University of the East – Caloocan

Elementary and High School Department

HMA112
Statistics And Probability Reviewer
Final Examination
Royden R. Erenea

Normal Distribution

Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution

 The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
 The curve is symmetrical about its center.
 The mean, the median, and the mode coincide at the center.
 The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the distribution.
 The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis, always approaching the axis but never
touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic to the base line.
 The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents the probability or proportion or the percentage associated
with specific sets of measurement values.

Standard normal curve

μ= 0 and δ = 1

If Mean μ= 50 and δ = 4

The z values are matched with specific areas under the normal curve in a normal distribution table.
Therefore, to find the percentage associated with X, we must find its matched z-value using the z-formula.
The z-value leads to the area under the curve found in the normal curve table, which is a probability, and that
probability gives the desired percentage for X.

The areas under the normal curve are given in terms of z-values or scores. Either the z-score locates X within a
sample or within a population. The formula for calculating z is:

where:
X = given measurement
μ = population mean
σ = population standard deviation
X = sample mean
s = sample standard deviation

*Table Areas under Normal Curve (See the book page 55-56)

1
 Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean

Combination Formula
nCr = Used to identify the total number of possible samples
( )

Example:
A population consists of the numbers 1, 2, and 3. List all possible samples of size 2 from this population and
compute the mean.

List of possible samples and it’s mean

Sample Mean
1,2 1.5
1,3 2
2,3 2.5

Sampling distribution of sample mean

Sample Mean
Frequency Probability
(Ascending order)
1.5 1 1/3
2 1 1/3
2.5 1 1/3

Finding the Mean and the Variance of the Population

∑
μ=

μ= =2

∑ ( )
δ= δ = = 0.67

Finding the Mean and Variance of the Sample Mean

Sample Mean
Frequency Probability X ● P(x) X-μ (X – μ)2 f(X – μ)2 P(x) ● f(X – μ)2
(Ascending order)
1.5 1 1/3 0.5 -0.5 0.25 0.25 0.083
2 1 1/3 0.67 0 0 0 0
2.5 1 1/3 0.83 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.083

μ = ∑( ( ))
μ = (0.5 + 0.67 + 0.83) = 2
δ=∑ ( )2 = 0.17

2
 Hypothesis Testing

Statistical hypothesis – is a conjecture about the population parameter. This conjecture may or may not be true
Two Types of Statistical Hypothesis
1. Null hypothesis (H0) - a statistical hypothesis testing that assumes that the observation is due to a chance factor;
Denoted by μ1=μ2, which shows that there is no difference between the two parameters

2. Alternative hypothesis (H1), shows that observations are the result of a real effect; states that there is a difference
between two population means (or parameters)

Level of significance – the degree of significance in which we accept or reject the null hypothesis

Critical value – determines the critical and noncritical regions; a value that separates the critical region from the
noncritical region

Critical or rejection region – the range of the values of the test value that indicates that there is a significant difference
and that the null hypothesis (H0) should be rejected

Accepted or Noncritical or non-rejection region – the range of the values of the test value that indicates that the
difference was probably due to chance and that the null hypothesis (H0) should not be rejected

One-tailed versus two-tailed test

One-tailed test – shows that the null hypothesis be rejected when the test value is in the critical region on one side of
the mean; may either be a right-tailed test or a left-tailed test, depending on the direction of the inequality of the
alternative hypothesis
Two-tailed test – the null-hypothesis should be rejected when test value is in either of the two critical regions

Common Phrases in Hypotheses Testing

≠ is not equal to = is equal to
≠ is not the same as = is the same as
≠ is different from = is exactly the same as

< is decreased > is increased

< is less than > is greater than
< is lower than > is higher than

≤ is at most ≥ is at least
≤ is not more than ≥ is not less than
≤ is less than or equal to ≥ is greater than or equal to

The Critical Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing

-The observed value of the statistic (sample observation) is compared to critical values (population observation)
-These critical values are expressed as standard z values

3
 If Alternative hypothesis is

H1 ≠ μ H1 > μ H1 < μ

Common Z value
Corresponding
1-α α
Zα/2 Value
99% 0.01
95% 0.05
90% 0.10
The following are the steps in conducting hypothesis testing:
1. State the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (H1)
2. Choose the level of significance (α) and the sample size
3. Determine the test statistic and sampling distribution
5. Collect the data and compute the value of the test statistic
And determine the critical values that divide the rejection and non-rejection regions
Formula in getting the Z-test statistic: Z(α/2) =
√

Formula for T-test statistic T(α/2) =

√
6. Make a statistical decision
7. State the conclusion (Paragraph form)

Example:
The Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences states that the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of
iron for adult females under the age of 51 is 18 milligrams (mg). A sample of iron intake in was obtained during a 24-hour period
from 45 randomly selected adult females under the age of 51. It revealed that the sample mean ( ) was 14.68 mg. At the 1 percent
significance level, does the data suggest that adult females under the age of 51 are, on average, getting less than the RDA of 18 mg
of iron? Assume that the population standard deviation is 4.2 mg.

1. State the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (H1)
H0 = 18 mg
H1 ≤ 18mg
2. Choose the level of significance (α) and the sample size
99% α = 0.01 Z = - 2.33 left tailed Zα = -2.58
3. Determine the test statistic and sampling distribution
Z-Test μ = 18mg δ = 4.2 ẍ = 14.68 n = 45
5. Collect the data and compute the value of the test statistic
And determine the critical values that divide the rejection and non-rejection regions

Z(α/2) = Z(α/2) = Z(α/2) = -5.30

√ √

6. Make a statistical decision - 2.58 ≥ -5.30

Reject Null Hypothesis (H0)
Accept Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

7. State the conclusion (Paragraph form)

A the 1 percent significance level, the data provides/does not provide sufficient evidence to conclude that adult
females under the age of 51 are , on average, getting less that the RDA of 18 mg of iron.