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RESEARCHES

IN

<&reete,

BY

WILLIAM MARTIN-LEAKE.

lonDon t

PUBLISHED BT JOHN BOOTH, DUKE STREET, PORTLAND PLACE.

FEINTED BY A. J. VALPY, TOOKB's COURT,


CHANCERY LANE.

1814.
REMARKS

ON THE LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN GREECE AT THE

PRESENT DAY.

CHAPTER II.

OF THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE.

SECTION I.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

Outline of Albanian History—Geographical Divisions of the Country.

rough the whole course of Grecian History, from its earliest


records to the fall of the Constantinopolitan Empire, we find a people,
distinct from the Greeks in race and language, inhabiting the North
Western side of the country, and extending along the ridges, which
border the sea-coast, or run parallel to it. They appear to have
reached as far South as the Bay of Ambracia, for Scylax • deems

this gulf the Northern boundary of Greece upon the West side, and

* Scylax, Periplus, Ambracia.


238

Thucydides * calls the Amphilochi, who inhabited the hills at the


head of it, Barbarians ; by this word implying that they spoke a
language different from the Greek. The same historian t also applies
the word Barbarians to the people on the coast of Epirus, opposite to
the island of Sybota; and StraboJ: informs us, that the Epirotic
tribes were mixed with the Illyrian, and spoke two languages :
meaning either that, like the greater part of the present Albanians,
they used both the Greek and their own vernacular language, or that
the Epirotic was distinct from the Illyrian tongue, and perhaps
another dialect of the language, which was spoken throughout
Macedonia and the neighbouring countries, before the letters and
civilization of Greece had spread over those provinces. It would
appear, that in Epirus, and that part of Illyricum, afterwards called
New Epirus, this change never took effect to so great a degree as it
did in Thessaly and Macedonia ; and that the lofty mountains and
extreme ruggedness of this part of the country, have in all ages
afforded to the remains of the Aborigines a security against intruders.
This supposition is in a great measure confirmed by those remnants of
a distinct language, which form the basis of the modern Albanian
dialect: and it is observable, that all the words, which resemble those
of the same import in other modern languages, may be accounted for
by the revolutions which brought so many foreign nations into
Albania, or its vicinity ; and that these extraneous words will be
found to exist in the same proportion as the impression made upon the
country by the several races of foreigners.

* Thucyd. 1. 2. p. 145- edit. H. Stepb.

t Thucyd. Li. p. 33.

% Strabo, 1. 7. p. 326, 327. edit. Casaubon. Paris.


239

Of the Greek words which occur in Albanian, a few have internal


marks of having been adopted before the corruption of the language ;
a larger proportion have the same evidence of having been taken from
the Romaic Greek ; and there are many also, whose forms, being the
same both in the ancient and modern Greek dialect, are of uncertain
date.

Latin words are two or three times as numerous as Greek, but still
much below the proportion in which they are found in the other
modern languages of Europe. This may partly be accounted for by
the secluded position and warlike habits of the mountaineers of
Albania, which, defending them from being ever completely subjugated
by the Romans, preserved their language like that of the Pyrenean
and Cantabrian mountains, from ever receiving so large an admixture
of Latin ; and partly by the study of the Latin language, which has
prevailed to so great an extent in civilized Europe since the revival
of letters.

The few words of Gothic origin, which exist in Albanian, must


have come into use in the fifth century, when the Goths of Alaric
became complete masters of the greater part of the two Epirus's,
especially the Northern, where we afterwards find some of their
descendants settled in quiet possession of a part of the country, and
one of them named Sidismund, in alliance with Theodoric the Great,
when in his campaign against the Romans of the Eastern Empire he
entered Macedonia, and they procured for him, by stratagem, the city of
Dyrrhachium.* It also appears that the Goths were in great force

* Malchus—Excerpt, de Legat. ap. Hist. Byzant. Edit. Paris. Vol. i. p. 80.


240

in Dalmatia at the time that the Emperor Justinian the First made
war upon them, and re-annexed that province to the Empire. *

About the same time, another tribe of strangers, who proved


to be the most numerous, and the most formidable of any to the
Greek Emperors, began to make their appearance in the same part of
the country. The Sclavonians, chiefly under the name of Bulga-
rians, continued their irruptions into the European provinces of the
Empire during the seventh, eighth, and ninth centuries ; and about the
year 870, Achris (the ancient Lychnidus) was the residence of a
king of Bulgaria, and the see of an Archbishop, whose spiritual
authority extended to Kanina and Ierikh6, (Uptj(m,) the ancient
Orkus. In the tenth century, the same race was settled at Nicopolis, t
the chief place of a Theme, which comprehended all old Epirus ; t and
it appears, that about this time all the more accessible parts of Epirus
were occupied by strangers of Sckivonian origin. § Until the last periods
of the Greek Empire, the kings of Bulgaria and Servia continued to
make occasional conquests and settlements in Greece, and even in the
Morea, and they have to this day left traces of their long residence, by
the numerous names of places of Sclavonian derivation to be found in
every part of the country. It was in these ages of Bulgarian prowess,

* Procopius de Bell. Goth. 1. 1 . c. 5, 7, 16.

f G. Cedrenus, p. 628.

J Constantine Porphyrogennetus de Thematibus, p. 25.

^ Epitom. Strabo, 1. 7.
241

that the remains of the Illyrian and Epirotic nations became finally
included within the boundaries, which they have ever since held.
Many Sclavonian words then found their way into the Albanian lanr
guage, and have been increased in number by the intercourse between
Albania and the extensive regions of Servia and Bulgaria, which
surround it on the North and East, and throughout which the
Bulgarian dialect of Sclavonic is spoken. It may be thought sur
prising, perhaps, that under these circumstances the proportion of
Sclavonian words is not larger, and it may be considered as a proof,
that the strength of the Epirotic and Illyrian mountains, and the
spirit of their inhabitants, were still equal, as in the time of the
Romans, to protect them from being completely subdued.

Nearly a century after the Emperor Basil the Second had crushed
the Bulgarians, the Albanians appear for the first time, as acting an
important part in history. They formed a part of the army of
Nicephorus Basilaces,* when he marched against his sovereign Nice-
phorus Botoniates, and was defeated and made prisoner by Alexius
Coinnenus in 1079- 1 The four nations, viz. Franks, Bulgarians,
Greeks (Pwfuuoi), and Albanians ('Apf&ewiTeu), of whom the army of

Basilaces was composed, t are here distinguished by their languages,


and were all collected in the country about Dyrrhachium.

* This name written BanXax>)5, and pronounced Vasilaki, is still in common use among
the Greeks.

t Nicephorus Bryennius, 1. 4. c. ?7.

I J. S-y lit/cs Curopalata, p. 865.


2 H
242

The Franks had been invited from Italy by the bishop of Deabolis,*
(the part of Albania now called Dev61), and they were a part of the
same Normans, who soon afterwards gave so much trouble to the
Greek Emperors. Under Robert Guiscard, and his son Bohemond, they
succeeded in taking Dyrrhachium, Achris, and Ioannina, defeated the
Greeks in several actions, and occupied the country as far East as the
river Vardhari (Axius) . t

In the reigns of Andronicus Comnenus and Isaac Angelus, about


the year 1185, we find the Norman kings of Sicily occupying with
their troops Thessaly, and a great part of Macedonia, including
Thessalonica, and the fertile plain of the Strymon, with its principal
cities Serrce (now Serres) and Amphipolis ;t and these monarchs, with
their relatives the princes of Taranto, obtained permanent possessions
on the Western coast of Greece. In these operations, as well as
throughout the whole course of the crusades, during 150 years, the coast
of the present Albania was the frequent resort of Franks, and Durazzo
was very often their depot and place of retreat and safety. It is not
surprising, therefore, that many words of French origin should have
become indigenous in the Albanian language. The communication of
Albania with the Franks of different nations, who had possession of
the greater part of Greece between the periods of the Latin and
Turkish conquests, must also have had some effect upon the Albanian,
as it has had upon the Romaic dialect ; and some persons may perhaps be

• Scylitzes ibid.

f Anna Comnena, 1. 5.

t Nicetas Acominatus Choniates, Annates Andronic. 1. 4. c. 1.


Annales Isaac Angel. 1. 1. c. J.
243

inclined to refer a part of the vestiges of a mixture of Gallic race and


language in Albania to a still higher period, when the Gauls formed
mercenary troops in the armies of the kings of Macedonia and Epirus.*

The words derived from Italian will be sufficiently accounted for


by the vicinity of the two countries : For the words of Turkish origin,
the Albanians are indebted to the connexion between the two nations
since the fall of the Greek Empire, and for the Romaic to their
intercourse with the modern Greeks during the same period, as well
as for two or three centuries before that event.

When the Oriental empire was dismembered in consequence of the


conquest of Constantinople by the Franks in 1204, Michael Angelus, a
bastard of the Comneni, founded a principality, consisting of the ancient
Acarnania, JEtolia, and Epirus,-f and containing the towns of Ioannina, J

* Plutarch, vita Pyrrhi.—Polybius, I. 2. c. 5.

f Nicetas Annal. Balduin. c. 9- p. 410.

J Ioannina owed the importance, which it appears from history to have held through
the last three centuries of the Greek Empire, and which it has retained in a great measure
to the present day, to its having been the capital of the Despotate. It was sometimes,
however, in the power of the Albanians, and sometimes in that of the Franks ; it once
formed a Servian dukedom in the hands of a brother of Stephen Duscian, king of Servia,
and in 1413 belonged to a Frank duke, who sent an embassy to Mahomet the First,
upon his restoration to the throne of his father at Adrianople. (Ducas, c. 20.^ When
Ioannina, and all its territory, was taken from the Franks by Sinan, the general of Sultan
Murat the Second, in 1431, (Phranza, 1. 2. c. 9 ), it seems to have been considered the
most important city in Greece next to Thessalonica, (Chalcocond. 1. 5. p. 126.) About
1580, (Turco-gnecia, p. 93.), it appears to have been rivalled by Athens, Nauplia, (Anapli,)
and 'Naupactus (E'pakto), but the two last have dwindled to inconsiderable places, and Ioannina
now holds the same relative importance which it did before the fall of the Despotate.
244

Arta, and Naupactus, * which, with some short interruptions, con


tinued to be a separate state under the name of the Despotate
(JsTTroTdtTov), till it fell under the Turkish yoke in 1431. The despots of
Epirus, or of JEtolia, or of the West, as they were variously called,
were sometimes tributary to Constantinople, but more frequently
independent of, or in a state of hostility to the Empire. Some of them
extended their boundaries at the expense of the Franks and Bulga
rians, and one of them, Theodore, is mentioned as having occupied
the post of Albanon or Elbanon^ which also occurs as having been
again taken by the Bulgarians t in 1230.

In 1257, Albanon § was the chief town of a prefecture (jyefMvla.)


under the superior intendance of a Praetor, who was sent by Theodore
Lascaris the Second, Emperor of Nictea, to restore order in all these
provinces. The Albanians, however, preferred the alliance of the
Despot ; and the Praetor, who was George Acropolita, the historian,
was soon under the necessity of retiring.

Towards the end of the same century the Albanians are found
plundering Dyrrhachium, which had been ruined by an earthquake, ||
and afterwards rebuilding it. tt Pachymer calls them indifferently

* George Acropolita, Hist. c. 8.

f Acropolita, c. 14.

X Acropolita, c. 25.

§ Acropolita, c. 67-

|| G. Pachymer. Hist. Michael Palaol. 1. 5. c. 7.

f t Pachymer. Hist. Mich. Pal. 1. 6. c. 32.


245

Albanians, or Illyrians, thus showing his conviction of their being a


remnant of this ancient stock, a fact confirmed by the whole tenor

of their history. *

As we advance in the history of these countries, the Albanians


rise in importance, and the name, which in the time of Ptolemyt in
the second century was applied to a small tribe in the mountains of
Illyria, and even so late as the campaigns % carried on by the
Emperor Alexius Comnenus the First against the Normans in the
same regions in the 12th seems in strictness of meaning to have
belonged to a people not much more extensive, appears not long after
wards, (probably when the temporary dissolution of the Oriental
Empire by the Franks in the 13th century obliged various provinces
to form themselves into a degree of independence) to have been
extended to all the inhabitants of the Epirotic and llh/rian mountains,
who possessed the same language and manners. They began also
about this time to establish their authority over the maritime plains of
New Epirus, as we find that a short time before the death of the
Emperor Michael Palaeologus, who died in 1282, they were in
complete possession of Durazzo; in a state of declared independence of
the Greek Emperor, and in alliance with Charles, King of Sicily, who
at that time possessed the island of Corfu, and Kanina,§ a strong
town situated on the site of the ancient Bullis, upon a height above

* Nicephorus Gregoras always calls them Illyrians, hut Chalcocondylas (p. 13 ) expresses
his doubts of their being of this race, and seems to be of opinion, that they came across the
Adriatic from Italy.

t Ptolemsei Geographic, I. 3. c. 13.

X Anna Comnena, I. 13. p. 380 8c seq.

§ Pacbymer, Hist. Mich. Palaeol. 1. 6. c. 38.


246

Aulon, the modern Avl6tia. Beligrad, (BeWaypa&a., as the Greeks

called it) now Berat, was then in the hands of the Greek Emperors,
so that the dominion of the Albanians did not yet extend to the
southern extremity of the plains.

Philip, duke of Taranto, second son of Charles the Second, king of


the Sicilies, who married the daughter of the Despot Nicephorus, and
thus obtained a part of his territory,* received also, from his
father, in the year 12y4, the principality of Achaia, and all his
other dominions in Greece, and upon this occasion assumed, among
other titles relative to these acquisitions, that of Lord of Albania.t
This titular dignity descended to his brother and nephew, but
it does not appear that it gave the Latin prince any more real
authority over the mountaineers of Albania, than a similar title
assumed in the middle of the 14th century by Stephen Duscian, king
of Servia, when he made himself master of the greater part of
the country, North of Mount JEta, and proclaimed himself Emperor
of Romania, Sclavonia, and Albania.t The power of the Servians
lasted no longer than the life of Stephen, and in none of these revolu
tions were the Albanians ever long prevented from forming alliances
with the Greeks, or Franks, or Despots of Epirus, or from seeking
their fortunes in the service of those powers, as their interests or
inclinations prompted.

The Albanians of Kolonia, Dev61, and the neighbourhood of


A'khridha, are mentioned by Cantacuzenus § as having joined the

* Pachymer. Hist. Andron. 1. 3. c. 4.


+ Ducange Hist, de Constantinople, 1. 6. c. 16.—1. 7. c. 1.—1. 8. c. 34.
% Diploma ap. Ducange Famil. Dalmat. 3.62. § J. Cantacuzenus, 1. 1. c. 55.
247

younger Andronicus Palaeologus against his grandfather, in the year


1327 ; and the same historian speaks of twelve thousand Albanians of
Malakasi, Bui, and Mesaria, (names still found in the country,
although no longer Albanian districts,) as having made their sub
mission to the younger Andronicus, then sole Emperor, when, upon a
subsequent occasion, he undertook an expedition into Thessaly against
two rebel governors. These branches of the Albanian nation are
noticed by Cantacuzenus precisely as we find them at the present day,
namely, an independent race, living in the vicinity of Thessaly, *
addicted both to war and to a pastoral life, and under the necessity, in
the winter season, of seeking pasture for their flocks in the plains.

In 1338, the same Emperor Andronicus Palaeologus the Second,


enraged at the repeated incursions of the natives of the Western side
of Albania, who had very much distressed the imperial fortresses of
Beligrad, Kanina, Skepari, and Klisura, seized the favorable moment
afforded by the death of the Despot John, and the minority of his son
Nicephorus, for the double purpose of reducing the Despotate and
chastising the Albanians, and marched through Thessaly into Albania.t
He was assisted upon this occasion by a body of Turks from Asia
Minor ; and these auxiliaries were so formidable, as to penetrate into
the very heart of the Albanian mountains, and carry off an immense
booty. But it was not long before the offenders recommenced the same
ravages, for which they had been punished, J and upon this occasion

* The historian should have added Upper Macedonia, but the ancient topography of Greece
was little understood by ihe writers of the lower Empire.

+ Cantacuzenus, 1. 2. c. 32.

X Cantacuzenus, I. 3. c. 12.
<248

it appears, that the district of Pog6niana was then, as it is at the


present day, just without the limits of the Albanian country.

The Albanians became very formidable in the course of the 14th


century, and two of their chiefs, Balza in the North, and Spata in the
South, made themselves particularly conspicuous.* They are recorded
as having possessed themselves of Durazzo, Beligrad, Kanina,
Kastoria, Ioannina, A'rta, and great part of Acarnania, Thessaly,
and Macedonia, t but they never retained, for any length of time, the
places most distant from the mountains, which they still inhabit, but
yielded them to the Servians or Greeks, or to the Frank princes of
the Ionian islands. % One of the latter named Charles Tocco, who
was made Despot by the Emperor Manuel Palaeologus, about the
year 1400, took Epirus and Acarnania from the Albanians. §

It was about this time that the Albanians first began to meet with a
more formidable enemy than they had yet had to encounter, and
experienced their inability to contend with the Turks of those days in the
open field. In the year 1383, in an action near Berat, they were defeated
by the troops of Sultan Murat the First, with the loss of their leader, the
only surviving son of the above-mentioned Balza. II This loss was suc
ceeded by others. A part of their Northern possessions was conquered
by the Venetians, and some of their towns fell into the hands of the

* Chalcocondylas, 1. 4. p. 111. See also the authorities cited in Ducange, Hist, de Constan
tinople, 1. 8. c. 25, 26, 35.
■f Chalcocondylas, ibid.
J Chalcocondylas, 1.4. p. 112, 113.
| Chalcocond. ibid.—Ducange, ibid.
D Phranza, 1. 2. c. 9-
249

Turks ; but their final submission to the Ottoman government was


delayed for some time after the reduction of the rest of Northern
Greece, by the talents and valor of their chief, George Kastri6ti, (more
commonly known by the Turkish name of Iskender-beg,) and of bis
father-in-law, Arianita Topia ; * the former of whom, from 1443 to
1467, ruled in the North, and the latter for nearly the same period in
the South of Albania.

The last great struggle of the Albanians against the Turks was the
siege of Scodra, a place marked by the hand of nature for the capital
of Illyria, and still preserving its ancient name unaltered. This defence,
though conducted by a Venetian General, confers as much honor
upon the Albanians, as all the exploits of Scanderbeg. It lasted a
year, and is one of the most curious sieges recorded in history, from
the gallantry of the besieged, the disparity of power in the two
parties, and the immense calibre of the Turkish artillery in that early
period of the art ; some of the stone shot thrown against the walls
having weighed 13001b. f After resisting the utmost efforts of Ma
homet the Second in person, the place was upon the point of yielding
to famine, when the Venetians, by one of the articles of their treaty
with the Porte in 1478, saved the Scodrians from the disgrace of
submission, by taking upon themselves to stipulate that the place
should be yielded to the Turks, and that the inhabitants should
obtain a refuge in the Venetian states.

* Marinus Barletius de Vitft, Moribus, & Rebus Gestis G.Castrioti Historia di Giorgio
Castrioto, 8vo. Venice, 1580. Ducange, Famil. August. Byzant. 30.

f The history of the seige of Skodre is related by a native and eye-witness, Marinus
Barletius, who published the account in Latin at Venice, in the year 1504.
2 I
250

From this period Albania became a province of the Ottoman


dominions, but the subsequent expeditions, * undertaken by some
of the Sultans + against Albania, sometimes with doubtful success,
show that the country was never thoroughly subdued ; and it is not
probable, that the Porte has ever been able to enforce a more implicit
obedience to its orders than it now does, when it is unable to appoint
or confirm any provincial governor, who is not a native of Albania,
and who has not already established his influence by his arms, policy,
and connexions.

The Turkish conquest, if it can be so called, has produced, however,


many remarkable changes in Albanian manners. The principal is that
of religion. It is well known, that in the days of Scanderbeg, Albania
was a Christian nation. In the middle of the 17th century, Musulman
apostasy had not made much progress, as we learn from a book published
at Palermo in 1648, called Anatomia dell' Impero Ottomano, wherein
the author proposes the plan of a league by the powers of Europe
against Turkey, to be assisted by an insurrection of its Christian
subjects, and reckons upon the assistance of the Albanians in
common with the other Christians of the Empire. At present the
Christians are no more than equal in number to the Musulmans ;
but it is evident, that such of the Albanians, as have renounced
Christianity, have done it entirely from political motives, and for
the sake of enjoying Turkish dignities, and other advantages derived
from professing the governing religion. As in Crete, they marry
Christian women ; the boys go to the mosque and the girls to
the church; and the man dines at the same table, and often out of the
same dish, from the opposite side of which a part of his family is

* Leunclavii—Annates Turcici.
+ Bajazet the Second, Solimau the Great, and Amurat the Third.
251

partaking of the meats forbidden to him. If they attach little conse


quence to points, which among these semi-barbarous people are
considered as some of the most important religious distinctions, they
are still more careless of minuter observances, and their laxity of
religious practice is a common subject of ridicule among the Turks,
no less than their poverty, and their privation of many Turkish
luxuries, while at the same time their enterprise, activity, hardiness,
and superiority in every thing connected with war, render them objects
of jealousy and hatred.

The character of the Northern and Southern Albanians differs as


much as the general face of the country in the two provinces. The
Northern, a large portion of which consists of fertile plains, and
abounds in cavalry, produces a race, combining the cruelty of the
Albanian with the dullness of the Bulgarian. In the barren moun
tains and narrow vales of the South of Albania, the true character
of the nation is to be sought for. Here the people, proverbially
ignorant of horsemanship, and of many other advantages, that
constitute the pride and comfort of the more civilized Turk, form an
armed population of irregular infantry, one of the hardiest and most
active in the world. They are in the constant habit of either warring
upon each other, or of hiring themselves to some powerful chieftain of
Albania, or of seeking their fortunes as mercenary troops in other parts
of the Empire. Although preserving a marked distinction from the G reeks
in form and physiognomy, having light eyes and high cheek-bones, they
resemble very much in character and manners the natives of tlie more
mountainous and independent districts of Greece. They possess
perhaps more evenness of conduct, more prudence, more fidelity to
their employers, and at the same time more selfishness, avidity, and
252

avarice, but there is found among them the same rigid observance of
religious prejudices, the same superstitions, the same active, keen, and
enterprising genius, the same hardy, patient, and laborious habits.
*■

The geographer, Ptolemy,* is the earliest ancient author, who makes


mention of the Albani. It has already been remarked, that they
appear in his time to have been an inconsiderable tribe, possessing a
town called Albanopolis. They remained in the same obscurity for
near a thousand years, no further mention of them occurring until the
twelfth century, when we find their town again mentioned under the
name of Albanon, Arbanon, or Elbanon, and described as commanding
the passes leading from the country about Lychnidus, to the maritime
plains.t The importance of this situation, and the consequent supe

riority which the tribe obtained over the other Illyrians, seem to
have been the reasons why the Greeks of the lower Empire applied
the name of 'A^fiavot, 'A^avrjreg, or 'Ap&avijTes, to all the natives of
these mountains, who spoke the same dialect; and to the country
itself, that of 'A^fiavla, 'A^avTjTia, or 'ApfiayyTict, from whence the word
Albania has been adopted by the Italians, and through them by the
rest of Europe. But this name is not known, or at least never used
or acknowledged by the natives themselves, who call the country
Skiperi, an Albanian man Skipetar. t
-

* Ptolem. <3eog. 1. 3. c. 13.

+ Anna Comnena, 1. 13. p. 390 & seq.—Acropolita c. 14, 25.

J Some resemblance to which name may be found in that of the Selapitani, mentioned by
Livy, I. 45. c. 26. as an Illyrian tribe, who may be supposed to have inhabited the mountains
in the neighbourhood of Scodra.
253

An opinion prevails among some persons in Albania, and the


adjacent parts of Greece, that Albanopolis owed its origin to a colony
from Alba, in Italy ; and I have also heard it mentioned in the
country, as a sort of tradition, that the nation received, in the reign
of Septimius Severus, a colony of the Praetorian guards, who, upon
the accession of Severus to the Empire, were disarmed and dismissed
by him for having been concerned in the murder of Pertinax, * but I
was never able to learn any good grounds for this supposition, which
seems to have been chiefly suggested by the words of Latin origin
contained in the language, and by the Albanian dress, which in some
respects resembles that of a Roman soldier. It must also be acknow
ledged, that a country such as Albania furnishes little temptation to the
settlement of foreigners, and is more likely to send forth from its
barren mountains the surplus of its population to find a main
tenance, which its own resources cannot afford. We find Albanian
mercenaries in Naples, in the Barbary States, and in the pay of every
chieftain in Turkey. Some large colonies of them occupy several
parts of Calabria, and a smaller tribe inhabits four villages f in the
centre of Sicily. The first Albanian settlers in the former province
of the kingdom of Naples went there to occupy some fiefs, which were
granted to them by Ferdinand the First, in return for the assistance
he had received from George Castriot in obtaining possession of his
throne. These were followed by many other natives both of Greece
and Albania, who retired from the oppression of the Turkish govern-

* Xiphilin. epit. Dion. Cass..

t Mezzojuso, Palazzo Adriano, Plana, and Contessa.


254

ment, and the religion of Mahomet. Swinburne describes the national


dress as still worn among the Albanese of Calabria, but the use of
the language as chiefly confined to the women, and the Greek church
as gradually giving way among them to the Latin.*

But the most considerable Albanian colonies' are those of Greece


and the Morea. They occupy most of the villages in Baotia, Attica,
and Argolis, and have obtained complete possession of two small
districts in the mountainous parts of Elis and Laconia, the former
of which is called Lai la, and the latter Bardunia. The Albanians of
Greece preserve the national dress, but they are gradually forgetting their
language, and their features are already so much changed by an inter
mixture with the Greeks, that the Illyrian physiognomy is scarcely
traceable. The island ot Idhra, "1%*, (the ancient Hydrea), now the
most florishing commercial society in Greece, was settled by a colony
from Argolis of Albanian race, but they are now hardly distinguishable
from the other natives of the Archipelago. The peasants of Attica
are those who preserve the strongest marks of their origin, and who
make the most extensive use of their vernacular tongue, while, among
the Albanians of the Morea, it is almost obliterated. This may be taken
for a presumption, that the colonization of the latter is much the more
ancient of the two,and we find them, accordingly, settled in the Morea as
early as the year 1391,t aboutwhich period they occupied a district called
Ta#»a, or Aa$i*. \ The name is still found in the centre of Arcadia,

in a valley on the West side of Mount Manalus, not far from

* Travels in the two Sicilies, Vol. i. Sect. 4(5.


■y Xpovixov 2'6vrofu>v adjunct. Ducae.

X Chron. Breve adj. Ducae. Clialcocondylas, I. 5. p. 127.


255

Tripolitza ; but the Albanians are no longer in possession of this part


of the country.

In the latter years of the Greek Empire, the Albanians of the


Morea are often mentioned * as siding with the various parties,
who disputed the possession of the Peninsula, or its districts, until
its final reduction by Mahomet the Second in 1460. f In these
last struggles of the Greeks, the Albanians seem to have been equally
obnoxious to all parties, and Phranza, the unfortunate spectator
of those national calamities, in which his own family was so much
involved, confirms the character which Nicephorus Gregoras gives of
them at a period somewhat earlier, and complains bitterly of their
fickleness, perfidy, and cruelty .J It must be admitted, however, that
their warlike habits were the chief means of saving the Despots of the
Morea for a few years, and that their reduction, both in the Pelopon
nesus, and their original Illyria, was one of the most difficult
enterprises in the victorious career of Mahomet the Second.

Before we proceed to describe the language, the reader will perhaps


not be displeased, in such a new field of inquiry, at being presented
with a statement of the chorographical divisions of Albania Proper ;
in performing which task I have greatly to regret, that circumstances
do not at present admit of its being elucidated by a map.

Albania occupies almost the entire line of coast on the East side of
the Ionian and Adriatic seas, included between the 39th and 43d

* See Laon. Chalc. 1. 8, 9- Ducas, c. 32. Phranza, 1. 3.


f Phranza, ]. 3. C. 24. & seq.
| Phranza, 1. S. c. 23. Nicephorus Gregoras, !. 11. c. 6.
256

degrees of latitude. It extends in no part more than 100 miles inland,


and in the Southern districts not more than 30. Its boundaries on the
North are Montenegro, and the ridges, which unite that mountainous
province with Mount Scardus, and bound the plains of Scodra on the
North. To the South, the limits of Albania upon the coast reach to
within a short distance of Prevesa, and Suli is its extreme district.

The principal tribes of Albania are the Ngege, Toske, Liape, and
Tzhmi. The Ngege (in Greek Fxeyxties) occupy the Northern districts
as far South as Kavaia, and the river anciently called Genusus. Their
chief towns are Dulteuni, (Dulcigno in Italian,) Sk6dre (Scutari),
Ales, (Lessio), Dures (Durazzo), Tirane, Dibre.

The T6ske (Toa-xties) inhabit the great plains of the Mizaki6 and

Malakastra, which stretch from the hills of Dyrrhachium to Berat and


Avl6na, together with the mountains bordering the South side of these
plains as far as L6pesi, Tepeleni, and Klisura, all which are situated
upon the Vi6sa, the river anciently called Aous ; and on the East
side they possess all the mountains as far as the district of K6ritza,
which occupies one of the vallies of Upper Macedonia. The chief places
of the Toske are Berat and Elbasan, the former, next to Sk6dre, the
most important place in Albania, and the latter, in all probability,
upon the site of the ancient Albanopolis.

The Liape (Aia.ir&es)t* remarked among the Albanians themselves

for their poverty, uncleanness of person, and inclination to pillage,


inhabit the wild mountains included between Toskeri, or the district of

* Qu. Is this a settlement of the ancient Lapithae ?


257

the T6ske (Too-xoupiot), and the sea, as far South as the plain of Delvino.
Liaberi {Aia^xa^pia) is sometimes called Arberi by the Albanians.

The Tzami occupy all the region South of the river Kalama, anciently
called Thyamisy and it may perhaps be conjectured, that it is from
a corruption of the latter name, that the Isami have derived their
appellation. The country is called Dai by the Albanians, and
TX)ap.mpik by the Greeks, and it extends almost as far inland as the
plains around Ioannina. The chief places are Suli,* Paramithia,
Liuarati, Margariti, Parga, and Aghia.

The other districts of Albania, which have either been detached


from the great divisions, or never formed a part of them, are —
1. Parakalamo, comprehending the maritime country in face of Corfu,
from the river Kalama to Vutaintr6 (Buthrotum) included, and contain
ing the towns of Filiates, Kalbaki, Konispoli.—2. Delvino, and its rich
plain formerly dependent upon the great city of Phcenice.—3. Der6pul,
(in Greek <49"/0"'roX'f> probably a corruption of AlpioivomoXig) comprehends
Arghiro-Kastro, Kardhiki,and Lib6khovo,and the plains around them.—
4. Zagoria,t including several villages in the mountains between
Lib6khovo and Premedi. — 5. The Liutei (J/out^iSsj) occupy the
mountains North of Zagoria, and lying on the East of the Der6pul
river—and 6'. R6ze includes the mountains on the opposite bank of
the same river.—This tribe may be considered a part of the Liape,

* The position of this district, and the character of its inhabitants, prove it to be the same
as that of the Selli described by Strabo, I. 7. p. 328.

t This is not to be confounded with the Greek district of Zag6ri, which occupies the upper
regions of the Pindus range to the North of Ioannina.
8 K
258

and so may perhaps—7. Khimara, a district containing several large


villages overhanging the sea, on the Western face of the Acroceraunian
mountains. — 8. The Kara-Murata (KapatntvpaT&ns). These possess
two or three large villages at the foot of the great mountain Nemerteka,
on the edge of the plain of K6nitza. They border to the North upon
the district of— 9. Prem6di, or Permeti, a large town on the left
bank of the Vi6sa, at the foot of Mount Nemerteka. Its district
includes a part of the mountains on the East side of the valley, and

s called Dangli, and the people in Greek Anyx^hg. It contains the


towns of Fraseri, Zavaliani, &c. To the eastward of Dangli lies —

10. Kol6nia, bounded on the South by the district of K6nitza, and


on the North by those of Ghramos, K6ritza, and Berat. It forms a
part of the great range of Mount Pindus, and contains the towns of
Skrapari, Yithkuki, &c.

The exact boundaries of Albania on the East are doubtful : the best
criterion seems to be the language, but as the men, whose employments
often carry them abroad, for the most part speak Greek, those places
only should be included where the Albanian dialect is in common
domestic use, and generally spoken among the women. The districts
of Ioannina, Paleo-Pog6niana, and K6nitza, must be considered as
Albanian conquests. Koritza is the chief place of a long plain,
running northwards towards O'khri CAXP^a)> an^ watered by one of
the branches of the Apsus. Upon the mountains, bordering it on
the West, are the remains of the once populous and florishing
Vlakhiote settlement of Moskh6poli. On the East of K6ritza is Dev61,
mentioned in the Byzantine history under the name of Deabolis, and
as inhabited by Albanians. It contains the town of Biklist, originally
a colony of Bulgarians, like several others which are found in the
259

district of K6ritza, and in the adjoining plains of Upper Macedonia,


watered by the branches of the Haliacmon.

In stating these divisions of the country, it has been intended to


follow such as are purely Albanian, and were probably in use before
the Turkish conquest. Among the other innovations introduced by
that event, the chorography of the country underwent some changes.
The chief towns, such as Delvino, Berat, Avl6na, Elbasan, and several
places in the plains of Mizaki6 and Sk6dre, became Turkish Sancfeaks,
which commanded the plains and more accessible regions around them,
while the mountainous districts still remained, and have ever continued,
almost independent of the government of Constantinople.
SECTION THE SECOND.

Sounds of the Albanian Language—Sketch of the Grammar— Vocabulary.

The Shkipetaric, or Albanian, is not a written language : in the


Southern districts, indeed, its words are sometimes represented in
Greek characters, but even this does not often occur, Greek being in
most places so familiar to the higher classes, that whenever writing is
necessary, the Greek language is generally preferred. The Greek
alphabet, besides, is unable to express all the Albanian sounds, although
the Albanian speech includes all the sounds of the modern Greek
dialect. In forming an alphabet for Albanian, therefore,' it has been
necessary to add the following forms to those already given for
expressing Romaic words in Latin characters.

e is a vowel between the Italian a and e, uttered deep in the throat,


being the same as the vowel-sound in the English words burn, son, but

generally very short.


261

u resembles the French u, but the sound is more slender, and is

thrown upwards towards the nostrils.

k is a common k, sounded between the tip of the tongue and

upper teeth.

k is used to represent a guttural k not aspirated, being nearly, if not

exactly, the sound of the Arabic kof.

kh is the ^ of the modern Greeks, sounded through the nose, or it

may be expressed by our h, sounded in the same manner.

I represents an 1 pronounced in the fauces, and nearly resembling the

Italian gl.

n is nearly the Italian gn, but sounded a little in the nostrils.

s is the English sh, but not so harsh, and uttered nearer the teeth.

z represents very nearly the French j in jamais.

The other characters used in the following pages are intended to be


read in the same manner as those of modern Greek words, written with
our own alphabet ; * thus dh will represent the sound of the Romaic 8 ;
th that of 5; kh that of tz that of the English ch in child; dz
that of the English j in John ; all which sounds are used in Albanian.

* See Chap. I. Sect. I. of this Volume.


262

The chief peculiarity of the Albanian utterance is its predilection for


nasal sounds. In addition to those already mentioned, the simple
mutes, expressed in other languages by b, g, d, have generally in
Albanian a sound formed by throwing them upwards towards the
nostrils. This happens especially in the beginning of a word, and
might have been expressed either by those letters in Italics, or in a
manner nearly descriptive of their sounds by mb, nd, ng ; but it has
been thought better not to multiply the difficulties of reading the
Albanian words by any more new characters or combinations than
those already described.

In the many words borrowed from Turkish, Romaic, Latin, French,


&c. the Albanians have generally substituted their favorite nasal or
guttural sounds for the kindred sounds of the original language.

As it is obvious that the marking of accent is one of the most


important things to be observed in writing the words of a foreign
language with our own alphabet, this has been particularly attended
to in the ensuing pages.
263

GRAMMAR.

The following endeavour to form some grammatical rules for the


Albanian dialect was made in order to facilitate the acquisition of the
language ; and I was, until very lately, quite ignorant of any similar
attempt having been before made.* Though I had met with several Alba
nians of talents, and adequate learning, yet I never found one who had
bestowed any attention on the grammar of his vernacular speech, or who
had thought of any arrangement of rules, arising from that similarity of
inflexion in the several parts of speech, which occurs in every language.
The greater part of the information upon which the following remarks
are founded, was derived from Evstratio (Eua-rpaTtog), of Viakuki, who
holds the rank of Hieroceryx (Ispax^pu^) in the Greek church, and
had been many years school-master at Moskh6poli. Besides being
well acquainted with Hellenic and Romaic, and speaking and writing

* Mr. Ilobhouse, in the Appendix to his travels in Albania, &c. has given the substance
of an Albanian grammar, composed by an Italian missionary of the Roman Congregation de
Propaganda Fide. It is intituled,—Osservazioni Grammatical! nella Lingua Albancsc del
P. Francesco Maria da Lecce, 8tc; printed at the Propaganda press at Rome in 17 1 6.
Some diversity will be remarked between the grammar of da Lecce, and the grammatical
sketch now submitted to the public ; but the former was chiefly intended for Northern Albania,
where alone there are any Christians of the Latin church, and where the dialect differs in soma
respects from that of the mountains of the South : and it is observable, that the words of an
oral language may be written very dissimilarly by two persons of different nations, although
the sounds intended to be described may be nearly the same.
264

fluently in both, he possessed that more accurate knowledge of his


native Albanian dialect, which was to be expected in a person so
qualified.

ARTICLE.

The indefinite article of the English language is supplied in


Albanian, as in Romaic, and many other modern languages, by the
first numeral.

The definite article coalesces with the noun, and forms a part of it,
either by altering its last syllable, or both its first and last syllable, or
by forming an additional syllable at the end of the noun.

Thus aysXaSa, cow, without the article, is Ii6pc.


19 dtysXa&x, the cow, H6pa.
xaXou, of good, miri.
tou xaXou, of the good, tmirit.
avQpa>7rog, man, • • neri.
o avftpwiros, the man, neviu.

In nouns masculine, the article in the noin. sing, is most commonly


i, substituted for the final vowel, when the word ends in a vowel ; or
affixed to it, when it ends in a consonant, as,

xaXos, good, itnire.


o xaKog, imiri.
ayysXos, angel, • • • • &igel.
6 ayyeXog, <?ngeli.
265

Exceptions.

1. When the word ends in o or a, accented on the last syllable, or


on the antepenultimate, the article is kh (#) affixed, as

Xpurrl$, Christ, . • » • • Khrist6.


o Xpio-Tog, Khristokh.
Oco[xm$, Thomas, • • • • Thoma.
o 0<opxy, Thomakh.

2. When the word ends in o, accented on the penultimate, the


article is a affixed, as

nirpos, Peter, • • • • P£tro.


o nerpos, Pdtroa.

3. When the word ends in a, accented on the penultimate, it is the


same with or without the article, as

Ba.pva.&as, Barnabas, • • • • Varnava.


o Batpyufias, Varnava.

The foregoing exceptions apply chiefly to words borrowed from the


Greek.

4. When the word ends in i accented, the article is generally


u affixed, as

avQpanrog, man, neri


o adpanros, neriu.

S L
266

But sometimes the article is a affixed, as

Oeog, God, • • • • Perendf.


6 Oeog, Perendia.

5. When the word ends in a consonant, and instead of i affixed,


takes some other letter, or letters, for the additional syllable, as

:rouX), bird, • • • • zok.


?rouX), z6ngu.

These last exceptions are various, and must be learned by practice.

In nouns feminine, the article in the nom. sing, is always affixed to,
or substituted for, the last letter of the noun, except when it ends in
an accented vowel, or in a, or in a liquid, when the diphthong ia

forms the article.

Examples.

Qvpa, door, dere.


ij Qvpa, dera.
eqpq, Thebes, Thivi.
r] Brfcn, Thlva.
<paxij, lentil, thier.
$ Qotxr), thiera.
yuvaixa, woman, • • • • grua.
r] yvvcuxct, gruaic
oupotvog, heaven, • • • • kiel.
• oupavos, • Welw.
267

Greek neuters plural having no singulars when adopted in Albanian,


take the article in the same manner, as

'Itoawiva, vulg6 Haviva, (name of a city) • • Ghianiue.


tSl 'Iwavvuia, Ghiaruna.

NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

The inflexions of substantives are so variable in Albanian, that it


is not pretended to give any rules for arranging them in declensions ;
the following examples may serve to show the usual modes of forming
their inflexions, both with and without the article. There are only
two genders, masculine and feminine, which last may be considered
as including the neuter; and three cases, nominative, genitive, and
accusative. The dative is supplied, as in Romaic, by the preposition
de, to, and the accusative.

Examples.

1. Masculine, nerf, avQpmiros, man.

Without the article. With the article.

Sing. nom. (avfycwroj), 8tc. neri. (i avfyunro;) .... Menu.


gen. ■* . . nfrui. •••• "fruit.
acc nfrf. tierme.
Plur.nom turn. • fierezit.
gen ntreze. ••••i nerezet.
acc. m its. nerezxt.
268

S. Feminine, dere, flu/sa, (door.)

Without the article. With the article.

Sing. nom. (Jupa) &c. • • dere. . . 86poc) &c. • • dera.


dere. derese.
acc d€re. derene.
Plur. nom. dier. dierte.
gen. ..... ....... dierve. dlervet.
acc dier. — •• dierte.

1 '3. Feminine, kiel, wpavog, heaven.

Without the article. ,, , . ,. Witli the article.


r ■ '
Sing. nom. (ofyavoj) &c. « • kiel. (6 oupavoj) &c. kieh'a.
gen. • • • • • kiele. ekielse.
acc i • kielne. ■ ' • kferne.
Plur. nom • kiele. . ■ ■ kielte.
gen. • kielve. ••• kielvet.
acc. « •••• kiele. kielte.

4. Feminine, re, <r(ryve<pov} cloud.

Without the article. With the article.

Sing. nom. (o-vyv£$ov) &c. re. (to <rvyvefov) &c. r6a.


gen. ............ r§sc. erese.
acc re. " rene.
Plur. nom. re. rete.
gen. r6ve. J>!i erevet.
acc. .....«•«•••• re. rete.
269

zok, a-ouXi', bird.

Without the article. With the article.

Sing. nom. (xmKl) tec. • • zok. (to vovxt) &c. zongu.


gen. ........ ... . . zongu. ............. ez6ngut.
acc. »•»• zok. ... .......... . zokne.
Plur. nom zok. •-.«...«... 9 . . ZoktP.
gen zongu. z6ngevet.

acc. .-•»••-. ....... zok. z6kte.

6. Feminine, karte, x*pri, paper.

Without the article. With the article.

Sing. nom. (x*f*"0 &c- ' • kartf. - (to XMfO kirta-


gen. ......... karte. • • • • •-• • • •t kartese.
acc kartf. kartene.
Plur. nom. kartera. karterat.
gen » karter&ve. kartcr&vet.
acc • kartera. karterat.

7. Masculine, tedksure, ayam), love, desire.

Without the article. With the article.

Sing. nom. (ayami) &C. • * tedlsure. (ij «y«Tij) &c..« tedisurit.


gen ti'di'tMiri. tedfcurit.
•cc ted&sure. ......... ... . . tedium it .
Plur. nom tedfisura. •• tedarorite.
gen. — « • tedajurave. • •••••• tedasurivet .
acc. ••••••»•»••• ttdauira. ..»•»..».... tfdasurftf.
270

8. Feminine, senteri, ayjaxruvij, sanctity.

Without the article. With the article.

Sing. nom. (ayiawovi)) &c. senteri. (>) aytcetruvrj) 8cc. senteria.


gen senterie. • senterist
acc. • senteri. senteria.
Plur. nom. • • • • • • • senteri. senterite.
gen. • senterive. senteriavet.
acc. •■ senteri. • senterite.

NOUNS ADJECTIVE.

Adjectives receive the article in the same manner as substantives, as

ilfk, a^a/itvoj, bad, (masc.)


ilinku, o axa.[ivlg, the bad.
esemtuare, a<r;pj/Mj, ugly, (fem.)
esemtuara, tj ao-^ijjtMj, the ugly.

Example to show the declension of adjectives,

imfre, xahog, good.

Without the Article.

Masculine. Feminine.
Sing. nom. (xaAo?) &c. • • imfre. (x*^) &c. • • emire.
gen. miri. «*•••-••••-••• semire.
acc tenure. •••• temire.
Plur. nom. ............ temire. temira.
gen. • mireve. • • • • «-« « • •-♦ • • tmirave.
acc. ••• temire. temira.
271

With the Article.

Masculine. Feminine.

Sing. nom. (6 xa^Sf) &c. imiri (>j xaXij) &c« emira.


gen. tmirit. ••• semirese.
acc temirene. temirene.
Plur. nom temirete. •.• Emirate.
gen. tmirevet. tmiravet.
acc temirete. temirate.

When the adjective is joined to a substantive, the substantive usually


precedes.

When the definite article is required, the word which precedes


bears it.

When the last letter or syllable of the word, which precedes, is the
same as the first of that, which follows, they are not repeated in
the latter, — as, gruase mire, t% xa\ijg yuvaixoV, of the good woman ;
and not gruase semire.

When the substantive follows, the oblique cases are not used, but
the form of the nominative, either singular or plural, is used in all the
cases, as tmiravet zimera, xakwv xap8»<ov, of good hearts ; and not

tmiravet zemeravet.

And this indeclinable form is sometimes, but not so often, observed


in adjectives.

The comparison of adjectives is effected by the words me, more,


and fort, much ; as me imire, xaXijVe^, better ; fort ibukur, A\np$d>-
TotToy, very handsome.
272

PRONOUNS,

First Person u, iyut, /.


•■» •

Sing. nonr. u, une.


Gen. dat. and acc. — mua.
Plur. nom. ne or neVe.
Gen. dat. and acc. —■ n6ve, une.

Second Person ti, o-u, thou.

Sing. nom. — ti, tine.


Gen. and acc. tu, t&e.
Dat ni.
Plur. nom. iu.
Gen. dat. and acc. — iuve.

The place of the third personal pronoun is supplied by the demon


strative ai, aurog or ex«vo£,

A different form of these three pronouns is used when they are


governed by a verb. They then precede the verb, except when it
is in the imperative mood ;

mua being changed into me.


ne»e into na.
tu into te.
iuve into u.
273

And the cases of the third person are as follow :

f tow, of him, to him ~\ ti, i, ua, • or ia, according


Sing. gen. and dat. ■< rrjs, of her, to her > to the letters which they

toS, of it, to it J precede or follow.


f rov, him, ~\
Acc. < Trjv, her, > a, e, ta, te.
t to, it, J
C T0Uf
TOUg i of them, to them, them—tu, u, ua.
Plur. gen. dat. acc. 1
< ra)g
TOtlj )

Examples.

SoV/xov, give me — ap me.


vol too ypotyw, that I may write to him — te i skruan.

But when in the same phrase, the accusative case of the third
personal pronoun is likewise required ; it is as follows —

Sing. acc. — a or (when following a word ending in a) e.


Plur. acc. — i.

Examples.

SoVftourct, give them to me ap me i.

C rov ~\ C him ~\
[uas < Tyv > htvtig, thou givest < her > to us — na e ep.
t t» ) (it )

* As the usual mode of expressing a diphthong, by writing the two vowels in Italics, would
produce ambiguity when one of those vowels has two sounds, also distinguished by means of the
Italic print, it has been necessary in these cases to use a curved line under.
2 M
The final e of all these particles being elided, when coming before
another vowel, the expressions te i skruan, ap me i, and te a ap,
here written at length to show their construction, should be pronounced
ti skrua/j, ap mi, ta ap. And here it may be observed, that the
elision of an initial or final vowel, when meeting another, the elision
of a final vowel occasionally without any such cause, the addition
of a final consonant, and some other slight changes from the rules
here given, for the sake of euphony, are common in Albanian, and
will be exemplified in the exercises.

PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE.

These are as follow in the singular masculine without the article

im, mine.
it or Mt, thine.
itfie, his.
une, ■ >— our.
uaie, your.
itfre, iture, their.

it has iote in the fem. nom. and sate in the fem. acc.
une has idne in the fem. nom. and sane in the fem. acc.

But in general the inflexions of these pronouns vary so much in the


usages of different classes and districts, that it is not attempted to
give them at length.
275

Pronouns Demonstrative.

1. ki, tovtoc, erou-roc, ravTog, 8cc. this.

Masculine. Feminine.
Sing. nom. ki, ku - Aei6.
gen. /. ' ■ 1 1 k h - Aesakhe or Aesaie.
acc. Arte - kete.
Plur. nom. keti - Aet6.
gen. Aetire - Aetire.
acc. Aeta - A«t6.

2. af, cwtoV, sxeTvoc, &c. Mfl/.

Masculine. Feminine.
Sing. nom. ai, aiu :— ai6.
gen. atikh 1 asaic
acc. ate ate.
Plur. nom. at& at6.
gen. ——— atireye atireve.
acc. ati 1 at6.

Pronoun Relative.

ke, otoo, o oroToc, who, which.


Indeclinable.

Pronoun Interrogative.

tz or tzte, ti, what?


Indeclinable.
276

VERBS.

The auxiliary verbs aie two, as in Romaic.

1. kam, eyo), I have.

Indicative Mood.

Present. Past.
Sing. I%w, &c. kam Sing. e*x«, &c. kism.
ke ■ khnc.
ka _—_____—. Mste.
A6mi Aisim.
— k'mi ________ Icisite.
.__—————— kane kfcne.

Imperative.

Sing. i%t* ■ Mieh.


Plur. txrrt, kirn.

Conjunctive Mood.

Present. Indefinite.
Sing. kem Sing. ■ p&tza.
• kes ■ pate.
Aete piste.
Plur. Aemi Plur. pateim.
————————— kirn ■ pafzi.
■ ■ kkm ______ pafzine.

The use of these two tenses will be shown in the verb $krua».
277

2. dua, fleXto, I will.

Indicative.

Present. Imperfect.
Sing. tiXca, &c. dua Sing. JjJeXa, 8tc.— ASia.
.1 d« d6ie.
*—*
do d6khite.
Plur. ————— dfiamc Plur. doghim.
— d6ghini ————— d6ghite.
——————— duane ■ doinine.

Past.

rjiforjO-ct, 8tC. de».


dese.
des.
" desem.
deste.
dew.

Imperative.

Sing. DtXt, duakh.


Plur. fliAi]9-«Ti, — d6ghini.

Conjunctive.

Present. Indefinite.
Sing. dua Sing. d&ja.
. dua* das/z.
d6ie . dfote.
278

Present. Indefinite.
Plur.—as in the indicative. Plur. d&sim.
. dibit.
dajine.
Participle, d&sure.

The greater part of Albanian verbs ends in n. The following will


exemplify the mode of forming the tenses and their inflexions.

Skri'ian, ypoupcu, I •write.

Active Voice.

Indicative.

Present. Imperfect.
Sing. (ypa$a>) &c. skruaw. Sing. (iypuQai) 8cc. skruana.
skruan. ■ .skruane.
skruan. skruante.
Plur. skrua??me. Plur. skruanim.
• skruani. skruanit.
■ akruanne. ■ skruanin.

Past.

Sing. (s!ypa\J/a) &c. skrova.


skr6ve.
skr6khti.
Plur. skruam.
————— skrtiate.
■ skruane.
279

Conjunctive.

Present. Indefinite.
Sing, (ypityta) &c. jkruan. Sing. ■ skrofsa.
skrfiaw.v. ikrofi.
skruane. jkrofte.
Plur. skrua/ime. skrofsim.
skrdani. skr6£sit.
skruanne. skrofcine.

The present of this mood, preceded by d6te,* (&, 0e*«i,) expresses

the future active ; as,

D6te akriiaw, fleXei ypai/w, I will or shall write, Sec.

The same tense preceded by lete (as) is the imperative, and by te


(va) is the potential, the lete being omitted in the second persons
imperative ; te, with this tense, is also used for the infinitive, and, as
in Romaic, is often substituted for the imperative, thus,

jkruaw* or te ikruarw, ypaQe, ypot^s, va ypa^S) write thou.


lete *kruan, as ypafa, let him write.
te jkruanme, va ypa-^ao^Av, that we may write, let us write.
dua te jkrUan, deXca va. ypa^vo, I wish to write.

The indefinite of this mood (sometimes after makar, /*axapi) is the


optative, and alter de (<*v) is the conditional form of speaking, as,

* The Albanians always add te to do, to form this tense, whereas va. is not always added to ii
in Romaic.
makar jkrofoa, would that I could write.
de fkr6firim, if we should write.
dkste Peiendia, / wish that God would.

The compound preterite, £<^a yp&fa* I had written, is expressed by


the past tense of kam, I have, and the participle skruar or skruare, as,

kiste jkrtiar, ei^s ypafa, he had written.

Passive Voice.

Indicative.

Present. Imperfect.
Sing.(yp«$o/xai)&c. skrbkhem. Sing. (lypctQo/xouv) sktdkhesu.
1 skruAVns. jkrufcAese.
skru&Aete. skru&Ae.
Plur. »krGMemi Plur. fkfft&tinm.
■ skruAAi. skru/cAisit.
skru&Aene skru/rAwne.

Past.

Sing, lyga^xa, uikrGase.


uskrove.
■ ■ uskrua.
Plur. ■ uskruam.
uskruat?.
uskruane.

Imperative.

Sing. skruaia. Plur. skrGkhi.


281

Conjunctive.

Sing. ujkr6fsa.
uskr6is.
■ Uikr6fte.
Plur. uskmbim.
uskr6fsite.
rokr6frine.

Participle. skruare.

The future passive is formed by the present indicative, preceded


by d6te, as,

dote sVxkkhem, 6e'xs< ypa#6a>, I shall, or will be written, &c

The same tense, preceded by lete, expresses the imperative, as

lete skrdkhene, a$ ypa<pBouv, be they written, let them be written.

The potential and infinitive are formed by the same tense, pre
ceded by te, as,

ie skvlxkhem, va ypaxpQui, that I may be written.


dua te skviikhem, 6e>>w va. ypatyQai, I wish to be written.

The optative is expressed by uskr6fsa, preceded by makar, and


the conditional by the same tense, preceded by de, as

makar u*kr6fea, fxaxapt va iypaQofMuv, would that I were written.


du*kr6f«a, dv ypaQ&a!, if 1 be written, if I should be written
2 N
282

The same tenses are used both in active and passive after site, *<f o5,
since—kurte, orav vot, when—as after te, and its other compounds,

d6te, lete, as

kurte ikruarur, when thou shalt write.


site skriikhet, since he is written, or hath been written.

The participle, in its simple form, has an adverbial signification ;


preceded by i it forms an adjective in the singular masculine ; preceded
by te, it becomes a noun substantive—thus dasure, the participle of
dua, U\w, aycacm, I will, I love, signifies lovingly—idasure, beloved—

tedasure, desire, love.

Preceded by tu&e, it forms the participle active—as tuAre skruare,


ypa.<povTcts, writing.

Its use in the formation of the compound preterite has already been

shown.

Compound verbs in Albanian are — 1. Those formed by pre


fixing to a simple verb tz or s, which, like fe in Romaic, and tin
in English, reverse its signification.*—thus ves, Ivhuvco, I put oji—
tzves, y&Jvw, I strip—kam, I have—skam, I have not.

2. Compounds, formed by prepositions, as from khap, avoiym, I


open, is formed perMap, <rxopvl%co, I scatter.

* Sometimes, however, tz, or s before an adverb, forms a verb without any force of negation ;
as bute, tenderly; fzbut or sbut, / make tender.
283

ANOMALOUS VERBS.

The following are some of the Albanian verbs most remarkable

for the anomaly of their conjugation —

1. iam, tlfuu, lam.

Indicative Present, — jam, ie, &ste, iemi, ini, tane.


>—<- *—
Past, iswa, isne, iste, isim, iste, isnene.
Conjunctive Present, iem, ies, iete, iemi, ini, i6ne.
Indefinite, kwfsa, ki6fs, ki'6fte, kiofsim, kt'<5fjit, ktSU'mc.

2. ye, (&ava> or 0a£co, I put.

Ind. Pres. ve, ve, ve, veme, virni, veae.


Imperf. virna, virne, vinte, virim, virite, virnene.
Past, vura, vfire,
, vere,
vuri, vum,, vute, vune.
, virni, —
Imperative, —
Con). Prea. —• ve, ves, vcrc, veme, virm, vcne.
Indef. veniza, venrz, vente, venteim, ven/zi, venfzinc.
Participle, vene.

3. ap, Zlva or / give.

Ind. Pres. ap, ep, ep, apeme, ipni, apene.


Imperf.- ipwa, 8cc. as in ve.
Past, - dh&se, dhe, dha, dham, dhate, dhane.
Imperative, ■—
Conj. Pres. — ap, apt or ape*, ape, &c. as in the indicative.
Indef. dheutza, Sic. as in ve.
Participle, dhe'ne.
284

4. v£te, irviyaiva), I go.

Ind. Pres. vete, vete, v«;te, v6ini, vighini, xkne.


Imperf.- \kia, veie, vighite, vighini, vighite, vighine.
Past,— vaghita, vighite, v6te, vStem, vate, v&tne.
Imperative, , e/ze, , —, efzeni.
Cory. Pres. vete, vefz, veie, &c.
s—*
Indef. vafsa, vafs, vafte, vafsim, vafsi, vafsine.
Participle, vdte or v&ture.

5. thorn, Xeyto, / say.

Ind. Pres. thorn, thua, th6te, themi, th6ghini, thone.


Imperf. thosna, 8cc.
': • Past, tbase, &c. as in ap.
Imperative, > , thua, -, th6ghini,
Conj. Pres. thorn, thorns, &c.
Indef. thenfza, &c.
Participle, thene.

6. kheth, ptx*°> I throw.

Ind. Pres. Meth, kheth, &Aeth, AAedheme, A-A-idhni, ktedhene.


Imperf. khidhna, 8tc.
Past, AA6dha, AAodhe, AAodhi, kh6dhem, kholhte, kh6d\me.
Imperative, , AAith, , A'Aidhni, .
Conj. Pres. Meth, AAeths, &c.
Indef. AAethtaa, &c.
Participle, AAedhure.

7. dal, evyaivo), I go out.

Ind. Pres. dal, del, &c. as in ap.


Imperf. — dil«a, &c.
Past, d611a, dolle, dolli, dualme, dGalt?, dtialnf.
285

Imperative, da, -
Conj. Pres. dal, dais, 8tc.
Indef. dallza, &c.
Participle, duale.

8. vi», epxoiMu, I come.

Ind. Pres. vin, vien, vi6n, vlnme, vini, vwne.


Imperf. vlna, &c.
Past, £rdha, &c. as in kheth.
Imperative, , 6ia, ——, -, em,
Conj. Pres. vi«, \ins, &c.
Indef. arfza, 8cc.
Participle, ardhure.

9. bfe, rfyrw, Ifall.

Ind. Pres. bie, 8cc. as in ve.


Imperf. birna, &c.
Past, rase, 8tc. as in ap.
Imperative, , bfere, — -, birni,
Conj. Pres. bie, bi'es, &c.
Indef. renfza, &c.
Participle, rare.

10. pi, ttIvo), I drink.

Ind. Pres. pi, &c. as in v&te.


Imperf. piwa, &c.
Past, piva, pive, piu, pirn, pite, pine.
Imperative, , pi, , , pighini,
Conj. Pres. pi, pis, &c.
Indef. pifsa, 8tc.
Participle, pire.
286

From the foregoing examples it will be seen, that the indie, pres.
and indie, past, are the roots from which the other tenses are formed.
In regular verbs in n, the past is formed directly from the present, in
the manner already exemplified in skruaw.

In regular verbs, terminating in any other consonant, the past is a


added, as khap, I open, p. Mapa — and the participle is formed by
converting that a into ure, as Mapure, openly. But when the
consonant is a liquid, the past is usually formed as in the verb dal, and
the participle from the indie, pres. by adding e, as Siel, I bear, past
s611a, particip. siele.

The inflexions of the past in verbs in in, are like those of the past
tense of pi, and those in en are formed in the same manner, as
remb6n, apra%w, I seize by force ; past, rembeva, remb6ve, remb6n,

rembiem, rembiete, rembiene.

CONJUNCTIONS, &c.

foroD, that, ■ ke.

44, but, po.


xa), and, edhe, e.
but, only, am&.
bredrj, since, - madam.
% or, ia, a.
harl; why ? pse i
SlOTI, because, se.
yet, not yet, edhe.
287

(X* OKOV TOUTO, withal, notwithstanding, d6nese.


rovKaxurrov, at least, p&kse, paku.
for the rest, in short, finally, ben iftiza.
8l« TOUTO, therefore, on this account, prandakhi.
OTTOU, where, do, kudo.
av, (rav, av/b~a>; xa) if, in case, de, du, da.
xzQui;, wtxoAS>s, as, in like manner as, sinderku, posi.
orav, when, si.
tee; va, until, gerte.
ou8r, our«, nor, not even, aa.
oxou vci, where, te/tte.
hh for that, in order that, because, se.
so, thus, Aestu, astu.
t»j ; how i ■i.
wou; where ? ku?
t) Xoy^f ; i
• of what kind ? rzfSre.
t) Xoyieov; J
vai, v«»Vx«, yes, •i.
ox«, o^ecrxt, no, to, nufte.
not, mos.
«/A5T0T«f, would that, makfir, kej.
be it so, amin, iitu kt*6fte
.'Sou, lo! behold! ia.
oh! u&, o.
indeed ! bob6.
aAo/fioyov, alas ! vii, popo, uakh.

PREPOSITIONS.

iif, to, in, de, di, be, bi, ba, te.


«iro, of, pe, pre, per.
ecub, from, gikha.
hot, for, by, through, pre, per.
pi, with, me, me.
288

after, pas.
unto, as far as, gerbe, gerte.
without, pa.
IAEVU, VKQXUTO), within, under, dene.
xovra t\ft near to, afer, dii.
between, der.
amongst, der.
rpiyvpw it;, around, reth.
VOCABULARY.

The only printed Albanian vocabularies I have yet seen are,

1. A Table of Albanian words, written in the Greek character, and


contained in a spelling-book and vocabulary of Latin, Wallachianf
and Albanian, designed for the use of the Greeks, composed by
Theodore Kavali6ti, of Moskh6poli, and printed at Venice in 1770.
This vocabulary, which is short, and imperfectly expresses the Alba
nian sounds, is inserted in a German treatise, called Researches upon
the History of the Eastern Nations of Europe, by Professor
Thunmann, of Halle.

2. A Lexicon Tetraglosson, containing exercises in Vlakhic, Bulga


rian, and Albanian, for the use of the Greeks, and of which more will
be seen in the ensuing chapter.

In addition to these books, I have also heard of a Latin and


Albanian dictionary, by Francesco Biandki, and an Albanian trans
lation of the Bellarmine catechism, by Pietro Budi da Pietra-Bianca,
both printed at the Propaganda press ; the former in 1635, and the
latter in 1664, but I never saw either of them.
s O
290

The following vocabulary will be found to contain most of the


words in common use in Albanian. It was compiled at various times,
and in different parts of the country. Some assistance was derived
from the two first books just mentioned, and the whole was corrected
and enriched by my Albanian Didaskalos Eustratius.

The first three letters are more extended than the rest, for the sake
of showing the mode of forming derivatives in Albanian, the etymon
of which, it will be observed, is most frequently an adverb, as from
lir, cheaply, is formed ilire, cheap; lir6», I cheapen: but it is some
times a verb, as d'ikh, I assist ; dikhmes, assistant ; diAr/ime, assistance :
Sometimes a substantive, as zot, master ; zoteri, mastership ; zoter6«,
I rule : and sometimes an adjective, as imarre, foolish ; marrow, I am
foolish, astound ; marred, madness, folly ; marrerist, foolishly.

Other substantives are formed from substantives and adjectives by


adding iste or ire ; and the Turkish termination of lek, to indicate
quality or capacity, is also very commonly adopted in Albanian.

The general rule for the genders of nouns substantive is, that those
ending in a consonant are masculine, and those in a vowel feminine,
except— 1. Such as are formed in the manner just mentioned, and have
a termination in iste—2. Such as are formed from participles by pre
fixing te. Both of these are masculine. All such as do not follow
these rules have their genders marked in the vocabulary by m. orf.

As the nouns in general are given without the article, their form
291

with the article, whenever remarkable, is annexed, preceded by a. ; pi.


shows the plural ; and a. pi. the plural with the article.

To all anomalous verbs, the past tense is annexed, preceded by p. ;


and, where necessary, the participle also, preceded by part.

The capitals marked at the end of some of the words are the initials
of the language, in which the corresponding word has the same, or
nearly the same sound. H. Hellenic, L. Latin, 1. L. low Latin, F.
French, It. Italian, S. Saxon, G. Gothic, T. Turkish, Sc. Sclavonian,
R. Romaic. A large proportion of the Turkish words are either of
Arabic or Persian origin, but as they are all adopted into the Albanian
immediately from the Turkish, that designation has been thought
sufficient. Whenever the word has been derived immediately from a
modern language, but originally from the ancient, the initials of both
are given. When the Albanian word, by its resemblance to the
Romaic, has evidently been taken from that dialect, it was unnecessary
to notice it at all.

It is probable that persons extensively acquainted with the modern


languages of Europe will discover many more instances of resemblance
between them and the Albanian dialect than are here marked, espe
cially among the dialects of Sclavonian. The Bulgarian vocabulary,
given in the next chapter, may furnish the reader with one example for
making the comparison.

The similarity of idiom between Romaic and Albanian made it


convenient to construct the vocabulary upon the former language ;
and the English explanation forms the middle column. The
292

Greek words are generally written in their most vulgar forms, that they
may be upon the same level of politeness with the Albanian. From
the uncertainty of Romaic orthography, it has sometimes been
necessary to insert the different modes of writing the Greek word, and
as it was a principal object of the vocabulary to show the roots and
the deduction of their derivatives from them, words derived from the
same root are often put together, without always attending to alpha
betical order. In some instances the Romaic word will be found left
without any corresponding Albanian term, which has been owing partly
to the author's negligence, and sometimes to the word having no
corresponding synonym in Albanian. They may be supplied either from
Romaic or Turkish, but those of a higher order of ideas would be best
borrowed from the latter tongue ; an inclination to adopt the Turkish
religion, manners, and expressions of speech, having naturally obtained
in Albania, since it was reduced into the form of a Turkish
province.
ROMAICO-ARVANETIC VOCABULARY,

WITH AN ENGLISH EXPLANATION.

A,

ayaXitt, gently, softly, gandal*.


1 love, dua, seves, T.
iy&wr,, love, tedlsur?, dasuri.
lover, idaaure.
lovingly, Hture.
ayyiXos, angel, «ng«I.
ayytXixo;, angelic, si engelet
iyytXixeL, in an angelic manner, engelfct.
uyytiov, vessel, vase, ene.
iyy/orgi, hook,
iyyurrpwrn, 1 hook, ze me grep.
ayt)Ma, cow, Ji6pe.
ayio(, saint, sent,—pi. ient6re.
I sanctify, senicron.
uyiuo-ptvos, sanctified, iienterdare.
benediction, aiasme.
ayta>(Tun\, sanctity, seateri.
iyxaQi, thorn, %eb,—pl. geba.
ayxaiwva, I make thorny, gebow.
JtyxuQ(yirou\oVf a little thorn, geb ivongfl.
r embrace, piwtim,
iyxaXij,
C upper part of the arm, giri m.
iyxatoifa, I embrace, pu5t6n de ngL
ayxoupi, cucumber, krastavete.
9tyiCU>¥&$) elbow, berul.
ttyVGtVTICt) opposite, over-agamst, kundr6kbi.
294

ceyvavrevio, I view from over against, vejton kundrekhi.


iyoqoL, market, t en i b 1 e m, pa kh a T m .
ayoptxfa, I buy, ble—•/»/. bleva.
ayoputrrrji, buyer, ai Are ble.
ayopxtrrb;, bought, purchaseable, iblere.
r verjuice, made ofunripe }
ayovpfca, } V anguridhe.
C grapes, . >. 3
wild, savage, iengre.
ayplpi, game, wild animals, gin rn.
kypiittn, I make, become savage, engerson.
ctygicoiievos, made, become savage, iengresuare.
aypta, wildly, engersfct.
aygiorn;,- wildness, engersileAr.
hire of carriers,
>
carrying-trade,
iyeoytf >kira T.
beasts of burthen hired |
for travelling,
{ carrier,
aytoyuuTtiS, < conductor of hired • kiralzL
beasts of burthen,
iyuiyiaTixo;, belonging to carrier, 8cc. kiracfeiunge.
iywva;, contest, telzalestisure m.
iywrUfrftati, I contend, do myutmost, fzalestfs.
mfttM, leave, permission, leisure, ge, geie.
I have leisure, kam ge.
{•bos T.
empty,
(_ ingesim, i/zbrazet.
aSsAi^of, brother, vela.
avtya$e\Qo;t y, husband's brother, sister, ( kunat L.
yvvotixuSeXQof, jj, wife's brother, sister, <.f. kun&te,
aSsX^imj;, fraternity, velazeri.
i^paxTt, spindle, bost.
asp«i, air, ere H. L.
aeplKn, I air, I give air to, ereso/i.
295

eagle, skip6m, fekua.


arfiovt, nightingale, bilbil T.
I sing like a nightingale, ben si bilbil.
al/uc, blood, giik.
alfj-XTwua, I bleed, giuAeloM.
blood-devouring, giakatar.
atria, cause, motive, sebep T.
ativas, age, century, ghiete.
axipatoff entire, here L.
axcXwUf, following,
axoAou&o, I follow, diefc—pi. d&kua.
axokovS&c, consequently, pas Aetikb.
axafxi, yet, not yet, edh6.
UXO'JfiTrl&lAXI, I depend upon, mstetem.
axowjUino/Aa, dependence, temsteturt.
ccxovctf, I hear, dengi6/i.
hearing, vese.
CCXOUOTOJ, renowned, idengiuare.
axqa, ixpov, summit, extremity, ane. ~
axpo;, extreme, shme.
AxpiPhs, dear, utrente.
axglfitia, dearth, lestTtiide.
ixftfia, dearly, stre/it.
ixptta, locust, karkale/*.
-r£ze.
•XTiwt, ■Jray, ,[ ungate.
I (.skAkim.
axTivo/3oX», I cast rays, ikeMm.
aK£S, salt, kripe.
I salt, krip, kripeson.
salt-«eller, enekripes /.
atoxf,, salt-work, ventikripes m.
'A^ayriria, Albania, Skiperi.
296

^ Albanian, Skipetar.
'Apfiavfaf,
iXtice, I grind, bliua/j.
a\tl<pa>, I anoint, lien—pi. leva.
iktifj.fj.x, unction, ointment, teliuem.
iXsTTOU, fox, dhelp«re.
iXeiroyouva, pelisse of foxes, fur, gez6f—dhelpere.
a\!iroTo'i/.icgov, fox-skin, lekurc—dhelperea.
fox-hole, fole—edhelpcres.
plough, parmente.
aXmpi, flour, miel S.
I sprinkle with flour, lien me mfel.
iXsupaj, mealnian. kut *et miel.
truth, evert6te L.
ikuflnif, true, ivertete.
aXijtaua), I tell truth, verify, flias vertet.
truly, vertet.
I forget, A-Aaron.
forgetfulness, Marim.
I change, derdn.
change, dels.
squint-eyed, ivenkere.
*XXo;, another, tieter.
r idr(wm,
of another kind,
£ idriumuarm.
in another manner, drise.
atXXou, elsewhere, gete/c.
aXoyov, horse, kale—pi. kuai.
aXoyla, bestiality, stupidity, khaivanlek T.
unwashed,withoutbathing, ipaMre.
not bathing, filthiness, temoslifiret.
aXwvi, terrace for threshing corn, leine.
I thresh corn, sin.
car, carriage, kerre 1. L.
297

apctgapris, carriage-driver, kerrerriiu.


carriage-horse, kalikerres.
ifKaprlci, sin, crime, gin££A, fakhi.
r ginaAA kere«.
[Iain,
afnapruiva), i £ feghe/i.
sinner, ginaMkiar.
attatrvaXn.
i *a* it inside of the arm, arm-pit, sietule.
sand, riur, rere.
afj.fj.ouia, sandiness, sandy place, niriste.
afidvi, axfiovt, anvil, kudhere.
kfJ.na.fi, granary, ambare.
afVKtki, vine, vineyard, vreste.
graft,
afu/ySaAov, almond, baiame.
amy**, necessity, nev6ie, ziut.
upside-down, perbws.
the sun rises, del dieli.
/a I light, set fire to, dez.
man, husband, bure.
ovSpe/oj, courageous, trim.
I take courage, burem.
ive/3aZto, I raise, gre—p. grikhiU.
avijUahw, I ascend, khipen—p. khip*.
avisos, wind, ere H.
nephew, nip L.
niece, bese.
ascent, perpiete.
ivtpamos, man (human being), neri.
humanity, nerezilek.
together, hiske.
ampov, tvrtqov, entrail, x6re.
avrtpoxotyifMv, pain in the bowels, teprcre de zorre.
ante, calf of the leg, pulp* L. It.

2 P
298

spring, perdevere.
r Map, khapert,
1 open,
£p. fcMpa S.
avoixri, openly, fcMpet.
itvrixpv, over against, kundrekhi.
avw<f>Ki, lintel of a door, &c. prak.
suet, tallow, dhiame m.
worthy, izoti, kanter.
I make worthy, ben kanter.
&TTOt\bf, tender, delicate, ibute.
delicately, bute.
r I make, become, deli-
| fzbut, sbut.
— ir cate, gentle,
a7ra\awuvi), tenderness, gentleness, tebtitet, ,
above, liart, siper.
airetxotfa, I perceive, comprehend, apikas.
atrexa, on that side, ande/cA.
I fly, fluter6».
pear, dardhe.
ctir\os, simple, sante, ipatefcefc.
corofla/vco, I die, vdew, vdes.
this evening, to-night, sonde.
upaia, rank, row, turn, radhc.
igamvtri, maize, misere.
apaStwrrd, in ranks, in turn, radhe radhe.
agyaAiov, i{"instrument, utensil, /cAala.
' loom, avlimen.
dpybs, slow, slothful, ipapdne, imenuare.
"P7*> late, tardily, mtnua.
*sr'M> inactivity, ekremte, tepapunet
d§yS>, dpyompw, 1 delay, rest.
dgurto, I please, pelk6n.
dptaro;, pleasant, pleased, ipelkiere.
dptifMi, number, numur L.
299

dpxero;, sufficient, itamamte.


dgxtru, sufficiently, enough, tamam T.—meaft.
agxooSa, bear, art m.
£§H», weapon, arm/.
apfiara, arms, armete.
dpflMTWVUl, I arm, I take arms, armatos.
militia-man, bekfzi T.
saline, ikripure.
saline substance, kripesfre.
dpvoiifiai, I deny, refuse, ben khisz.
*PW(, denial, tebere AAasa.
rVenk—a. kengi—
if,), lamb, J pi. stiera—a. p/.stie-
C rate.
dgvoiroxtx, lamb's skin, les tekentere.
dpnsaXia, I take by force, remben.
«p*<*yh> rapine, robbery, rembim, terembwer,
Spiroeyu;, depredator, robber, mnbes.
c pledge, blim.
dp^a^Sivaf,
£ betrothing, tebluare.
^ I betrot)), mve the mij>- ^
dppxficavlfa, blion.
tial ring,
ippaxrro;, sick, semure.
dpuivixo;, masculine, male, maskul L.
dpo-evo&rihvxo;, hermaphrodite, maskulfemeri.
dpo-evoxolni!, sodomite, zambara.
"PXV> beginning, tenfsure.
dpxlKm, I begin, nis:
dqyjtqtbf, archbishop, dhesp6t R.
I perform the functions '(
dp^itqartvot, J bcAAem dhesp6t.
{ of archbishop,
dpxieqaxrvvn, archbishopric, dhespotlek.
apxovra;, archon, magistrate, lord, buiar Sc.
dpxovTixbv, palace, stepi-buiari.
dgXQVT&rOVX.OY, young lord, diale-buiari.
300

JpXttrttniKu, young lady, bile-buiari.


lime, mortar, Aelkere.
silver, ergient L.
atrijjotcuvco, I silver, cover with silver, kalais mergitnt.
silvering, plating, tekalaisurit niergit'nt •
wtnj/xixov, plate, ergientesire.
silver knife, thi/cergiente.
-—^
uayiiiOTrigovvov, silver fork, pirua-irgiente.
silver spoon, liunkiergic'iite.
eeoTjfto'xotwra, silver cup, kupergiente.
■—s
«t<njjfcOvegov, quicksilver, ghizapsui T m.
OlTXt, leathern bag, rsik—pl. rsike.
white, ibardhe.
C I whiten,
/fzbardh,
< become white,
I p. fzbardha.
'am white,
Sa-rpov, C asper, (Turkish coin)
^ aspre m.
C money,
lobster, stako.
ear of corn, kali hi.
heel,
aorpanTeo, I lighten, vetetin.
r vetetin,
eioTfawrei, it lightens,
f ikrepetfn,p. skropte.
lightening, thunderbolt, rufe, vetetfme.
efoTpoy, star, ill, ull—pi. {tie.
"g'y. isemtuare.
aT?aXoj, dirty, indecent, idure, murdar T.
auyi, morning, day-break, menges.
auycrr/fai, I increase, augment, fztow.
aiyegivoj, the morning star, ullimingest.
auyo, egg, ve— a. vet.
«5yoT?e<fXov, egg-shell, levesgeveie, guai.
master, ZOt.
301

lordship, zoteri.
I rule, domineer, zoter6n.
mtoJou, canal, furrow, vi, khendeJfc.
ai\ii, hall, court, avli, ombor.
au{-ivu>, 1 increase, augment, rit, ritem.
augiov, to-morrow, neser.
augno{, belonging to to-morrow, ineserm.
aM, ear, ve*.
avrou, there, ati6.
r I leave, quit,
(.permit, abandon, .w
i p. Wise.
foam, skumbe L. It.
m$po\oyo(, wordy man, boaster, kepse
into*, I foam, ikuunbezon.
rUik, ikek.
lean, bad, wicked, [
[ a. ilinku, ikeki.
a^aftvalvco, I become lean, &c. Hgem.
badly, poorly, Mute.
*X™F'> stable, vatlie.
straw, reed, kaste.
place of keeping straw, kast6re.
worm-wood, pelint T.
t sharp, (in taste) ivraze.
C (in disposition), sert.
I commiserate, kursen.

The numerous words beginning witb « privative in Romaic


are omitted, as they may be formed for the occasion, in either
language ; in Romaic by prefixing a, and in Albanian by pre
fixing pa, or mos. See at aXouoro;, txhowrla, the corresponding
Albanian words derived from liin, Xou», which exemplify the
mode of forming this class of words.
302

fSaytvi, barrel, cask, b6ze.


I put, ve—p. vura.
depth, tethelle.
deep, ithelle.
fiaMva), I deepen, thelow.
deeply, thelle.
fictSpaxa;, frog, bretk6se, dzambe.
ficthatn, fio.Xu.rifo, acorn,
balsam, balfzo.
I embalm, lie?j me balfzo.

• cotton, pambuk.

jSa7m'f«>, 1 baptize, pangez6n.


baptism, pangeziin.
baptized, ipangezuarc.
fiapfiapo;, barbarous, A-Aarbut, Movardhd.
I make barbarous, ben si AAarbut.
f5a.gl3a.pixa, barbarously, AAarbufze.
fiupxa, boat, liundrc.
fiupo;, weight, terende.
[3agb;} heavy, irende.
(3agua, heavily, rende.
/■I make heavy, weigh, rendeso/i,
fiasco, ^
l_am tiresome, chide, mpsof*.
fiagrro;, ill-tempered, tiresome, ipsGasim.
(iapZ, 1 beat, strike, rraAA.
fiavuvov, torment, trouble, mundim AAal, derte.
I torment, mundo/i.
fSutrctvunripM, torture, ftAala temundimis.
fiaPlXtb;, king, bret.
(3u<r'tXeM, kingdom, araghimbret.
(3a<nXsla, reign, royalty, breteri.
303

/SawiAcu*, I rule, have kingly power,, iam br6t.


the sun sets, perend6n dieli.
in a kingly manner, si bret.
/3aoTa$», (SaoTco, I hold, support, last, baw.
/3a3T«'fof, porter. Mamal T.
I die, color, glen.
dye, tint, b6ie. T.
dyer, boiatzi.
sure, certain, stable, isakte.
surely, sak.
fiefisuaivto, I assure, confirm, saklandis.
|8«Aow, needle, gelpere.
r\ thread the needle, ve peni be gelpere.
/3«Xoy(*J»,
\\ sew, ze me gelpere.
rod, wand, purte&e L.
blow with a rod, wand, terene me purtefr
cough, k611e.
I cough, k611em.
coughing, tekualture.
^-violence, pa/c/iiri.
^haste, dxiti.
1 am hurried, spekhiton, dzitOn.
property, g«-
/3iarrixo; , worldly, igesim.
fiXaiTTu), 1 offend, hurt, d«m6>;, zararon.
hurtful, demetar.
hurt, dem, zarar T.
blasphemer, nemis.
I see, sokh—p. pase.
rka m. a. kau,
ox, ^
La. pi. kete.
/SoVJivov, beef, prekau.
/9oi8oVfr?o, ox-hide, lekurekaut.
I assist,
304

fails, assistant, diAAmes.


assistance, tikhmc.
/-time, turn,
fiiXet, | kh&e.
/3oX«, once,)
shot, cannon ball, top T.
shepherd, fzoban T.
Pinto, I graze, kulos.
/3o<rx}, pasture, kulow.
(3oT«VI, herb, used in medicine, bar-priliafe.
fioTocvlfa, I gather herbs, tMar.
/Sou/3aAi, buffalo, bualfrse.
/Sou/3oj, mute, nemefz.
fl sink, drown, fall in,
L fall to ruin,
/SouMa, seal, mukhur.
/-mwkhlendiJ,
fiouWtuvui, I seal,
\ve mukhur.
|8ouv), mountain, mal.
0ou>x«, mud, dirt, bilte.
/8t>UT?», cask, b6ze, but F.f.
fiovroo, fiovrlKu), 1 plunge, soak, fund6s.
immersion, trfund6sure.
/SoUTUfW, butter, gialpe.
/SpaSv, evening, breme, rzaere.
I am late, grisem.
(Spalvafa, it is evening, late, griset.
I boil, ziew H.
/Sgaorov, boiled meat, teziere.
breeches, drawers, brSAe L. It.
arm, lere.
fkharkhile R.
bracelet,
Ibelenrfzike T.
hoarse, igirture.
Ppaxn^Ko), I am hoarse, girem.
305

fioxyxo;, hoarseness, tegirture.


(Sfxyj;, rock, precipice, tkeb, bo&eri.
t Halt.—p. lianka,
fybc00' I sprinkle, moisten, < Y
{, li&ngeson.
&f>cX.*i, it rains, bie |L
/
Pgoxji, rain, si tn.—j>/. siera.
fyoXfif, rainy, m«i.
figfax, stink, stench, kalbesire.
Pgofuo, I stink, k&lbem.
rgemim tn.
fyovrij, thunder, }
(. bum bell m /'.
fifjvTw, I thunder, gera6n.
/3c"X'' noose, Iidk L.
/3/>u?a, rye, theAerc
a- krua tn. p/. kron
/3go<nj, source of water, < a. kr6ht a. />/.
' krokhite.
PfrnfU, oats,
/3y?l, breast of a woman, sise.
/SuCau'iw, I suck, (as infants) thethin, pi sis*
fiwteixois, /3[ix»y, clod of earth, plis tn.

ass, gomir T.
•yeuhopni, like an ass, gomamt.
she-ass, gomare.
■yaiixpoiTOuhov, young ass, pulist gomai
yaXct, milk, kiumeit.
—-
yaXafiOf, blue, mavi T.
y«Aarrfir»Ta, cheesecake, kiumcstuar.
yoAaxrtpw, food made of milk, prekiftmftti.
2 Q
306

marriage, darsme.
son-in-law, bridegroom, dhentere.
ya.pyuX.lKu>, I tickle, gundulis.
yara, she-cat, m&tze.
yaros, he-cat, madz.
yauyifr, I bark, (as a dog) lekh.
ySe'gvco, I flay, riep.
ySuvto, 1 strip, take off cloaths, rzves, sves.
ytlrovas, neighbour, fkine, git6n, komsi.
yeiTovevu), I am neighbouring, fkineron.
yi\u>, I laugh, kes.
yeAoiov, laugh, laughter, gas.
yt\oia%){, laughable, perg6s.
I fill, pli6«, bus.
yeixiros, full, pli6t.
•pliGar, ieni m.
ymot, generation, race, ji \^ ■—,
s6i T. m.
yeveion, beard, miekre f.
f I begin to have a beard, 1
yevsta?», ■ ben miekre.
C I let my beard grow, J
yevxTOf, bearded, me miekre.
ymS>, I bring forth, (as females) pill—-p. p611a.
ytvva, parturition, tepielle m.
yhrqiM, corn, grain, drithe.
yepaxi, falcon, hawk, gerakine.
yip**, I incline, turn, perier—p. per6ra.
yvpT*, slopingly, periere.
ytpovrecgf old man, pliak.
yepap.a.Toif old age, plekeri.
ytfj&fa, I grow old, pliakem.
ra man beginning to )
ytpon&Ki, pliakth.
£ grow old, 3
healthy, sound, \sendose.
307

ytpct, strongly, healthily, <rndiW.


ytpaxrurti, healthiness, torn dose m.
r I ami
dine, AAa dreie,
\ taste, dhokhimas. R.
ytuf*«, yiojuwe, dinner, dreke.
ytQvpi, ytipjgi, bridge, (ire.
yij, earth, dhe m.
y^Jvof, earthly, predheu.
yfoyowpn, T. iaoGrt,* kos.
ylSiov, goat, she-goat, dhi.
(btkhem, embenem.
yivojj.cu, I become,
\ p. ubefre.
yXilfce, I lick, lep'ui.
yAuxof, sweet, iemble.
yXuxa, sweetly, emble.
yXvxctlvu), I sweeten, embles6n.
yKuxiO-fia, sweetmeat, conciliation, tumble.
y\v<rrpS>t
I slip, slide, skis.
yXvtrrgim,
yKuaTqa, slippiness, sk'ite.
yXoorego;, slippery, skhes.
yXuTtivai, I deliver, escape, spet6n.
y\uio~<ra, tongue, gihkhe.
yvsJeo, I spin, tiTr.
y»»F>), opinion, ment f.
rtiokh — imperative
ymplfy, I know,
[ mkh.
I chide, mps6n.
yoyyufcu,
murmur, gnlf/:6«.
yovx, knee, giu m.

yovctTioros,
on the knees, beeihne.
yov«Tior«l, *^
-bie begifae,
yMonlXti)} I kneel, J
I[ perguiwem.

* A kind of sour curda, much ued in Turkey.


308

youJi, mortar, (for pounding) Mav&n T. m.


pestle, stipesi AAavanit.
youpovvi, hog, derr.
ywpovva, sow, d6se.
ysugouv&rouAoy, *eli6S-deri.
• stan-deras.
youqouvapiov, hog-stie, j
[ kuimes-d6ras.
yp*k, old woman, p\i&ke.
y§u$a>, I write, ikruan.
ypatf, yp&niuat, writing, letter, gramme, karte.
ypajj.jj.txTix.05, scribe, hzedii T.
ypofau, blow with the fist, grust.
ygoQiuKto, I give blows with the fist, bie grust.
ypotxa, I feel, understand, hear, kupeto/i.
yoccX), glass, 'kelk.
yvaktvo;, made of glass, ekelktf.
yuaA/?a>, I polish, j£elken.
naked, kzveset, liakurik.
yu/tvcuvco, I strip, make naked, tzves.
yuvoixa, woman, grua—pi. gra.
yvgsvco, I seek, kerkGn.
yupos, circle, circuit, kerthel L., kur6rf.
yupx, around, in turning, r6tule.
yugi'?a», I make a circuit, return, kthen.
yv$TOS, gypsey, evgit.
yutyof, gypsum, plaster, aUzi T.
ywv/ac, angle, corner, ki6se T.

f pine-tree, torch made ~)


lot), j . \ pise.
t of pine-wood, J
ta'ifnovets, daemon, dial R.

v devil, enraged, mad, J


309

, rifliam6sure—
8aiju,ovta>uv9s possessed, J_ y
Vi/zindosure.
laxguov, tear, Hot.
BaxTvX/Si, ring for the finger, unaze.
SaxrvXo;, finger, gist.
Imp&Ja, steer, young bullock, dem.
IctjxctX*, heifer, vi/ze L.
Sa/xacrxtjvov, plum, kumbu/e.
8«vsi'5to, I lend, k/ikan.
5«ni*«, upon credit, MCia.
SavenTT^f, lender, ai Are Muan.
8<*<rxaXoj, teacher, dhaskal.
!»♦v», bay tree, dafine.
(afternoon's meal, ">
SciXivoy, / fzemere.
(. afternoon, J
8c/Xo;, coward, kiotin.
■—-
SeTn-voj, supper, darke.
lti*voi, I eat supper, dirkun.
Sti^vce, I show, refen.
{■tap S.
skop, pi. skopi/f.
SeX^ivaj, dolphin, del fin.
8«'va>, I bind, lith.
lift*, binding, ligature, telidhure.
Stfuxri, bundle, dua m.
{tree, lis,
oak-tree, lis-drusku.
Si^is;, right, idiathte.
$<£i(2, right-hand, ediathte.
8(£«l, to, on, the right hand, be tediathte.
hpiiMTi, akin, hide, lekure.
8epvto, I strike, beat, mkh—j>. rfJch*.
lapphf, beating, tcrkkhure.
li(ntp>s, second, id6te.
310

I receive, k'ias.
1 notify, declare, kam nGkhuie.
executioner, rzeliat T.
hotfitxfa, I read, 7:ent6» L.
tutfialm, I pass over, efzen—p. etza.
reading, lecture, te&entuari.
8ist/3«crju,*vof, read, learned, iAentuarc.
Ziuj3tx<rr&, in reading, tdke fontuar.
8»aj3oXoj, devil, dria, dial.
will, testament, dhiate, vasiSt T.
BjaAeyoi, I choose, select, rfzgeth.
by choice, dzgSdhure.
hafiAvrt, diamond, dhiamant.
hxxovae, I beg, lipen.
8iaxovatg))j, beggar, lipes.
I teach, preach, dhidax.
lesson, sermon,
fife* I give, ap.—p. dha«e.
fii'xaioj, just, idrekhte.
fiixaio<ruvi], justice, tedrekhte.
fii'xru, net, safc—pi. s&Ae.
8i7rAof, double, idimzakhi.
Iwaxxt, pair of bags, Mekhibe.
8/o-xoy, quoit, dhisk.
8.\K thirst, et/.
8|\J/C0, I thirst, kam et.
8uJ/at<r/xivos, thirsty, ietsuare.
f I mark the boundary,
8iO>gl?C0, 5C distribute, ^ Slti&B.

I drive out, away, perze.


loxapi, beam, tra L.
Joxijx^, proof4 trial, dhokimi.
fioXoj, fraud, deceit, mardha.
8oAegoj, deceitful, mardharfzi.
311

glory, der/.
8o£«gi, to£o>i, bow, Mark L., uliumber.
I work, puno/i H.
SouAo;, servant, AAusmekiar T.
SouXt], SouAsyTpa, female servant, kopile R.
business, work, p6ne H.
tylvios, oaken, idrusku.
scythe, sickle, draper.
ty6[ios, road, udhe H.
fyxHTOf, dew,
3po<r/fco, I refresh, ves6w.
fyoo-epey, cool, ivesetuarm ift6Met.
power, force, fuki.
$WV*T*f, powerful, strong, iforte.
&UVaT<i, strongly, fort L.
SutrxoXo;, difficult, ipakolai/zim.
unfortunate, fatkek.
Swpov, gift, dhurfte.

week, ghiave.
I interest, touch, offend.
tyypafti);, in writing, ukruarr.
eel, gialf.
ground, floor, pavement, trual.
28cv, here, Aetfi.
8voy, nation, tribe, mHet.
f*8»)o-»f, notice, intelligence, nikel T.
eixrfva, image, church-picture, k'6rf.
peace, pak L.
r I make peace, ben pak.
t'lprptvu),
Clam at peace, kampak,i&mten&Aa.
ixti, there, atie.
312

sxxA>j<n'a, church, Arise.


iAai'a, olive, ul—pi. uHm.
Wirt, fir-tree, vge.
IXaft, deer, stag, dre m.—o. dreri.
eKafpoi, lightly, le.
CI make light, become ~|
>\etzt>n.
\ light, J
e\tv&epO{, free, azit.
tXtfoirrcts, elephant, fil T.
i\l<t>XYTIVOV, ivory, fildisi.
IXwBet, hope, iperese L. It.
I hope, speren.
I introduce, insert.
tlifiaivto, \khun, run—
■^1 enter,
ljt.icot.lvut, ' pi. Mura, rura.
mediately, by mediation.
e/xirep8ai'va),
■^1 imbroil, perplex, gater6n.
e/wrspSsuco,
perplexity, gateri.
Ifiwgoara, Ifmqhs, before, perp&ra.
fermented, igatuare.
evflu/XoO/Xfltl, I remember, kuindon.
suddenly, daxafist.
e£o$ov, expense.
1 banish, surgiunis T.
without, outside, iaste.
shame, dishonor, turp L.
ivrg<wria?co, I shame, turperon.
feast, holiday, ekremte.
in-aiveo, I praise, Iavdur6n L.
hravtio, above, liart, siper.
kiravcafyopt, upper garment.
eTnoTjjfuj, science, Milm T.
STTiTqSeioj, diligent, able, clever, id6nim.
313

I am ready, dexterous, me vi6n dor?.


e^yaurijei, shop.
tpyw, work, pune H.
chick-pea, kikere L.
ipnyofuu, ructo, gr6mesin.
desolate, deserted, iskrete.
desert, skretetir*.
ipypdfa, I ravage, skret6/».
I come, vi« h.—p. erdha.
hpxpidt, coming, arrival, tardhuif.
ipwrai, love, e*k—sevda T. m.
fgU3TU>t I ask, inquire, peves—p. peveta.
i<ro)K*vtv, lining.
under garment, gielek T.
rroi/wf, ready, prepared. gad—khaafr. T.
f I put out, take off, (" trier—p. fzora—
t drive out, <■ part, rzere.
tvyahai, I go outt dal—p. d611a.
iMug, immediately, derz&s.
nixoAof, easy, ikolairzim—>kol4i T.
tvpapfoc, ofiopQof, handsome, ibukur.
beauty, bukuria.
lupiVxcu, I find, gen -p. geta.
c finding, something found, fergeture,
ivge/*a,
I treasure found by accident, AAasne T.
ffsVo;, this year, simviet.
of, belonging to, this year, isimvienmr.
yesterday, die.
ixieo-ivbs, of yesterday, idienme.
enemy, khusm.
enmity, men—khasmlek.

2 R
314

ty'i, yesterday evening, breme.


tye<rtvo;, of yesterday evening, ibrerme.

?«Si.;, foolish, imarre.


faX»j, giddiness, erefzire.
fagwvco, I frown, wrinkle, raperow.

fapcBfictSct, f frown, wrinkle, plait, zaperi.

&Xa?'> sugar, seker T.


?ff/3o?, left, imenger.
feg/3«, C to the left, on the left ■)
, i i , •, \be temengcr.
iep(3i«, C hand side, ,>
?»/x«fif», I scald, perzitt.
?eor«, heat, tegro&Aet.
?e<rra/va>, I heat, make hot, grokh.
feorof, hot, igroAAeK
?ivyapi, yoke of oxen, pair, couple.

, r ploughman, husbandman, buk.


feuyaXarrjf, J
(tjXsoa), I envy, zilis.
?>jju./*, injury, damage, zarSr T.
ZovyXof, maimed, deformed, iizale.
?ou/ai, j»ice> soup, gravy, lenk.
Xoufttp»(, succulent, me lenk.
?ougX3y, mad, foolish, imarre.
?uyi, measure for weighing, zik, kantar It.
?uy 1 weigh, balance, tartis— zigias.
*—*
C palanfze L. It.
Zvyctpioi, scales, balance, \
Vvezne T.
tvpupi, leven, paste, brume.
315

I knead, make bread, gatuan.


KS>, I live, rron.
life. umer—ghiete.
(ISov, animal, beast, banked.
alive, lively, igiahV.
KcOYTOlVeVWf I bring to life, gifi.
1 bind, gird myself, ges.
girdle, bres F.
animalcule, insect.

{abbot, superior of a
ijyauftfvi);, ygumen.
corfvent, r
sun, die/.
{I am exposed to, 1
tjKiuto/Aeu, ■ukhem be die/.
dried by, the sun,
inept*, day, dite.
fa>P<>S, gentle, peaceable, ibute.
qfuptito, T)ixepa>va>, I tame, pacify, /zbut.
?/*i<ru, fiio-ov, half, meat.
I can, am able, mund.
i know, di—-p. dikhita.

tx\x<T<ra, det.
belonging to the I predeti—idetit.
dx\a<r<rovtpov, sea water, die predeti.
I dazzle, stupify, cretzSn.
death, vdefceie, mort L.
1 put to death, evdes—p. evdika.
316

tairrw, I bury, inter, be/i dedhe.


Hippos, courage, confidence, sperk&e L.
$<xfpsuu, I encourage, kuturis.
ictppw, I trust, dare say, spere/i.
iaupux, wonder, miracle, tzudi.
iavp&Kw, I admire, wonder, Izuditem.
fl«ia$i, sulphur, Izkiufur L.
Ma, aunt, kk&lle T.
Mos, uncle, u«kc L. F.
9tXi\iiM, will, dasuri.
U(ttXio¥, foundation, themeli.
Btbs, God, Percndi.
itpos, harvest, be/cMr—tek6rret.
r kuar, -5
1 reap, 3 C p. k6ra.
{korr, 3
9<fjt"I, fever, ethe.
J»]Hapi, <J»jxapi, sheath, case, mil.
0qx*j, box, case, Aelef.
JtjAia, noose, liak L.
r I button, berthen k6psat—
fljjAuxwyw, 3
£ I lace, berthen uxdzet.
SijXuxof, female, feminine. femere L.
tfruupos, treasure, AAasne T.
to\tf, turbid, muddy, , itrubu/ I. L. F.
SoXoy, vault, dome, gube T.
ipeQco, I nourish, uskew.
flgsTrrixo?, SpstfiToy, nutritive, iuskiuere.
0go<^, nourishment, food, tuskiuer.
flpovi, chair, throne, fron.
tvyartpa, daughter, bile.
r frankincense, burning
(lopletIM, 1 of incense in sa- Vtemian.
' crifice, 3
SvfiwxT^i, vase for burning incense, temianfrze.
317

flo/*/?«, I call to mind, put in mind, kuindon.


anger, zemerim.
ivfuuvtu, I enrage, zemeron.
I am angry, zem*r6nem.
door, de>e.
Sua-lx, sacrifice, kurban T.

larpos, physician, tztrkh, Mekim T.


ioxewot, I cure, remedy, ser6n.
iWftxov, medicine, remedy, iMdz T.
sweat, dierse.
fyAm, I sweat, dersin.
fotos, even, equal, idrekte.
io-iafco, I make even, accomodate, derek.
mtxioj, shade, shadow, khie.
history, ikaM6t T.
«r»f, perhaps, belkim T.

it

x«0aAag>jf, horseman, kaliores.


xa/3aAxtua), I mount on horseback, khi^en kalit.
xa/SaAa, on horseback, kalifiar.
X£t&0UD6tC crab, gertheie.
xayxeXsv, grate, trellis, parm&k.
pail, kante.
xa?avi, T. boiler, cauldron, kusi, bakriUze.
xafcvTi'(w, 1 gain* g«t riches, fit6n.
clear, pure, ikeruare.
318

I cleanse, purify, kero/;.


xz$e, every, each, fzdo.
xetievcts, xotiil;, every one, each one, rzilindo, kusd6.
^ every day, gandita, perdita—
xuiijiispivoi,
(day by day, dit pre dit.
xa9i'?a), I seat, sit, frri-
xuioftM, 1 sit, (■ p. dena.
xa5i<rro?, seated, idenure.
x*fyi4>TrlS, mirror, paskure.
xaivougiof, new, iri.
KUivovpytovai, I renew, perserin.
XCtlpl',, time, weather, season, k6khe.
C di6fc—p. d6ngia.
Kcum, xotvyco, I burn,
(.part, diengure.

xaxo;, bad, wicked, ikek.


x«xi*, wickedness, tekek.
xaAafli, basket, fzp6rte i. L.
xaKapagi, ink-stand, cuttle-fish, kalamar.
xotXafli, reed, ka/em, kal6m.
xakaftha, magnet.
xaXa/xiro'jtxi, maize, misere, T.
xaXo'y>)pof, monk, kaloghier.
xaXoxaipi, summer, ver L.
xaXoj, good, imire.
xaXoo-uvi], goodness, temlre.
XOM&H, mould, model, kalep.
xaKnaxi, T. bonnet,' kalpak.
xaXu/3>j, hut, shed, kolmbe.
xa\vyt!>vte} I shoe a horse, ve potkua.
xaAai, I call, invite, fto«, gers£s, therea.
xetfiapa, arch, gube T. kamare.
xapjXavxi, a monk's bonnet, kamilava m.
319

xaft^Ai, camel, deveT. gamile.


1 make, ben—f. hen.
bell, kampane.
xupirix, caterpillar, vemi L.
xa/xirof, plain, fuse.
xapiro<ros, some, tZB, pikes.
xafiirovpris, hump-hacked, ikrusure.
I feign, grain.
xa.va.fli, hemp, fcerp.
xavara, can, pitcher, kenate.
x«v8ijAi, lamp, candle, kandil.
C no one, khitz T. asn«.
xave/f, xavevaf,
{.some one, d6ne.
xav/b-xi, present, kanisfc.
basket, kanbtrr.
XCIVOVI, great gun, kan6n, top T.

^ hedge-hog, urik L.

f huckster,
xa»i]Xay, | bakal T.
C low tavern-keeper,
xonnWgi, halter, kapistal.
xaTvof, smoke, turn.
xarv/fco, I smoke, tumn6s.
xawvici, soot, bidme.
f some one, d6ne—pi. dise.
C a certain person, tzkne.
XflCTOTff, sometimes, dikur.
xawou, somewhere, d6ne vrat.
xotirKa, cloak, surtout, kipe.
xetntcuu, lid, covering, bulim.
xawow, capon, kapua m.—a. kap6».
xapafii, ship, gemi T.
xuqafilZa, craw-fish, karavidhe.
xapfiovtov, charcoal, thengtf.
320

heart, temere.
fruit, crop, lnaxul, pern*.
xagvlc,
harvest-time, Vbkhe.
water-melon, karpus.
xctprspw, I wait, await, pres—p. prita.
xupili, walnut, arre
xapux, walnut-tree, Srre-Iis.
x*p$\, nail, pivot, peg, perone, gosde.
xot.q$uivn, 1 nail, fasten, berthen.
xa<r£ha, case, box, senduk T.
xair/Sa, scurf, here.
xa<ri5iapjf, scald-headed, kerus.
xairravoy, chesnut, geste/ie.
castle, fortress,
xiarrpov, kalii, kiut6t/.
fortification,
xarotriyco, I swallow, perpi.
KOtTagOUjU.21, I curse, malekon.
xararpuiya}, I gnaw, corrode, bren.
xetTajSoiiva), I descend, /zbres.
xara^vti, fog, mi6rgu/e.
KarZotpb;, curled, kimenderudhur.
xarKlxi, kid, kefzere.
Karrftti T. velvet, kadife.
Karfj^opo;, slope, descent, tatrpiete.
xeerwei, afterwards, behind, past6khi, prapa.
xarovpov, urine, sbrre.
xaroupS), mejo, permier L.
xocrpavi, tar, sere, pUe.
XUTX, below, poste.
xarwyi, ground-floor, katua nt.
xaToof\i, threshold, prak, pr&nku,ip6«ter-
xauxi, cup, vase, kdpe.
' madhcst6£Aeni,
xa.vywu.oa, 1 boast,
bfircm.

i
321

boast, boasting, madhesti.


xutya,, heat, vape.
x&poc, cedar-tree, deliwe.
xihoputt, I lie down, derngem.
xeXTu, cell, kill.
' I prick, rbondit kalnf,
xtvrm, < goad, excite, I bondit kanc,
I. embroider, kendis.
xevrg), goad, sting, spur, bond&z/.
xtvrplKio, xtvrpwim, I inoculate, engraft.
xipa.ft.lh, tile, keramidhe.
xt<ja<n, cherry, > haA.
xeparov, horn, bri tn.
xepotTac, cuckold, brim&th.
xsgSoy, gain, fitfm, geler.
xsqlalva, I gain, fit6«.
xip), xrip), ~>
wax-candle, dille R.
(ayioxegi) j
xsgi, wax, keri m.
xtqxtKi, xqixi\f, ring, reze, Malka.
' I pour out, (liquors Cstie, AAeth,
Xfjvi, |
to drink) (darovit.
r krie m.—a. krSkhi,
xi^iXt, ■ head, 2 pi. krerc—
La.pl. kreret*.
f tedhemburit
KiiaKoTT'jvo: . head-ache, i
Cekrikhit.
xifaMf, mullet, ke7el.
xi$i T. humour, temper.
x(^/X>i; T. guarantee.
xtxfl, millet, niel L.
xtxpirif, made of millet, imelte.
xrfahpi. tomb, sepulchre, varr.
322

kopitf.—
garden,
gheradine It.
xiprougoj, gardener, bak/zevan T.
xtiipa, guitar.
xlm It. Peruvian bark.
x/vBuvoj, danger, gazep T.
x»S>, I move, dzur.
xlvrpiS, motion, exercise, terfzfrrit.
xiVro, magpie.
f I am yellow.
XJTp»v<{eu, < make yellow, verth.
V. become yellow,
X»TpiVOf, yellow, iverdhe.
xiTpivaSa, yellowness, jaundice, teverdhr.
x/jpov, citron, Utre.
thrush.
xXotSl, xXovapt, bough, dknke, biake.
xXaStiw, I prune, lop, kraslit.
xXaSevrijfi, bill, pruning-hook, kize.
H\ala>, I weep, Win.
xXttVftarct, tears, tekiara.
xAavco, pedo, pierth H.
xXtiSi, key, kkkpa, kli/a.
xXfiSoviii, lock, klite, kiwto.
x*e/», I lock, shut fast, bil, bid.
I steal, vieth.
robber, Marami T.
xAij/wt, vine-branch, vine.
xAo'va, thread, fikhi.
xAovt, grain, k6ke.
xXor^if kick, jkeltn.
xXoT?to, I kick, skelmon.
xAou/3), cage, kuvli, kafas T.
323

x\toia>, I spin, dreth.


I brood, hatch, klotzit, groM,
XofilO,
xofyto, , pres—-p* preva.
XO^TCOf *>
X0$TtQOf, sharp.
xotxlx, belly, bark.
xoiKtapi;, great-bellied, barkmith.
I sleep. fle—p. fieta.
xotvo;, common, isembasAim.
I communicate, kungon.
xorra&o, I look, soA-A, vestrow.
xo'xocXoy, bone, tstre.
X0XX1V0J, red, ikuk.
xoxxiw'?*, I make red, blush, kuk.
fhakhi/tetuar,
flatterer,
C lTakhika/ii.
x9X,oxe/«, flattery, Mkhika.
xoKKm, xoXm, I adhere, attach, glue,
xokhet, glue, tutka/e.
xokofio;, lopped, cut short. sakat R.
xoXoxufli, gourd, pumpkin, kungul.
xoXtoj, xo'g.$oj, bosom, bay, gi m.
xoXu/a/3:!, £ swim, bie mnot It.
swimmer, mnotetar.
XO^T., piece, bit, piese L L. F.
X5|KTSf, knot, komb.
xou/^jri, button, sumbule.
xovaxt, lodging, konak T.
xovSuXi, pen, kondil, kalera.
xovevui, I lodge, kondis.
XOVTB, near, Ua, brine.
xovrapi, lance, mezdri T.
X»VTOf, short, low, iikflrtCT L.
324

xovrevw, I shorten, approach, tkurt6n.


xovroXoytjf, briefly, in a word, be ne hale.
xtnrafo, flock, herd, tufe—grik L.
xoiraviKto, I pound, bruise, rrekh, stip.
xoWavof, pestle, kopan.
XOTTsAft, girl, maid-servant, kopile.
xo»eA», lad, valet.
xoxo;, labor, fatigue, zaMmet T.
r zaMmetisem—
I labor, take pains, < mundoMem—
(.liodhem.
xmieurif
}
xtniaa-ert, > be pleased to come, go, urdhero.
)
xoxgtd, dung, manure, bleMe.
XOpCt, crust, rind, tzipe.
xipaxat, crow, korb L.
xifPa, XfMli cord, string, k6rdh?ze.
C I string,
1 bend a bow,
>kordh6sem.
xo« wind up a watch, tune
i a musical instrument, I
tzhpe,
xo'gq,
C pupil of the eye, kakerdh6k.
xipify, bug, takhtabite T.
XOgfU, body, trup.
corpulence, trupraathlek.
xopphs, trunk of a tree.
xogviaxroj,
dust, pliGMur.
xovfapxri;,
X0fU<f>^, summit, mite.
xogvQalof, chief, leader, ipare.
x«Va, xoa&fUf scythe, preses.
xdVxivov, sieve, s&se.
xoa-fios, world, duna T.
C laic, secular, kosmik,
XOVjMxlf,
v worldly, idunaw.
xoot/?o> It. I cost, sell for.

^moth, worm, (tinea,) m61eze.


xmnKxs,
JtO'J$GC\£q I transport, carry, ba;i.
bundle, lump, lemps E.
xovfievret, conversation.
xouSouvi, small bell, Aemb6re.
xoux), bean, bathe.
xovxovfizytx, owl, kukumiazka.
> »
xouxouXi, cod of the silk-worm, mpsi/teze medafsit.
xovxwvapi, cone of the pine-tree, festek.
XOUXOUT?!, kernel, seed of fruit, koke.
xouAo5f», roll of bread, kuliarfz.
xoufiagov, arbutus, (shrub)
^ toll, customs,
XOU/XCgXI, jbfcde, kumerk.
i custom-house,
xouva, cradle, cott, dieb.
xouyouVi, gnat, musk6/ie, musitze.
xouvai, I move to and fro, rock, tund, lekund.
xot/r«, cup, » kfipe.
XOUTI, oar, liopate gemfs, kupi.
xoupotCctf, 1 fatigue, am tired, Ii6th-p. Ii6dha. -
xovpevw, 1 shear, shave, keth.
xvjq(ta.li,xo^a.h, date, (fruit)
xougeuVa, rook, s6rrf.
xoupo-fuai, I pillage, iakmalaudis T.
xouf<raf>o;, pirate, corsair, . kusar.
xovgrrj, court, attendants, suite, kurt.
xoutuXi, spoon, hunkr.
■—
XOUT?Of, lame, crippled, limping, iskepere, irzale.
326

xovrKoupw, log, stump, stock, katzh m.


xoufo;, deaf, iiSurdae L.
xoutpaftap*, deafness, furdim.
xou>of, empty, bos T.—ifcbraaet.
xofm, basket, kofin.
xpafa, I call, call out, theres—p. tbirra
xgctuyil, cry, clamour, tetlurre.
xpalvw, I speak, thorn, fliits.
xpafj.n\, cabbage, liakre.
xpour), wine, vere.
XpOtTM, I hold, bear up, ban.
xpeas, 0esh, mis.
bed, strat L.
xpitivlKoo,x(>ripLv'ifa, I throw down, destroy, gremis.
xpi\p.vls, yxgtjib;, precipice, gremine.
xpin/xu), xptfum, I hang, var.
xgtapi, ram, sheep, des.
xpi&igi, barley, elb.
xplvui, I judge, gik6«.
xplrrjf, j»dge, gikates.
xg'tfix, sin, crime, fault, gin&AA.
KgOjlit/il, onion, kepe L.

? I clap> the hands.


xovgraKifa,
f bie, tro/celi/*, gondir,
xpcuco, xpovyw, I beat, strike,
t perpieA— rrakh.
xguo;, xpuafict,
cold, teftoAAet.
xpvoTij;,
xpvKvu), I am cold, make cold, griw.
xpvfico, xgvQTia, I hide, mpseM.
xp-j$lv, secret, mps6AAc.
xpu$ofx.oupiLOvt>l&, I whisper, mutter, piste/ow.
xputrroAXi, crystal, glass, belitir.
327

xguoraAAov, "> ikul.


ice,
xpouoroAAov, J
xt«v», x^e'vi, comb, kreA^er.
XT«v/?«, I comb, krtkk.
xnjxio, XT""'} consumption, ftabes,) okhti*.
XTl'&O, I build, dert6«.
XTUTOJ, blow, troAelune— krfsme.
xtutw vide xpou'a).
xv3'ova>. I govern, steer, kiveris.
xu&uvi, quince, ftua m.
xvSoiwa, quince-tree, Iisift6khite.
XUAjC0, XUAl£cO, I roll, revolve, rukulen.
f talis, valendeti,
wave,
Cvale.
xwfiyi, game, chace, gii m.
hunter, giatfcar—avetzi T.
xuwjyaS, I chase, pursue, giGa«.
xuiretf/<rri, cypress, selvi.
xupidf, master, zot.
xu>, Sir, afendem * T. H.
xopa 1 mistress, madam.
xa>\o;, cuius, Mthf.
KUiTtaVOV, hammer, kopan.

I take, receive, mar.


I wound, pliank6s.

■ The word efindi, well known as » title of rank and respect among tlie Turks, is derived from the Greek
uWlrni, or, as it is more frequently pronounced (and often written) by the moderns, afi'»v>if.
328

X«yxa&«, valley, perua.


Xayxo'vi, flank, side, ina, v6seat.
XayoDju.*, mine (in war) langf'm.
Xayuif, hare, liepur L.
XaSi, oil, yal, vakhi m.
XaSixov, vessel to hold oil, enevaghit.
X«0oj, error, liakhithi.
kuQalvco, XafltuMo, I mistake, err, liakhithit.
Xaflupi, pea, modhule.
neck, throat, kiafe.
Xaxxo;, ditch, gr6pe.
Xaxrapa, vehement desire, lakhtari.
r I talk, Mm,
J sing (sp. of birds) kentdn L.
XaXcu, *
J play on a musical in- <
* bie, pan.
v. strument, ' .
I shine, ! drit.
torch, liampadhe.
Xxpirpa., splendor, drite.
XafMrpo,-, splendid, idrirzim.
Xaoj, people, gint L.—duni T.
Xapvyxaj, fauces, grunias.
XatTTHJ, mud, balte.
f I receive accidentally,
Xa^ai'vco, ^ dodhem.
t attain accidentally,
it happens, dodhet.
Xa^avov, pot-herb li&kere.
Xa^voj, luck, accident, sort L. skurteze.
Xs^e'vTJjf, nimble, pirate, seaman, dai.
Xe'yco, I say, tell, thom—p. thase.
X«i/3a8i, meadow, liuat.
f I am absent, lipsem,
XsiVm,
1 1 fail, sarin.
329

XflTil, it is wanting, Upset.


\iiTOvpyelu, liturgy, mass, mese It.
XeiTOUpycu, I celebrate mass, mesoH.
A«x>jva, tetter,cutaneous eruption , urdhe.
Xexayig, basin, lenkeu.
XsXe'xi, stork, leleAe.
Xe/ito'w, lemon.
Xiovrapi, lion, aslan T.
Xs'm/ scale (of fish, &c.) Male L. F.
X«rpa, leprosy, lebre.
Xs*poj, leper, ilebrosure.
Xestoj, fine, minute, subtil, \kh6Ue.
Xewruvai, Xi«v/?«>, I make small, fine, khulGn, dkhol.
lying-in woman, Iekh6ne.
parturition, lckhoneri.
Xiavoj, fine, minute, ikh611e.
meagre, slender, ilik, UMlle.
Xiflagi, stone, gur.
Xi9o/3oX<£, I stone, pelt with stones, lefton me gure.
Xifloircops/*, stone-heap, sk6pur, nalet.
famine, excessive hunger, lime, uri-emadhe.
harbour, liman T.
Xi>H), lake, gi6l T.
Xiva'gi, flax, li m.
Xo'yyof, forest, wilderness, pil, pul.
Xo'yo;, word, fiale.
X<raa?a>, Xouf<*?«>, I am silent, khest* pu«6n.
Xouxavixov, sausage, kol6.
XouXou&j, flower, blossom, lidle M.

* This word resembles the EDglish hush, the etymology of which is unknown, according to
2 T
330

\cuy%iyxcc$,
►sob, hiccough, lekhme.
Aooxt?ouxiov,
I
AOUpl, thong, strap, rip.
pay, hire, Iuf6.
C liaw, p. liava or
hovco, I wash, bathe,
v liakhita.
*—'
Xovrgiov, bath, kham&m T.
AuySa, lard, dhiame.
Auxoj, wolf, t/lk, ukhik.
grief,
I grieve, khelm6n.
\vpot, lyre, violi It. m.
\v<r<Tu, rage, madness, terbim.
Ay<r<na?co, I am enraged, terbonem.
lamp, likhnar.
Xvuivm, I dissolve, tres, p. treta.
foolish, imarre.

f*ayac?i It. store-house, makaze.


I soil, contaminate, penkew.
puyeipo;, cook, akhrfzi T.
pctysigsva), I cook, dert6n gelle.
/jJiyos, magician, magistrite.
(Utyeia, fwtyixov, magic, witchcraft, mangi.
puyovXw, cheek, fakie L.
I peel, skin, duk.
together, basAe.
I collect, bgheth, p. b6dha.
" I learn, tze.
fUlScUVU), |
■ I teach, learn, rnpson.
learner, disciple, rzirak.
ftxiitou T. ape, maiinun.
I lengthen, giat—liarguw L.
fiuxgvs, fjutxpuns, long, distant, igiate, iliarge.
gold, ar L.
golden, iarte.
hair, fleece, lei.
chiefly, certainly, alaime.
I reprimand, quarrel, Aert6n.
dispute, reprimand, kiarte.
*—'
mother, erne, nieme, uene.
(iMvtiga, /xuvrp), sheep-fold, stan.

| 1 collect, fold the flock, bil (bul) de stia.


ItavrpiZct), i
kerchief, destemel, rize.
/xav/xi, sleeve, menke.
\t.a.mipi, mushroom, Aepurdhc.
fiarotAoj, latch, bar of a door, inendal.
fiayTarov, message, order, mssditie.
prophet, Medz^T.
pillow, cushion, ghiastek.

fiapctyxof, carpenter.
fidpaHpov, fennel, maHiith.
fiaqyapnaqi, pearl, margaritar.
rogue, cunning, rosp6I, dinak.
pctpLLapov, marble, merme>.
papovki, lettuce, marule, salute It.
witness, martyr, salt, ispat.
buffoon, lnaskarii.
/u.acr<r£S, I chew, mash, pertwp.
mastic, masd/cA.
332

ftuaropu; It. mason, artist, mi^stre.


drinking-jug, mastrapa.
futrctutf in vain, kot.
pan, 1» eye, si, su.
Cfj.jxa.Ti, J1 fountain, krua.
' ve sine, stie sine,
I regard attentively, ^
vest6n.
black, rA.
fJMVplfa, I blacken, tzin.
knife, Mice.
fta^aXaj T. quarter of a town.
great, iruath, a. imadhi.
fxeyaXcovcu, 1 make, become great, madh6n.
(Ltiavpiov, the day after to-morrow, pasn£ser.
drunkenness, tedeghim.
1 am drunk, make drunk, deMem.
(ttipaZat, I divide, distribute, dan.
share, portion, piese.
ink, melim.
honey, mialte m.
p.e\i<To-a., bee, blete.
' betem, ies, ictem
I remain, j
-p. beta—p. •—ieta.

thigh, k6fse L.
fMptXOl, some (pi.)
' mizedheft,
fupplyxi, ant, |
. milingore.
pepos, fupii, part, side, pi6se, ane.
ftla-a, within, brenta.
mid-day, mesedite.
fueraSorixo(, liberal, generous, denesi, Punier.
fieVaAAov, metal, madcm T. .
silk, mediivsi m.
made of silk, imed&vste.
333

measure, mase, mites.


JMTptO, I measure, number, mas, numur6n.
moderately, me kuar.
forehead, bale.
apple, m6Ue.
M»*S> month, muakhi.
1 announce, porosit.
new cheese, ghize.
/XfXgOf, little, iv6ngel.
fUXpOVCDftO;, diminutive person, dzwtzk T.
f irisem—v6te, iAen,
I depart, j
I p. ika.
[IKTOS, half, mest.
hatred, men, Masmlek.
{uitA, I hate, merzit, sdua.
tomb, tombstone, va>r.
destiny, fortune, b&kht T.
lead, pliumb L.
pjAu/Sewoc, leaden, ipliumte.
alone, iv6tem.
fio'vov, /xova^a, only, vcteme, \etz.
foot-path.

^ I soak, imbibe, ;jom, gidew.


*—
fwVxoj, musk, misk, musk.
ju.o<rxo/3oAco,
^ I exhale perfumes.
(u.txrxo,u.ugi'?a),
fio<r^agi, puivirxafi, calf, \\tz L.
f veras, verit—
I moan, bellow,
tp. verikhita.
I stun, benumb, stupify, biw, bU7tem.
\t.r>{?j\CHip.a., numbness, tebite.
fiov\txpi, mule, mfisAe.
334

1 am silent, khest, pason.


cuuuch, Madem T.
" skopiM—
I castrate, j
. ben Jihadem.
liovgitovptfa, I murmur. gumezit.
[iov<rotQl(>ri; T. stranger, guest, musafir.
mustachio, must&A-e.
must, (of wine) must.
povrgov, face, countenance, fakie L.
mould, mustiness, muk.
I patch, mend, arenow.
jXTTixQiJ.netfs It. barber, berber.
jit7rapouT( T. gunpowder, barut.
ftiratrraphs It. bastard, dombteT. do/z.
fwrai-fov, It. slap, smack, sxxpViike.
ftitsytvrS), I deign.
I am disgusted, annoyed.
bachelor.

( I thrust in, ) fut H. L. Mas—


\ set in the ground, / p. kalla.
or e/wrijyco,
by thrusting in, future.
pwoyab T. strait. ■

Hmyi T. stature, height of a man.
l*.Trov<ro\as It. mariner's compass.
farm, kr&klie,
p.TrpoLT%ov, It.
t measure for cloth, lire.
marrow, tru m.
fiuya, fly, rime.
mill, muli It. m.
miller, mulitei—paspali&r.
mucus, kirre.
u.upov, ointment, miro, ba£Aa>.
3-35

iwplfa, i smell, am scented, mar ere, bie ere.


/xupceSiii, odor, ere.
pvri, nose, khknde.

vet), vaiVxe, yes, .1.


kira-egemise T.
yauXoy, freight, ^
navlo
vk(, young, in.
vepbv, water, die
■—* m.
vivpov, nerve, del.
vi<ppa, reins, loins, veseie, selia.
' pe m.—a. peni,
thread, j
- a. pi. pena.
infant, foswe.
island, nisi.
I fast, anger6«.
fiuret, ipankrene,
vrjuri;, yjjorixof, fasting, -j
Ungerim.
I wash, lian.
vi\J/i|Liov, washing, lotion, teliare.
(ewer, apparatus for wash
wng the hands.
y/x»j, victory, mundeie.
vixtu, I conquer, mund.
yoTxi, rent, kira T.
voixoxvgis,
j.master of the house, zot stepighe.
olxoxvgi;,
law, nom.
vo/iixbf, lawful, inomte, iudese.
yoju.i'?a>, I consider, reckon, ki«a«.
ywroy, fresh, green, i«6me, taze T.
336

VOOTffAOC, agreeable, well-flavoured, isisime, ilezelzim.


vocrn/*a&a, flavour, lezet.
fliangesire, iuzi,
humidity, •
L vlazethe.
1 moisten, liangeso/i.
vou;, mind, understanding, ment L.
votgos, mindful, intellectual, imense.
vrayixirw T.
^ I support, baw.
vrayiavTi'?co,
VVXTOt, vvxTlt> night, nite.
f bride, daughter-in-law, ~{
^ nuse.
C young woman,
I am sleepy.

I lay hands upon, ve dure.


C fair, (of complexion) >
^ J' C flaxen, (of hair) 3

I unfold.
I become serene, kthilem.
few?, stranger, iMuai.
£evrrs/a, foreign country, kurbet.
I vomit, viel—p. volla.
fep«<rj«.«, ^egtxrov, vomit, vomiting, teviele.
1 tear, gris, tzier, p. tz6ra.
fe^dtVTcovco, I amuse, divert myself, ben zefk T.

^ I forget, khai6n.

fijfwpeuvei, it is day-light, kthen dita.


I terrify, fastis, tremb L,
dry, ithate.
[ make dry, than.
vinegar, utliule.
337

£ix(xo{ below weight.


%i\i.irhx L. example, uraelc.
t-oupafi, £upaipi, razor, brfske.
foupafi'f«, I shave, rua//.
j-fuAov, wood, dru m.
fuvof, sour, itharetf.
fyirvcovce, I awaken, rzgion.
f I scratch, kruan,
C I scrape, geruen.
gvorga, grater, rasp, xistre.
£uorpi, curry-comb, kres.

iy\vymp», quickly, spekht.


6ykuya>go(, quick, hasty, ispekhtc
iSwri, tooth, dheb.
dxviuio, I am idle, pert6n.
ixrairoh, yreadii, sea-polypus, star-fish, aftapoth.
intire, itere L. It.
iKrjfispx, all day, every day.
ixlyov, a little, pa&, pikere.
f I diminish,
iKiytrrevoi, ^ paxon.
C become deficient,
all, githe.
oXoyuga, all around,
hXapiof, opto;, erect, on foot, drrck be kembe.
oXtrrtka, at all, not at all, khitzfire.
oXoiiev, from, on every side, kudo,
i/Mih, together, bfakc.
I speak, rlias, />. folia.
S converse, kuvend6/i R.
equal, like, gial, ingiitsim.
equally, evenly, gial.
2 U
338

ovitpov, dream, endere.


sokh endere,
oveipiuofim, I dream, |
- enderon.
tVOflM, name, 6mer.
I name, kiuan.
person, individual, net\.
nail, talon, claw, thua,—a. titiokh.
oviovco, behind, prapa, pas.
ipyh, anger, zemerlm.
ipyttof, enraged, choleric, izemeruar.
epyula, fathom, pas L.
epytova), I plough, till the ground, Ier6n.
C decree, command, mesditie,
* order, nizam.
• me endete,
c
optyvftMt, I desire, J me ka enda,
. kam orex.
appetite, enda, orex.
6pify, I command, urdher6». ■
Spxog, oath, be.
igxmvoyMi, opiumo, I swear, ben be.
ipxwvu), ipxftco, I bind by oath, ve be be.
opvtiot, hen, pule 1. L. F.
ippo;, cream, khhe.
OfTVXI, quail, skfirteze.
orphan, ghetim.
ipxltt, testicle, frAerdhe.
So-ov, as well as, "1f
etroi, as many as, J
otnr^Ti L. house, itepi.
sVirgov, pulse (vegetable) gr6se.
•Vrgaxov, shell-fish.
tail, but.
339

oipavbs, Heaven, kie/ L. F.


serpent, gmrpcr.
* •
Otfpudi, eye-brow, vAtule.
viper, neperAe.
hci> he*™' no, io, nuAe.
fish, peak L.
fisherman, peskarfd.

irafiovi, irstyovt, peacock, palua m.


irayouvm, iraya),
vete,—p. vaghita.
miyx'ivmyUituyai, .
snare, trap, grAtzke.
irayoc, frost, ice, akul.
itctymai, I freeze, am frozen, beAAem akul, grin.
market-place, price, pazar T.
7roL$sttva)r 1 suffer, peson L.
f suffering, passion, pesim,—AAastalek,
C malady, semunde T.
iraifixvi T. fetter for picketing horses, kiost e Ae.
I instruct, chastise, mund6n.
boy, child, diale m.
wmtfm, 1 play, liuan, p. liokhita.
flwiyvijSi, play, game, liondre.
»aXa/3o(, foolish, imarre.
»aAa//Sa>, *a\Mua, I wrestle, mundem.
ancient, motzim, ivteter L.
ica.Xttft.ip, cable.
palm of the hand, pelembe, supliSAe.
raK&n, palace, serae T.
young man, courageous, trim.
■xaKtxapl*, bravery, trimeri.
340

perseri.
iraXovxi, nttp\iAn.\, stake, khu m.
iraKovxtuvat, I empale, ve be kha.
iravriyvgt, feast, fair, panair.
f cloth, pel&Mre,
Trav),
t sail, pruth.
plague, murtaie.
Ttavra, itaYtmt, always, kurdo, daima T.
everywhere, kudu.
biscuit, paximiith.
priest, secular clergyman, prift S.
priest's wife, priestess, prifterese.
TtunActjAOvia, flake, fli6/te 1. L.
•jrorTrKco/jLU, coverlet, iorga T. m.
slipper, kephtze.
grandfather, gifa.
paradise, tzendt T.
I pray, lidtem.
vapapepa, apart.
fable, tale.
surname.
irap6eyo(, virgin, virghir L.
resolve, party, ship.
C pickled meat, fish, &c.
< pickle for curing meat, VpastremaAA.
( 8tc. )
cleanliness, neatness, pak/ek.
Trucrrpevoo, I cleanse, pastr6«.
I endeavour, do my utmost, tealistis .
itaripai, father, babaT.at T.alsoG.
»«T0J, bottom, fund L.
ItCtTUl, I tread, skel.
step, tread, giurme—tej&elture.
nu-nfrripi, stirrup, kanteruset.
341

wotrouva, sole of the foot.


•jrarcofia, story of a house.
TTciuu, I cease, rest, pus6».
»ayof, fat, ini&ime, igialture.
To^at/voi, moiyuvta, I fatten, become fat, man, gial.
vaxyri, hoar-frost, brime It.
*a.yy\, manger, stall, grast.
■xiiiaia, plain, fuse.
C I trip, (tieuter) penkoA/tem,
' trip up, (active) penkon.
■ntXfls, on foot, Ac inbus.
• iftXtiio, I dismount, rzbres be Ann be.
■xiKoipifLOf, foot-messenger,
wsfowga, infantry, Aembesire.
mha, hunger, urete, uri.
C me vien uri—
*e)v», I am hungry, j Y,
C uretoA-Aem.
Tretgafa, I torment, teaze, gas,—p. gava.
itctpa^is, importunity, persecution, tegare.
f ill-humour, spite, ob- 7
< ( inat.
C stinacy, J
■KtXtxm, f I c"1 Wlth a hatchet, ~)
< > kdbcnd.
■ztXtKwvto, C chissel, plane, J
sreXixouSi, chipping, shaving, buiasAe.
Titvhfo(, father-in-law, vieA-Aer.
TfTtuvi, melon, pieptr.
vtphxa, partridge, tlielezc, \heltatze.
ntqifUxi, garden, gherarime It.
OTMyi&i, sea-shore.
■xiptxaTitt, I walk about, etzen~p. G/za.
*«ficrtro;, much, more than enough, mimic.
Tipicaortpov, more.
Tipiaripi, pigeon, pclGmbe L.
Tfpyw, I take, mar—p. m6ra.

i
342

taking, capture, temarre.


1 pass, skow.
passage, place of passing, teakuare.
iregon, buckle.
Tegoow, irqgouM, fork, pirua, furkulitze.
»EgO<n, last year, viet.
*—-
of last year, ivienme.
I fly, fh/tur6« S.
horse-shoe, potkua.
butterfly, moth, pervdne.
iteruvoi, cock, fondes, kokos R.
TTSTfl, skin, hide, leather, lekure, sol.
stone, gur.
pine-tree, boriAe.
*tyr«, I fall, bie—p. rise.
ireVijttov, fall, tereae.
wijy«8(, well, pus.
mfyowi, chin, guse—ventimiekres.
I coagulate, churn, biz.
I leap, ketzen.
7D]XaXdS, I run, gallop, vrapon.
mud, clay, balte.
ell, cubit, kut.
I catch, ze—p. zdra.
iriavojU.au, I am caught, zirem.
palm, span, pelembe.
irida.pi, jar, earthen vase, kip, kiup.
trlxga, jrg/xa, bitterness, grief, idherim.
Ttxpos, bitter, iidhere.
nlvto, I drink, pi—p. piva.
iriorov, drink, beverage, tepire.
■Kiwepi, pepper, pipei.
wiVcra, pitch, tar, pise, sere.
w/o-nc, faith, trust, bese.
343

WKTTtVIO, I believe, bcs6w, inanis T.


faithful, imbesese.
TTJOTiXOS, shepherd, tzob&n T.
iriVa, pie, liakrdar.

iriraxTou,*iTauTOu, expressly.
*Xayi, side, teithore.
irXayivu, obliquely, on one side, terth6ri, be brine.
*Xayia?», I lie down, bie bebrine .
TrXafleo, I invent, feign, gatuan. •
7rXaxa, flat stone, tile, pl6/ze.
wXaxeivco, I oppress, pliakus.
*—*
irXav>j, deceit, error, geneste, duzme.
TXavaS, I deceive, genen.
*XaTavoj, plane-tree, rep.
wXariva, broadly, widely, gerc.
wXoTtlvoO, I widen, make broad, t2ger6w.
■jtXs'xco, I knit, plat, blex.
*Xe£ou8«, "
| tress, tissue, knitting, k6se, bisk, gers6te.
H-Xo'xafiOf, J
7rXegcova), *X>jpa>va>, I pay, pankuan.
jrXtugov, side (of the body), ")
brine.
wXropa, ribs, J
ttXtiti, wound, plianke.
*—*
rrX»]9api, brick, plithar.
TXijfloy, multitude, great quantity, sumi/ze.
in abundance, b6/.
irX^u'vai, I multiply, sumeton, jum6n.
*X}v, except, tutu.
*Xi)(naCa>, I approach, afer6£nem.
r I adorn, stolis H. R.
wXou/Jfeo, <
- 1 embroider, kendis.
i
' tepenkate—
irXoDrof, wealth, |
' penkatesi.
wXuvai, I wash, Yi&n.
344

nviy-oi) breath, spire L.


irviufiovet;, ~) ,
f lungs, plemoni.

in'yco, I drown, suffocate, but.


*o8«ypa, gout, perdhes.
irobapt, foot, &ebe.
iroS«sl, apron, podhiS, futia.
toSkx /3ouvo5, foot of a mountain, rezemalit.
jroxapi, fleece, basfce, Ie».
iro'xe/iOf, war, battle, liufte.
5roA,uf, p/. iroxXoJ, many, shme.
irii/os, pain, tedhembure.
Trwai, I am in pain, complain, me dhetnb.
irovr/xi, mouse, mi H.
iripvoi, adulterer, whoremonger, kurv&r.
nopvi), whore, putane It.—ka&Apl.
wogrct, door, p6rte.
irfoos, as many, sa.
xoTuiLi, river, litime m.
■tore; when? kur i
wore, never, kurre.
iroTijpt, cup, drinking vessel, potir, kupe.
wor/fco, I water, give to drink, potis—vandit.
wouyy), purse, kese.
rouKxpi, colt, mes.
vou\), bird, zok. a. z6ngu.
irouXai, I sell, «es—p. «ta.
irovki)fj.3t, sale, tefiture.
muvrre;, some where, no where.
vpayiiM, thing, ge.
irpavm;, green, ghesile.
vpatrov, leek, pres.
f gian, ughendis,
itptTiei, it behoves, 5
C este Iznis.
345

wpiovi, saw, sine.


(en, p. era,
spiVxco, I swell,
Xekhem—p. uenlza.
o-piV/tet, swelling, tenture.
7rpofZxTov, sheep, ewe, dele—pi. dhen.
xpoixa,
? dowry, pighe It.
trggixiov,
0 1 profit, make progress, ~)
irpoxo'/3ya>, i . , C P«ok6ps.
t am successful, J
C great grandfather, }
irpmoLirKbs, y r stergms.
C ancestor, 3 ^
•xpotrtrt, more, sequel.
cushion, pillar, ghiastek.
irpoaxvvw, I adore, reverence, salute, ifal.
•ttpQ<TTaX,<J3, I command, urdher6n.
■jrf&rpiru,
the day before yesterday, weditcze.

*p°A>h, the night before last, neniteze.


■xpiuifj.0;, ripening early, premature.
tparro;, first, ipire.
xgwTa, trqanrfrtpct, before, fire.
•KTBtlyat, fralco, I sin, err, fegh6«.
mXea, <$TzXsu, elm, blin.

I sneeze, tesetin.
£t a: visual,
uripm, prtgiu, heel, thembre.
WTffOV, $Ttpo», wing, Viikhe, pende.
nerval, Qrvta, I spit, mpstfin.
xraxof, $Ta>xof, poor, beggar, ivirfere.
»uxvo$, dense, thick, idpnture.
TVKvivx. I thicken, dentesoH.
*"fy°f, tower, kule T.
■Kwpixhv, fruit, peme, ghemise.
2 X
346

stick, staff, pole, stap, skop.


I thresh, ra&A me skop.
brandy, ra/ti.
§«*',
beak of a bird, Aep.
pam'?a>, I sprinkle, water, perskSt— pursundis.
qatrro), pa$Ta>, I sew, kep, kepcn.
tailor, terzi T.
thread, seam, pe m.
back, spine, ridge, hill, kuris, brefr.
quittance.
ford.
root, rene.
rice. oris.
p(?IX0V, chance, risque.
I throw, istie, AAeth.
poyct, salary, pay, ronke.
po8ax>jvav, peach, piesAe L.
po'&i, gotfo, pomegranate, sen&e.
go'Kos, knot, joint of a tree, gdbe m.
goxu, distaff, fhrke.
poUya, path, wrinkle.
povQovvt, nostril.
gou$w, I absorb, surbit, gerp.

^■1 snore, gerAA&s—gerkhit.

cloth, iz6khe T.
347

rafiovpet, ballast, savure.


vayovi, <n*yovot, jaw, nofule.
a-atra, arrow, weaver's shuttle, sengete.
croxx), sack, thes.
traXara, Ballad, salate.
o-aKtvco, 1 move, set in motion, tund, levi*.
craXiayxa;, snail, ftermil.
bridle, fre L.
spittle, pstnme, iamke.
pack-saddle, aamar.
ravi'Si, plank, dhonke.
(TfiCyOV, hay.
o-airiof, trctxplf, rotten, putrid, ikalbete, ikalburr
(Totir'ifa, 1 rot, make rotten, kalb.
o-cwroOvi, soap, sapund.
Vupctxoo-Tri, Lent, fast, kiesme.
ffapaQtjf T. banker, broker.
I sweep, IIipsCH.
kettle, boiler, sakhane.
<rf}tpxoi, nape of the neck, sverk.
I extinguish, ifian.
<rtip<i, line, radhe R.
o-iurfibf, earthquake, terniit.
<j-(XAa, saddle, tale.
o"»v8o»i, sheet (of bed).
rmoiixi T. box, case, senduk.
(rsireVi, casket, coffer.
<rsgyiavi, diversion, exercise, seir T., gesdi T.
cripvat, (tvpm, I drag, fzvarit.
o-ujra, by dragging, fzvarrr.
348

mark, note, sigu, butt, nisSn T.


J I make a mark,
cnj/iaSeucu, y^enow.
Mnake a sign,
vfoegov, to-day, sot.
OTJ/XSglMJ, of, belonging to, to-day, is6tme.
rlyovpo;, sure, secure.
iron, AAekur.
ITKJ-Uft.1, sesamum. susaru.
wheat, grdre.
aiwnij, silence, khcsteie, pusiin.
(Txdfiyta, a-xufTW, I dig, excavate, rnii/cA.
f I die, perish, (generally
trxctfa, |pel<zes.
^ applied to beasts)
fladder, stairs, skale,
trxiXx It.
Utirrup, uzengi T.
crxaXi'fa), 1 scrape, rake, grevis.
(rxafjtw, chair, stool, bench, fron H.
o-xaToy, merda, stercus, mut.
<rxa$i8i, hutch, trough, m&nge, gov&te.
(rxe'Xoy, leg, but 1. L. k6fse.
<rxe?ra?a>, I cover, buli6n.
(TXeWT], cover, lid, roof, bulim,
(rx^/Syco, axufTto, I stoop, lower, an, dnem.
<rxi«8i, large hat, parasol, skpke.
<rxia?«>, I frighten, tremb L.
crxXa/3of, slave, prisoner of war, rop.
<rxXa/3w«), I make prisoner, enslave, roberow.
(rxArjpoj, harsh, cruel, ivrize.
trxXripuivu), I harden, fortzoAAem.
dust, pliuAAur, to* S.
(rxovra/3co,
\l trip, stumble, penk6AAem.
a-xovrawTce,
J7X07rO^ view, aim, intention, takhmin.
349

o-xa'pSov, garlick, kh&dhre.


* <j-xop*i'8i, scorpion, skorpio m.
CXOp7riO?, dispersed, perMapure.
irxogiriiu), [ disperse, p«rA7(6p.
<rxoT«8i, darkness, eret/ire.
cxer/fcu, I am giddy, make giddy, ere*z6/j.
CXaTCVVCO, I kill, murder, vras—p. vrava.
ffxouXa/j/xi, ear-ring, pendant, veth.
trxouAijxi, worm, krib/.
(distaff-full, (of cotton,
e-xeuX5, ^ fkolle.
( &c.) Ital. pcnnecchio, ■
a~xaupia, rust, rzgiure.
(TXOUTt^J, porringer, plate, niisur.
e-xeupia It. bonnet, cap, kesdle.
<rxpa'$« L. sow, d6se.
o-xuXo;, dog, ken H. L.
o>/y», I mix, join, backoM.
e-ejSapoy L. severe, serious.
(roXSara; It. soldier, seimen T.
o-ov/Sa!, spit, Mel.
o~opo;, wise, learned, idikhture.
I rend, split, burst, rentzon S.
<rr«01, sword, k6rdhe.
o-»«v«x« L. spinage, spinak.
rare, irale.
OTravoj, thin-bearded, k6se.
Jwrappers, swaddling
mragyetvct, j-spergcn.
I- clothes,
ff*apT0f, broom, (shrub).
OTEip), grain, koke.
ritipva), I sow, b.el.
OTTftpOf, seed, fare.
cavern, spill, spele.
350

G-ir'iOct, spark.
(TWIOUVOf It. spy> pergiowfs.
spleen, spretAe.
study, spudhi, spudhaxif.
I push, stun.
GTCtfa, I drop, distil, pikon.
a-raLXa.yfka.ri3L, drop, piAe.
trrafuari, I arrest, stop, halt, rest It., Aentr6fK.
a-rapy), urn, pitcher, stamne.
vra.fi.TTa., print, typography, d&mke.
[AS (TTLtVtOV, by force, me zi.
<rra.vho; L. stable, vathe.
trravpo;, cross, krik, kn/k L.
<rra<plda, raisin, dried grape, stafidhe.
grape, rus.
cinders, khi m.
aTiyvog, dry, ithate, itirme.
<rreyvu>va>, I dry, thaw, teT.
trreigo;, barren, isterp*.
<rrexoju.ai, I stand, Aentron.
1 send, derg6n.
arsvof, narrow, ingustc L.
crepeof, firm, solid, ikavisim.
erepeu, land, continent, terrajirma, sak, kivi.
aregvot L. cistern.
oripvapi, flint of musquet.
creQavi, crown, kur6re, reth.
errrfa, breast, gi6z T.
sepulchral stone, varr.
warp, (in weaving) maie.
crixw*, wager, pledge, bast.
crrlxos, verse, stiAA, radhe R.
OT0\tdl, ornament, (toll.
or&ftM, mouth, g6ie.
351

stomach, stomaAA.
oroiifMrof, pestle, stipes.
(TTOUjUHTlfo), I pound, stip, stwp.
tow, stopple, stupe.
VT0W7CU1VCU, I stop up, caulk, kalafatis It.
I think, am of opinion, mentoAAem L.
thought, mentim, fikir f.
C crooked, istrembere.
rrpufo;,
C blind, ki6r T.
argityylKa), I strain, squeeze, kulow.
errpara., road, udhe H. -
crgctTOxoiroff traveller, udhetar.
orpaTivfut,
^ army, ordhi T.
trrpaTui,
I turn,
j>vertit L.
1 twist,
rrp/yXof, wizard, magician, magistrate.
orgoyyuAoy, round, rumbul&Ae.
pivot, hinge, reze.
OT^COVStf, J strew, str6n.
mattrass, bed, testrdare—d«jek T.
irruKo;, column, direk.
acrid, unripe, iathete.
alum, itipze.
cloud, re.
avyxapm, I pardon, have mercy upo«,deghc«.
a-uxa/itvov, mulberry, man.
(TVXOV, fik L.
nxori, liver, me\tz\.
ovxwva), I rise, raise, gre—p. grikhita.
near, afer, branr
trvftfuwrtqix, nearer, mafer.
c I compassionate, con-
jdhempson.
(. descend,
052

1 agree, accord, ughindi's.


ov/iuuvco, I am near, approach, nkasem, afer6A/iem.
I assemble,
rheum, cold, k61e S.
custom, zakon, ale*,
<rvwi&lKti>, I am accustomed, alcstis.
cvpllfr, I whistle, verselen.
I hate, doftAem —festin.
frequently, denture,
I slay, slaughter, ther.
sphere, globe, top T.
r I err, mistake, liakhithit.
C commit a fault, fegh6n.
fault, fakhi.
<r<paXvco, (T^aX/fco, I shut, fasten, bul, bwliu.
tr$ evSow, sling, khobe.
maple, don.
wasp,
trivet, wedge, pdkhi&e.
crQlyyu), I squeeze, bind, compress, sterg6«.
trfouyyagi, spunge, sunger.
hammer, izekan.
I split, tear, gris, fzare.
rope, cord, gialme.
school, skolio.
I rest, am at leisure,
skolas.
f have a holiday,
attain, finish, am
cruivte,
r sufficient,
o-aipos, heap, pirk, kipi.
just, exact, itere—itara&mte T.
353

I nourish, feed, kOK.


Taxi'fu T. horse furniture, takem.
tobacco.
Jmilitary expedition, "]
■ kurbet.
I. voyage, -1
order, tax, ridhe R.
humble, itapinosur.
Tapafcu, I agitate, disturb, tund, terdit.
perhaps, vale, belkim T.
quick, ispekhte.
re'Xoj, end, tes6sure R.
TSX«l£OV«, I finish, complete, bar6», sos.
Tevra, tent, tende, tzader T.
I extend, expand, greAA.
rift, equal, fellow. gial.
I couple, assort, ughindis.
T»TOIOJ, such, ifatfl.
art, zanSt T.
T&txi'Ca), I break, ihuen—p. theva.
T?axcuvcu, I catch, seize, ze.
TfaAonraTW, I tread under foot.
T?afii, pane of glass.
T?!XOUp« L. hatchet, sepile.
rtfgxi, hoop, bandage, reth, k6rthel.
T?e'$Xi, shell, rind, levcsge.
blearedness of the eyes, skli-pe.
t?i/xto>, 1 pinch, peck, rzimbis.
T?IVT?T|paj, cricket, ginkale.
rf/yrfifoy, jujube, (fruit, It. zizziba) teinfzife.
s y
354

earthen pot, poize 1. L. F.


T?ouxvi'3a, nettle, fcAitheth.
Tijyav;, frying-pan, tigan.
fritter, pancake.
n\\vyui, mXxxraw, I envelope, wrap, imtiel.
TYjXuya.il, reel, msteh'/e.
tijiuj, honor, der/
rijuow, rudder, temoii.
T(V«?a), I shake, tund, skund.
ti'tstix, tIitotic, nothing, kh'Uzge, gekafsi.
wall, mur L.
walls, fortification of
Toi^ojeawrpov, kiutet.
{ a town, 8tc
ropapt, hide, leather, lekure.
TOTOf, place, vent—pi. vise,
ToVoV, so much,
kak.
TsVoi, so many,
T0T6, then, ate&Aere.
brick, tuvle.
C 1 turn Turk, bekhem turk,
TOVpXE-JCV,
C Mahometan, musulmains.
tow$e'xi, musket, dufek.
Tpxfiai, I draw, Mek.
rpiyo;, rgay), goat, skap.
Tgctyovbi, song, kenke.
Tpctyov&o, I sing, Amt6n L.
rpavlf, great, imath.
I make great, become
rpxveua), ritem.
great,
rpavrafvWov,
rose, trendaffl.

table, truese, sufre T.


rp«x>ltos, neck, sverk, kiafe.
rpi\h;, mad, foolish, iinarre.
355

Tplfi'Jt, 1 tremble, dridhem—p.udrofze.


rpijioc, TpofLaqct, terror, fiike.
Tpi$m, I nourish, usken.
I run, tur, rrapon.
T/Ji/3e'*<, TfHcavt, gimblet, screw, turielf.
Tplpco, rpiPyw, I rub, triturate, «tip, ferkon.
rpiyvpov, around.
rptyvplfa, 1 go round about, encircle, rethow, kerthelon.
rptXct, I creak, tzfertzeMw, ker/r6».
rPlX«> hair, kinie.
wheel, rote L.
rpuyos, vintage, tevielet.
rpuym, I gather in the vintage, viel.
rpuyovi, dove, tGrtul.
rpvxa, hole, vere.
rpvTtu, I pierce, perforate, tzpon.
rpwyu, I eat, gnaw, consume, kha.—p. AAenkra.
TVXUIVW, I print, ve be dimke.
np\, cheese, diathe.
blind, iverbcre, ki6r T.
chance, fortune, bakht T., fat L.
ruipa, BOW, tani, tasi.

I revile, affront, abuse, wr.


abuse, injury, tesire.
vylct, health, *end£t f.
iryfos, moist, iliankete.
vlfjOtrix, moisture, liankesir*.
iilp-SiVU), I sweat, dersOi.
son, bir.
356

ivr), plough-share, vi£ghe.


marriage, martim.
vistprpia., service, Musmet T.
proud, fundul.
VWVO}, sleep, giume. «
boot, tzisme T.
xntyttaimtrov, shirt, kemxse 1. L. It.
utrrega, afterwards, pazendai — pasta/rA.
vvregivhc, last, ipastaghem,
uQaivui, I weave, ben pelAAure.
web, woven stuff, tetiarre, ind.
itipavrijs, weaver, kaf/r.
high, iliiirte.
■—'

4>cty), food, meat, gt'lle.


I appear, duAem—p. dotze.
lentil, thier J.
QctXayyi, spider, miremanke.
$u\axpb;} bald, krie-kungul.
family, femie.
Qotvapi, lanthorn, fener.
evidently, asikiare T.
large, wide, ingere.
breadth. tengere.
poison, farmak.
Qtyy'&pi, moon, khene.
<psyyco, I shine, enlighten, drit.
tJiEiSwXoy, parsimonious, covetous, kurs6er, ner&es.
Qegvu), J" siel p. solla,
^ 1 lead, bear, j
fegai, . bie p. pr6ra.
fsvyco, I flee, depart, ike/i.
357

ip=uyaTO{, fugitive.
renown, nam L.
f I arrive, attain, am i
4>9av«j, arf».
C sufficient, *
autumn.
envy, Maset.
<$iAeva>, 1 treat, regale^ gostit.
friend, miA L.
$iAi'a, friendship, miA'eri.
standard, colors, bair&k T.
vein, del.
$\iya, flame, fliange.
pipe, flute, fid.
bark.
fear, hike.
fof3ov(t.ai, I am afraid, trembcm H.
Qomlxi, date, (fruit) Murma T.
wick of lamp, of candle, fitfl.
$a'voy, murder, • vrist'ie.
•—^
murderer, kavli.
$oga, time, turn, kMre.
mare, pele.
QopcVf I wear, put on, (as dress) ba«.
habit, dress, robe F.
I load, • garkoM 1. L.
tofiTcofiLa, load, cargo, barre.
<$9uxa>.i, broom, brush.
tuft, tassel, flake, fntlufe R.
$oSgvo; L. oven, furrc.
tempest, fortune.
Joucrarov, army, camp, ordhi.
fo-jaxa, bladder, mpsi&eze, plusAe.
Covmnvsa, I swell, en.
$OOTXl, manure.
358

1 I fence, ben garth,


3 enclose, stop up, thur.
hedge, garth.
prudent, iurte.
Qgovriix, care.
bushes, feret.
Qrivb;, small, thin, poor, lk/iollc.
cheaply, lir.
Qmzvco, I construct, prepare, derto;/.
spade, shovel, mattock, liopate.
I guard, preserve, r(ia« —p. rdaitii.
guard, guard-house.
puAAov, leaf, flete.
Qwixt, cartridge, sky-rocket.
nature, s<5i m.
fucrw, fy<yaa>, I blow, {run.
Qvrhv, plant, peme, lis.
Q'jrgwvco, I bud, blossom, sprout, bi.
nast, den, fole, strofke.
voice, ze m.
C theres —
$n>va£a>, I exclaim,
C p. tbira. thcrikh
light, drlte.
fire, ziam—a. ziare.
luminous, idrifzim.

I caress, per&edhel.
caress, perfcedhele.
I salute,
I rejoice, gez6A-Aem.
hail, bresere m.
359

I seek, desire, Aerkun 1. L. It.


flint, kJaMdz.
bridle, horse-bit, fre L.
smith, worker in metal, kovar/r.
copper, baker.
X«AveS, x***> I spoil, ruin, pri».
x»cA low, iftnete.
I lower, an.
Xavrdxi, ditch. khendck.
f A/mmbas,
X*vte, I lose,
C p.khhmba.
;>. /,7/umbu.
X*ffot 1 giant, make a present, dhuro/j II.
X^goTows, agreeable, joyful, ileze/rim.
X«pTi, paper, karte.
Xarxto, I open the mouth, gape, khap gdiene.
•—■
Xcta-fcougiouaai, I yawn, being sleepy, 8tc. gonkesiM.
Xa^0(JLtpcOf
I loiter, lose time.
X*<roi>-*p'ifa, J
Xatyi T. prison, dungeon, Maps.
X^y caco, dhies.
—✓
X>~*i, lip, buze.
Xetptov*;, winter, bad weather, storm, dimerc m.
Xeyorego;, worse, me ik&k.
Xix>> eel, giale.
swallow, delenduje.
tortoise, brej&e.
xh'» hand, dore.
x^*a> goose, pate.
xw"> widow, orphan, eve.
X'°'v'> snow, dbore.
X^P>Tf>U,
I neigh, ATiingelin.
Xpv-n'&o,
X**>QOf, fresh, iwome.
X0~'?°S> boar, derr.
360

f bile, ver£r,
It*, belt.
X^po{, xwrphs, thick, big, idr&e.

^ I swell, make big, drai.


Xovrpsuco,
joke, fcAorata.
x*?>s> dance, balle.
I dance, liuan balle.
>—
I satiate, gop, gi«,
XOgTCtlVOO,
am satisfied, gineui.
X°PTU9'> grass,
bar.
X°f>rov, herb, }
Xouywfy, 1 exclaim, cry, thercs.
X<>uKo6pi T. repose, comfort.
spoon, lihnke.
XP''ta> want, necessity, liazem T., iftiza
£ I have need, llpsem,
X^ctSopai, £
am necessary, ben liazem.
debt, duty, b6rdz T.
Xgri<rt^e6co, I am useful, veghew.
Xp'tfa, XPla>> I anoint, luen, kretmo/i.
Xpovo;, x?°v"*> year, mot.
Xpu<r«Qh XP^h gold, ar L.
Xpwros, golden, iarte.
Xpup*, color, buie T.
vulgar.
X"V£Uj 1 spill, pour, derth.
X<»Pa> earth, land, dhe.
X^vstiai, I digest, khoneps.
1 hide, get in, fut.
X»P*> town, mpsat.
X*>§«?', field, cultivated laud, are L.
peasant, mpsatar.
village.
361

Xuigia, separately, ve/r.


yui^XjD, I separate, dan.
XM%<*>> I contain, am contained, tie.

mat, ronkos.
scissars, gent-re.
I sing hymns, mpsal.
the lean part of flesh
^ tul.
meat,
louse, mor.
lie, falsehood, generic.
1 lie, gene/i.

I feel, touch, handle, ze me dore.


1
" piaA"—p. p6ka,
1 roast,
.pari, piekure.
»—'
little, thin, subtile, ikholle.
^'X*» adv- a trifle, a little, ne tzike, pkkeze.
crumb, mite, therime.
^ piu c !ki-c of Iicuim Imlil
f psuni, teblere.
necessaries, J
\J<ouvi'?a>, I make purchases, make
ike ^'
? ble, psunis.
provision by purchase,
e, 3
I die (speaking of a beast) gorth, psofls.
carrion, gordhesne, ktrme.
flea, plest.
soul, spirt L.
^/oxixiv, charity, sevap 1 .
rJ/uXf". cold, fl6k/iete.
membrum virile, kare.
2 Z
362

tyuifA, bread, bdke.


4>u>pa, itch, mange, fzgebe, skebe L.

shoulder, sup.
raw, ipapiekure, kharn.
tf
wpet, hour, sakh&t T.
mpiftos, ripe, iarine.
watch, saMatT., 6reR.
I succour, am useful, vfghen.
litpiKtia, succour, veghim.

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