PROJECT ON

ZENER DIODE
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
For subject

ELECTRICAL NETWORKS

SUBMITTED BY

AKSHAYA GAOKAR 17 ET1

AKSHAY KOTIAN 35 ET1
CHAITYANYA LAD 36 ET1
SUCHITA NEGI 44 ET1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank our teacher, Ms. Aparna
Kadam, without whose guidance and
encouragements, this project would not have been
possible.
We also would like to take this opportunity to thank
the college for giving us this wonderful platform for
developing and presenting this project.
 INDEX

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• OBJECTIVE
• THEORY
• CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
• COMPONENTS LIST
• WORKING
• BIBLOGRAPHY
OBJECTIVE OF THE MINI PROJECT
Here we are designing a Zener Diode Voltage Regulator for Line as well as Load
regulation of dc supplies.

BASIC INFORMATION
Regulation:

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a

constant voltage level.

It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic

components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or
DC voltages.

Measures of regulator quality

The output voltage can only be held roughly constant; the regulation is specified by
two measurements:

• Load regulation is the change in output voltage for a given change in load
current (for example: "typically 15mV, maximum 100mV for load currents
between 5mA and 1.4A, at some specified temperature and input voltage").
• line regulation or input regulation is the degree to which output voltage
changes with input (supply) voltage changes - as a ratio of output to input
change (for example "typically 13mV/V"), or the output voltage change over
the entire specified input voltage range (for example "plus or minus 2% for
input voltages between 90V and 260V, 50-60Hz").

Why Zener Diode??

A Zener diode is a type of diode that permits current in the forward direction like a
normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the voltage is larger than the
breakdown voltage known as "Zener knee voltage" or "Zener voltage".
A reverse-biased Zener diode will exhibit a controlled breakdown and allow the
current to keep the voltage across the Zener diode at the Zener voltage. For example,
a diode with a Zener breakdown voltage of 3.2 V will exhibit a voltage drop of 3.2 V
if reverse bias voltage applied across it is more than its Zener voltage. However, the
current is not unlimited, so the Zener diode is typically used to generate a reference
voltage for an amplifier stage, or as a voltage stabilizer for low-current applications.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

COMPONENTS USED
1.Variable Unregulated DC power supply: (O-10V),
2. Milliammeter :( 0-10OmA),
3. Voltmeter :( 0-10V), (0-1V)
4. Zener diode (7 volts)

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

Regulation with a varying input voltage e (line regulation): It is defined as the

hangs in regulated voltage with respect to variation in line voltage. It is denoted
by ‘LR’.
In this, input voltage varies but load resistance remains constant hence, the load
current remains constant. As the input voltage increases, form equation (3) Is also
varies accordingly. Therefore, zener current Iz will increase. The extra voltage is
dropped across the Rs. Since, increased Iz will still have a constant Vz and Vz is
equal to Vout. The output voltage will remain constant. If there is decrease in Vin, Iz
decreases as load current remains constant and voltage drop across Rs is reduced. But
even though Iz may change, Vz remains constant hence, output voltage remains
constant.
Regulation with the varying load (load regulation): It is defined as change in load
voltage with respect to variations in load current. To calculate this regulation, input
voltage is constant and output voltage varies due to change in the load resistance
value. Consider output voltage is increased due to increasing in the load current. The
left sideof the equation (4) is constant as input voltage Vin, IS and Rs is constant.
Then as load current changes, the zener current Iz will also change but in opposite
way such that the sum of Iz and IL will remain constant. Thus, the load current
increases, the zener current decreases and sum remain constant. Form reverse bias
characteristics even Iz changes, Vz remains same hence, and output voltage remains
fairly constant.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• Reference books