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  • Plato Apology

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    Plato Apology of Socratese

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    Plato Apology of Socratese

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    167 tayangan14 halaman

    Plato Apology

    Diunggah oleh

    Pratap Barre
    Plato Apology of Socratese

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    dari 14
    PLATO, Five Dialogues Second Edition Euthyphro Apology Crito Meno Phaedo ‘Translated by G.M.A GRUBE Revised by JOHN Mt COOPER, Hackett Publishing Company, Ine. IndianaplisCambridge 2eoL » PLATO Socanres: Eher we were wrong when we agreed beloe, of if we ‘were ght then, we are wrong nom ure: That seem to be 0. Soctres: So we mas investigate again fiom the beginning what piety isa shall nt willingly give wp before lear thi Donat thik 4 me unworthy, but concentrate your attention and tel the tah, For you know it any man dos, and must not et you go ike Proteus, before yu tel me fou hao ler knowledge of pity ane pity you would never have ventured to proseute yur ol ther for murdet ‘on behalf ofa eran Forfar of the gods you would have been aad to ake the ik let you should not be acing righty, and would have been athamed before men, but sow [know well that you believe «you hive cleat knowledge of piety and impiety. So ell me, my good Eushyphvo, and do not hide wht you think is. Eyring: Some other tine, Sorts, for | am in hun now, and it time fr me to go. Soceares: What a thing to do my end! By ging you have cast re down rom a great hope Tha, that T would lea fromm you the ‘nature ofthe pious andthe impious and so escape Mle indent 16 by showing him that I had acquired widom in divine mates fom Euhyphro, and my ignerance would ne longer ease me to be eatle, and imsentive about such things, and that I would be bette othe est of my ie 15. Tn Gack mag Protas war wrt fad man of thes ho could lespanchanginghsfamandsocnape big quetioned Se Hoes, Oey sone 8M wc) APOLOGY ‘The Ago profane to eo ead ofthe cual speck thet Se dled in io defo othe al Tha lin make the uetion oft strity more out than nthe logue In whch the comenaton hence re mat etorl andthe queston of erty concer ony ith Bow fr he this tht Sats Ieproented ot exponng were theo these Sosate Ho, weer ar deling with serch tot Sorts made a mater sf tory. How fr Plt account scat? We olds Teen that he ances did ot pec! aecray the toy wed. On the othe hard, Plato mae clear tht be wc rent the l(t 38). Mave, fo general Ble, {he Relay was writen nat lng fer he vert, any Aber ‘ould rome tual oech, end woud Be poor ey fo Yindizte the Mer, bch the bout, put comple Sift peck ints mouth. Soe ier ald no da be Allowed, ute man amen and the eee oe of he eos mt ny be atl the original. The Bey of lnguge end ile cotay Pata’, bt the wee tal nd orl Bey of Character blogs o Sort. Ito power onbinaton Athens ane wee een tee 30, en hy combined he dio ry ord dg ae bo th by at Contig and seeing Obi i nul hav re ally impale fr reo Boyt dic ars pales rd decide trvone. The probe wor aed rather meat weer y hrng the prior fer covtion, es th penalty be theugt ‘propre flowed by a contr amenment by he edt. The fry mul then decd etcen the to. Thi prc gen ‘Re fr moderation th side “Thus he Apology in depart. Theft and moor at ite sain spac (17035), flowed by te contrast 3538) 1, The word apy sa wearin, ota tanto, the Gre pli, ‘ch mens dose There cers athing apalogti shout th sper, a 2 PLATO. and inal, at wordt the jury (38-424), both to thee who wed forthe death sentence and howe who voted for ecuit eMac 1 do not know, men of Abens,? how my accusers affected you foe ‘ne, Iwas almost carried away in spite of ysl, 50 perwesvely did they speak And yet. hardy anything of what the said te, OF the many tes they tld, one in particular surpried me, namely tat you should be exefil nat tobe deceived by an sceomplished spear Ike ‘me. That they were not ashamed tobe immediately proved wrong by the fics, when I show myself not to be am accomplished speaks at all, that T thought was most shameless on thei art—unles indeed they call an accomplished speaker the man who seals the tt I ‘hey mean that, T would age that Iam an oatoy, bu not fer thet ‘manner, for indeed, as Isy, practically nothing they sad wat tue Fiommeyou wll earthe whle wath, though nt by Zeus gentlemen, expres in embroidered and syed phates like thei, but things spoken at random and expresed inthe rt words hit come to mind, for put my rst the astice of what ly, and let none of you expect anything cle It would ot be Siting at my age, at might be or young man, to ty with words when | appear before you One thing I do ask and beg af you gentlemen: f you hear me making my defense inthe same kindof anguage a | an actsored to use inthe marketplace bythe banker tables where many of you have heard me, and elsewhere, do not be supied or ees distur 2 Jurors wee selected by lot oral he le citizens hit yea o ago lier no ate tenses ote gre yf ec. They neared Ssrepesentaies ofthe Anan pope snd ie Menon dese net ike Src, ey jdgd oo Bela othe wl cen ly wheter et ‘hein had been undermined bythe ces bhava Hence Scat ca aes tem ai be wee aéeeing the ppl of Men ged ‘clr the pri ofthe deocsy apt igh pron (et fr ecmpl, 2a 32d. Sortes adc the ur oem of shen” ‘ater thn mpoying the al ad fle teen he a ar Niles dot 26 Ata he explain thal ony hse nh eed Sa ‘km dvr that hoes, 3. The asker or mone-changen hl tht coonte in the map. seems that ths was oe pe fo gop. arowocy B bance on that account. The postin this: This my rst appearance ina lawcour, st the age of seventy; Lam therefore spy anger tothe manner of speaking here Jat 2 | were ely sang, ou Would certainly crease me iT spoke in that det and manner in hich Thad been brought up, 0 too my present request seems ‘one, for you to pay no tention to my manner of peech—be it eter fr wore bat to concentete your anion on whether wht I sy just or not, for the exellence fs judge isn this a that of speaker isin ling he th itis ight forme, geademen, to defend myself it aginst theft lying aecuations made aginst me andy Gist accusers, and then against the ate accusations and the ltr aeciners. Tete have Been ‘many who have accused me fo you for many years now, and none of thei accusations ate tue. These [ear mich more than I eet Anju and his fends, though they too ate fermidable. These eae one, however, ate more 0, gsllersen; they gt hold of ot of you fom iuldhood, persinded you and accused ee ley yng that there isa man elled Socrates a wise man, astdent ofl things in the sky and below the earth, who makes the wone argument the stonge. Tse who spread that mor genlemen, ae ny dangerous accusers, for thee heats belive that tase who tay hee things do rot even believe in the gods Moreover, thee accurate numero, and have been at it Tong time: as, they spoke fo you at a0 ag¢ ‘when you weuld mos realy believe ther, some of ou being child and adolescents, and they won their eae by deal, a1 there was no defense Wht is most absued inal this that one cannot even know or ‘mention their names unex one of them a wnt of comedies Those who maliciously and sanderuslypersaded yon—uhbo alo, when petuidedthereler then pervaded athers—all hoe ate mest dif ult to deal with: one cannot bing one of them into cout or refit Fins ene mus simply ght th siadows, a twee, in making one’s defense, and crossexamine when noone answer, [want yout elize tao that my acever ate of two kinds thove who hve secued me recently, and the old ones 1 mention; and to think that I ut fst ‘etend myself agit the lates, ory have sso eat their acesations| fis and to uch gate extent than the more resent 4 Ths is Asaph, Soca refs below (5) tthe haa Scr ‘he Clouds (235 8), Bt podced fn 23 a 4 PLATO Very well then, men of Athens. mt srely defend mye and tempt upot om ou i nv shine the seat Is resided there so oop wh th ay happen yy eter for ou and me nd that ny deere fay Fe sce be think this ve tical and {am fly aware of how delet Ere sole the mater proceed the god nay wish tI to the law and make my defense, Ce ef Lats then le up he ebm is beginning What isthe secs: fon im which ae the sander in whe eles ted en he oe ut the chage agit me? What i they when they danred ‘me mas they were ay acl prostate he sides they would have sor. Tt ger something te: Soca gully of wrongdoing inthe beh iying thing inthe sy and {elo the eat he mas the woe note stone emer and te teaches theese thing tothe, You have sen ths yous the comedy of Artophanes, 2 Soc winging hm there ayn he was alingon sand ings to other nena sbot gs sf wich V new nobing aa 80 oo speak i contempt of me Inoweige fsomeone wen hse thingy ket Melting cites apt me~bot,genlemen 1 have no pat nando fein ell pon the soy of ou a witness tik ttt et ‘thee ofou who ne ead ne comer, many fa ae Should el ach ober any one of you has et heard he cnn ‘uch ubecs to any extent a al Pom thi you wl ea hate ther thing ai bot me by the majo a ofthe Same ind ‘Not one of them iste. And ify hive head om anyone ht undertake to teach pope and charges ofr that tbe ee Yet tiki ite thing to beable to tech people Gorge Leet doe, and Prades of Cos and Hipp of Eli Bech of thee men can go to ayy and persia the young she ca hsp company wah ay oe af thet ov flow crs ey want we ‘ing fo nv te company a ths, oy uth enace py 5, Tho were all wellinowa Soph. Gopi. ae whom Pio named one citi opus naa elebted hetero pd ache of etic He ane to Athens in 427 nc, nd hha cs took te ely y sn Tos dlalogcs theater of hich haben Gab are ane her ipa, ‘wwe inowlege was eneclopedi Produ ws known fr ns nen ot ‘he preci mening of wots, Beth be snd Hipp ae chante n Peta (named ser sate mows Soph Aroocy B them fee, and be geil to them bee. ded ame that there & another wie man fon Pasa who sing fr et 3 san wo has pet more omey on soph needy ee put teeter Cala, the tn of Hipponicos Sota hime has oo ‘Callan ii yurton wre ofc cul rd {nd enpige aspen forthem who would make hem cen het proper gui some hone rede or fame: Now see they se then thom oyu ne indo supense ent Who on ep inthis ndof esas, the homer adi kind th you ast have gen hoght oti sine you hve on thee seh «pero Tait Sri herent Ceri the head. cWhe he sale“ Wats ame, where he fom? Ad wal hse “His ‘ame, Scat, it Ever be cme om Pro and hi fe se tn I thgh xen hyp man ely poesia tnd teaches no nderte ae, Cail would pe sd pret tml ad ths Knowl, bl Ido nol eve gener ‘ne of ou might perp interme and ay Bet Soca, what iyo ception? From ter hae se anes come? Fst iffou di ot by your with something out the commen, ll tha ramorand lk would st have sen les jou ad nein ther than mst peopl, Tell wht thal we ray et ek Stave abut son Aajone nh sy teem oe iid] willy toshow you wba henner reptaon and se Lien then Pap te o ou wl ik | ing, br be at that that shal ye. What ha ened my epiatn roneset than ceain ind ef wid. Wha! kd of on? Han ido, petaps maybe fat {realy pone th wl tote hr | me Sone tno eww wore moth mae eo jpn or! ceil donot pone i and whuee ye 1d ivngand petiole me Dot cre dtirance, ene, ven if ou th sm boning forthe soy T salt dare tral ith me, bt wl elt you ow source 1 ll Cal upon he od a Deg a wines to the ented wate of ty dob nich You know Chasen, He wa ny end from youth ad the fend af nt of yo Re shared jou ene sed 6 Ais eqused 10 dace In Sct ne one daha wa he daly age of daplaborer. So Even een» core wt. The god Apollo sine at Deg, wheres nce wee lveredthrgh the oa sete the "yon % PLATO your return, You surly know the Kind of man he was, how impulive jn any course of ation. He went o Delphi at onetime snd ventured to ak the orcle—as 1, gendemen, do ot create a diurbance he asked if any man was wie than Land the Pythian replied that ‘one was wiser. Chaerephon is dead, but his brother wll esti to ou Shout thi Consider hat el you this because I would infor you about the ign ofthe slander When I head ofthis reply Vasked sel “Wha. cer does the god mean? What i his riddle? Iam very conscious that Tam not wise tal: what then does he mean by saying that | nthe vse? For surly he doesnot ie; i at glia for him to do 0° Fora longi Iss at low ahs meaning then {very loca turned fo somesuchimvetigation a this weno one of those puted is thinking that ther, if anywhere could ete the once ad oy to i "This man is wiser than T, But you sail Twas" Then, when f ‘ramined this man—there is ne need for me t tell you his name he sa oe of or public men—my experience wat something lke this | thought that he appeared wise to may people and expecially thief, but he as not I then tied to show im that he thought himself ws, butthat he wasnt As result he eae to dislike me, and so dl many ‘ofthe bystanders. So | witdeew and thought to myself “I am wis than this man itis Hel that neither of s knows anything worthwhile, but he thinks he nows something when he does at, whereas when | do nt now, neither do I hink I Enon; I am likely tobe sr than he to this small extent, that donot think now what do ot know = ‘er this [appreached another man, one of those thought t be wie than he, and T thought the sre thing and s0 Tene tobe disliked bath by him and by many others ‘After that [proceeded sjtematialy | realied, to my sonow nd alarm, that Iwas geting unpoplay, but I thought that fms tach the greatest importance to the god's oracle, 201 mst gy fo all those who had apy reputation for knowledge to ceaine ts meaning, And by the dog. men of Aensfoe mt ell ou the uth lenperineed something like this: In my nsession in the service ofthe god | found thal those who had the highest reputation were nearly the mest deficient, while thoe who were thought to be inferior wete more Knowledgeable st give youan acount of ny joueyingy fey 5. cura dh oxcsnally wd by Sota, apes in Gris (800 “yt deg he gd fhe Extn in ong for APOLOGY n sa ha dt pete ce ne, ts he itcan, I wet to the oct, the writers of tragedies sn dy {nd the ole, tending inter ene to catch mypel being ore ignorant han te. S01 tok up thn pms th which they seemed ‘Shae tken mot touble and sted them what hey mean onder ttt nigh tinea ine lea someting fom he am sand toll yoo theta, gelemen, bot Lima Alstal the taney tight fave explained te poo beter Han ther aus oul soon tealired that pots do not compore thet poems with named, bot By some nom lent ad by inpration, ie re nd prophet who aloosay many Boe tgs wiout ay undenanding of hat hey). ‘The pose ceed fo mete have had ser pence. the te tie an tht Bec ofc ot, they tough thems ey tres ten in eher rope, which toy wee nt So here agin T Tithdew, inking that had he same adrntage oer them a hed Ther the police Finally T net to th craftsmen, fr 1 was conscious of knowing roca nating and Knew tat wed fd that they had ow lg of many fn things In thi war not mistaken; hey kre thing 10 not know and to that extent they were mie han LB nen ef Aer he ol safe eed ean ese the oat each of ther, Bees f hi sacra i ca thought hil vey wien ther most important pot, and ths enor af then overhadowed the wom hey hays that {ated yl on behalf the once, whether shoud prefer tbe Lam, with neibe thet wisdom norte porance ot have both The ner | ge inl andthe orc was that twos fo my advange to be am Ms rel of ts iovesigaon, men of Albena faequied much unpopular ofa ind tht bad to eal wth andi hear urn, tnmy dane care fom these people nd eptaton for wisdom fern each coe the bstanden thought Bat I elf posesed the ‘doo tat proved that ny ntelocir did ot hae What rb ‘ie genlemen tht int the gods wie and that hs oral ‘espnse mea tha human wads woth to ohing ond hat ‘then hese hist man, Sorts, he rng my nae a exam, Zsifhewaid“Thisiman among you, moral ws wa, ie Soc, {indetads ht hi wade wordlen” 8 ren now continue th Investigation the god bade mead go around seeing ut anyone, ‘Szen or atangen shor tha ws, Then if oot thnk he ome tothe atnce of he god and show hi that he nt wie * PLATO. Because ofthis occupation, Ido ot hae the sre to engin publica toany extent, or indeed olook ster my om, bat ve Im get poverty Bene oy seme tthe gd. Frrhemoe, the young men who flow te round oftheir own fee wl thse wo have moter, the sono the very ch, tke lesie in heting people guestoned: the teches oe inate Ine and yt question athe hik they find on abundance of men tho baie te he some lnowledge but oe a eng The {esl that thse whom the question ae ang, not wih hens atwth me. They o-"That man Socrates ssn lw corps the young" ones thm wt he dts and what he tesches to corrupt them, they are silent they do ot kno but 0 at appear tos, they mention those actions that oe arable aa All pilsopher, aboot "hing inthe by ad things below the cath, about “not acing inthe gd and “aling Ue woe he sronger_ argument they would not sant tell the rth. Fm sue that sy ive been proved yc knowledge when they know nating ‘These people ateabitoo vlna nareroostheyare cons and coming ing shouts hy have ben fling our eno 2 ang ime wth Semen slander aunt me. Frm hom Nee Stacked me, and Ayr and Lycom, Meer being vexed on beh ofthe pos, Anus on etal of the crauen a he poi, {con Beal ofthe orton so tata Isard out by spn shoul be spi i eau id you so much lander soc 2 time. That men of Athens, the uth for you. Ihave hide Siguved ning I know well nought he vey conduct makes ‘me unpopular, ad thi pot thst what ys te, thal ach 3 he Slander gins me, and that ch ae cater Ifyou loki tt Sith now otter ths wha yo wl fe Lath sce asa defers agai the hares of my eater acs. ‘Aer this stl yo defend mela Meletas that gol and fai man ae my he and my iat ase Ath ferent It of acts, let ur apn tke up te wor depen I {pes omatng he: Scrat ily of comping the Foun ‘hot being i the god n whom he ci elses, bun ht new spinal thing. Such i Weis charge. Letts cain pat Ft tam uly of young, sy that 1am gully of comping the young. but sy hal Melts guilty ofdeaing ilo withsvowsmater, of neon ‘by Bringing people int cout, and of profsng to be tery con arovocy » ered wth hing about none of which he has ser cred, nd shall ty to prove tha tha wo. Come here and tel ne, Meh. Suey You easier i of the gett importance that jung men be fod s posible? — Indeed dn ‘Come then, tlhe men who mprovethem. You sbviowykrow, in view of your concem. You sy you have discovered the one who Conrps them, nay me, and yt wing re here and acu me fo these men, Come infrm these men an tell tem who its who impones them. au ee; Melo that you se sent and know ot chatty Doe ths not sem shameful to you anda ulin prot ‘teh sy that you have at be concerted with nyo ts? Tell ‘ne my ood sir, who improves or young men? ~ The lave. hat ot what asking bu whl pen who has Knowedge the lant begin wth = These jmen, Sots How do you mean, Melts Ae thes able to ees the young ad improve ther? ~ Cel. Allo hem, ot some bt ot the? — ll of hem ‘ery goad by Hera You mention a gat abundance of bento But hat about the audience? Do they improve young ono? = They do, oo ‘What about the member of Coun! — The Coun, aa. But Mele, what about the sem? Do members ofthe sembly corp he young, of do tel mprove then? ~ They improve them “A the Atenas, sens, sake the young it Be good se, xcept me, and alone corp hen Irtht whet you mean? ~ Tht ‘Son deiely what Tea, "You condenn me ret misfortine, Tell me: oesthis ako spy toborey do yu tink? Thatall men pone hes and one nda omips hem? Or fie the conta te one india able 0 improve them, or ey fe, namely, te hoe breeder, wheres he sao, if thy have orc and ue hem, corop the Is that nok thee, Melts, bth wih bone ad ll ther ania? OF course 9. Sct he drop in eu mtb of dicosion by gueion and snot Th, na dou wt Po had ind a eat pa, hen be tne im wk the indlgence ofthe ay he poe “in his wl manner 10. The Cate was ad of 500 men elcid anally yl tt prepared the agenda for meetings Othe acl ad ogee with te mapa ‘andthe pe bse of Athens (On the ately ec te a Eat poe) wo PLATO. ii whether you and Anyts sys not. It wld be a vey happy stato as only one pon compte out youth, whet aten improved them "You have made it suficienty obvious Melts tht you ate never had any cone fo our out; you show your ndiferene lea ta rau hve gen noth oe ast wich oe ig me And by Zeus, Mele, tell abo whether itis beter fr aman o lise among god or wicked fellow cz, Anove, ny ood tan Tam not ashing deal question. Do not the wicked do sme har tothe who are eer closet o them, whereas good people bent themt — Cena. “And des the man exist who would rather be harmed han benefited by his ascites? Answer, my gpd i, fo tela orders you to ae. thee any man who wants ob harmed? ~ Of couse not (Come now. do you acese me hereof comuping the young and sain them wore delibestely o ning? Delbert ‘What flo, Melens? Are you so mich wer t your age han T am at mine that you undertand that wicked people vaso ome har to thei clones neighbors wile good people do therm goed, but have reached such 4 pch of ignorance fat donot rice th, namely that i make one of my ssociates wicked Iron the rok af Being harmed by him that do sch great evi eibertely, you sap Ido not believe you, Mele, snd donot think anyone eb wil Ether do not comp the young on if otis wing, and Jou are hing in eter case Now i comp them unwlingy e fw Aes nt require yuo bring peopl to cout fr ach unwing wrong aig, bt to ge ol ofthe pense, to isc them ad eet them for cleat la beter, sal cease fo do wha am ding ‘ulin. Yo, however, have sed my compan and were ul ing toisruct me but ou bring me hee, wher the aw teu one tobring those wh sen ned of punishment nto nstion Ando men of Aes, what ander ive: Mle has nese ‘been tal concerned wth thet ten. Nonetclestel uy Melt ‘how you ay hat eomptthe ong rites om your depen that tis by aching them nto Belee in he gods in wom ey telicves but in ober new spit things ets not wht you sy 1 ‘each and oconupt them? ~ That tot crainly what oy ‘Then by thw ery gods about whom we te alg, Mee, ne ths cleret to me atd to thse men T eno bese nhc you apoLocy a mean that Itech the belie that there ae some gd therefore Tiel Beles that here ate gods and am not atogeter an thes ‘nor am Fully of that not, however, the gods in whom the cy believes, bt other, and that thi the charge agaist me, tat they ste others, Or wheter you mean that I da net Believe in gods at ll Sd that thi what teach to others — Tiss what mean that you ‘do not ele in gods at al You are sang fellow, Meletws. Why do you sy his? Do I not belie, av ater men do, hat the sun andthe toon ate gud? — No, by Zeus, geilemen ofthe jury for he sy ha he son sr atone, and the moon eth My dar Melts, do you think you are prosecuting Anaxagoras? Are yout 40 conlemptuoss ofthese men and think them 40 ignorant of Teter at not to know thatthe books of Anssagorss" of Claomense ane fl ofthe theories, and fhe, that the young men lean from ‘me what they can uy fom time to time for + drach, at mst the Bookshops and ridicule Socrates fhe pretends that thee theo ‘ate is own, expecially as they are so absurd? Is that, by Zeus, what you think of me, Melets, that I do not believe that there are any gods? That what ay, tht you donot belive in the gods aa. You cannot be believed; Mele, even. I think, by yourself. The ‘man appa tome, men of Athens, highly insolent and uncontlled He eemsto have made this depaton ovt of iselence, wolenee nd soutful zeal. He slike one who composed a riddle and is tying it ‘ut “Will th wise Socrates realie that | am esting and contacting te orshalll deceive himand ther” ink he contradicts imsel in the afdait hesid: “Socrates gly of not elon sn pods ‘ut believing in gods” and surely ati the part of jester! Examine with me, gentlemen, how he appear o conrad insel and you, Meets, ansuer us. Remember, gentlemen, what I asked you when I Began, nt to eves» deturbance HT proceed in my ‘oul manne. ‘Doct any man, Mele, belive in human activities who doesnot believe im hurans? Make him answer and not agin and again create 11, Anatgaes of Casa, tom abut he bganing fhe 6h entry 1, came Athens young man abd spent hs ie the pus of ‘il pilowpby He clined hat he unten ns deed by Not Ming) nd that mater war nds bt snap combing aos He tet ters ae being preseted fr inp 2 PLATO. 4 dturbnce. Diet any man who des not ee one line ‘a homerens activites? Orn Butplying ats ot in Bas yen? No, ny good siz, no man col yu ae ol ling {nec vl tellou and hee men, Answer fe wet quan Ro «ver eta man beef api ates who de eee in pitt — No oe ‘hack yon fo awesing reluctant when these getemen made yoo. Now you uy Bat I Believe in spiel hing ed tee a them, whether ne rl, bt t ary te spl hing acoding hat you sy, and this you have mom ia our depaon Bat Sele in spitting mt quite eit pts. tha nots indeed all sume ht Yo agra 90 eo over Do we not bebe spi tobe eer gator ie Sie of Bed? Ves or not ~ Of cours “Then since I do elie In prs, a you ait if int ae god hiss what mean when ny ou speak nie andi eee sate tat do not aie in got an hen gin ht | ice ‘ete in spit onthe other and tessa chien othe fobs chien ofthe gos by nymph or ome let tie, SS the asd obey what man wotld bev chien th pos {i bt not gn That wold be jst abo elie yong ‘f hones and ses, namely mile, oe, bt a elt fxence of hore and ace You most have made ts dposon Melis te tte or becane yu were tas oad ony a ongoing of which to aecte ie Thee Eo yin whih po Could pene anyone of nen sal ineligence that ts foe or Ste andthe sue man tobe inspite bu not as de thing and then agin orth se anf bles nee na va eo ns lo think, men of bens, hat requ polanged dense to pore tat aoa ply ofthe charges Mel Seen to the suet On oes ha ou ht ht a rir ite tht Tam very unppolr with many pope Th wl bs {nding iam unde nt Ml er Abe ae oh et of many people This has destoed many oes goed men snd wil think contin do. There dager at tl op tne rose mt ofr yo faa ae loved the ind of cepa tat edo your Delgo ie f death” Hower, [sould be ight to tepy ohne ora aoe, Sif you think ht a an who any goed wall ould ae Re Account the rk fie death he shuld lok to's ola he APoLocy 8 tons, whether what he does ight wong. wheter he acting Tita god or bad nan’ According your new te hee he ied at Troy were nero people, expecially the son of Tet who at ‘> ontempus of danger ampared with Gage” When he was age to kl Her, hs ges mother ware hn, 61 ble, fame sch word a the "My ci, you svenge ic death fo Comade Patol ad you bl Hee, you wil de youre our deaths flow immediatly afer Hers" Hea hi he dered death and danger and a much mor dt le 4 coat wh id no svengehfends “Let me die at once” he sa, “when once Ihave gen the ongoet hi deers ter tan remain here, 2 Jaughingtock by he cave ship, a burden vpn the eth” Do on Ahink he gave taught death nd ange “his nthe th fe mat, men of Abe: whee man has toes poston tht he beet be best or as chased by is Commander there he mt emuin and ie dang, wit 3 hough for Sat ot syhing i, ster than ge sould ave beena deal waytobehae, men of Athen at Poids, Anphip: IssandDelum, Thad at tek of dette soon ee, eared a my post here those jou had lected to ommand had odeed fd then when the gc ordered me, thought nd bed tone {helical plilosopher, to exmine yslfandohen had sbandoned ‘ny post for fer of death or ating ee Tal woud have been 3 fea hing and then Tmight aye fly bon brag ee {er mt believing tht thee at gods, dscbeying the ole feng dcathan inking wane wen wast To er death gene, ‘sno ate thant think one wise when one ot to think one know what one dosnt know. No oe knows wheter eth ay not berth rates of al beings fora man, et men ert thy he tht tthe greet of eke. And nur i the mos Blewoty ignrane to believe that one Ioows what one doc ot know I ‘Perhapr on th point and in this trp geen, hat ie fom the majnty of men andl weet lim hat am se tan syne inanyhing woul bein ti haa Tha osdeite knowledge cf things the under, 20 T not think {have do kn ower ht tis wicked ad shame o do wong ody one's Superior, beh god rman. shall never faa vod ings of which 1 ot kw, whee thy may ot be aed ther than hing at 12 The sane beeen Thi and chile or ted i 9 » ” PLATO nw be bd. Even you aegited me now al i ot elie Ants, wo mid you totter Taholah been og ‘teint plac, rth now tam ere you cama ona eae infor shod be ego, yore nl pce te tess oF Socrates ad all be rough compe ious tein we rez "Sucratc, we do otf Arg nove we sel so bat Sri on condition tht oa sped no etme on ths estan ind do ot pte phlnopy, and iryou are caught dang you Wal sn pou were fo aot me oe em cal $0 ou "Men of Neon, lsm gol andl an oor Bend. bat wiley the god rater han your and lng a Tw es sad dm able shal not ene to pct piso, w ecor youand yal xy to paint ot anyone fou whom happen meet ‘Good Sc you ate am Ahenisn sven fhe pete wh te reset retain fr bth wisdom ad pone te Youn seed SF your eager opoes a ach wel epi and hen ot fotil le oud not aero ge tought wom ah the bes pombe tae of your su Then if one a ou dps his ands des ne, hl a et i om one o ee bot Fahl queion him, sarin ims and thm nd 1 do a thik he ha tained the pode hat he yh ha hl repack him bens he aches le mporance the we inp ang an gear inpontanee nero ing sal wat ni ay tse Uhappen o met yong andl elten and sage noo the cers bea you re more ined fo me Be et ths wha the gd orden met do, and tink thee bn geste Bening fr they than my serie tthe god. Fr go and ding ang bot persian bth jong anol song fou mt fo ere fr sour Seay o our welh in preference ts song fhe st posle sat for soy you, Wea dos net rng at Erelnc, but excellence mer westh an even ee hed or ten bth nda cae ‘Now if by saying this | compl the young, this atic must be amb, but if arjone sy that | ge are abc, he tang roses On this print wold oyou, meno “Whee You eve Ano wheter osteo ma dow on te Udetanding tht hr my cone of ston ene fam ee i Aten i selene cool be tated: “Wealth dees nt bring ‘out excellence, but excellence bigs about west ad al her pble aod phate eng fren” arovocr % dent ay ines” Do crn tbc, geen sie Drm euch wa oat tat aye cae arse ae ad Tom shat ye ns Sesh il pn yo By nomen do he Bee soo hes eae) Tahu a me me Yoel Neer leer on ha ein a a he thn enor perme ver as ‘eitmed ys ene cera emg leo sen ‘ datche ne wichbe nd mm chen koe pe a tert no Tsk ke edn hal nach eer Congrats edong ow steningtanes an cacy. inden Anam fe naling’ de noo meh mg ec ft no pe os en rons mateing he go i you by corn Srfpokln ya lay ane Tah whist bh adouph eens hing a thon gel and tbl on hh somes dog once Finan snd acd tenieelap brates Fd some sc fiona lee plas pled ee oy {Meese rue nd eo a ee nd tcp aval lng anderep ser dmc. "athe such man vl not cutycome ang pene, anf here neyo lope me Yu pens ame eth te as people are whan they are sound rim a doe, and atthe Sot me famed by Roce i en then sou ol secpon bee your dane fe odin io et upc shea ae ind of on iin pt oy ou mah en ae et a {sec human ater me ne nesicted lly nn af Indiskne lteter oom Jee we acne th or aprncng ch oe ogo eer Sorel ben emi on caer os Now pot fin hsp capig he hr ny ace, te wu one ee ‘intro can yomches tt al fe sheen ae Sonn arse feet ber si nh pe bg End aioe tt Une ever eee or ed fon tami er hn hne Sos a Fgh tetany poy myn ngewe go around ad iets aie ry dimer np |S et et go te milan ee sie ty. Yuh ead ne pe ee 36 PLATO. fo thisin many places. havea vine ospintul sign which Melts thas eiiculed in his deposton. This Began when twas chi tba ‘wice, and whenever itself tums ne sexy fom something | 2m Bout to do, but never encourages metodo anything Th wha kas prevented me fom aking pat in pubic fain, an thik as quite ight prevent e- Be sure, men of hes that 1 had long 2goattermped toate part in pli iho have ed log ag, sd benefited neither you nor mye Do ot be ang with nee poking the tut; no-man wil snive who genuinely opposes youet ay cher ow and prevent the acsirence of many ents eg appening inthe ey. Aman whorl fight or astice mat end "te hte i ie fe ne en et tne shal give you reat proof ths, a words bt wha you eer, eds, Len to wat happened to eth ou may kno that ‘ot ilo any man conay to what ig fr aro dea en [FT Should dem once fo ot ing The things sal tl yo ste omnmonplace and snack ofthe lant, but they re eT hate never ha any ote ofc inthe cy bu ened aa member of he ‘Coane and ou tbe Antioch war peiding st he time when Jou ad ah etc oh ad ied op ye Sorvivs of he naval bate" This wa legal myo all eognaed intr Twat he on member ofthe peng smite pre your doing something contny othe ws andl eed ast The Grats wet realy to rset mean te me say an your sho ‘ere aging ther on but I hough I should um any ek on these ‘law adic ter than in you fr fen of pio death hen Jou were engaged in a ut couse “This happened when the ely wa ll» dmocncy, When the cligarchy wat exabled, he Thity summoned mete the Hall slong 14 This was the bate of Aine (au of Leno) in 405 ne, the ‘benny ofthe wa Avent soon peed te Athen gers ‘om ecg ter cro ot ths hey ner ed in Ah sa sence {2 dah by the asenly. Thy were ed in body and i thse hich Scr abjeced in the Coons presiding commie which peated he busine fhe awembly. He btnatey peed ht opention oh hich be tod lane, an wa vee by he joy. Sx ger wh wae in ‘Alhens were xed 15, This the han lg ht asset up ae eS deft of Athens ‘by Spann te Feloponesan War in 408 and at raed Athens forse ine mow a 44 ele th deocay wa esd aroLwocy a with four thes, and ordered ust bring Leon fm Salami, that he Ing be ected. They gave many such order to many pope 0 irdeto impiate2y many as pou nthe Then | showed ein, non word ut chon tha ft were not aber aga to ‘37, death something cold ct le about, t that my whole Sncesn ato do snting unt or mpi Tht goverment evel wit way, did ot igen me tos wonging When we TE Hal the ote for went Slama og Lean, bt Tent home might have Been put death fo his ad no the fevernment fle shorty sensor. There te many who wl wines fotos vet Da you thin woud base nivel thee yea wer engaged in pie afl ane acing god man mua came fo the eof Fie and comidered hs the mom mp thing? Fat fom i en Uther would any ter nan. Togo my many plc Sct {ay have engaged nm he sane men an private ie Thave never ome fo an arecment wh anyone tact nt, either hanya ce nor ian one ofthe who ey ander ‘Svar pop Ine never bee anyone's teacher anyone yu ted, due fost ome nen ta iain desing wh Shen concerns have never egadged this syone, But oot ome oben I ecche 2 fe and wot when Ido not Tam equal {end to question the neh andthe poor anyone wn oar try enti and liten to what lay. And Tanne ly be ed TCopnsble rte good or bud inc ofthese people, a never romeo teach im anything and ave not Gone anyone sp, {Rntchasennedanthing om northat he hetdanthing pate Matte the did thet red tha et linge ah “Why then do sme people enjoy spending onside mein my company? You have heard why, men of Men ave fd you the Stole tath They eney eag hse being qutoned who tik thoy are we, bl are not And thi not ungeset To do hs has yen enjoined pom me by he god y teas forces nd Same, adn every erway that a dne maneation has ever Sereda nant do anything, This, gnemen, and an esl fe esublaed. ees hove iFearpt ome young nen and hive compte ter hen rely some cf then abo hive pow let and eee that gue hem bad thie when they mete Joung shuld now themashes come wp ere to aceoe me and avenge hema. they were wowing do 50 theme then some of Het Hide, ti ter ot brother or % ra PLATO. other relations should real it now if hee fly had been harmed ‘by me, Tee many ofthese present hee, fist Cri, my contemporry and fellow demesman, the father of Crtabulus heey next Lyanis of Sphetus, the ther of Aeschines here; ao Aatihon the Cephisian, {he father of Epigenes; and others whave Brothers spent then tme tn this way, Notas, the son of Theozotides, brother of Theodotun, snd Theodtus has died so he could na inflsence bin; Pras hee, soa of Demodocus, whose brates war Theagesthere is Adelanto son of Aviston, brother of Plato here; Aantodorus, brother of Apa ora here could mention many others, some one of whom sutly Meleus should have brought in a witmes in his own speech, I he forgl to 4o 2, then let hm doit now T wil il ine fhe as anything of the kind to sy, You will ind quite the contrary, genilemnen, These ‘men areal ready to come tothe help ofthe corpo, the man who has harmed thei kinded, a Meletr and Anus) Now thon who ete corrupted might wel hae reason help me, bu the uncon, their Kindred who ate older men, have no reason to help me exept the ight and proper one, that they ow that Mle sing and that Ta teling the tat, ‘Very wel, genlemen. Ths, nd maybe other sii things is what have to ny my defense. Perhaprone of you might be angry a he reels that when he himself tod tral on ales dangetou eae, he ‘begged and implored the junymen wth many tear tht he bought his children and many of his fends and fail into cout to arouse 4 much pity as he could, but that I'do nane ofthese things even though I may seem tobe running the ultimate isk. Thinking of this ‘ne might feel resenfl towards me and, angry aboot thi cat his vote in anges. IF there is such a one among youl donot deem there but s'there tI think it would be righ to sy in rep My god si "to have a household an, in Homes phrte, | am not bon fom ‘oak or rack” but fom men, 50 that T haves family, indeed thee son, ‘men of Athens, of whom one isan adolescent wile ho ae chien Nevertheless, will not beg you to acquit me by bringing them here Why do do none of these ting? Not through arrogance: gentlemen, not through lack of respect fo ou. Whether In brave nthe face of eat i another mater, but wth reg to my reputation and youre and that ofthe whole city, it doesnot seem right to me to do these ‘hing, especialy 2 my age and with my epustion, Fort generally believed wheter it be re or fils, that in cei respects Socrates aroLocy cy supesior to the majority ofmen, Now iftho of you who ae considered ‘upetiog, be itn wisdom ot courage or whatever oer vic makes them so, ate seen behaving like that would be a digace Yet have sften seen them do ths so of thing when standing tien who are thought tobe somebody, doing amazing things af they thought ta tele thing to die, and asf they were to be immatl you gi not execute them think these men bring shame upon the cts that stange, oo, would assume tal thoe who ae autstanding invite ‘mong the Athenians, whom they thenches select fom themes to fil ofces of ste and recete other honor, are in no way beter than wore. You should ot et ie that men of Aliens those of ou who have any reputation atl and if we do, you should nt lla You shoud make it very lar that you wil mre realy coaviet aman ssho performs these pifl dramatic in cout sd so makes the ely @ Taughingtck han man who keeps quiet ‘Quite apart fom the question of repuition, genlemen, do not think eight supplieate the jury and to be aged beease of hi, but to teach and persuade them. I not the purpose of = jyenan’s fice to give justice a for fo whoever sets Bod to him, bt judge according tol, and this he har vor todo. We should not ‘ct you to prjreyousles, nor sald yo make a habit of ‘Tha is sreveret conduct fr eter of us. Do not dem tight forme, men of Athens, that should act owade you ina way that do nt consider to be god or jut ox ios, expecta, by Zeus as Lam being prorecuted by Meets here fr imp lay, if coninced you by my supplication todo violence to your oath of fice, I would be teaching you not o believe fat there tego, and ny defene would conviet me of at believing in the. This fr om being the ease, gentlemen, for I'do elev in them as none of ry accsers do. Tate itt you and the god o judge mei the wy that Wil be best for me and or you, the ary mnie it vert fui nd Masaki the enly ath ‘There ae many other ressons fr my not being angry with you for convicting me, men of thes, and what happened wa nat unexpected Tam much more supraed st fhe numberof vote cit om ech side foe didnot think the decision would be bys few oes but by great ‘many. AS itis, switch of en thiy votes would have scquted me "think mel tht have been elested of Meletar charge, and not 0 PLATO. nly this but clear tal that, Antus and Lyeon had not joined Fim in accusing me, he would have been fined a thousand drachnas ox not receiving ith ofthe votes He azeer the pealy at death, So be t, What counter assesment should propose to yeu, men of Athens? Clearly it should bea pena [ deserve, and what do I deserve to sulle o to py becatse | have

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