FOOTHILLS CARBONATES
T.T. DZIUBA
.,
COMPLETIONS AND EVALUATION
; -'
September-October 1967, Montreal 41
TABLE 1. Effect of changes in water saturation and Rmr/R w on the Resistivity Index
Mud filtrale - 100% displacement of formalion water only
(no displacement of hydrocarbons - see example below) n - 1.8
sw
Rmr/R w 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 eo 90 100
1.0 63 18 8.7 5.2 35 2.5 1.9 1.5 1.2 1.0
2.0 126 36 17.5 10.4 7.0 5.0 3.8 3.0 2.4 2.0
3.0 189 54 26.2 15.6 10.4 7.5 5.7 4.5 3.6 3.0
4.0 252 72 34.9 20.8 13.9 10.0 7.6 6.0 4.8 4.0
5.0 315 90 43.7 26.0 17.4 12.6 9.5 7.5 61 5.0
Examples
1. 90% hydrocarbons 3. 50% hydrocarbons
10% formation water or filtrate of same salinity 50% formation water or filtrate of same salinity
S ..... = 10% Amr/Aw = 1.0 Sw == 50% Rml/A ..... == 1.0
1= = 63 I = = 3.5
(.10),·· (.50)1 ,
mudcake is extremely low and has been measured to range from occurs before any mudcake is formed. As the filler cake is form-
IO-z md (for flocculated muds) to 10-4 md (for muds with ing, invasion will continue and the amount will depend largely
defloc("ulating agents). on the effectiveness of the mudcake [0 slow down the invasion
Another facmr responsible for invasion is degree of water process.
loss. With a higher water loss more mud filtrare i.:i lost to the for-
Flushed Zones
marion resulting in a larger diameter of invasion. In drilling low
The flushed zone exists next closest to the borehole. Just as the
porosity carbonate objectives Shell Canada commonly uses a
name implies, this is the zone that is assumed to be complerely
water (oss of < 10 ccfJO min. The laboratory test for measuring
flushed by mud filtrate. A common belief is thal this close to the
water loss is a sratic one and is performed according to API
borehole (2 em to 10 em), all the fluids will be mechanically
procedures. In the borehole much more mud filtrate is lost
displaced. This is not neces~iarily true because the mud filtrale
under dynamic conditions than the laboratory static conditions.
Ferguson(2) and others hav!:: reported thaL dynamic filtration may not be able to enter all the pores because of capillarity. ctc.
and displace the connate water or formation tluids, c.g. gas, oil.
rates have been found to be higher than static rates for various
mud types. Krueger(3), Lawhon(-ll and Horner(S) all ha.ve found However, it is very likely that rhe connate water remaining in the
flushed zone is less than the irreducible formation waler.
dynamic fiItracion to be ver), different from API static Huid loss
measurements (water loss is usually higher). Transition Zone
Several other factors further influence invasion behaviours. The transition zone can best be imagined as being the "grey"
They can be summarized in the following manner: zone. This is the zone where partial invasion takes place. There
1. mud {ype, are no set rules of thumb for predicting the diameter of invasion
2. pressure differential between mud column and fonnation (mudcake zone + flushed zone + transition lone) bUl the
pressure, following general relationships have been proposed by Pickell(7 ):
3. annular mud veloeit}',
4. mud temperature I formation temperature, High porosi£},:
5. borehole diameter,
6. drilling process (tripping, etc.). DiameLer of invasion (D I )
(20D7D - 350/0): "'" 2-3
7. formation porosity I permeability, and Hole diameler (d)
8. exposure time.
Apart from service company tornado charts there are few Medium porosity:
methods available for predicting depths of invasion. 8reiten-
DiameLer of invasion (OJ)
bach(6) introduced equations which can be used to calculate and (1O'~lo _ 200;'0): _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-"'c 5-6
predict diameters of invasion. Hole diameter (d)