IN
<&reete,
BY
WILLIAM MARTIN-LEAKE.
lonDon t
1814.
REMARKS
PRESENT DAY.
CHAPTER II.
SECTION I.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.
this gulf the Northern boundary of Greece upon the West side, and
Latin words are two or three times as numerous as Greek, but still
much below the proportion in which they are found in the other
modern languages of Europe. This may partly be accounted for by
the secluded position and warlike habits of the mountaineers of
Albania, which, defending them from being ever completely subjugated
by the Romans, preserved their language like that of the Pyrenean
and Cantabrian mountains, from ever receiving so large an admixture
of Latin ; and partly by the study of the Latin language, which has
prevailed to so great an extent in civilized Europe since the revival
of letters.
in Dalmatia at the time that the Emperor Justinian the First made
war upon them, and re-annexed that province to the Empire. *
f G. Cedrenus, p. 628.
^ Epitom. Strabo, 1. 7.
241
that the remains of the Illyrian and Epirotic nations became finally
included within the boundaries, which they have ever since held.
Many Sclavonian words then found their way into the Albanian lanr
guage, and have been increased in number by the intercourse between
Albania and the extensive regions of Servia and Bulgaria, which
surround it on the North and East, and throughout which the
Bulgarian dialect of Sclavonic is spoken. It may be thought sur
prising, perhaps, that under these circumstances the proportion of
Sclavonian words is not larger, and it may be considered as a proof,
that the strength of the Epirotic and Illyrian mountains, and the
spirit of their inhabitants, were still equal, as in the time of the
Romans, to protect them from being completely subdued.
Nearly a century after the Emperor Basil the Second had crushed
the Bulgarians, the Albanians appear for the first time, as acting an
important part in history. They formed a part of the army of
Nicephorus Basilaces,* when he marched against his sovereign Nice-
phorus Botoniates, and was defeated and made prisoner by Alexius
Coinnenus in 1079- 1 The four nations, viz. Franks, Bulgarians,
Greeks (Pwfuuoi), and Albanians ('Apf&ewiTeu), of whom the army of
* This name written BanXax>)5, and pronounced Vasilaki, is still in common use among
the Greeks.
The Franks had been invited from Italy by the bishop of Deabolis,*
(the part of Albania now called Dev61), and they were a part of the
same Normans, who soon afterwards gave so much trouble to the
Greek Emperors. Under Robert Guiscard, and his son Bohemond, they
succeeded in taking Dyrrhachium, Achris, and Ioannina, defeated the
Greeks in several actions, and occupied the country as far East as the
river Vardhari (Axius) . t
• Scylitzes ibid.
f Anna Comnena, 1. 5.
J Ioannina owed the importance, which it appears from history to have held through
the last three centuries of the Greek Empire, and which it has retained in a great measure
to the present day, to its having been the capital of the Despotate. It was sometimes,
however, in the power of the Albanians, and sometimes in that of the Franks ; it once
formed a Servian dukedom in the hands of a brother of Stephen Duscian, king of Servia,
and in 1413 belonged to a Frank duke, who sent an embassy to Mahomet the First,
upon his restoration to the throne of his father at Adrianople. (Ducas, c. 20.^ When
Ioannina, and all its territory, was taken from the Franks by Sinan, the general of Sultan
Murat the Second, in 1431, (Phranza, 1. 2. c. 9 ), it seems to have been considered the
most important city in Greece next to Thessalonica, (Chalcocond. 1. 5. p. 126.) About
1580, (Turco-gnecia, p. 93.), it appears to have been rivalled by Athens, Nauplia, (Anapli,)
and 'Naupactus (E'pakto), but the two last have dwindled to inconsiderable places, and Ioannina
now holds the same relative importance which it did before the fall of the Despotate.
244
Towards the end of the same century the Albanians are found
plundering Dyrrhachium, which had been ruined by an earthquake, ||
and afterwards rebuilding it. tt Pachymer calls them indifferently
f Acropolita, c. 14.
X Acropolita, c. 25.
§ Acropolita, c. 67-
of their history. *
* Nicephorus Gregoras always calls them Illyrians, hut Chalcocondylas (p. 13 ) expresses
his doubts of their being of this race, and seems to be of opinion, that they came across the
Adriatic from Italy.
called it) now Berat, was then in the hands of the Greek Emperors,
so that the dominion of the Albanians did not yet extend to the
southern extremity of the plains.
* The historian should have added Upper Macedonia, but the ancient topography of Greece
was little understood by ihe writers of the lower Empire.
+ Cantacuzenus, 1. 2. c. 32.
X Cantacuzenus, I. 3. c. 12.
<248
It was about this time that the Albanians first began to meet with a
more formidable enemy than they had yet had to encounter, and
experienced their inability to contend with the Turks of those days in the
open field. In the year 1383, in an action near Berat, they were defeated
by the troops of Sultan Murat the First, with the loss of their leader, the
only surviving son of the above-mentioned Balza. II This loss was suc
ceeded by others. A part of their Northern possessions was conquered
by the Venetians, and some of their towns fell into the hands of the
* Chalcocondylas, 1. 4. p. 111. See also the authorities cited in Ducange, Hist, de Constan
tinople, 1. 8. c. 25, 26, 35.
■f Chalcocondylas, ibid.
J Chalcocondylas, 1.4. p. 112, 113.
| Chalcocond. ibid.—Ducange, ibid.
D Phranza, 1. 2. c. 9-
249
The last great struggle of the Albanians against the Turks was the
siege of Scodra, a place marked by the hand of nature for the capital
of Illyria, and still preserving its ancient name unaltered. This defence,
though conducted by a Venetian General, confers as much honor
upon the Albanians, as all the exploits of Scanderbeg. It lasted a
year, and is one of the most curious sieges recorded in history, from
the gallantry of the besieged, the disparity of power in the two
parties, and the immense calibre of the Turkish artillery in that early
period of the art ; some of the stone shot thrown against the walls
having weighed 13001b. f After resisting the utmost efforts of Ma
homet the Second in person, the place was upon the point of yielding
to famine, when the Venetians, by one of the articles of their treaty
with the Porte in 1478, saved the Scodrians from the disgrace of
submission, by taking upon themselves to stipulate that the place
should be yielded to the Turks, and that the inhabitants should
obtain a refuge in the Venetian states.
* Marinus Barletius de Vitft, Moribus, & Rebus Gestis G.Castrioti Historia di Giorgio
Castrioto, 8vo. Venice, 1580. Ducange, Famil. August. Byzant. 30.
f The history of the seige of Skodre is related by a native and eye-witness, Marinus
Barletius, who published the account in Latin at Venice, in the year 1504.
2 I
250
* Leunclavii—Annates Turcici.
+ Bajazet the Second, Solimau the Great, and Amurat the Third.
251
avarice, but there is found among them the same rigid observance of
religious prejudices, the same superstitions, the same active, keen, and
enterprising genius, the same hardy, patient, and laborious habits.
*■
riority which the tribe obtained over the other Illyrians, seem to
have been the reasons why the Greeks of the lower Empire applied
the name of 'A^fiavot, 'A^avrjreg, or 'Ap&avijTes, to all the natives of
these mountains, who spoke the same dialect; and to the country
itself, that of 'A^fiavla, 'A^avTjTia, or 'ApfiayyTict, from whence the word
Albania has been adopted by the Italians, and through them by the
rest of Europe. But this name is not known, or at least never used
or acknowledged by the natives themselves, who call the country
Skiperi, an Albanian man Skipetar. t
-
J Some resemblance to which name may be found in that of the Selapitani, mentioned by
Livy, I. 45. c. 26. as an Illyrian tribe, who may be supposed to have inhabited the mountains
in the neighbourhood of Scodra.
253
Albania occupies almost the entire line of coast on the East side of
the Ionian and Adriatic seas, included between the 39th and 43d
The principal tribes of Albania are the Ngege, Toske, Liape, and
Tzhmi. The Ngege (in Greek Fxeyxties) occupy the Northern districts
as far South as Kavaia, and the river anciently called Genusus. Their
chief towns are Dulteuni, (Dulcigno in Italian,) Sk6dre (Scutari),
Ales, (Lessio), Dures (Durazzo), Tirane, Dibre.
The T6ske (Toa-xties) inhabit the great plains of the Mizaki6 and
the T6ske (Too-xoupiot), and the sea, as far South as the plain of Delvino.
Liaberi {Aia^xa^pia) is sometimes called Arberi by the Albanians.
The Tzami occupy all the region South of the river Kalama, anciently
called Thyamisy and it may perhaps be conjectured, that it is from
a corruption of the latter name, that the Isami have derived their
appellation. The country is called Dai by the Albanians, and
TX)ap.mpik by the Greeks, and it extends almost as far inland as the
plains around Ioannina. The chief places are Suli,* Paramithia,
Liuarati, Margariti, Parga, and Aghia.
* The position of this district, and the character of its inhabitants, prove it to be the same
as that of the Selli described by Strabo, I. 7. p. 328.
t This is not to be confounded with the Greek district of Zag6ri, which occupies the upper
regions of the Pindus range to the North of Ioannina.
8 K
258
The exact boundaries of Albania on the East are doubtful : the best
criterion seems to be the language, but as the men, whose employments
often carry them abroad, for the most part speak Greek, those places
only should be included where the Albanian dialect is in common
domestic use, and generally spoken among the women. The districts
of Ioannina, Paleo-Pog6niana, and K6nitza, must be considered as
Albanian conquests. Koritza is the chief place of a long plain,
running northwards towards O'khri CAXP^a)> an^ watered by one of
the branches of the Apsus. Upon the mountains, bordering it on
the West, are the remains of the once populous and florishing
Vlakhiote settlement of Moskh6poli. On the East of K6ritza is Dev61,
mentioned in the Byzantine history under the name of Deabolis, and
as inhabited by Albanians. It contains the town of Biklist, originally
a colony of Bulgarians, like several others which are found in the
259
upper teeth.
Italian gl.
s is the English sh, but not so harsh, and uttered nearer the teeth.
GRAMMAR.
* Mr. Ilobhouse, in the Appendix to his travels in Albania, &c. has given the substance
of an Albanian grammar, composed by an Italian missionary of the Roman Congregation de
Propaganda Fide. It is intituled,—Osservazioni Grammatical! nella Lingua Albancsc del
P. Francesco Maria da Lecce, 8tc; printed at the Propaganda press at Rome in 17 1 6.
Some diversity will be remarked between the grammar of da Lecce, and the grammatical
sketch now submitted to the public ; but the former was chiefly intended for Northern Albania,
where alone there are any Christians of the Latin church, and where the dialect differs in soma
respects from that of the mountains of the South : and it is observable, that the words of an
oral language may be written very dissimilarly by two persons of different nations, although
the sounds intended to be described may be nearly the same.
264
ARTICLE.
The definite article coalesces with the noun, and forms a part of it,
either by altering its last syllable, or both its first and last syllable, or
by forming an additional syllable at the end of the noun.
Exceptions.
S L
266
In nouns feminine, the article in the nom. sing, is always affixed to,
or substituted for, the last letter of the noun, except when it ends in
an accented vowel, or in a, or in a liquid, when the diphthong ia
Examples.
NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.
Examples.
NOUNS ADJECTIVE.
Masculine. Feminine.
Sing. nom. (xaAo?) &c. • • imfre. (x*^) &c. • • emire.
gen. miri. «*•••-••••-••• semire.
acc tenure. •••• temire.
Plur. nom. ............ temire. temira.
gen. • mireve. • • • • «-« « • •-♦ • • tmirave.
acc. ••• temire. temira.
271
Masculine. Feminine.
When the last letter or syllable of the word, which precedes, is the
same as the first of that, which follows, they are not repeated in
the latter, — as, gruase mire, t% xa\ijg yuvaixoV, of the good woman ;
and not gruase semire.
When the substantive follows, the oblique cases are not used, but
the form of the nominative, either singular or plural, is used in all the
cases, as tmiravet zimera, xakwv xap8»<ov, of good hearts ; and not
tmiravet zemeravet.
PRONOUNS,
Examples.
But when in the same phrase, the accusative case of the third
personal pronoun is likewise required ; it is as follows —
Examples.
C rov ~\ C him ~\
[uas < Tyv > htvtig, thou givest < her > to us — na e ep.
t t» ) (it )
* As the usual mode of expressing a diphthong, by writing the two vowels in Italics, would
produce ambiguity when one of those vowels has two sounds, also distinguished by means of the
Italic print, it has been necessary in these cases to use a curved line under.
2 M
The final e of all these particles being elided, when coming before
another vowel, the expressions te i skruan, ap me i, and te a ap,
here written at length to show their construction, should be pronounced
ti skrua/j, ap mi, ta ap. And here it may be observed, that the
elision of an initial or final vowel, when meeting another, the elision
of a final vowel occasionally without any such cause, the addition
of a final consonant, and some other slight changes from the rules
here given, for the sake of euphony, are common in Albanian, and
will be exemplified in the exercises.
PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE.
im, mine.
it or Mt, thine.
itfie, his.
une, ■ >— our.
uaie, your.
itfre, iture, their.
it has iote in the fem. nom. and sate in the fem. acc.
une has idne in the fem. nom. and sane in the fem. acc.
Pronouns Demonstrative.
Masculine. Feminine.
Sing. nom. ki, ku - Aei6.
gen. /. ' ■ 1 1 k h - Aesakhe or Aesaie.
acc. Arte - kete.
Plur. nom. keti - Aet6.
gen. Aetire - Aetire.
acc. Aeta - A«t6.
Masculine. Feminine.
Sing. nom. ai, aiu :— ai6.
gen. atikh 1 asaic
acc. ate ate.
Plur. nom. at& at6.
gen. ——— atireye atireve.
acc. ati 1 at6.
Pronoun Relative.
Pronoun Interrogative.
VERBS.
Indicative Mood.
Present. Past.
Sing. I%w, &c. kam Sing. e*x«, &c. kism.
ke ■ khnc.
ka _—_____—. Mste.
A6mi Aisim.
— k'mi ________ Icisite.
.__—————— kane kfcne.
Imperative.
Conjunctive Mood.
Present. Indefinite.
Sing. kem Sing. ■ p&tza.
• kes ■ pate.
Aete piste.
Plur. Aemi Plur. pateim.
————————— kirn ■ pafzi.
■ ■ kkm ______ pafzine.
The use of these two tenses will be shown in the verb $krua».
277
Indicative.
Present. Imperfect.
Sing. tiXca, &c. dua Sing. JjJeXa, 8tc.— ASia.
.1 d« d6ie.
*—*
do d6khite.
Plur. ————— dfiamc Plur. doghim.
— d6ghini ————— d6ghite.
——————— duane ■ doinine.
Past.
Imperative.
Conjunctive.
Present. Indefinite.
Sing. dua Sing. d&ja.
. dua* das/z.
d6ie . dfote.
278
Present. Indefinite.
Plur.—as in the indicative. Plur. d&sim.
. dibit.
dajine.
Participle, d&sure.
Active Voice.
Indicative.
Present. Imperfect.
Sing. (ypa$a>) &c. skruaw. Sing. (iypuQai) 8cc. skruana.
skruan. ■ .skruane.
skruan. skruante.
Plur. skrua??me. Plur. skruanim.
• skruani. skruanit.
■ akruanne. ■ skruanin.
Past.
Conjunctive.
Present. Indefinite.
Sing, (ypityta) &c. jkruan. Sing. ■ skrofsa.
skrfiaw.v. ikrofi.
skruane. jkrofte.
Plur. skrua/ime. skrofsim.
skrdani. skr6£sit.
skruanne. skrofcine.
* The Albanians always add te to do, to form this tense, whereas va. is not always added to ii
in Romaic.
makar jkrofoa, would that I could write.
de fkr6firim, if we should write.
dkste Peiendia, / wish that God would.
Passive Voice.
Indicative.
Present. Imperfect.
Sing.(yp«$o/xai)&c. skrbkhem. Sing. (lypctQo/xouv) sktdkhesu.
1 skruAVns. jkrufcAese.
skru&Aete. skru&Ae.
Plur. »krGMemi Plur. fkfft&tinm.
■ skruAAi. skru/cAisit.
skru&Aene skru/rAwne.
Past.
Imperative.
Conjunctive.
Sing. ujkr6fsa.
uskr6is.
■ Uikr6fte.
Plur. uskmbim.
uskr6fsite.
rokr6frine.
Participle. skruare.
The potential and infinitive are formed by the same tense, pre
ceded by te, as,
The same tenses are used both in active and passive after site, *<f o5,
since—kurte, orav vot, when—as after te, and its other compounds,
d6te, lete, as
Its use in the formation of the compound preterite has already been
shown.
* Sometimes, however, tz, or s before an adverb, forms a verb without any force of negation ;
as bute, tenderly; fzbut or sbut, / make tender.
283
ANOMALOUS VERBS.
Imperative, da, -
Conj. Pres. dal, dais, 8tc.
Indef. dallza, &c.
Participle, duale.
From the foregoing examples it will be seen, that the indie, pres.
and indie, past, are the roots from which the other tenses are formed.
In regular verbs in n, the past is formed directly from the present, in
the manner already exemplified in skruaw.
The inflexions of the past in verbs in in, are like those of the past
tense of pi, and those in en are formed in the same manner, as
remb6n, apra%w, I seize by force ; past, rembeva, remb6ve, remb6n,
CONJUNCTIONS, &c.
PREPOSITIONS.
after, pas.
unto, as far as, gerbe, gerte.
without, pa.
IAEVU, VKQXUTO), within, under, dene.
xovra t\ft near to, afer, dii.
between, der.
amongst, der.
rpiyvpw it;, around, reth.
VOCABULARY.
The first three letters are more extended than the rest, for the sake
of showing the mode of forming derivatives in Albanian, the etymon
of which, it will be observed, is most frequently an adverb, as from
lir, cheaply, is formed ilire, cheap; lir6», I cheapen: but it is some
times a verb, as d'ikh, I assist ; dikhmes, assistant ; diAr/ime, assistance :
Sometimes a substantive, as zot, master ; zoteri, mastership ; zoter6«,
I rule : and sometimes an adjective, as imarre, foolish ; marrow, I am
foolish, astound ; marred, madness, folly ; marrerist, foolishly.
The general rule for the genders of nouns substantive is, that those
ending in a consonant are masculine, and those in a vowel feminine,
except— 1. Such as are formed in the manner just mentioned, and have
a termination in iste—2. Such as are formed from participles by pre
fixing te. Both of these are masculine. All such as do not follow
these rules have their genders marked in the vocabulary by m. orf.
As the nouns in general are given without the article, their form
291
The capitals marked at the end of some of the words are the initials
of the language, in which the corresponding word has the same, or
nearly the same sound. H. Hellenic, L. Latin, 1. L. low Latin, F.
French, It. Italian, S. Saxon, G. Gothic, T. Turkish, Sc. Sclavonian,
R. Romaic. A large proportion of the Turkish words are either of
Arabic or Persian origin, but as they are all adopted into the Albanian
immediately from the Turkish, that designation has been thought
sufficient. Whenever the word has been derived immediately from a
modern language, but originally from the ancient, the initials of both
are given. When the Albanian word, by its resemblance to the
Romaic, has evidently been taken from that dialect, it was unnecessary
to notice it at all.
Greek words are generally written in their most vulgar forms, that they
may be upon the same level of politeness with the Albanian. From
the uncertainty of Romaic orthography, it has sometimes been
necessary to insert the different modes of writing the Greek word, and
as it was a principal object of the vocabulary to show the roots and
the deduction of their derivatives from them, words derived from the
same root are often put together, without always attending to alpha
betical order. In some instances the Romaic word will be found left
without any corresponding Albanian term, which has been owing partly
to the author's negligence, and sometimes to the word having no
corresponding synonym in Albanian. They may be supplied either from
Romaic or Turkish, but those of a higher order of ideas would be best
borrowed from the latter tongue ; an inclination to adopt the Turkish
religion, manners, and expressions of speech, having naturally obtained
in Albania, since it was reduced into the form of a Turkish
province.
ROMAICO-ARVANETIC VOCABULARY,
A,
^ Albanian, Skipetar.
'Apfiavfaf,
iXtice, I grind, bliua/j.
a\tl<pa>, I anoint, lien—pi. leva.
iktifj.fj.x, unction, ointment, teliuem.
iXsTTOU, fox, dhelp«re.
iXeiroyouva, pelisse of foxes, fur, gez6f—dhelpere.
a\!iroTo'i/.icgov, fox-skin, lekurc—dhelperea.
fox-hole, fole—edhelpcres.
plough, parmente.
aXmpi, flour, miel S.
I sprinkle with flour, lien me mfel.
iXsupaj, mealnian. kut *et miel.
truth, evert6te L.
ikuflnif, true, ivertete.
aXijtaua), I tell truth, verify, flias vertet.
truly, vertet.
I forget, A-Aaron.
forgetfulness, Marim.
I change, derdn.
change, dels.
squint-eyed, ivenkere.
*XXo;, another, tieter.
r idr(wm,
of another kind,
£ idriumuarm.
in another manner, drise.
atXXou, elsewhere, gete/c.
aXoyov, horse, kale—pi. kuai.
aXoyla, bestiality, stupidity, khaivanlek T.
unwashed,withoutbathing, ipaMre.
not bathing, filthiness, temoslifiret.
aXwvi, terrace for threshing corn, leine.
I thresh corn, sin.
car, carriage, kerre 1. L.
297
2 P
298
spring, perdevere.
r Map, khapert,
1 open,
£p. fcMpa S.
avoixri, openly, fcMpet.
itvrixpv, over against, kundrekhi.
avw<f>Ki, lintel of a door, &c. prak.
suet, tallow, dhiame m.
worthy, izoti, kanter.
I make worthy, ben kanter.
&TTOt\bf, tender, delicate, ibute.
delicately, bute.
r I make, become, deli-
| fzbut, sbut.
— ir cate, gentle,
a7ra\awuvi), tenderness, gentleness, tebtitet, ,
above, liart, siper.
airetxotfa, I perceive, comprehend, apikas.
atrexa, on that side, ande/cA.
I fly, fluter6».
pear, dardhe.
ctir\os, simple, sante, ipatefcefc.
corofla/vco, I die, vdew, vdes.
this evening, to-night, sonde.
upaia, rank, row, turn, radhc.
igamvtri, maize, misere.
apaStwrrd, in ranks, in turn, radhe radhe.
agyaAiov, i{"instrument, utensil, /cAala.
' loom, avlimen.
dpybs, slow, slothful, ipapdne, imenuare.
"P7*> late, tardily, mtnua.
*sr'M> inactivity, ekremte, tepapunet
d§yS>, dpyompw, 1 delay, rest.
dgurto, I please, pelk6n.
dptaro;, pleasant, pleased, ipelkiere.
dptifMi, number, numur L.
299
lordship, zoteri.
I rule, domineer, zoter6n.
mtoJou, canal, furrow, vi, khendeJfc.
ai\ii, hall, court, avli, ombor.
au{-ivu>, 1 increase, augment, rit, ritem.
augiov, to-morrow, neser.
augno{, belonging to to-morrow, ineserm.
aM, ear, ve*.
avrou, there, ati6.
r I leave, quit,
(.permit, abandon, .w
i p. Wise.
foam, skumbe L. It.
m$po\oyo(, wordy man, boaster, kepse
into*, I foam, ikuunbezon.
rUik, ikek.
lean, bad, wicked, [
[ a. ilinku, ikeki.
a^aftvalvco, I become lean, &c. Hgem.
badly, poorly, Mute.
*X™F'> stable, vatlie.
straw, reed, kaste.
place of keeping straw, kast6re.
worm-wood, pelint T.
t sharp, (in taste) ivraze.
C (in disposition), sert.
I commiserate, kursen.
• cotton, pambuk.
ass, gomir T.
•yeuhopni, like an ass, gomamt.
she-ass, gomare.
■yaiixpoiTOuhov, young ass, pulist gomai
yaXct, milk, kiumeit.
—-
yaXafiOf, blue, mavi T.
y«Aarrfir»Ta, cheesecake, kiumcstuar.
yoAaxrtpw, food made of milk, prekiftmftti.
2 Q
306
marriage, darsme.
son-in-law, bridegroom, dhentere.
ya.pyuX.lKu>, I tickle, gundulis.
yara, she-cat, m&tze.
yaros, he-cat, madz.
yauyifr, I bark, (as a dog) lekh.
ySe'gvco, I flay, riep.
ySuvto, 1 strip, take off cloaths, rzves, sves.
ytlrovas, neighbour, fkine, git6n, komsi.
yeiTovevu), I am neighbouring, fkineron.
yi\u>, I laugh, kes.
yeAoiov, laugh, laughter, gas.
yt\oia%){, laughable, perg6s.
I fill, pli6«, bus.
yeixiros, full, pli6t.
•pliGar, ieni m.
ymot, generation, race, ji \^ ■—,
s6i T. m.
yeveion, beard, miekre f.
f I begin to have a beard, 1
yevsta?», ■ ben miekre.
C I let my beard grow, J
yevxTOf, bearded, me miekre.
ymS>, I bring forth, (as females) pill—-p. p611a.
ytvva, parturition, tepielle m.
yhrqiM, corn, grain, drithe.
yepaxi, falcon, hawk, gerakine.
yip**, I incline, turn, perier—p. per6ra.
yvpT*, slopingly, periere.
ytpovrecgf old man, pliak.
yepap.a.Toif old age, plekeri.
ytfj&fa, I grow old, pliakem.
ra man beginning to )
ytpon&Ki, pliakth.
£ grow old, 3
healthy, sound, \sendose.
307
, rifliam6sure—
8aiju,ovta>uv9s possessed, J_ y
Vi/zindosure.
laxguov, tear, Hot.
BaxTvX/Si, ring for the finger, unaze.
SaxrvXo;, finger, gist.
Imp&Ja, steer, young bullock, dem.
IctjxctX*, heifer, vi/ze L.
Sa/xacrxtjvov, plum, kumbu/e.
8«vsi'5to, I lend, k/ikan.
5«ni*«, upon credit, MCia.
SavenTT^f, lender, ai Are Muan.
8<*<rxaXoj, teacher, dhaskal.
!»♦v», bay tree, dafine.
(afternoon's meal, ">
SciXivoy, / fzemere.
(. afternoon, J
8c/Xo;, coward, kiotin.
■—-
SeTn-voj, supper, darke.
lti*voi, I eat supper, dirkun.
Sti^vce, I show, refen.
{■tap S.
skop, pi. skopi/f.
SeX^ivaj, dolphin, del fin.
8«'va>, I bind, lith.
lift*, binding, ligature, telidhure.
Stfuxri, bundle, dua m.
{tree, lis,
oak-tree, lis-drusku.
Si^is;, right, idiathte.
$<£i(2, right-hand, ediathte.
8(£«l, to, on, the right hand, be tediathte.
hpiiMTi, akin, hide, lekure.
8epvto, I strike, beat, mkh—j>. rfJch*.
lapphf, beating, tcrkkhure.
li(ntp>s, second, id6te.
310
I receive, k'ias.
1 notify, declare, kam nGkhuie.
executioner, rzeliat T.
hotfitxfa, I read, 7:ent6» L.
tutfialm, I pass over, efzen—p. etza.
reading, lecture, te&entuari.
8ist/3«crju,*vof, read, learned, iAentuarc.
Ziuj3tx<rr&, in reading, tdke fontuar.
8»aj3oXoj, devil, dria, dial.
will, testament, dhiate, vasiSt T.
BjaAeyoi, I choose, select, rfzgeth.
by choice, dzgSdhure.
hafiAvrt, diamond, dhiamant.
hxxovae, I beg, lipen.
8iaxovatg))j, beggar, lipes.
I teach, preach, dhidax.
lesson, sermon,
fife* I give, ap.—p. dha«e.
fii'xaioj, just, idrekhte.
fiixaio<ruvi], justice, tedrekhte.
fii'xru, net, safc—pi. s&Ae.
8i7rAof, double, idimzakhi.
Iwaxxt, pair of bags, Mekhibe.
8/o-xoy, quoit, dhisk.
8.\K thirst, et/.
8|\J/C0, I thirst, kam et.
8uJ/at<r/xivos, thirsty, ietsuare.
f I mark the boundary,
8iO>gl?C0, 5C distribute, ^ Slti&B.
glory, der/.
8o£«gi, to£o>i, bow, Mark L., uliumber.
I work, puno/i H.
SouAo;, servant, AAusmekiar T.
SouXt], SouAsyTpa, female servant, kopile R.
business, work, p6ne H.
tylvios, oaken, idrusku.
scythe, sickle, draper.
ty6[ios, road, udhe H.
fyxHTOf, dew,
3po<r/fco, I refresh, ves6w.
fyoo-epey, cool, ivesetuarm ift6Met.
power, force, fuki.
$WV*T*f, powerful, strong, iforte.
&UVaT<i, strongly, fort L.
SutrxoXo;, difficult, ipakolai/zim.
unfortunate, fatkek.
Swpov, gift, dhurfte.
week, ghiave.
I interest, touch, offend.
tyypafti);, in writing, ukruarr.
eel, gialf.
ground, floor, pavement, trual.
28cv, here, Aetfi.
8voy, nation, tribe, mHet.
f*8»)o-»f, notice, intelligence, nikel T.
eixrfva, image, church-picture, k'6rf.
peace, pak L.
r I make peace, ben pak.
t'lprptvu),
Clam at peace, kampak,i&mten&Aa.
ixti, there, atie.
312
2 R
314
{abbot, superior of a
ijyauftfvi);, ygumen.
corfvent, r
sun, die/.
{I am exposed to, 1
tjKiuto/Aeu, ■ukhem be die/.
dried by, the sun,
inept*, day, dite.
fa>P<>S, gentle, peaceable, ibute.
qfuptito, T)ixepa>va>, I tame, pacify, /zbut.
?/*i<ru, fiio-ov, half, meat.
I can, am able, mund.
i know, di—-p. dikhita.
tx\x<T<ra, det.
belonging to the I predeti—idetit.
dx\a<r<rovtpov, sea water, die predeti.
I dazzle, stupify, cretzSn.
death, vdefceie, mort L.
1 put to death, evdes—p. evdika.
316
it
^ hedge-hog, urik L.
f huckster,
xa»i]Xay, | bakal T.
C low tavern-keeper,
xonnWgi, halter, kapistal.
xaTvof, smoke, turn.
xarv/fco, I smoke, tumn6s.
xawvici, soot, bidme.
f some one, d6ne—pi. dise.
C a certain person, tzkne.
XflCTOTff, sometimes, dikur.
xawou, somewhere, d6ne vrat.
xotirKa, cloak, surtout, kipe.
xetntcuu, lid, covering, bulim.
xawow, capon, kapua m.—a. kap6».
xapafii, ship, gemi T.
xuqafilZa, craw-fish, karavidhe.
xapfiovtov, charcoal, thengtf.
320
heart, temere.
fruit, crop, lnaxul, pern*.
xagvlc,
harvest-time, Vbkhe.
water-melon, karpus.
xctprspw, I wait, await, pres—p. prita.
xupili, walnut, arre
xapux, walnut-tree, Srre-Iis.
x*p$\, nail, pivot, peg, perone, gosde.
xot.q$uivn, 1 nail, fasten, berthen.
xa<r£ha, case, box, senduk T.
xair/Sa, scurf, here.
xa<ri5iapjf, scald-headed, kerus.
xairravoy, chesnut, geste/ie.
castle, fortress,
xiarrpov, kalii, kiut6t/.
fortification,
xarotriyco, I swallow, perpi.
KOtTagOUjU.21, I curse, malekon.
xararpuiya}, I gnaw, corrode, bren.
xetTajSoiiva), I descend, /zbres.
xara^vti, fog, mi6rgu/e.
KarZotpb;, curled, kimenderudhur.
xarKlxi, kid, kefzere.
Karrftti T. velvet, kadife.
Karfj^opo;, slope, descent, tatrpiete.
xeerwei, afterwards, behind, past6khi, prapa.
xarovpov, urine, sbrre.
xaroupS), mejo, permier L.
xocrpavi, tar, sere, pUe.
XUTX, below, poste.
xarwyi, ground-floor, katua nt.
xaToof\i, threshold, prak, pr&nku,ip6«ter-
xauxi, cup, vase, kdpe.
' madhcst6£Aeni,
xa.vywu.oa, 1 boast,
bfircm.
i
321
kopitf.—
garden,
gheradine It.
xiprougoj, gardener, bak/zevan T.
xtiipa, guitar.
xlm It. Peruvian bark.
x/vBuvoj, danger, gazep T.
x»S>, I move, dzur.
xlvrpiS, motion, exercise, terfzfrrit.
xiVro, magpie.
f I am yellow.
XJTp»v<{eu, < make yellow, verth.
V. become yellow,
X»TpiVOf, yellow, iverdhe.
xiTpivaSa, yellowness, jaundice, teverdhr.
x/jpov, citron, Utre.
thrush.
xXotSl, xXovapt, bough, dknke, biake.
xXaStiw, I prune, lop, kraslit.
xXaSevrijfi, bill, pruning-hook, kize.
H\ala>, I weep, Win.
xXttVftarct, tears, tekiara.
xAavco, pedo, pierth H.
xXtiSi, key, kkkpa, kli/a.
xXfiSoviii, lock, klite, kiwto.
x*e/», I lock, shut fast, bil, bid.
I steal, vieth.
robber, Marami T.
xAij/wt, vine-branch, vine.
xAo'va, thread, fikhi.
xAovt, grain, k6ke.
xXor^if kick, jkeltn.
xXoT?to, I kick, skelmon.
xAou/3), cage, kuvli, kafas T.
323
■ The word efindi, well known as » title of rank and respect among tlie Turks, is derived from the Greek
uWlrni, or, as it is more frequently pronounced (and often written) by the moderns, afi'»v>if.
328
* This word resembles the EDglish hush, the etymology of which is unknown, according to
2 T
330
\cuy%iyxcc$,
►sob, hiccough, lekhme.
Aooxt?ouxiov,
I
AOUpl, thong, strap, rip.
pay, hire, Iuf6.
C liaw, p. liava or
hovco, I wash, bathe,
v liakhita.
*—'
Xovrgiov, bath, kham&m T.
AuySa, lard, dhiame.
Auxoj, wolf, t/lk, ukhik.
grief,
I grieve, khelm6n.
\vpot, lyre, violi It. m.
\v<r<Tu, rage, madness, terbim.
Ay<r<na?co, I am enraged, terbonem.
lamp, likhnar.
Xvuivm, I dissolve, tres, p. treta.
foolish, imarre.
I unfold.
I become serene, kthilem.
few?, stranger, iMuai.
£evrrs/a, foreign country, kurbet.
I vomit, viel—p. volla.
fep«<rj«.«, ^egtxrov, vomit, vomiting, teviele.
1 tear, gris, tzier, p. tz6ra.
fe^dtVTcovco, I amuse, divert myself, ben zefk T.
^ I forget, khai6n.
perseri.
iraXovxi, nttp\iAn.\, stake, khu m.
iraKovxtuvat, I empale, ve be kha.
iravriyvgt, feast, fair, panair.
f cloth, pel&Mre,
Trav),
t sail, pruth.
plague, murtaie.
Ttavra, itaYtmt, always, kurdo, daima T.
everywhere, kudu.
biscuit, paximiith.
priest, secular clergyman, prift S.
priest's wife, priestess, prifterese.
TtunActjAOvia, flake, fli6/te 1. L.
•jrorTrKco/jLU, coverlet, iorga T. m.
slipper, kephtze.
grandfather, gifa.
paradise, tzendt T.
I pray, lidtem.
vapapepa, apart.
fable, tale.
surname.
irap6eyo(, virgin, virghir L.
resolve, party, ship.
C pickled meat, fish, &c.
< pickle for curing meat, VpastremaAA.
( 8tc. )
cleanliness, neatness, pak/ek.
Trucrrpevoo, I cleanse, pastr6«.
I endeavour, do my utmost, tealistis .
itaripai, father, babaT.at T.alsoG.
»«T0J, bottom, fund L.
ItCtTUl, I tread, skel.
step, tread, giurme—tej&elture.
nu-nfrripi, stirrup, kanteruset.
341
i
342
I sneeze, tesetin.
£t a: visual,
uripm, prtgiu, heel, thembre.
WTffOV, $Ttpo», wing, Viikhe, pende.
nerval, Qrvta, I spit, mpstfin.
xraxof, $Ta>xof, poor, beggar, ivirfere.
»uxvo$, dense, thick, idpnture.
TVKvivx. I thicken, dentesoH.
*"fy°f, tower, kule T.
■Kwpixhv, fruit, peme, ghemise.
2 X
346
cloth, iz6khe T.
347
G-ir'iOct, spark.
(TWIOUVOf It. spy> pergiowfs.
spleen, spretAe.
study, spudhi, spudhaxif.
I push, stun.
GTCtfa, I drop, distil, pikon.
a-raLXa.yfka.ri3L, drop, piAe.
trrafuari, I arrest, stop, halt, rest It., Aentr6fK.
a-rapy), urn, pitcher, stamne.
vra.fi.TTa., print, typography, d&mke.
[AS (TTLtVtOV, by force, me zi.
<rra.vho; L. stable, vathe.
trravpo;, cross, krik, kn/k L.
<rra<plda, raisin, dried grape, stafidhe.
grape, rus.
cinders, khi m.
aTiyvog, dry, ithate, itirme.
<rreyvu>va>, I dry, thaw, teT.
trreigo;, barren, isterp*.
<rrexoju.ai, I stand, Aentron.
1 send, derg6n.
arsvof, narrow, ingustc L.
crepeof, firm, solid, ikavisim.
erepeu, land, continent, terrajirma, sak, kivi.
aregvot L. cistern.
oripvapi, flint of musquet.
creQavi, crown, kur6re, reth.
errrfa, breast, gi6z T.
sepulchral stone, varr.
warp, (in weaving) maie.
crixw*, wager, pledge, bast.
crrlxos, verse, stiAA, radhe R.
OT0\tdl, ornament, (toll.
or&ftM, mouth, g6ie.
351
stomach, stomaAA.
oroiifMrof, pestle, stipes.
(TTOUjUHTlfo), I pound, stip, stwp.
tow, stopple, stupe.
VT0W7CU1VCU, I stop up, caulk, kalafatis It.
I think, am of opinion, mentoAAem L.
thought, mentim, fikir f.
C crooked, istrembere.
rrpufo;,
C blind, ki6r T.
argityylKa), I strain, squeeze, kulow.
errpara., road, udhe H. -
crgctTOxoiroff traveller, udhetar.
orpaTivfut,
^ army, ordhi T.
trrpaTui,
I turn,
j>vertit L.
1 twist,
rrp/yXof, wizard, magician, magistrate.
orgoyyuAoy, round, rumbul&Ae.
pivot, hinge, reze.
OT^COVStf, J strew, str6n.
mattrass, bed, testrdare—d«jek T.
irruKo;, column, direk.
acrid, unripe, iathete.
alum, itipze.
cloud, re.
avyxapm, I pardon, have mercy upo«,deghc«.
a-uxa/itvov, mulberry, man.
(TVXOV, fik L.
nxori, liver, me\tz\.
ovxwva), I rise, raise, gre—p. grikhita.
near, afer, branr
trvftfuwrtqix, nearer, mafer.
c I compassionate, con-
jdhempson.
(. descend,
052
ip=uyaTO{, fugitive.
renown, nam L.
f I arrive, attain, am i
4>9av«j, arf».
C sufficient, *
autumn.
envy, Maset.
<$iAeva>, 1 treat, regale^ gostit.
friend, miA L.
$iAi'a, friendship, miA'eri.
standard, colors, bair&k T.
vein, del.
$\iya, flame, fliange.
pipe, flute, fid.
bark.
fear, hike.
fof3ov(t.ai, I am afraid, trembcm H.
Qomlxi, date, (fruit) Murma T.
wick of lamp, of candle, fitfl.
$a'voy, murder, • vrist'ie.
•—^
murderer, kavli.
$oga, time, turn, kMre.
mare, pele.
QopcVf I wear, put on, (as dress) ba«.
habit, dress, robe F.
I load, • garkoM 1. L.
tofiTcofiLa, load, cargo, barre.
<$9uxa>.i, broom, brush.
tuft, tassel, flake, fntlufe R.
$oSgvo; L. oven, furrc.
tempest, fortune.
Joucrarov, army, camp, ordhi.
fo-jaxa, bladder, mpsi&eze, plusAe.
Covmnvsa, I swell, en.
$OOTXl, manure.
358
I caress, per&edhel.
caress, perfcedhele.
I salute,
I rejoice, gez6A-Aem.
hail, bresere m.
359
f bile, ver£r,
It*, belt.
X^po{, xwrphs, thick, big, idr&e.
mat, ronkos.
scissars, gent-re.
I sing hymns, mpsal.
the lean part of flesh
^ tul.
meat,
louse, mor.
lie, falsehood, generic.
1 lie, gene/i.
shoulder, sup.
raw, ipapiekure, kharn.
tf
wpet, hour, sakh&t T.
mpiftos, ripe, iarine.
watch, saMatT., 6reR.
I succour, am useful, vfghen.
litpiKtia, succour, veghim.