: the Control of Power in the Early Nuclear American Ceremonial Center PONALD W. LATHRAP ‘of ehought which hs been haunting me fora long tie. T 25 i967, Lieve, when T st noticed that che Smiling Godin the ofeiasitd panel from Chavin de Hunter Fg. 1) was wor simply Standing there rinsing, but was doing something imporamt. ta fac, be ‘wae baltcing the male principle of order and eure, represented by Uae fonch, held his right hand, against che female principle of chaos and regenration, represened by the sponds, hel hi ee Band. He was Inaitaning the balance ofthe cosines with recs the ame eal that perfoomed by modem Kogi priests a burials. Gero Reidel Dolaof's escripion of this performance (1950, 19St, 1934) apples equally «0 the Kogi pres and tothe od inthe Chavin panel Siac che moment ofthat Jnsight, Chavia art has become progressively ore communicative © me UUnforeanately this commeniction has focised on caymans ta degree bordering on monomania. ‘My previous published and unpublshed papes (Ladhap 1971. 1973 ayra, 1977. 198, florals) on thee suc seprenent cgay abiaey Segments ofthis continuously evolving perspective. Even ts presentation fae 1 complex evolntonary hry nf ite ow the course of these rumination, chore has been a subele but progresive shift in my point oF ‘iow, Perups sryng that there hasbeen at expansion of my point We T: say 54x aumrnany SEMEN ofa persistent and evolving ta "enn en ie ea i i Spee eer rc faim tee ‘Pn of oy» tw sn rtp so ohio Coe Pinay wenn Sur tar pnanens Yan pels Sa Calle Rae SS SOS Seite attcco wre noanald W, Lath Fg. Sauing God fom ‘Ghosinde ue awe ‘would be more accuse, since the oer ics fave never Tos thie sci tition, but frtherconsidertioascondnue vo incude "Atte Begining, the ieniirbon ofthe specie of plants and animals in (Chain are and the demonstration that Cavin at and Olmec a could only have evalved from the sine historically unique conmologiel model seemed the most cri isues (Lathrap 1973). But once ic became cleat chat the ‘Obest Tela (Fg.2) could be understood only asa complete and detailed ‘osmologial model, other problems of brcader significance emerged 35 ‘bh intriguing and potently solvable. As ReichelDolmator (1931) has 1 models of the aborigne tend 0 be more ‘ongrient with the complenity and circularity of real ecological systems ‘han eth the highly simple models thar modern western foll-sedivon have an sbsotely essential role in dissipating the distupaive tensions chat Jhuman society gencrats. A loss of faith in che extemonial if of the com= rity i638 fel 1 the polity 36a Toss of slice calories to eed is peopl A cousial point of departure in dicusing ceremonial architecture ist tntsind ow the strcrre Fictions noe simply 364 ese for parti Tar ceremonies, but a+ 2 force in is wn right that shapes supernatral 1g. 3 From Clavie de hate, erotic othe Ol Tels, (Dring aed om ing by abn. Rowers Rowe 19 Ag 8)Dinatd W, Letiry power, Hinton the global applicability of Paul Wheatleys gneralthe= fry conerning the way in which ceremonial architecture deforms and focuses the fx of sapematural force. If | have any dhsagecement with ‘Wheatley, it that he eonchides The Plot of he Fou Quan (Wheatley t7t) with a discussion of the specs of the theory a they relate £0 Chins and India eathoe than wide a coda What steses the adequacy and univeraicy ofthe theory. "The ese model is generated by dhe fact chat the native mind cone ceives dhe effet ofthe en mau—or a materal representation of the ais Imundi suds a2 the Obelisk Tello (Fig. 2)—on the fox of supersatual power as being idetial to the way in which 2 bar magnet deforms the Slctromagnetic fd. I assume that the reader as at some time in his ‘Sool soen the experiment in wich 2 Bor magnet i placed under 3 Sheet of paper and iron Blings are sprinkled on the papet. When the son Figs are caught inthe magnetic Weld, they arrange themselves ito what fppest to be dierete lice or “ropes” of power. We wil return to such fopes of power” toward the end ofthis ey “The experiment presents 4 wo-dimensiona) cross section throug the magnetic deformation, hich ba dhe theee dimensional shape of dough fits The perceived eicay ofthe carly Peruvian ceremonial center hes the bility of ts wings, whether peraved a ars ofthe copulate U orjaws blthe cayman to compres the non-dreconal eld of supernatural poser theo sharply sectional, ea-dinensiona acim or river of power. The ‘alcy of the bar-magnst analogy is mphct on almost cvery page of ‘Whentle’smnsstenydiscsson (1971), but isttally expt in ewo recent tucntments ofthe cosmologial concepts of modern highland Quechua, the PhD theses of Jolin Earls (1973) snd Catherine Wagner (198) ‘Certo home ae the Sings of Wiliam abel on the iconography of she early Peruvian ceremonial center (Mbell 1977, t.). Although each of {hs pusued the subject a length andy great dota, remarkably enough Wren comparing our Interpretstions, there is almost no repetition or 1e= lundaney. When fac withthe woighty qucmton, "he plan ofthe erly Peruvian ceremonial center 8 metaphor forthe structural members ofan tipper Amazon malo, orth plan 3 metaphor forthe ws ofthe Great ‘Cayman’, can come op only with a resounding “Yes!” The one point Sg wa th sade win Shei won nati “mins ig ern ne, a et lc, ca sit ots pce on Cima Jews ‘of essential and total agreement, which overdes the lege number of ‘ferences in details of our interpsetions, i tha architectural designe in the eve diseased by Isbell, the structural poles ofthe Desa malo Focus supernatural power 0 presse point that establishes an esa, When the shaman's stool i postioned at precsly this point, = peson swith approprite tening and/or satan can communicate directly to all Ices ofthe universe along dhe ais mi “The aby ofthe stctural poles of 3 males ofthe wings ofthe cere= rmonial center to tuen the nomditetional dough of force into a pre= ‘Sly ivectionalserein and to aim tis stream of course, highly fele= ‘ane to the argumene poe for by Custos Willams (his volume). He ‘demonstrates convincingly thie the tio» ofthe early Peruvian ceremonial ener it focus the wy in which the Seam of supernatural force con trols the rainfall ejele-and bangs Ifegiving water to the appropriate lees, The land within the arms of the U is metaphorically both the rota fersory of the polity supporting the ceremonial center and the indivi ‘hon of each farmer ofthe pot. Thus what te ceremonial cene:em= bodies s the symbolic tigation of al aricelrallnd within the poly 1 tim yet so be convinced that sn every ease this symbolic at of ination teas reinforeed by the atu iigaton ofthe sacred predict Ke seems (0 tne tht his question most be answered on a case-by-case basis by more cveavations within these preancts, using the most advanced techniques, fin! directed exclsively toward the volation of this pariula problem. Even son she cae of Willans’sargmien the area of lit fr exceed the areas of skeptic, Finally i important to conser the theoreti postion developed by 1icand N_ Adstns (097s, 1978). Specialy, Adams argues that he struce ture and cosmology of ceremonial constrictions andthe pail elaon ‘Ship among ceremonial centers offers schema oe temple for the 20a fxerce of power. Mose inpottanty, the flex of alos expended to Ipod and rainain ceremonial centers i a significant and most necessary pave ofan well a» partial counter-weight tothe flow of energy neces fry to maintain the dinspative structures embodied in all pois. With this undemtanding ofthe ability of ceremonial structures 9 com cenrate and dict snperatutal power, we cam proceed fo the main argo= ten ofthis papers Stated as badly as posible, si that: ¢) che cayman, tat te overarching cosmological sya ia the culture of Nucleae Amer ica 2) the joe of the cayman became the mos important icon ordering the organization of Nuclear American ceremonial architecture; ad 3) theDead W.Latirap architecorl order in tun fd back into the structing of sch domain 36 Iepresentative at, agrononty. poll scence, astronomy, and ever we ing Although the freer sratraring ofthese domains i me expe 9 the Mesoamerican data Bae, Tbeiewe that al ofthe insights derived rom sn cxaminson of the Mesoamerican mata. with the excepsion of hose relting eo wing, ate eqully imporant to our understanding of the Cental Andesn sraxton. One might say. however, hae i my iterpeee tion largely correc, the exphetmess of the Chavin icon closely ap- prosches wrang, ethaps the frst question to be addressed is “Why isthe cosmo 2 «ay rman?” 1 an assuming shat ll of dhe individual cosmological models of [Nuclear Atnenca lve a their provotype the black cayman, Melovshas impr 2 species confined tothe main tnk of the Amazon andthe lower ures ofits major toutaies, Ax he concep was spread beyond the esl range of Melanesia niger, dere Was. Some cases, a replacement BY 2 ‘pets lilly presnt Inthe Upper Amansn, where the Back eayman sin omplemensary dstibution with the relacvely puny caymans ofthe genus Gaur the anaconda ie the revgning, and potently man-eating, aguatc Cammivore. Ara resus ste have the cyan boat, so exuberaney depicted in the coramic at ofthe Santarem elec, replaced bythe anaconda boat, so ompletey described in dhe Desa materials of Reichcl-Dolmaoff (197), (On the south const of Pera there seems to be +eeplacement by dhe killer whale. Most of the Colombian representations of cxcodiins ate clearly rovodies, Crus, Likewor, te ear depiction of bot cot rows it the ezocoile deis of Cove rye and other rebated Panamanian styles incites that indeed cracls, 2 strict sense, Wese tended. fn thecarly Mesoamerican depictions of dated rocodlians, the consistent indication of only the upper tooth rove argace that wis ce cayman dat sited, find the agnathe characters of Iaam’na in later Maya ae appear ontnse that ment Melnosc niger is the dominant aquaic predator wherever it occurs, thas Balicing the signiiance ofthe Jaguar a8 supreme predator ofthe Tandy and the hapy eagle ss supreme predator ofthe sky. Ths at slone sight be considered ax sufficient reason forts supreme postion in Nox ‘lear American cosmology. Given the clear depiction of the great cayman 2 Meter of the Fishes, especially in the Vauya carving (Fig, 3). nd given ‘ur interest in ceremonial exntere ae mechani fr the maintenance of stubiliy and health ofthe polity (a poston so thoroughly documented by ‘Wheiley), there perhaps a deeper reason for Selecting Mlanouchus niger as theultimate symbol for environmental and socal sabi. To undes- Hand this reaton we must consider the ecology of the rt, the huge ows a. 5 Yauya Sia, Yeuya (Adapted ‘ioe Rowe os fig 3 td om a Ewing by Pablo Carre Mi. dbe Sted By the Nagonal Museum ater Moe ona i 1 PoDonald 1, Lathap freshovaterresrvoirs that form the lower course of many ofthe rivers centering the Amazon and is major white-water enibutaries (Sternberg 1979) arin the height ofthe Pistocene, the be ofthe lower Amazon was scoured fo 3 grade appropriate othe much lor ses level ofthe time, an the unbutsies cut thet valleys eo 2 grade and dept approprite fo their ‘nty into the mainstesm. Inthe lt o00 to 10,050 years he valley ofthe Inainsram of the Amazon bas rapidly fille with dhe immense lod oF scdimment cried off the eaters slope of the Ards by te whitewater "ves, building che and formations pial ofthe varzen, he present Ama ‘om flood pin, In contra, te smaller souhern erbutais ofthe Amazon, ‘which hea entely ow the plain ofthe old allviun (Lathrap 1972), carry 3 meager load of siment, whe the Large Hers, sm particule the Tapaos nd Xingu, which dain che extemelyindurate cast Braaian shel, cary Slmart no sediment, Thos the lower valley fall these usbutey vers have ‘at bee refilled and are loded ss the tiers ofthe teibueary rivers are Impounded by the rsng Hood pin of the Amutom (Sol 1973). These me eel inc ies Se ae deanDonald W. Latha us and Soma afies (Fig. 2 top Je). The two ents ae separated by 23 membrane (ig. 2 upper cnt) on which mundane Meter place. The Jaguar is clsly na saeiiary postion ands the chanel though which ‘mediation among the vatious parts of the system takes place. The key ‘utivatd planes are aaye seen emerging Fm the nose and mouth ofthe jaguar. ‘Arthur Demaret'sdiscusion ofthe maple ature of Vieaochain re frchistoric and early historic ines provides important support fr this ‘nodal ofthe Andean wor view (Demarest 18). His demonstration of the tce-way unfolding ofthe sky diy read sky cayman), which in cum ‘vas produced by the nwonway unfolding ofthe universe (universe cone _gnient with that depicted the Obelisk Tello) isa most elegant example Gf religious development through progressive dferentiaton 2 ie Was eae sisiged by Robert R. Maret in the rt decade of this century (Maret, ote a Tei, I think, because Want mistakes my “presanimisticreigion” fa syste of ideas, of alleged priory to anion, that he accaser me of making the evelson of thought proces! from §steactto concrete stcad of the other way about My theory i ror concerned withthe mere though at work in telgin, but with ‘elgion a hole, the organic complex of thought emotion nd bekavior. Is ropard to religion hus understood I 50, noe hat its evolution proceeds from abstract to cmerete—which Would be Incaninglese—, but thst At proceeds from indistinct to sent, Frou undifecntted to diffrenated, incoherent to coherent. | have serittn far more about dhe inteepetation of the Obelisk Tell than ean be repeated hore (Lathrap #071, 1973, 1982). The only apparent parndon in ny easier anerpretacions (Lathrap 1975 96) ie Wat the Great ‘Cayman ofthe Water and Underworld ought 0 be female and represent ‘hoe ad regeneration, yet ae cay asthe pens. Tis ecm 3 paradox ‘nly when viewed fot oat teadion. The ubiquitous South Americ tmyth comestnng te ane when women di have the penis, and how thelr and maintenance gave rset al of the ceremony surrounding male Initiation, immediatly comes to mind. ‘The emotional valenees ae :s50- {Gatos which Peter Roe (198s) har ecenly nonimared make his assign tment of organs sensible, especially when one is desing with the st Unfolding ofthe universe The wppr al ofthe universe was ncaly are "troctare while the lower half was pare eacrgy and proceatve power. We teed only note tht the properly cvized Detana man Reichel-Dalmatoff {78 tdealy hae partially reteicted testicles and 1 small penis Hei ee Ubiquitous forest demons, totally cresture of the lower Bal, who have Jews Imuge penes and massive testicles so pendulous shat they ate swung agsinat the burreses of eeibe tres to send signal mages “rhe only interpretation that {have sleady promolgsed (Latheap 1973 ‘}-p4) and that Tshould now Bike to setae cerns the notch a the top ‘of Obi Tello and the silar notch at the top ofthe Lanzon, feature repeated on 2 number of the salt seuptures fom the Tiscacs Basin. | ‘would now profer to say thatthe notch designates that the stone a ety powwerfal "bar magnet" for supersatiral poster. ‘One other icon on the Obelisk Tello should be discussed: the circle ‘within the aotchedaquze which occurs om or near the notch athe obs (fig. 2, upper centr). Is iaterpretaion & essential to the rest of the Adscasson. This crcl represents an once in the membrane bercen the Upper and lower halves ofthe univers dough whichis lowed te fe Df supernatural power. In 2 sense, ie could be any ofthe orifices of the Jaguar, ba I believe es the mouth ofthe jaguar Pater, represen the ‘ofular depressed courtyard sithin the rectangular arms of he ceremonial enter. The direct comparison with the jaguor mouths at Chaletingo (Grove 1968) is eppropeiate and demonsiates «historical nity. Ie estab likes the exh surface membrane 2s indisted om the Yauya carving (Pig. 3). As a point where the power potedal of the cosmos ean be sesuate,i¢ becomes 3 site a the cosmic cece. I fil sgiicance is petecly bounded by the Quechua tet ashi, 30 heveefrth we wil dlengaate by that tenn We ean then conclude that one of the ways thatthe Central Andean ‘evemonil center Fnetioned eo deflect and focus the Bx of superstral poster was throogh the arangement of uso (ole im the seorld mem Fran} and “bar magnets" within he appropriate atcitecal frame. Ths ttsn of thought i wort paring + bt farther, The well-enown sunken courtyard at Tahuanaco is marked by 2 all ceneally placed shaft and Several other selptares tet around i what sppeas £0 be a nonranm vay. All ofthese surrounding sulpeares are pre-Tiahuamaco, ba together they ropesene peculiar smorgathord of early Titecs Basin seugeare ‘once 19s). The power of Wheadey’s global theory suggests to me that sve might look for 3 good historical soalogy Tor ths arrangement i Soushese Asi Wheadey (1971 431-433) Woh quoting at length on thie subjece: ‘Analogous instances of capital cides focusing the supernatural power of 3 Kingdom ssithin their eneins and theretore sy Dolaing whole sates, are not dificalt cond ia dhe tailDeovald W. Latinsp world (Frankfort, al 1946: 12-13). One ofthe most instruc tive examples i fforded By the ceremonial and administrative ‘complex of Yasodharapurs, laid out by Joyavarinan VIl of Came bods 2 the end ofthe rath century Ab. The cotally stated femple-mountsin, known today asthe Bayon, consisted essen tally of central quincuns of towers, represeting the five peaks ff Mount Mera, axis ofthe World, surrounded by Fory-nine snller towers, cach of which represented a province ofthe em Dire. According t Paul Muss elaciston of the syeabolien | his struetare (1936, 1937), the chapels Below the smaller towers housed statues of spotheosred princes and local gods coneted with the provinces ofthe empite, so thi che Bayon a 2 whole onscitted 4 pantheon of the personal and oyional cles prac ted in the various part ofthe Kingdon, By thos aesembling them a the cred nis of Kambujadess, che poine wire i was posible to effect am ontological passage beeen the worlds So thatthe royal power was continually replenished by divine pace fom on high, Jaysvarman brought these potently compeve forces uader bis own contol “Ths | am suggesting that cach ofthe subsidiary sulptres represents the “har magnet," pivot, or ats mundi of 3 conquered polity. Dragging the “bat tnagnct” «0 Tiahsanaco and fsing ie power wih the power of sexe ss + mont appropriate symbal of canguest. and the geopolitical map ‘which sulted, through its accurate modshng ofthe whole congue sat. rade the fore ofthe conta pivot even greater fe cera that several ‘fone shafts sn sculptures wee in fc transporte from the Pears ees “Tiahuanaco (Donnan 1973-99), thus arguing tht the pivot of power was forcibly moved from Poca to Tiahuanaco st some porn inthe geopolt= cl history ofthe Trcsea Basin. This st of concepts would ave made a resonable prototype forthe Inca pracice of bringing the living heirs of recently congueted polite to Cuzz, Take seously the admonition of Maret (2914). We should be able to mode! the varios steps in the sequence from groups without ceremonial ‘omtrs to groups with cremonial centers tht are Branly obvious the atchicologial record, {wall atch mach 3 developmen Sequence, since Dele it will be wsefl as a background forthe concluding argument. The slob applicability of Whatley’ thoughts noggens to me tat cere 0 ‘eceusty to confine msc to South America biling sich sequence ‘We ate dicing te eeation and maintenance of pots of igh nage= ‘eopy inthe Feld of force of supernatural power 2 such points rater the Jaws secu surice of che world. As Adams points out mote claly than any Previous anthropologist the cst of maining smensly negensopic pois, ven the sezond law of dhermodynamics, i high and usually ‘sealating (Adams 1975) “The masks of the Boro sciry of Liberia seem fo me an idea place to bein ur sty ofthe deformation of sapermataral power 258 rltr to real pace over the earth's surface (Haley 1950) Visually the masks form a thveerored hierarchy. The simplest form repreents porta. of hving ten, and these mas are np ateraatve vessel forthe sul farce ofa {eeu ving male. A second group, sale in numbe, const oF aimal= human mixtures and concentrates a moderate amount of supeauural Force. These masks funexoned a5 middllevel buresucrats raring = sages, collecting tener, ct The top-level mash, che Go tafe = ome at icon of naked power as has ever boon sclpted. They represent Tongedeceased lineage founders, and thi package of supematsal power cquates ‘sith dhe number of generations clzpsed. plus the power ayuied fiom the hurran Blood stead on ther. Esch tte dhe obnorship ofthe mask passed on, usally from a man to his brother's son, the recipient btchcred his own oldest som and anaite the mask withthe bleed. The ‘initiated never saw the powerful masks om pain of deth, By day, and t che uninitiated, the vilges ofthe groups mantining the oro society appeased to be independent and ezaltaran, with the village hada appesting to have lle power eyond the ssl palaering, t= ‘bough he asually owned te loeal Ge ge But at night and wen te masks ‘were invoked, taxation, summary justice, and longedistance polit and ‘ilitary aepoiations were implemented over the ill geographical range of the Porosoccey, There was even a grading of power among the Go eso hse we are dealing wath a four-tee berarchy that implemented political and economic power over much of Libera Which power stractore more tuly characterized the evolutionary level of the several ethnic uits involved in the Poro she smug epaiaran Willge eadinan of the day, or the effective and autocratic masks of he righ? Ie is cven more sobering t the archacologist to reali, as Haley points out that not one tac of this complex hierarchy of power imple~ Imation could ever be recovered archacologcly (Hatley 190") Te as next sar to New Ginc, co the tml town on the mil Sepik River seudied by Gregory Bateson (1936). hs plate Vil, the Felaionship of the mens house to the carefully maintained recangul thince plaza cin be seen: nore the small entthen mound iy Front of the men's hou. The dwelling houses ae atvanged aeaty in the Bowe gi ‘dns back fom the ge ofthe pits and dbus ow of sight Heres 208Dinsld W, atiy pin which could be recovered archscologialy. This plan aac me Since i offers the best etinograplic analogy tothe Valdivia culture town ‘of Real Ale (Mateos n.d: Lathap cal. 1977). ‘Within dhe fain men's house ae atock-pled huge numbers of long nosed masks, two-tone signal gongs, preserved ancestral ac, and ocr forms of cescuonil parphernala. Each of these objects concetrtes 3 large amount of supernatural power. so thir combined eflet produces 2 imassive warp in the Geldof supernatural force, The maintenance of th Fores, however, could not be left 9 chance, so of the small mound in foot of the men's house the hends nd other butchered parts of enemies were deposited so a5 ro fed ce pivor (Bateson 1936: op. pl VI. ‘We should now turn to the New World and conncet this dctision to the subject of chis volume. The malas ofthe Turanoan groups, #0 per= cxpuvely discussed by bell (1977, md.) havea carious semblance to ‘he Ital men's house, but they af all-purpose suctores usually used as 2 wveling and only on appropriate ocasons consecrated wo become temple. We wall concentate instead nthe Preceramic ceremonial truce tres of the Huanaco Basin, These stractares ft our needs, since beyond done those and similar structores at Ua Gagada (Grieder and Bueno 198, 4nd this volume) and Aspero (Feldman mL, and this velume) are he ‘Bec historical antensdents of she architecture of the ais at Gaagay, The temple at Shillcot, though lose well preserved than the Temple of the (Crossed Hands, vas mach lager and appears to have been the conte pivot forthe whole Huanico Basin, This suggested both bythe lociion tnd sheer size ofthe constraction bat aso by the fact hat when the very ‘lest ceramics appear, they aze fr more diverse and stylistically sophio~ tated thre than the colat ceramics a Kotonk There a wide ange of “Tropial Forest fauna depicted, and, as Chiaki Kano (1979. zum ce 1973) has emphasized, ce jaguar represented in quant and in sia tions which in some ways anticipate cht of the Chav sty i the sit Tn even more fscinatig the clear depictions of trophy heads, which Jin some eases I believe must be tant (shrunken heads} ear chan fle ‘Sod trophy heads. Carlos Angulo Vales (1981) has recenly published fine monograph on Malumbo, a site on the Boo plain of the Magdlen i Colombia tit dates to around 10200 .c. Here, too, there are este ceramic models of tame designed for suspeason. It would appear then hae the late ate fr more ancient and Br more Widespread than one ‘would have gcse from their rather restricted recent ditibution, (They probably spread with the fse weave of Arawaan expansion sting as aly 2+ 3000 86) le well known that toe are power recrptles Sous (Gamer 1972), s the stock piling of tansr—or a ast ee representations Df tanta the temple at Shilacoto gives us another link i he ‘hain ofthe ewoution of power manipoltion we hive been studying (Garagay, t00, forine 2 sort of pivot for his paper. We have already seen that the sophisticated architrsral plan of the ais (Ravines and bell 17) has diet antecedens in a fange of Preeramic temples scatered ‘over much of Per But from where do the wings, which | hin ae the ayman jaws, come? If one works backward toward the boginnings of ‘cra architects in the Nev World onc showld evenly find an intentionally constracted pyramid of such insignficane size cha ie would bie had to sc. Thewe speciation fi to perfection she Valdivia It moun tinder the chime howe at Real Alto (Marcos nd). This Ecuadoran ‘mound was iotenional and in some sease sacred became there was a ‘lcring os conch shell rutpet under the eae enter ofthe mound. By Valdivia I this feeble beginning gencrated the lege over planed soe swith tr eareflly maintained plas (Lathrap tal. 197). This could well be the prototype forthe wings of La Florida and Garagay. alusough the fvolston fom Chuguiants has abo been suggested (Wists 1978-8), However, dhe Enaadorian plan scaler ‘The plan oF Garapay is typical af the catly ceremonial centers ofthe centtal couse of Pero. The ii ip of great snrret im that deta of the ‘odeling of the cayman mouths ete ate alost Mental to the dea of Scalpeual teatment on the mouths of the great cxymans on the Obelisk ello. The Ofendas monster bowls (Lumbrers 1971) share the sime sculpeural conventions. Even more inteerting from my point of i 5 the fact that the staway ascending into the next highest level ofthe temple, and presumably she next highest level ot sanctity, guarded by, or perhaps focused by. 2 pur of cayman heads with de se conventions ts the cayman heide om the Obelak Tell, inclading the eyebrow teat ‘ent But che feature that most impresses me isthe overl plan of the fhacare. The hack ofthe temple fe noe staight fine, but shows a series Df insets a both comers, 2 configuration which wo me suggest the shy fn the Obslsk Tello and on the Yauya sculprre. If this feaure were idiosyncratic to Gatagay, I wold no take this convergence seriously. But very one of the temples published by Carlos Willams 978-80) has precisy the same configuration, and the traces which emphasize chs onfiguraion a Las Haldas appear to be che most carfllyexceated par ofthe comples, on at last ro would seem from Grieders excelent 2 (Gyrs). Therefore 1 conclide thatthe base of each of thas temples i the Ihinge of a great jae, apd the wings, representing the elongation ofthe tooth rows. make this jae a cayman’Donald W. Latirap Ie the normal reaction of the modern sestem mind to reject the eu that ceremonial center out to lool Hike the cormos in general or (i [Nuclear America) cayman on parcel, The ralating and dichoroming tendencies we have leatcd x0 ‘well fons Descartes and New mike us fool that such a proposition ought to be “illogical” A fall reading of Whey, however, eaves me with just he oppose expectason, Most of smankind through most of hitory would have found the eapestaton “nor tal” while the Nascy lines aid the puma-shaped plan of Cazco suggest that ehit mode of thought was not naesn im ancient Pens, At any ae ask that you suspend judgmene unt we have looked at certain Mso- mena examples. T consider dat Ihave presented sulicient evidence (Larap 1971, 1973, 1983) to inceate tht she baie conmologial system of Meosmeries and the bssc cosmological sytem of the Cental Andes are closely related 2nd do in fac derive ffom the sme system Many ofthe early ceremonial ‘eners of Mesoamerica show element ofthe Andean achitecursl putea Aesribed by Cavlos Wills (1778-80, and this volume). The dep i volvement of the cayman in Olmes as well as Chavin iconography bas eon demonstrated repeatedly ‘With this background, ee look us biely at «few of he Lapa ste (Norman 1973, 1996). The merpeetaton of Guth Norman seems 10 me toclly convincing, although i not surprising that sce mote caymane tha he doce. My exon aprcemene with him serial snc, jst the ‘Obelisk Talo offers the most complete exposition ef the roeeayunfalé- ing ofthe universe into 2 Sky Cayman and 2 Water and Undertord Cay ‘man, sothe carpus of scalp from fps, long ith he Fao coffin fiom Palenque, offers the most complete discussion ofthe ceremonial center as 3 representation of the caymans jaws. ‘We wil look fist, as he ui, at Stea 1 (Fg. 4) ait we se the Loop of supernatural power which i the ra eyee, wih evaporation on the hee hand sie fhe panel, eansportaion across she top ofthe pana. and afl, 2gsine the mounesns of Chispar on se ghee sie ofthe panel. Thi ‘Sly the ides inherent n Carls Wiliams analysis Of atchitecrral plane fiven + moet apie presentation, The fame ofthe lapa stl the loop, the rope of supernatural power controling the rain cycle Se wor ong he th he Shy Coy hen he Macey Mie Forno eS E Se cate REN a snc mi mh. See Crema tore athe hae sep of yea 38 Joes Fp 4 Sel rom ep (ter Norma 199: pL 2)Fig Ste som epee Norman 173: ls) There ae instances in Lapa sculpeute in which the establishment of the exis mind within the Fame lastatd. Th ax mand the wore! ‘ciba/vercalseeyman, In one eas, the cayman i eeslistialysepresented, ‘while in others it highly styled, buen every cae tis the text nd font claws of the Great Cayman which, root, penctrate the cath membrane, dhs establishing te ais mand (Norman £976). Stel § (Fig. 5} sonography dhe most complex ofthe Lap ste, but only a fev fear of the fame ofthe pare nel engage ov tention ‘Ate top a is usal, we have the upper jaw and ice ot the agua. The Jaws copulate U, which forms the rest ofthe Fame, has pyramids in ts Bae 50 tht the whole fame expicily becomes a plan of «ceremonial center, ith these pyramids exablishingsightng lines on key point he compan, ‘There is certainly 2 srong implication hereof astronomical observation. “The rin cycle, ay demonsrsted in Stl, i asin given fll expression this fame, The fame i obviously also 2 Worheaded serpent. Less obvi- ‘ously, but I shink sll convincingly. te ey-eyebrow motif attached to the Fighthand vide of he fame tums ehe whole U ito a single mouth, the pws ofthe Gret Cayman Sela 12 (Fig. ¢) i simpler. Ip the center, a€ a point exablished by Sights ftom the pyramids depicted inthe base of the fame, st wo priests sending ap copa smoke fromm an incesario. At the 1p. a reais jpgwar return rin to the each from his mouth. A song atirmaton of the rain cyl ie again present, and again the frame i stomgly abled 3 the plan of cercmonial center, The U is again at ist glances tworberded serpent, but the eyecysorow mon is even more strongly marked ete, fd the squared eth ofthe cayman eam dhe hole U state jaws of he Grea Cayman Test there be any doubt, we will ake aJook a he Ii ofthe famous sarcophagus of Palenque (Fig. 7). The reaisially depicted man i under oing apothcois into» world ere. This eesti aces sanctified and pos tioned by the architectural fame, 2 falfced Gret Cayenan mash 2 he base wth to sde-vew cayman jaws at the sides. Takes the faming of the js ofthe Grext Cayman to localize and maintain + point of purest, ssnerty mm which sch as apodbeoss could transpire Tn ove Iswurcly and expsnrve testment > wide range of father documentation fron nie Mesoamerican att cul be cited Bot here Ul note only the five-fold cosmological model from the Codex Fajvary- Mayer sthich Norman (2976) and other Mesoamerican scholars (Heyden tin Genueop 2973.38) have elated tothe isues under decusion. Foul Further demonstrate dae de sme ofthe zap stele evolved inc ce Maya Tnoduciag Glyph In che demonstration we wold cvcrtally encounter the eins semantic busdle, fsb rope.” This idea Would seem stange ‘vere noe for same clear depcione offi rope m che at we have been studying. The ope of eopal smoke ascending tothe heaven ba fish rope: it inthe ope of spematral poser by which the word musrbecartioucusly imaitained and rebuik, Te snctifid hearths, of which we have seen 50 tan inthe volume, now become expiabl athe buen eqavalent of the Mays inconearso. The burning of wt (C. Earle Smith, petsonal cont Le Pri ed hs Gt id pc conic,Daa WY, LathaDenld W. Lathop siction, 1982) rather than tobacco oe cop, st fist seems strange, bit ‘erty of would produce 2 mst powertal fish rope. ‘Since my msture of ideas shout sel calories and nontaliic structs 4 somewhar controversial I will defend my positon by ending with 3 ‘quotation from Adams (1978: 299 Why must ave continue to be drawn (and, indeed, sometimes quartered) berween the mental and the material? The cazeer of ‘mankind should make clea ha alarecontinsourly resolves the Felton of the two by arbicrly asodating particular eller torly eld meanings wth certain energie, mterial frm. One ‘vould chink thatthe anthropologist, with his clam 0 the halis= te stay of man, would long since have accepted thot this ‘wholenets es int world that sat once symbolic and energet ‘This world incorporates tages, senetions, and mentite con figurations, aswell as mueciona and chemical material and ene etic inputs both ae necessary for dhe survival and wel Being oF than and hie soc “Taken collectively the specics survives and Aourshes by ft ting hese images of the world tothe real Roses of energy and Inateal Not every secety or seta docs tis sucesflly,pre= Iistory and hivory are ered with ever dubioueatempt. 1 sce no Witue in ising that We select between there things [Neither extreme poston is defensible ata poston the confit ‘berween them simply diverts people from seeking model that can keep the twa in perspective. Since the spice has succeded In ceeting and resolving these opposites, anthropologists should Zion t find ay to doi oo. 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