There are two types of Articles

(a) Definite(the)
(b) Indefinite(a,an)

(a)Definite Article

Articles which points to some particulars person or

things.e.g The boy(it refers to a particular Boy and not any boy).

(b)Indefinite Article

Article e.g(a.an) which do not point to any particulars

person or things.e.g A Boy (it refers to any boy and not a particular boy)

USE OF `A`

1) Before words beginning with consonant letters.e.g a boy,a cat, a

teacher, a horse, a hole.
2) Before words beginning with consonant sound.e.g a university, a
unique, a uniform, a union, a useful article (Sounding You with
stress on `U`).
e.g a euphemism,a European, a ewe, a eucalyptus (sounding `u`)
e.g a one-eyed man, a one-rupee note, a one act play, a one-
match.(Sounding `wan`)
USE OF ‘AN’

1) Before Words beginning with vowel letters(a,e,I,o,u)

e.g. an apple ,an egg, an owl

2) Before words beginning with vowel sounds (f,h,l,m,n,r,s,x)

e.g. an hour, an honorable man,an heir,an honest man, an FIR,
an H.S.school,an L.E.A school,an M.L.A ,an NCC,an R.A.F,an X-
Ray.

USE OF ‘THE’

1)When we talk about a Particular Person or object:

e.g. The Book You Want, Lets go to the park
2)When a Singular Noun (Common Noun) is meant to
Represent a whole class.
e.g. The cow is a useful animal (Cows are useful animal)
The horse is a noble animal

3)Before a Proper noun – When it is qualified by an adjective

e.g. The Mr. Roy Whom you met last Sunday.

Eveybody knows the immortal Shakespeare
4)Before Superlatives:-
e.g. The darkest cloud has a silver lining.
This is the best book of elementary chemistry.
5)Before ordinals:-
e.g. He was the first man to arrive. The ninth chapter of the
book is very interesting.
6) Before certain Sacred Books.
e.g. the Vedas,the Puranas etc
7)Before Musical Instruments
e.g. the flute, the table, the trumpet
8)Before the name of Solar System
e.g. The Sky, The Earth, The Sun etc
9) Before Religious groups, Community, Nation.
e.g. The Sikhs, The Hindus, The Parsees etc
10)Enforcing Law
e.g. The Police ,The Navy, The Air Force
11) Before the name of Aeroplanes, Trains, ships.
e.g. The Makau(Aeroplane),The Titanic ,The Rajdhani
Express.
12)Name of Empire ,dynasty or historical event:-
e.g. The Gupta dynasty,The old Stone Age,The First
World War.
13)Others:-
a)Name of Newspaper, b)Name of Rivers,seas,mountains
c)Group of Islands , d)Descriptive name of countries
Note :-
1) ‘The’ is not used before the name the name of single island
or mountain .for e.g. Mt Abu
2) ‘The’ is not used before the name of towns ,countries and
continents
 OMMISSION OF ARTICLES
1) The is omitted before Common Noun is Plural form, if it is
used in general sense.
e.g. Cows live on grass(General)
*The cows are grazing in the field (Particular)
2)Material Nouns are used in general Sense
e.g. Gold is a Precious Metal.
* The gold of this ring is pure.
3) Abstract Noun when used in general sense do not take any
articles.
E.g. Honesty is the best policy.
* The Honesty of this boy is praiseworthy
4)Some collective Noun when used in general sense do not
require any articles
e.g. People, Society,Company,Pupil Etc
People should be faithful towards their country
*The People of West Bengal are honest.
5) The Definite articles is usually omitted before the name of
title and profession when they are used either before or after
Proper Noun.
e.g. Doctor Prakash , Sir Garry Sobers
 QUESTIONS
MAKE THE NECESSARY CORRECTION IN THE
FOLLOWING SENTENCES:-
1. I am Going to the Bombay.
2. He was sent to Andaman’s.
3. Ganges rises from Himalayas and falls into Bay of Bengal.
4. I have read Bible.
5. The Sceylon is an island.
6. He reads Statesman daily.
7. The France is in Europe.
8.Punjabi is land of five rivers.

SOLUTIONS

1.I am Going to Bombay.

2. He was sent to the Andaman’s.
3.The Ganges rises from the Himalayas and falls into Bay of
Bengal.
4. I have read the Bible.
5.Scelyon is an Island.
6.He reads the statesman daily.
7.France is in Europe.
8. The Punjab is a land of Five Rivers.
Q.What is preposition
A. A Preposition is a word placed before a Noun or a Pronoun, to show
its relation to some other words in the sequence.

WITH RESPECT TO TIME

1) I am Working here for last two years.
2) I am Working here Since Monday.
3) I will Arrive on Time.
4) I will complete my work in two days.
5) I will arrive at 6 o clock.
6) He is waiting here since 4o clock.
7) He was waiting here since/till 8 o clock.

Note:- Use for When time duration is given.

Use since When Past point of time is given in (Cont.tense).
Use on when punctuality is required.
Use in when time period is mentioned.
Use at when clock time is given (Simple tense).
WITH RESPECT TO PLACE

1) I Stay at Kolkata in West Bengal.

2) I am going from Delhi to Pune.

Note:- Use at for Smaller Place.

Use in for Bigger Place.
Use from for the starting point of the Journey.
Use to for the ending point.

IN AND INTO / ON AND UPON

The teacher is teaching in the class.
The boy ran into the class.

ON & IN is used when there is no change in position.

UPON & INTO is used when there is change in position in desired
direction.
ONTO is used when there is change in position in upward direction.

The Book is lying on the table.

The cat Jumped upon the table.

OVER AND ABOVE /BELOW AND UNDER

When the thing is at higher level ABOVE.
When the thing is directly above OVER.
When the thing is at lower level BELOW.
When the thing is directly below UNDER.
The sky is above our heads.
I hold the umbrella over my head.
The river is below the car.
The boy is lying under the tree.

FOR/OF/BY/WITH
FOR signifies benefit OF signifies ownership
By signifies Doer WITH signifies Instruments

The Book is of mine for you written by me.

The Cake was cut with knife by me for invitees.

BESIDES/BESIDE/BY THE SIDE/AGAINST

BESIDES it means “in addition to”
BESIDE it means “near to animate object”
BY THE SIDE it means “near to in animate object”
AGAINST it means “putting pressure”

E.g. Besides being a good student, he is also a very good singer.

He is sitting beside Rama.
He is sitting by the side of river.
He is leaning against the wall.

THROUGH/ACROSS/TOWARDS
THROUGH-is used when moving from one end to another.
Is used for reading .
Is used for looking other side.
ACROSS-is used for crossing something from one side.
TOWARDS -it indicate direction.
E.g. The road runs through trees.
 He went through the books in two days.
I can look through the window.
She ran across the field.
I saw him running towards me.

BETWEEN/AMONG/AMONGST
BETWEEN –is used for two things
AMONG – is used for more than two things
AMONGST – Is same as among but used before word starting with
vowel

e.g. The house stands among trees

Divide the sweets amongst us

FOR OTHER PREPOSITIONS

AFTER: - Sequence (e.g. She Came after me)
BEFORE:-In front of (e.g. the garage is before the road)
ABOUT:-Nearness (e.g. His father is about to retire)
AROUND:-Moving Round (e.g. He is moving around the tree)
OFF: - Separation (e.g. He fell off his chair)
BEYOND:-on the farther side of (e.g. This is beyond his power)
To:-Direction, Time, Showing emotion, Infinite verb
E.g. She walked to the window its quarter to eight
To my surprise, he bought me a ring, To Play, to err
Q.What is Tense?
A. A tense of a verb shows the time of an action,or event suggested
by verb.
e.g. I like apples (present tense) I liked apples(Past tense) .
I Shall like apples(Future tense).

PRESENT TENSE

1)SIMPLE PRESENT :-I Play ,He plays,They Play

2)PRESENT CONTINOUS:- I am playing ,He is Playing, You are playing,
(ing) They are Playing
3)PRESENT PERFECT :-I have played ,you have played,they have played
(have +ed)
4)PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS:-I/you/they/ have been playing
(have/has +been+ing) he has been playing

PAST TENSE

1)SIMPLE PAST:-I Played ,He played,They Played

(verb +ed)
2)PAST CONTINOUS:- I was playing ,He was Playing,You were playing,
(verb +ing) They were Playing

3)PAST PERFECT :-I had played ,you had played,they had played
 (had +verb +ed)
4)PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS:-I/you/they/he had been playing
(had+been+ing)

FUTURE TENSE

1)SIMPLE FUTURE :-I Shall Play ,He will play,They will Play
2)FUTURE CONTINOUS:- I /you/they/he shall be playing,
(shall+be+ing)
3)FUTURE PERFECT :-I/you/they/he shall have played
(shall +have +ed)
4)FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS:-I/you/they/he have been playing
(Shall have +been+ing)

• Situation where “Simple present tense is used”.

1)To express what is actually taking place at the present moment and
habitual action.
e.g. Ramesh writes letter
Sun rises in the east
2)To express universal truth
e.g. The earth moves round the sun
3)To express certain proverb
e.g. A Rolling stone gathers no moss
SIMPLE PAST
*To express an action that took place at sometime in past(quickly
finished action in past)
e.g. The birds flew in the sky
*Past permanent habit
e.g. She always carried an umbrella.
I used to have a car.
*Conditional sentences and telling about past event
e.g. If Jatin worked hard,he could pass.
I was then in class IX.

SIMPLE FUTURE
*Prediction of future event
e.g. I will succeed very soon.
I will go to Kolkata next week.
*Conditional Future
e.g. I shall go to his office if he comes here.
Rama will wait till he comes.

PRESENT CONTINOUS
*Continuing Action at now
e.g. We are all waiting for you.
They are watching TV.
*Present Temporary Habit or Repeated Action
e.g. My car is breaking down daily.
I am always losing my pass book.
*Futurity which is planned
e.g. We are going to Shimla Next year.
What are you having for dinner?

PAST CONTINOUS
*Temporary Past Habit or repeated action
e.g. He was continually borrowing money.
I was playing tennis.
*Background action or event
e.g. What were you doing in the evening yesterday.
I was listening music all evening.

FUTURE CONTINOUS
*Events in progess in future
e.g. I shall be seeing you tomorrow.
He will be lying on the beach by this time.
*Polite enquiries
e.g. when will you be visiting us again?
Will you be staying here tonight?

PRESENT PERFECT
*Past event with result at now
e.g. He has broken his leg.
Lila has won a prize.
*Finished action connect with present time
e.g. I have already spoken to him.
Who has built this temple?
PAST PERFECT
*Actions in past,not relevant now
e.g. I had played during my school days

*When two actions are complete ,earlier action is past perfect

e.g. He reached home after he had finished the work.
The patient had died before the doctor came.
*Unrealized wish or hope
e.g. I wish you had told me the truth.
If I had worked hard,I would have passed.

FUTURE PERFECT
*Event which will be completed in near future
e.g. He will have finished it by tomorrow.
I shall have arrived by next Monday.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS

*Activity Continued from past till now
e.g. It has been raining for 3 days.
He has been reading since 9’oclock.
*Recent Past event leading up to now
e.g. He has been crying for a long time.
I have been looking for it since morning .

PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS

*Action which was continued in earlier Past
e.g. At that time I had been reading a book.
At that time we had been living in the city for about
6 months.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS
*Action which will be continued in late future
e.g. He will have been teaching for 10 years by this July.
I shall have been studying it for 5 days by tomorrow.