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DISSERTATIONES MATHEMATICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS

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DISSERTATIONES MATHEMATICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS
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CONVERGENCE AND SUMMABILITY


WITH SPEED OF FUNCTIONAL SERIES

NATALIA SAEALLE

TARTU UNIVERSITY

PRESS
Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu,
Estonia

Dissertation is accepted for the commencement of the degree of Doctor of


Philosophy (PhD) in mathematics on September 16, 2005 by the Council of
the Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Tartu.

Supervisors:
PhD Heino Türnpu,
University of Tartu,
Tartu, Estonia

PhD Prof. Toivo Leiger,


University of Tartu,
Tartu, Estonia

Opponents:
PhD Prof. Igor Brui,
Baranovichi University,
Baranovichi, Belarus

PhD Prof. Andi Kivinukk,


Tallinn Pedagogical University,
Tallinn, Estonia

The public defence will take place on October 28, 2005.

Publication of this dissertation is granted by the Institute of Pure Math-


ematics of the University of Tartu (research project TMTPM0085) and
the Estonian Science Foundation grants GMTPM3991, GMTPM5376, and
DMTPM1632.
CONTENTS

LIST OF PAPERS CONTAINED IN THE THESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1 Preliminaries: summability methods and convergence


with speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1 Summability methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2 Convergence and summability with speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2 Summability with speed of orthogonal series by


Riesz methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1 Lebesgue functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Summability with speed of orthogonal series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 λ-inclusion of summability methods in the class of
orthogonal series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3 Convergence and summability with speed of series


with respect to product systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1 Product systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2 Convergence and λ-boundedness of series with respect
to multiplicative systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3 Uniform convergence and λ-boundedness of series with
respect to product systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

SUMMARY (IN ESTONIAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

PUBLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

CHAPTER I. Riesz summability with speed of


orthogonal series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5
CHAPTER II. Summability of orthogonal series with
speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

CHAPTER III. Convergence and λ-boundedness of func-


tional series with respect to product systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

CHAPTER IV. Uniform convergence and Aλ -boundedness


of series with respect to product systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

CURRICULUM VITAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

6
LIST OF PAPERS
CONTAINED IN THE THESIS

This thesis comprises the papers I, II, III, and IV. They will be presented,
respectively, as Chapters I, II, III, and IV of the thesis.

I N. Saealle and H. Türnpu, Riesz summability with speed of orthogonal


series, Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis de Mathemat-
ica 5 (2001), 3-14.

II N. Saealle and H. Türnpu, Summability of orthogonal series with


speed, Analysis Mathematica (Szeged) 31 (2005), 63-73.

III N. Saealle and H. Türnpu, Convergence and λ-boundedness of func-


tional series with respect to multiplicative systems, Proceedings of the
Estonian Academy of Sciences. Physics. Mathematics 53 (2004), No.
1, 13-25.

IV N. Saealle, Uniform convergence and Aλ -boundedness of series with


respect to product systems, Acta et Commentationes Universitatis
Tartuensis de Mathematica (to appear).

7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is difficult to overstate my gratitude to my first supervisor, Heino


Türnpu. He provided encouragement, sound advice, good teaching, lots of
good ideas, and continuous support over the last ten years.
I am very grateful to my second supervisor, Toivo Leiger, who has sup-
ported me throughout my thesis-writing period with his patience. Without
him, this thesis would not have been completed or written.
Many thanks to all my friends and colleagues at the University of Tartu
for scientific and technical assistance, good company and positive attitude.
My special thanks to my parents and husband for their support and
encouragement during all those years.

8
INTRODUCTION

The theory of orthogonal series is a classical area of mathematical analy-


sis dealing with functional series

X
ξk ϕk (t), (1)
k=0

where ϕ = {ϕk } is an orthogonal system, and with functions representable


by these series. Due to applications in physics, the most well-known and best
studied part of this theory is the trigonometric Fourier’ series theory, which
investigates series (1), where system ϕ = {1, cos t, sin t, cos 2t, sin 2t, . . .}.
Besides the trigonometric system, the modern theory of orthogonal series
considers also other certain systems, e.g. the systems of Rademacher, Walsh,
Haar, etc.
One of the basic problems of the aforenamed theory is convergence and
summability of series (1). Let A be a summability method. In order to
investigate the summability of series (1) by the method A, instead of partial
sums nk=0 ξk ϕk (t) (n = 0, 1, . . .) we consider so-called A-means sequence
P

(σn (t)). It is said that series (1) is A-summable if (σn ) is convergent. The
interest in summability methods is that they provide a way to understand
series, which are not convergent. An A-means sequence may have better
convergence properties than the sequence of partial sums. For example,
by well-known Fejer’s theorem, the arithmetic means of the Fourier’ series
of every continuous 2π-periodic function converge uniformly; but, on the
other hand, there exist continuous 2π-periodic functions whose Fourier series
diverge at infinitely many points.
Often it is important to estimate the speed of a convergence process.
In 1969, Kangro laid down foundations of the theory of λ-convergence (i.e.,
convergence with speed) of sequences in a context of topological sequence
spaces. This theory allows to apply methods of functional analysis in in-
vestigation of convergence speed. Let λ be a speed, i.e. a monotonically
increasing sequence of positive numbers. It is said that series (1) is λ-
convergent if the sequence (λn ∞
P
k=n+1 ξk ϕk (t))n converges. If the A-means
of series converge with a speed λ, then it is said that series is Aλ -summable.
In the thesis, maximal λ-convergence and P λ -summability almost every-
where (a.e.) of series (1) are investigated, where P is a Riesz method of
weighted means. For p ≥ 1, series (1) is said to be p-maximal convergent

9
a.e. on [a, b] if it is convergent a.e. and
n p
Z b X
sup ξk ϕk (t) dt < ∞.

a n
k=0

In this case, in addition to convergence a.e. of series (1), we get convergence


in Lp[a,b] spaces. The notion of maximal convergence can be extended in
natural way to convergence and summability with speed. This makes it
possible to investigate Aλ -summability of series (1) in Lp[a,b] spaces.
There are several reasons to study Riesz methods in the current context.
Firstly, in the case of orthogonal series, this method is universal in the sense
that for every (ξk ) ∈ `2 there exists a Riesz method of weighted means
P = P ((ξk )) such that series (1) is P -summable a.e. The second important
reason for using Riesz methods is that P is technically simpler to use.
Moreover, for any regular Riesz method P , we have at our disposal a
useful characterization (due to Kangro) of the speeds λ such that every
λ-convergent sequence is P λ -summable.
In the thesis, the special attention is paid to series (1), where system
{ϕk } is a product system generated by arbitrary system {fk }, i.e. ϕ0 (t) = 1
and ϕk = fk0 +1 fk1 +1 . . . fkn +1 , where k = 2k0 + 2k1 + . . . + 2kn (k0 < k1 <
. . . < kn ) is the dyadic representation of k. The most known product system
is the Walsh system {wk } generated by the Rademacher system. The Walsh
system is similar to the trigonometric system but simpler. By means of
product systems one convergence problem can be reduced to another with
better properties. In particular, some of the more difficult aspects of the
trigonometric theory are easier to understand in the simpler Walsh case
first.
The main aim of this thesis is to show that many results from the or-
thogonal series theory may be extended to the case of convergence and
summability with speed. The starting points of this study are some clas-
sical works of Alexits [1], Kaczmarz [9-11], Kangro [6-8], and Tandori [13]
and recent past papers of Mòricz [12], Schipp [19-21], and Türnpu [22-25].
Research methods of classical and functional analysis are used.
The main contributions of the present thesis to the theory of functional
series are as follows.
1) Some classes of summability methods for which the boundedness of
the corresponding Lebesgue function implies the λ-summability of series (1)
for all (ξk ) ∈ `2λ := {(ξk ) : ∞ 2 2
k=0 λk ξk < ∞} are described.
P

2) If {ϕk } is the product system generated by a system {fk }, connec-


tions between properties of {fk } (p-weak multiplicativity) and convergence
properties of the series (1) (p-maximal λ-convergence) are fixed.

10
3) Let {ϕk } be a product system and {wk } the Walsh system. For
functions u from the classes C[0,1] and Lp[0,1] it is showed that some problems
concerning the λ-convergence or λ-summability of the series ∞
P
k=0 < u, wk >
ϕk can be reduced to the corresponding problems for the Walsh-Fourier
series ∞
P
k=0 < u, wk > wk .
In Chapter I we consider a specific problem. Applying a general com-
plicated theorem due to Türnpu in the case of Riesz method, we find when
the boundedness of according Lebesgue functions implies the maximal P λ -
summability a.e. of series (1) for all sequences (ξk ) from the Banach space `2λ .
In Chapter II, the same problem in the case of any regular λ2 -conservative
summability method A is investigated. For this purpose, we compare A
with a (suitably constructed) Riesz method P (A) using our results about
λ-inclusion of summability methods in the class of series (1).
In Chapters III and IV we consider series (1), where {ϕk } is any pro-
duct system (not necessarily orthogonal). Chapter III examines p-maximal
λ-convergence and p-maximal λ-boundedness of series (1), where a system
{ϕk } satisfies some
additional conditions. For example, it is proved that if
P∞ R b
k=0 a ϕk (t)dt < ∞ (i.e. the system {fk } is weakly multiplicative), then

series (1) is 2-maximally λ-convergent a.e. on [a, b] for every (ξk ) ∈ `2λ . Our
main attention is concentrated to the series

X
< u, wk > ϕk (t), (2)
k=0

where < u, wk >:= 01 u(t)wk (t)dt are the Walsh-Fourier coefficients of any
R

integrable function u. In the case of u ∈ Lp[0,1] (1 < p < ∞), the problem of 1-
maximal λ-boundedness of this series might be reduced to examination of p-
maximal λ-boundedness of the Walsh-Fourier series ∞
P
k=0 < u, wk > wk (t).
Chapter IV investigates uniform convergence of series (2), uniform A-
summability, uniform Aλ -boundedness and uniform regular Aλ -summability,
where u is a continuous function on [0, 1]. It is shown that each of the above
mentioned properties is equivalent to the same property of the corresponding
Walsh-Fourier series.

11
SUMMARY

1 Preliminaries: summability methods


and convergence with speed

1.1 Summability methods

We consider series-to-sequence summability methods A = (αnk ) given by


the matrix transformation 1
n
X
ηn := αnk uk (n ∈ N),
k=0

where (αnk ) is a triangular matrix (i.e. αnk = 0 for k > n). The correspond-
ing sequence-to-sequence method A = (ank ) is defined by the transformation
n
ηn0
X
:= ank ζk (n ∈ N)
k=0

with
n
X
ank := αnk − αn,k+1 , or, equivalently, αnk = anν (n, k ∈ N).
ν=k

A series ∞
P
k=0 uk (a sequence (ζk )) is called A-summable if the limit limn ηn
(limn ηn0 ) exists.
A series-to-sequence method A is said to be regular if

X
lim ηn = uk
n
k=0
P∞
for every convergent series k=0 uk . It is well known (see, for example, [3,
Theorem 1.3]) that A is regular if and only if

X
lim αnk = 1 (k ∈ N) and |αnk − αn,k+1 | = O(1).
n
k=0

In the thesis, the main attention has been paid to two certain summa-
bility methods: the Cesàro method and the Riesz method.
1
We will denote the set of non-negative integers by N.

12
1) The sequence-to-sequence Cesàro method (or the method of arithmetic
means) (C, 1) = (ank ) is given by the matrix A with
1


if k ≤ n,
ank = n + 1

0 if k > n,

and the series-to-sequence method (C, 1) = (αnk ) is then given by

k

1− if k ≤ n,

αnk = n+1

0 if k > n.

2) The sequence-to-sequence Riesz method (or the method of weighted


means) P = (R, pn ) = (αnk ) is defined by the matrix A with

 pk

if k ≤ n,
ank = Pn
 0 if k > n,

where n
X
Pn := pk % ∞
k=0

and (pk ) is a sequence of positive numbers. The series-to-sequence Riesz


method is given by
Pk−1


1− if k ≤ n,
αnk = Pn
0 if k > n,

where P−1 := 0.
Note that P is a regular method (cf. [3, Theorem 17.1]) and (C, 1) is a
special case of it.

1.2. Convergence and summability with speed

Let λ = (λk ) be a scalar sequence such that 0 < λk % ∞. By Kangro


[7],[8], a sequence z = (ζk ) is said to be
(a) λ-convergent (or convergent with the speed λ) if the limit limk ζk =: ζ
exists and the sequence (λk (ζk − ζ)) is convergent;
(b) regularly λ-convergent if limk λk (ζk − ζ) = 0;
(c) λ-bounded if the sequence (λk (ζk − ζ)) is bounded.
The set of all λ-convergent sequences is denoted by cλ .

13
If a sequence z is summable by a sequence-to-sequence summability
method A, then it is called Aλ -summable, provided that the limit
n
!
0
X
lim λn αnk ζk − lim ηm
n m
k=0

exists. Regular Aλ -summability and Aλ -boundedness are defined analogously.


A summability method A is said to be λ-conservative (or λ-convergence
preserving) if the sequence (ηn0 ) is λ-convergent for any z ∈ cλ . Note (see
[6]) that a regular method A is λ-conservative if and only if
n
X |ank |
λn = O(1).
k=0
λk

For example, a Riesz method P is λ-conservative if and only if


n
λn X pk
= O(1).
Pn k=0 λk

2 Summability with speed of orthogonal series


by Riesz methods

2.1 Lebesgue functions

We will consider convergence and summability almost everywhere (short-


ly, a.e.) on [a, b] of the series

X
ξk ϕk (t), (1)
k=0

where x = (ξk ) ∈ `2 and ϕ = {ϕk } is an orthogonal system of functions


defined on [a, b]. Basic facts from the theory of orthogonal series can be
found e.g. in [1] or [11]. The most familiar examples of orthogonal systems
are following.
(a) The trigonometric system

{1, cos t, sin t, cos 2t, sin 2t, cos 3t, sin 3t, . . .}

is orthogonal on [0, 2π].

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(b) Let r0 be the function defined on [0, 1) by
(
1 if t ∈ [0, 12 ),
r0 (t) :=
−1 if t ∈ [ 12 , 1)

and extended to the set of real numbers by periodicity of period 1. The


Rademacher system r := {rn (t)} is defined by

rn (t) := r0 (2n t) (t ∈ [0, 1], n ∈ N). (2)

(c) The Walsh(-Paley) system w = {wn (t)} is defined by:

w0 (t) := 1 and wn (t) := rn0 +1 (t)rn1 +1 (t) . . . rnk +1 (t) (t ∈ [0, 1]), (3)

where n = 2n0 + 2n1 + . . . + 2nk (n0 < n1 < . . . < nk ) is the dyadic
representation of n.
(d) The Haar system h = {hn (t)} is defined as follows. Set h0 := 1. For
n, k ∈ N with 0 ≤ k < 2n define hn on [0,1] by

n/2
 2
 if t ∈ [2−(n+1) 2k; 2−(n+1) (2k + 1)),
n/2
h2n +k (t) :=

−2 if t ∈ [2−(n+1) (2k + 1); 2−(n+1) (2k + 2)),

0 otherwise.

In problems dealing with the convergence of series with respect to or-


thogonal system ϕ a major role is played by the Lebesgue functions
n

Z b X
Ln (ϕ, t) := ϕk (t)ϕk (τ ) dτ (n ∈ N).


a
k=0

A classical result of Kaczmarz [9] states that series (1) converges a.e. on
[a, b] for each (ξk ) ∈ `2 if Ln (ϕ, t) = O(1) on [a, b]. Türnpu [23] showed that
the last condition can be replaced by

Ln (ϕ, t) = Ot (1) (t ∈ [a, b]).

For a summability method A = (αnk ) with lim αnk = 1 (k ∈ N) the


n
Lebesgue functions are defined by
n

Z b X
Ln (A, ϕ, t) := αnk ϕk (t)ϕk (τ ) dτ (n ∈ N).


a
k=0

By Kaczmarz [9], [10], series (1) is (C, 1)-summable a.e. on [a, b] for each
(ξk ) ∈ `2 if Ln (A, ϕ, t) = O(1) on [a, b]. On the other hand, Móricz and Tan-
dori [13] showed that there exist a regular triangular summability method A

15
and an orthogonal system ϕ such that series (1) is not A-summable a.e. on
[a, b] for some (ξk ) ∈ `2 . Móricz [12] and Türnpu [23] found certain classes
of regular methods A for which the conditions Ln (A, ϕ, t) = O(1) on [a, b]
and Ln (A, ϕ, t) = Ot (1) (t ∈ [a, b]), respectively, imply the A-summability
a.e. on [a, b] of series (1) for each (ξk ) ∈ `2 .

2.2 Summability with speed of orthogonal series

Let A = (αnk ) be a triangular series-to-sequence summability method.


Series (1) is said to be Aλ -summable a.e. on [a, b] if the limits
n n
!
X X
lim αnk ξk ϕk (t) =: fxA (t) and lim λn αnk ξk ϕk (t) − fxA (t)
n n
k=0 k=0

exist a.e. on [a, b]. If, in addition,


n
Z b X
A
sup λn αnk ξk ϕk (t) − fx (t) dt < ∞,

a n
k=0

then series (1) is called maximally Aλ -summable a.e.


λ-convergence and λ-summability of orthogonal series was investigated
by Kangro and Türnpu (see, for example, [6-8], [22-25]). In [25] Türnpu
considered the Aλ -summability a.e. of series (1) with

( )
X
(ξk ) ∈ `2λ := (ξk )| λ2k ξk2 < ∞
k=0

and proved the following theorem.


Theorem 1 (cf. [25]). Let A be λ2 -conservative and let
lim αnk = 1 (k ∈ N).
n

Series (1) is Aλ -summable a.e. on [a, b] for all x ∈ `2λ if and only if the
following conditions hold:
1◦ series (1) is A-summable a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ ;
2◦ for each ε > 0 there exist a measurable subset Tε ⊂ [a, b] satisfying
mes Tε > b − a − ε and a constant Mε > 0 such that, for all measurable
decompositions
n
Nm := Nmn : n = 0, 1, . . . , m; Nmk ∩ Nmn = ∅ if k 6= n;
m
[ o
Nmn ⊂ [a, b] , (4)
n=0

16
one has

Z Z m−2 m−1 m
X X X
m

Am (ε) = χmn (t) χmp (τ ) ϕν (t)ϕν (τ )Dnpν dtdτ ≤ Mε ,
Tε Tε n=0 p=n+1 ν=0

where χmn is the characteristic function of Nmn and



2
 (αmν − αnν )(αmν − αpν )λn λp /λν ,
 if 0 ≤ v ≤ n < p < m,
m
Dnpν = αmν (αmν − αpν )λn λp /λ2ν , if n < ν ≤ p < m,
2
λn λp /λ2ν , if n < p < ν ≤ m.

 αmν

This theorem is our starting point for investigation of maximally P λ -


summability a.e. of orthogonal series (1).
In Chapter I ([15]), by means of Theorem 1 we find the relation-
ship between sequences (pk ) and (λk ), which guarantees the maximal P λ -
summability a.e. on [a, b] of series (1) for each (ξk ) ∈ `2λ , provided that the
Lebesgue functions Lk (P, ϕ, t) of P satisfy the condition
Z b
sup Lk (P, ϕ, t)dt < ∞.
a k

The main result of Chapter I is the following theorem.


Theorem 2 (cf. [15]). Let the method P be λ2 -conservative, i.e.
n
λ2n X pk
= O(1). (5)
Pn k=0 λ2k

If
pn = O(Pn−1 ), (6)
!
λ2n 1 1 1
↓ 0, − ↓ 0, (7)
Pn−1 pn λ2n λ2n+1
and Z b
sup Lk (P, ϕ, t)dt < ∞,
a k

then series (1) is maximally P λ -summable a.e. on [a, b] for each (ξk ) ∈ `2λ .
Example. Let λk = (k + 1)α , α > 0. Then, as an example of a
Riesz method satisfying (5) − (7), we may consider the method P with
pk = (k + 1)β , where β > 2α − 1.
For example, if 0 < α < 1/2, we can put β = 0, i.e. P = (R, 1) = (C, 1).

17
 
1
Remark. In [6], Kangro proved that if the sequence λ is a sequence
Pk∞ 1
of summability factors of type (A, Aλ ) (i.e. the series λ
k=0 λk uk is A -
summable for each A-summable series ∞
P
k=0 uk ), then the A-summability
a.e. on [a, b] of series (1), where (ξk ) ∈ ` , implies the Aλ -summability of the
2

series ∞ ξk
P
 k=0 λk ϕk (t) a.e. on [a, b]. From [3, Theorem 29.3], it follows, that

1
λk is a sequence of summability factors (P, P λ ), provided that conditions
(5), (6), and (7) hold. Therefore the P -summability a.e. of series (1) for
each (ξk ) ∈ `2 implies the P λ -summability a.e. of the series ∞
P
k=0 ζk ϕk (t)
for each (ζk ) ∈ `2λ .
Note that the above argument does not imply the maximal P λ -summa-
bility a.e. of the series ∞ 2
k=0 ζk ϕk (t) for each (ζk ) ∈ `λ .
P

2.3 λ-inclusion of summability methods


in the class of orthogonal series

Let A and B be two summability methods. If for series (1) from the B-
summability a.e. follows the A-summability a.e. for every (ξk ) ∈ `2 , then we
say that A includes B in the class of series (1) (shortly B ⊂ A). Inclusion of
summability methods (in the class of orthogonal series) is well investigated.
A review of inclusion results may be found in [27].
The following result by Türnpu is the starting point in Chapter II
([17]), where we discuss the λ-inclusion Aλ ⊃ B λ in the class of series (1).
Theorem 3 (cf. [24]). Let A = (αnk ) and B = (βnk ) be regular trian-
gular summability methods. If

sup |ank | (βkν − 1)2 = O(1),
X

k=ν n≥k

then A ⊃ B in the class of series (1) .


Theorem 4 (cf. [24]). Let A = (αnk ) and B = (βnk ) be regular triangu-
lar summability methods and σ = (σk ) be a sequence such that 0 < σk ↓ 0.
If sup |ank | = O(σk ), then A ⊃ P (σ) in the class of series (1), where P (σ)
n≥k
is the Riesz method defined by the sequence (Pk ) with
k
!
X
Pk = exp σν .
ν=0

18
Our interest is focused to the inclusion with respect to maximal λ-
summability of summability methods. The main result of Chapter II is
the following
Theorem 5 (cf. [17]). Let A = (αnk ) and B = (βnk ) be regular λ2 -
conservative methods and let
m m
λ−2
X X
n (βkn − 1)2 sup λ2l |alk | = O(1) and (βkn − 1)2 sup |alk | = O(1).
k=n l≥k k=n l≥k

If the orthogonal series (1) is B λ -summable (maximally B λ -summable) a.e.


on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ , then the orthogonal series (1) is also Aλ -summable
(maximally Aλ -summable) a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ .
The proof of this Theorem is based on Banach-Steinhaus theorem and
two lemmas on measurable functions due to Türnpu [22].
For some summability methods A, Theorem 5 enables us to reduce the
problem of the maximal λ-summability of orthogonal series to the well-
studied Riesz methods P = P (A). We have proved the following theorem.

Theorem 6 (cf. [17]). Let A be a regular λ2 -conservative method, where

ak := sup |ank | & 0 and λ2n |ank | & 0 (n → ∞, k ∈ N).


n≥k

Let P (A) be the Riesz method with


k
!
X
Pk = exp aν .
ν=0

If conditions (5), (7), and

Ln (P (A), t) = O(1)

hold, then the orthogonal series (1) is maximally Aλ -summable a.e. on [a, b]
for every x ∈ `2λ .
Consider some examples of Riesz method P defined by regular summa-
bility methods A.
Example 1. Let A = (C, 2) be the Cesàro method of order 2, where

2(n − k + 1)

 if k ≤ n,
ank = (n + 1)(n + 2)
0 if k > n.

19
Then
1
ak = & 0,
2k + 1
and for the Riesz method P ((C, 2)) we have
k
!
X 1 √
Pk = exp > 2k + 3
ν=0
2ν + 1

and
1
   
pk = Pk − Pk−1 = Pk−1 exp − 1 < e.
2k + 1
Let λn = (n + 1)α (0 < α < 1/4). In this case, by asymptotic formula
n
X 1 1
γ
∼ (n + 1)1−γ (0 < γ < 1),
k=0
(k + 1) 1 − γ

the methods (C, 2) and P ((C, 2)) are λ2 -conservative. Conditions (7) are
also fulfilled:

! !
λ2n λ2 1 1 1 √ 1 1
<√ n ↓ 0 and 2
− 2 < 2n + 1 2
− 2 ↓ 0.
Pn−1 2n + 1 pn λn λn+1 λn λn+1

Example 2. Consider the regular discontinuous Riesz method (R∗ , 1, 2)


with   2
k
1− if k ≤ n,

αnk = n+1
0 if k > n.

For this method we have


n − 2k 1
ank = αnk − αnk+1 = and ak = .
(n + 1)2 4(2k + 1)

As in the previous example, we get that the method P ((R∗ , 1, 2)) is λ2 -con-
servative. Conditions (7) are fulfilled if λn = (n + 1)α , (0 < α < 1/16), for
instance.

20
3 Convergence and summability with speed
of series with respect to product systems

3.1 Product systems

Let {fk } be a system of integrable functions on [a, b] (orthogonality is


not essential) such that |fk (t)| ≤ 1 a.e. on [a, b] (k ∈ N). The system {gn }
defined by

g0 (t) := 1 and gn (t) := fn0 +1 (t)fn1 +1 (t) . . . fnk +1 (t) (t ∈ [a, b]),

where n = 2n0 + 2n1 + . . . + 2nk (n0 < n1 < . . . < nk ) is the dyadic
representation of n, is called the product system of {fk }. For example, the
Walsh system (3) is the product system of Rademacher system (2).
The system {fk } is said to be weakly multiplicative if the product system
g satisfies the condition
∞ Z b

X
gn (t)dt < ∞


a
n=0

(cf. [21, p.292]). If


m −1 p
1 2X
!
Z Z b
gn (τ )dτ wn (t) dt = O(1),


0
n=0 a

then {fk } is called p-weakly multiplicative (p ≥ 1) (cf. [21, p. 330]). In


particular, the system {fk } with

!2
X Z b
gn (t)dt <∞
n=0 a

is 2-weakly multiplicative. If {fk } is weakly multiplicative then it is p-weakly


multiplicative for every p.
Note that
(a) the Rademacher system (2), systems {sin 2k t} and {cos 2k t} are weakly
multiplicative;
(b) the system { k1 } is not weakly multiplicative, but p-weakly multiplicative
(p ≥ 1);
(c) the systems {1}, {cos kx}, and {sin kx} are not p-weakly multiplicative
for every p ≥ 1.

21
In [20] it is proved that the series

X
ξk fk (t)
k=0

converges a.e. on [a, b] for all rearrangements of {ξk fk } if (ξk ) ∈ `2 and {fk }
is p-weakly multiplicative for a number p with 1 < p < ∞.
The series ∞ X
ξk gk (t) (8)
k=0

is called p-maximally convergent a.e. on [a, b] if it is convergent a.e. on [a, b]


and p
n

Z b X
sup ξk gk (t) dt < ∞.

a n
k=0

The following two theorems are starting points for investigations in Chapter
III ([16]).
Theorem 7 (cf. [20]). Series (8) is 1-maximally convergent a.e. on
[a, b] if (ξk ) ∈ `2 and {gk } is the product system of a p-weakly multiplicative
system for 2 ≤ p < ∞.
Theorem 8 (cf. [19], [21, p. 292]). Series (8) is 2-maximally conver-
gent a.e. on [a, b] if (ξk ) ∈ `2 and {gk } is the product system of a weakly
multiplicative system.

3.2 Convergence and λ-boundedness of series


with respect to multiplicative systems

In Chapter III we study p-maximal convergence (p-maximal bounded-


ness) a.e. of series (8) in the sense of convergence with speed. If series (8)
is λ-convergent (λ-bounded) a.e. on [a, b] and
p
Z b
X∞
p

sup λn ξk gk (t) dt < ∞,
a n k=n+1

then it is said to be p-maximally λ-convergent (p-maximally λ-bounded) a.e.


on [a, b].
The proof of the following statements is based on classical inequalities
and Banach-Steinhaus theorem.

22
Theorem 9 (cf. [16]).
(a) If (ξk ) ∈ `2λ and {gk } is the product system of a weakly multiplicative
system, then series (8) is 2-maximally λ-convergent a.e. on [a, b].
(b) If (ξk ) ∈ `2λ and {gk } is the product system of a 2-weakly multiplicative
system, then series (8) is 1-maximally λ-convergent a.e. on [a, b].
Beside the trigonometric and Haar systems, the Walsh system is one
of the most widely used complete orthonormal systems of functions in the
theory of functions of a real variable. It is very similar to the trigonometric
system, differing from the latter by its greater simplicity.
The Walsh-Fourier coefficients of an integrable function u are the num-
bers Z 1
< u, wn >:= u(t)wn (t)dt (n ∈ N),
0
and the Walsh-Fourier series of u is the series

X
< u, wn > wn (t). (9)
n=0

Properties of this series are well studied. Mention some of them. For ex-
ample, it was shown in [26], in which Walsh introduced the system bearing
his name, that for every point τ0 ∈ [0, 1] there exists a continuous function
u, whose Walsh-Fourier series diverges at that point. On the other hand,
Walsh remarked, that
n −1
2X
lim < u, wν > wν (τ ) = u(τ ) uniformly on [0, 1]
n
ν=0

for every u ∈ C[0,1] . The Walsh-Fourier series is uniformly (C, 1)-summable


for every u ∈ C[0,1] (cf. [4]).
The first treatise on the convergence of Walsh-Fourier series in space
p
L[0,1] (1 < p < ∞) was Paley’s paper [14]. In it he proved that for every
function u ∈ Lp[0,1] (1 < p < ∞) the Walsh-Fourier series converges in the
metric of Lp[0,1] . The Walsh-Fourier series of u ∈ L1[0,1] may diverge every-
where, but it is (C, 1)-summable in the metric of L1[0,1] (cf. [2]). For more
details about Walsh-Fourier series see e.g. [5], [21].
In Chapter III we study convergence and summability a.e. of series

X
< u, wk > gk (t), (10)
k=0

where u ∈ Lp[a,b] , and {gk } is the product system of a system {fk } of inte-
grable functions. By means of the Banach-Steinhaus theorem (in context of
sublinear operators), the following theorems are proved.

23
 Theorem  10 (cf. [16]). Let 1 < p, q < ∞ be conjugate exponents
+ q = 1 and let u be a function in Lp[0,1] . If g is the product system of
1
p
1

a q-weakly multiplicative system, then series (10) is 1-maximally convergent


a.e. on [a, b].
Theorem 11 (cf. [16]). If {gk } is the product system of a weakly multi-
plicative system, then series (10) with u ∈ Lp[0,1] (1 < p < ∞) is p-maximally
convergent a.e. on [a, b].
Let u ∈ Lp[a,b] . With help of Cesáro means
n 
k
X 
hn (t) := 1− < u, gk > wk (t) (n ∈ N),
k=0
n+1

of the series ∞
P
k=0 < u, gk > wk (t), by use of an estimate due to Balashov
and Rubinstein [2] we obtain that in context of Theorem 11
Z b
< u, gk >:= u(t)gk (t)dt =< h, wk > (k ∈ N),
a

where h := lim hn in Lp[0,1] . Then we have


n
Theorem 12 (cf. [16]). If {gk } is a product system of a weakly multi-
plicative system, then the series

X
< u, gk > gk (t),
k=0

is p-maximally convergent a.e. on [a, b] for every u ∈ Lp[a,b] .


Let {gk } be the product system of a weakly multiplicative system. From
Theorem 10 it follows that for every u ∈ Lp[0,1] (1 < p < ∞) series (10) is p-
maximally convergent a.e. on [a, b] (and in Lp[a,b] ) to some function v ∈ Lp[0,1] .
We prove that the problem of the p-maximally λ-boundedness of series (10)
may be reduced to the same problem for Walsh-Fourier series.
Theorem 13 (cf. [16]). Let {gk } be the product system of a weakly
multiplicative system and let u ∈ Lp[0,1] . If series (9) is p-maximally λ-
bounded a.e. on [0, 1], then series (10) is p-maximally λ-bounded a.e. on
[a, b] for the same u.
Theorem 14 (cf. [16]). Let {gk } be the product system of a q-weakly
multiplicative system and let u ∈ Lp[0,1] where p1 + 1q = 1. If series (9) is
p-maximally λ-bounded a.e. on [0, 1] for u, then series (10) is 1-maximally
λ-bounded a.e. on [a, b] for the same u.

24
Proofs of these results are essentially based on orhogonality of the Walsh
system and classical inequalities.

3.3 Uniform convergence and λ-boundedness


of series with respect to product systems

Let g be the product system of a system of measurable functions fk (k ∈


N) satisfying
f0 (t) = 1 and |fk (t)| ≤ 1 on [a, b].
For a function u ∈ C[0,1] , relationships between uniform convergence prop-
erties of series (10) and of the Walsh-Fourier series (9) are investigated in
Chapter IV ([18]).
Theorem 15 (cf. [18]). Let u ∈ C[0,1] and let A be a regular triangular
summability method.
(a) Series (10) is convergent (A-summable, Aλ -bounded, regularly Aλ -
summable) uniformly on [a, b], if series (9) is convergent (A-summable, Aλ -
bounded, regularly Aλ -summable) uniformly on [0, 1].
(b) If {gk } is an orthogonal system, then series (10) is convergent (A-
summable, Aλ -bounded, regularly Aλ -summable) uniformly on [a, b], if and
only if series (9) is convergent (A-summable, Aλ -bounded, regularly Aλ -
summable) uniformly on [0, 1].
The proof is based on good convergence properties for 2n th partial sums
of series with respect to product systems, which essentially follows from
Banach-Steinhaus theorem.
As a consequence of this theorem we have, that uniform convergence of
Walsh-Fourier series of a continuous function u implies convergence of series
of Walsh-Fourier coefficients of the same u.
An additional consequence of Theorem 15 is the following
Corollary 16 (cf. [18]). Series (10) is uniformly (C, 1)-summable on
[a, b] for every u ∈ C[0,1] .

25
FUNKTSIONAALRIDADE KIIRUSEGA
KOONDUVUS JA SUMMEERUVUS

KOKKUVÕTE

Vaatleme funktsionaalridu kujul



X
ξk ϕk (t). (1)
k=0

Kui λ on mingi kiirus, s.o. monotoonselt kasvav positiivsete reaalarvude


jada, siis koonduva rea (1) λ-koonduvus (ehk koonduvus kiirusega λ) tähen-
dab jada λn ∞
P 
ξ
k=n+1 k kϕ (t) n
koonduvust. Olgu A = (αnk ) rida-jada sum-
meerimismenetlus. Öeldakse, et rida (1) on Aλ -summeeruv (ehk A-summee-
ruv kiirusega λ), kui see on A-summeeruv ja jada λn ∞
P
k=n+1 αnk ξk ϕk (t)
koondub.
Doktoritöö põhieesmärgiks on näidata, et funktsionaalridade teooria pal-
jud tuntud tulemused on laiendatavad kiirusega koonduvuse ja kiirusega
summeeruvuse juhule. Töö lähtepunktideks on mitmed Alexitsi [1], Kacz-
marzi [9-11], Kangro [6-8] ja Tandori [13] klassikalised tööd ning Mòriczi [12],
Schippi [19-21] ja Türnpu [22-25] artiklid lähemast minevikust. Väidete
tõestamisel on töös kasutatud nii klassikalise analüüsi kui ka funktsion-
aalanalüüsi uurimismeetodeid.
Käesoleva doktoritöö olulisemad tulemused on järgmised.
1) On kirjeldatud selliste summeerimismenetluste klasse, mille puhul vas-
tava Lebesgue’i funktsiooni tõkestatus garanteerib rea (1) maksimaalse λ-
summeeruvuse kõigi (ξk ) ∈ `2λ := {(ξk ) : ∞ 2 2
k=0 λk ξk < ∞} korral
P

2) Eeldusel, et {ϕk } on mingi süsteemi {fk } korrutissüsteem, on leitud


seosed süsteemi {fk } omaduste (p-nõrk multiplikatiivsus) ja rea (1) koon-
duvusomaduste (p-maksimaalne λ-koonduvus) vahel.
3) Kui {ϕk } on mingi süsteemi korrutissüsteem ja {wk } on Walshi süs-
teem, siis funktsioonide u puhul klassidest C[0,1] ning Lp[0,1] on näidatud,
et rea ∞
P
k=0 < u, wk > ϕk mitmed kiirusega koonduvuse probleemid saab
taandada Walsh-Fourier’ rea ∞
P
k=0 < u, wk > wk vastavatele probleemidele.

Töö koosneb viiest osast: kokkuvõte ja peatükid I, II, III ja IV, mis
kujutavad endast teaduslikke artikleid (artiklite loetelu vt. lk. 7).

26
Töö I peatükis lahendatakse konkreetne ülesanne: lähtudes Türnpu
poolt tõestatud üldisest ja keerulisest teoreemist (vt. [25]), leitakse need
seosed Rieszi kaalutud keskmiste menetluse P ja kiiruse λ vahel, mille puhul
vastavate Lebesgue’i funktsioonide tõkestatusest järeldub rea (1) maksi-
maalne P λ -summeeruvus peaaegu kõikjal (p.k.) iga jada (ξk ) korral Banachi
ruumist `2λ .
Töö II peatükis lahendatakse sama ülesanne teatavate regulaarsete λ2 -
konservatiivsete menetluste A = (ank ) jaoks, võrreldes neid Rieszi menetlu-
sega P (A), mis on konstrueeritud järgmiselt:
k
!
X
Pk = exp sup |anν | (k = 0, 1, 2, . . .).
ν=0 n≥ν

See arutelu baseerub eelnevas peatükis saadud tulemustel ja summeerimis-


menetluste sisalduvusest kiirusega summeeruvuse mõttes ortogonaalridade
klassis.
On mitu põhjust, miks uurimiseks on valitud just Rieszi menetlused.
Ühelt poolt on nende menetluste klass ortogonaalridade puhul universaalne
selles mõttes, et iga jada (ξk ) ∈ `2 jaoks leidub selline kaalutud keskmiste
menetlus P = P ((ξk )), mis summeerib vastava rea (1). Teine oluline põhjus
on, et P on tehniliselt lihtsalt käsitletav ja tema puhul on Kangro poolt efek-
tiivselt lahendatud kiiruste säilitamise probleem (vt. [6]–[8]), s.o. küsimus
sellest, milliste kiiruste λ puhul teisendab menetlus kõik λ-koonduvad jadad
λ-koonduvateks jadadeks.
Töö III ja IV peatükis vaadeldakse rida (1), kus {ϕk } on mingi teise
süsteemi {fk } korrutissüsteem, s.t.

ϕ0 (t) = 1 ja ϕk (t) = fk0 +1 (t)fk1 +1 (t) . . . fkn +1 (t),

kus k = 2k0 + 2k1 + . . . 2kn (k0 < k1 . . . < kn ). III peatükk uurib ridade
(1) p-maksimaalset λ-koonduvust ja p-maksimaalset λ-tõkestatust korru-
tissüsteemi {ϕk } korral. Seejuures nimetatakse rida (1) p-maksimaalselt
λ-koonduvaks (p-maksimaalselt λ-tõkestatuks), kui ta on λ-koonduv (λ-tõ-
kestatud) p.k. lõigus [a, b] ja
p
Z b
X∞
p

sup λn ξk ϕk (t) dt < ∞,
a n k=n+1

kus 1 < p < ∞. Muuhulgas selles peatükis tõestatakse, et kui


∞ Z b

X
ϕk (t)dt < ∞


a
k=0

27
(sel juhul öeldakse, et lähtesüsteem {fk } on nõrgalt multiplikatiivne), siis
rida (1) on 2-maksimaalselt λ-koonduv p.k. lõigus [a, b] iga (ξk ) ∈ `2λ korral.
Erilise tähelepanu all on read

X
< u, wk > ϕk (t), (2)
k=0

kus < u, wk >:= 01 u(t)wk (t)dt on mingi integreeruva funktsiooni u Fourier’


R

kordajad Walshi süsteemi {wk } suhtes. Osutub, et selle rea 1-maksimaalse


λ-tõkestatuse probleemi saab u ∈ Lp[0,1] puhul (1 < p < ∞) (sobivatel
eeldustel süsteemi {ϕk } suhtes) taandada funktsiooni u Walsh-Fourier rea
P∞
k=0 < u, wk > wk (t) p-maksimaalsele λ-tõkestatusele.
IV peatükk uurib ridade (2) ühtlast koonduvust, ühtlast A-summeeru-
vust, ühtlast Aλ -tõkestatust ja ühtlast regulaarset Aλ -summeeruvust, kus u
on lõigus [0, 1] pidev funktsioon. Näidatakse, et ortogonaalse süsteemi {ϕk }
puhul on iga nimetud omadus samaväärne funktsiooni u Walsh-Fourier’ rea
sama omadusega.

28
REFERENCES

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Kiadò, Budapest, 1961.
2. L. Balashov and A. Rubinstein, Series with respect to the Walsh sys-
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3. S. Baron, Introduction to the Theory of Summability of Series, Valgus,
Tallinn, 1977 (in Russian).
4. N.J. Fine, On the Walsh functions,Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 65
(1949), 372–414.
5. B. Golubov, A. Efimov, and V. Skvortsov, Walsh Series and Trans-
forms, Nauka, Moscow, 1987 (in Russian); English transl.: Kluwer
Academic publishers, Dordrecht (Netherlands), 1991.
6. G. Kangro, Summability factors of Bohr-Hardy type for a given rate
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7. G. Kangro, Summability factors for the λ-bounded Riesz and Cesàro
methods, Tartu Riikl. Ül. Toimetised 277 (1971), 136–154 (in Rus-
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8. G. Kangro, On the speed of summability of orthogonal series by tri-
angular regular methods. I, Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci., Phys. Math.
1 (1974), 3–11 (in Russian).
9. S. Kaczmarz, Sur la convergence et la summabilité des developpements
orthogonaux, Studia Math. 1 (1929), 87–121.
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24–28.
11. S. Kaczmarz and H. Steinhaus, Theorie der Orthogonalreihen, Chelsea,
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12. F. Móricz, The order of magnitude of the Lebesgue functions and
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Sci. Math. (Szeged) 34 (1973), 289–296.
13. F. Móricz and K. Tandori, On the problem of summability of orthog-
onal series, Acta Sci. Math. 29 (1968), 331–350.

29
14. R. Paley, A remarkable system of orthogonal functions, Proc. London
Math. Soc. 34 (1932), 241-279.

15. N. Saealle and H. Türnpu, Riesz summability with speed of orthogonal


series, Acta Comment. Univ. Tartuensis Math. 5 (2001), 3-14.

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tional series with respect to multiplicative systems, Proc. Estonian
Acad. Sci. Phys. Math. 53 (2004), No. 1, 13-25.

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speed, Analysis Mathematica (Szeged) 31 (2005), 63-73.

18. N. Saealle, Uniform convergence and Aλ -boundedness of series with


respect to product systems, Acta Comment. Univ. Tartuensis Math.
(to appear).

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Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged) 35 (1973), 13–16.

20. F. Schipp and H. Türnpu, Über schwach multiplikative Systeme, Ann.


Univ. Sci. Budapest 17 (1974), 91–96.

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22. H. Türnpu, Convergence of function series almost everywhere, Tartu


Riikl. Ül. Toimetised 281 (1971), 140–151 (in Russian).

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30
PUBLICATIONS
CHAPTER I
Acta et Commentationes Universitatis
Tartuensis de Mathematica 5 (2001), 3-14
Riesz summability with speed
of orthogonal series

Natalia Saealle and Heino Türnpu

Abstract. Sufficient conditions for summability with speed of orthog-


onal series are found.

1. Main result

Let ϕ = {ϕk } be a system of orthogonal functions on [a, b], and let


λ = (λk ) be a sequence with 0 < λk % ∞. We will consider the series of the
form X
ξk ϕk (t),
where x = (ξk ) ∈ `2λ , i.e. ξk2 λ2k < ∞.
P

We will use the following definitions from [1].


Let A = (ank ) be a triangular summability method and let z = (ζk ) ∈ c
with lim ζk = ζ.
The sequence z is said to be convergent with speed λ or λ-convergent, if
the limit
lim λn (ζn − ζ)
n

exists. The set of all λ-convergent sequences is denoted by cλ .


The sequence z is said to be A-summable with speed λ or Aλ -summable,
if y = (ηn ) ∈ cλ , where
n
X
ηn = ank ζk .
k=0
The summability method A is said to be λ-convergence preserving if
every element of the set cλ is Aλ -summable.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 40C05, 42C15.
Key words and phrases. Orthogonal series, summability with speed, Riesz summabil-
ity, maximal summability, Lebesgue functions.
Supported in part by Estonian Science Foundation Grant 3991.

35
The series ξk ϕk (t) is said to be Aλ -summable almost everywhere (a.e.)
P

on [a, b] if it is A-summable a.e. on [a, b], i.e. the limit


n
X
lim αnk ξk ϕk (t) = fx (t) (1)
n
k=0

exists a.e. on [a, b], and the limit

lim βn (A, x, t) (2)


n

exists a.e. on [a, b], where


n
!
X
βn (A, x, t) = λn αnk ξk ϕk (t) − fx (t)
k=0

and n
X
αnk = anν .
ν=k

The series ξk ϕk (t) is said to be maximally Aλ -summable if the limits


P

(1) and (2) exist and


Z b
sup |βn (A, x, t)|dt < ∞.
a n

The starting point of this paper is the following theorem.


Theorem 1 (see [7]). Let A be λ2 -convergence preserving and let

lim αnk = 1 for all k ∈ N.


n

The series ξk ϕk (t) is Aλ -summable a.e. on [a, b] for all x ∈ `2λ if and only
P

if the following conditions hold:


1◦ ξk ϕk (t) is A-summable a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ ;
P

2◦ For each ε > 0 there exist a measurable subset Tε ⊂ [a, b] satisfying


mesTε > b − a − ε and a constant Mε > 0 such that, for all measurable
decompositions
n
Nm := Nmn : n = 0, 1, . . . , m; Nmk ∩ Nmn = ∅ if k 6= n;
m
[ o
Nmn ⊂ [a, b] , (3)
n=0

36
one has

Z Z m−2 m−1 m
X X X
m

Am (ε) =
χmn (t) χmp (τ ) ϕν (t)ϕν (τ )Dnpν dtdτ ≤ Mε ,
Tε Tε n=0 p=n+1 ν=0

where χmn = χNmn and

λn λp


 (αmν − αnν )(αmν − αpν ) 2 , if 0 ≤ v ≤ n < p < m,
λν



λ λ


m n p
Dnpν = α
mν (α
mν − αpν ) , if n < ν ≤ p < m,

 λ2ν
2 λn λp


 αmν , if n < p < ν ≤ m.


2λν

In the present paper we will mainly consider the case, when A is the
Riesz summability method P , i.e.

 pk , k ≤ n,

ank = Pn
 0, k > n,

where pk > 0 and Pn = nk=0 pk % ∞.


P

Note that the Riesz summability method P is λ-convergence preserving


if and only if (see [2])
n
λn X pk
= O(1).
Pn k=0 λk
If P is λ-convergence preserving, then clearly
λn λk
= O(1) for k ≤ n , k, n ∈ N. (4)
Pn Pk

Hence, if the method P is λ2 -convergence preserving, i.e.


n
λ2n X pk
= O(1), (5)
Pn k=0 λ2k

then
λ2n λ2
= O(1) k for k ≤ n , k, n ∈ N. (6)
Pn Pk
Since by the Cauchy inequality

n n n
!1/2 n
!1/2
λn X pk λ2n X pk X λ2n X pk
≤ pk = ,
Pn k=0 λk Pn2 k=0 λ2k k=0 Pn k=0 λ2k

37
we have that if P is λ2 -convergence preserving, then P is also λ-convergence
preserving.
The main objective of this paper is to prove the following theorem.
Theorem 2. Let condition (5) hold, and let

λ2n
↓ 0 , pn = O(Pn−1 ), (7)
Pn−1
1 1
∆ 2 ↓ 0, (8)
pn λ n
where
1 1 1
∆ 2
= 2 − 2 .
λn λn λn+1
If
Z b
sup Lk (P, t)dt < ∞, (9)
a k

where
k 

Z b X Pν−1

Lk (P, t) = 1− ϕν (t)ϕν (τ ) dτ,


a
ν=0
Pk

with P−1 = 0, are the Lebesgue functions of the method P , then the series
ξk ϕk (t) is maximally P λ -summable a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ .
P

Let us remark that, in 1969, G. Kangro proved the following result.


Theorem 3 (cf. [2]). If (1/λk ) is a sequence of summability factors of
type (A, Aλ ), i.e. the series
X 1
ζk
λk
is Aλ -summable for every A-summable series ζk , then the A-summability
P
P 0
a.e. on [a, b] of the series ξk ϕk (t), where x0 ∈ `2 , implies the Aλ -
P ξk0
summability of the series λk ϕk (t) a.e. on [a, b].
If conditions(5), (7) and (8) are fulfilled, then from Theorem 29.3 of [1],
it follows that λ1k is a sequence of summability factors of type (P, P λ ).
Therefore we have that if conditions (5), (7) and (8) hold, then the P -
ξk ϕk (t) for every x ∈ `2 implies the P λ -
P
summability a.e. of the series
summability of the series ξk ϕk (t) for every x ∈ `2λ . Note that the above ar-
P

gument does not imply the maximal P λ -summability of the series ξk ϕk (t)
P

for every x ∈ `2λ .

38
2. Main Lemma

The proof of Theorem 2 is based on the following lemma.


Lemma 4. If conditions (5), (7) and (8) hold, then for each ε > 0
there exists a measurable subset Tε ⊂ [a, b] satisfying mesTε > b − a − ε such
that for all decompositions (3) one has
Z
Am (ε) = O(1) sup Lk (P, t)dt. (10)
Tε k≤m

Proof. Denote
j
X
Rj (t, τ ) = αjν ϕν (t)ϕν (τ ),
ν=0

where
Pν−1
αjν = 1 − .
Pj
Then ν
X
ϕν (t)ϕν (τ ) = ηνk Rk (t, τ ),
k=0

where (ηnk ) = P −1 is the inquotation matrix of P .


From [1] (see p. 193) it follows that
m
X m
∆Dnpk
m
ηνk Dnpν = Pk ∆ ,
ν=k
pk

and therefore

Z Z m−2X m−1
X Xm X ν
m

Am (ε) = χmn (t) χmp (τ ) ηνk Rk (t, τ )Dnpν dtdτ
Tε Tε n=0 p=n+1 ν=0 k=0

Z Z m−2 m−1 m m
∆Dnpν
X X X

= χmn (t) χmp (τ ) Rk (t, τ )Pk ∆ dtdτ
Tε Tε n=0 p=n+1 k=0
pk
Z Z m−2 m−1
" m
X X X 
= χmn (t) χmp (τ )λn λp Rk (t, τ ) ∆1k (n, p, m)

Tε Tε
n=0 p=n+1 k=0
#

+∆2k (p, m) + ∆3k (p, m) dtdτ ,

39
where
 h i
1


 ∆ (αmk − αnk )(αmk − α )
pk λ2
k
 Pk ∆

 if 0 ≤ k < n,
p

k
∆1k (n, p, m) = Pn αnn (αmn − αpn )
 if k = n,
λ2n pn






0 if k > n,
 h i
1

 ∆ αmk (αmk − αpk ) λk2
if n ≤ k < p,

 Pk ∆


p

k
∆2k (p, m) = Pp αmp αpp
 if k = p,
λ2p pp





0 if k < n, k > p,

and
 h i
2 1


 ∆ αmk λk2

 Pk ∆ if p ≤ k < m−1,
p


 k
2





αm,m−1 2
αmm 2
αmm

∆3k (p, m) = Pm−1 2 − − if k = m − 1,
 λm−1 pm−1 λ2m pm−1 λ2m pm

 α 2
Pm 2mm

if k = m,






 λ m pm

0 if k < p.

Observe, that
2
Pk−1




1
Pk λ2k

∆k (n, p, m) ≤ ∆ for0 < k < n,


Pn Pp pk

by (4)
1 1
∆1n (n, p, m) = O(1) = O(1) ,
λ2n Pp λ n λ p Pn
and
1
∆2p (p, m) = O(1) .
λ2p
Denote
Pn 2 1
Mn = λ ∆ .
pn n λ2n
From (7) it follows that Mn ≤ 1 for all n ∈ N. Therefore
2
Pm−1 αm,m−1 pm 1 1
∆3m−1 (p, m) = ∆ 2 − 2 2 = O(1)Mm−1 2 + O(1) 2 ,
pm−1 λm−1 λ m Pm λm−1 λm

40
and
1
∆3m (p, m) = O(1) .
λ2m
Thus
P2

m−2 n−1 ∆ λk−1

λ2n
Z Z X X 2
k
Am (ε) ≤ χmn (t) Pk ∆ |Rk (t, τ )| dtdτ

Tε Tε n=0 Pn Pn−1
k=0
p k

Z Z m−1
"p−1
X X
+ χmp (τ )λ2p ∆2k (p, m) |Rk (t, τ )|

Tε Tε p=1 k=0
m−2
#
X 3

+ ∆k (p, m) |Rk (t, τ )| dtdτ

k=p
m−2 m−1
Z Z "
X X
+ O(1) χmn (t) χmp (τ ) |Rn (t, τ )| + |Rp (t, τ )|
Tε Tε n=0 p=n+1
#
+ |Rm−1(t, τ )| + |Rm (t, τ )| dtdτ.

Now we have
P2

n−1 ∆ λk−1

λ2n
Z X 2
k
Am (ε) ≤ sup Lk (P, t)dt sup Pk ∆


Tε k<m n<m Pn Pn−1
k=0
p k

Z p−1
X
sup Lk (P, τ )dτ sup λ2p
2
+ ∆k (p, m)

Tε k<m p<m
k=0
Z m−2
X
+ sup Lk (P, τ )dτ sup λ2p |∆3k (p, m)|
Tε k<m p
k=p
Z
+O(1) sup Lk (P, t)dt.
Tε k<m

Therefore, in order to prove (10), it is sufficient to show that


i
Vnpm = O(1), i = 1, 2, 3,
where
P2

n−1 ∆ λk−1

1 λ2n X 2
k
Vnpm = Pk ∆ ,

Pn Pn−1 k=0

p k

p−1
X m−2
X
2
= λ2p
2 3
Vnpm ∆k (p, m) , Vnpm = λ2p ∆3k (p, m) .

k=0 k=p

41
By [4] (see p. 220) we have that, for any sequence (an ) ⊂ R,
∆ λak2
!
k
1 1 ∆ak
Pk ∆ = ∆ 2 +∆ 2 Pk (11)
pk λk λk+1 pk
!
1 ∆ak 1 1
+ 2 Pk ∆ + Pk ak+1 ∆ ∆ .
λk+2 pk pk λ2k
Consider the case when i = 1; then, by (11), we have
λ2n n−1
!
2
∆Pk−1
1
X 1 1
Vnpm ≤ ∆ 2 +∆ 2
Pn k=0 λk λk+1 pk

2
∆Pk−1
1 1 1 
+ 2 ∆ + Pk2 ∆ ∆ 2 .
λk+2 pk pk λ k
Since by (7)
n−1
!
X 2 1 1
Pk ∆ ∆

pk λ2k


k=0
n−1
1 1 1 1 P2 1
∆ 2 − n−1 ∆ 2 ,
X
= P02 ∆ 2− ∆Pk2
p0 λ0 k=0 pk+1 λk+1 pn λn
we have
1
Vnpm
λ2 n−1
! !
1 1 1
≤ n
X
∆ 2 +∆ 2 (Pk−1 + Pk ) + (pk + pk+1 )
Pn k=0 λk λk+1 λ2k+2
λ2 n−1

λ2 X 1 1 λ2 P 2 1
+ n O(1) + n ∆Pk2 ∆ 2 + n2 n−1 ∆ 2 .
Pn Pn k=0 pk+1 λk+1 Pn pn λn
Now, by (5) and (6), we have
λ2 n−1
!
X pk pk+1 1
1
Vnpm ≤2 n 2 Mk + 2 Mk+1 + pk+1 ∆ 2
Pn k=0 λk λk+1 λk+1
λ2 n−1
!
X pk pk+1
+ n 2 + 2 + O(1)
Pn k=0 λk λk+1
λ2n n−1
X pk+1 λ2n Pn
+2 M k+1 + Mn + O(1)
Pn k=0 λ2k+1 Pn2 λ2n
n
λ2n X pk λ2n n−1
X pk+1
= O(1) + O(1) + O(1)
Pn k=0 λ2k Pn k=0 λ2k+1
= O(1).

42
Analogously we have
αmk Pk−1
λ2p p−1
X ∆ λ2
2 k

Vnpm ≤ Pk ∆
Pp k=0 pk

λ2p p−1
!
X 1 1 ∆(αmk Pk−1 ) 1 ∆(αmk Pk−1 )
≤ ∆ 2 +∆ 2 Pk + 2 Pk ∆
Pp k=0 λk λk+1 pk λk+2 pk

λ2p p−1
!
X 1 1
+ αmk Pk2 ∆ ∆ 2


Pp k=0 pk λ k

λ2p p−1
" ! #
1 1 Pk Pk Pk−1
X   
= O(1) ∆ 2 +∆ 2 Pk + 2 ∆ − 1−
Pp k=0 λk λk+1 λk+2 Pm P m

λ2p λ2p p−1


X 1 1 λ2p Pp
+ O(1) + ∆(αmk Pk2 ) ∆ 2 + αm,p−1 Mp = O(1).
Pp Pp k=0 pk+1 λk+1 Pp λ2p

Finally, for i = 3, we have


3
Vnpm
m−2
!
X 1 1 2
∆αmk
≤ λ2p ∆ 2 +∆ 2 Pk

k=p
λk λk+1 pk
!
1 2
∆αmk 1 1
2
+ 2 Pk ∆ + Pk αmk+1 ∆ ∆ 2


λk+2 pk pk λ k
m−2
λ2p m−2
!
X 1 1 X Pk
= O(1)λ2p ∆ 2 +∆ 2 + 2 ∆(αmk + αm,k+1 )

k=p
λk λk+1 Pm k=p λk+2
m−2
Pp 1 X 1
+αmp+1 λ2p ∆ 2 + O(1)λ2p ∆ 2 = O(1).
pp λ p k=p
λ k+1

The proof is complete.

3. Proof of Theorem 2

In the proof of Theorem 2, we will make use of the following


Lemma 5 (see [5], pp. 142-144). Let (fn ) be a sequence of integrable
functions on [a, b]. Then for each measurable subset T ⊂ [a, b] and for each
m ∈ N one has
m
Z Z
X
sup |fn (t)|dt ≤ 2 sup χmn (t)fn (t)dt ,

T n≤m Nm T n=0

43
where Nm ranges over all decompositions defined by (3).
Proof of Theorem 2. By [6] (see p. 201) the condition

Ln (P, t) = Ot (1) a.e. on [a, b]


P
implies that the series ξk ϕk (t) is P -summable a.e. on [a, b] for every
x∈` .2
P
From Theorem 1 and Lemma 4 it follows that the series ξk ϕk (t) is
λ 2
P -summable a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `λ .
To show the maximal P λ –summability we prove that
Z
sup |βn (A, x, t)|dt = O(kxkl2 ) + sup{Am (ε)}1/2 , (12)
λ
Tε n≤m Nm

where Tε ⊂ [a, b] is a measurable subset with mesTε > b − a − ε and Nm


ranges over all decompositions defined by (3).
If condition (12) holds, then from (9) and (10) it follows that the series
ξk ϕk (t) is maximally P λ -summable a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ . We
P

now prove (12). By Lemma 5


m
Z Z
X
sup |βn (A, x, t)|dt = O(1) sup χmn (t)βn (A, x, t)dt .

Tε n≤m Nm Tε n=0

Denote
ᾱpk = αpk − αp−1,k ,
then
p
∞ X
X
βn (A, x, t) = λn ᾱpk ξk ϕk (t) = Bmn (x, t) + Cmn (x, t),
p=n+1 k=0

where p
m
X X
Bmn (x, t) = λn ᾱpk ξk ϕk (t),
p=n+1 k=0

X p
X
Cmn (x, t) = λn ᾱpk ξk ϕk (t).
p=m+1 k=0

Therefore
Z m
X Z m
X
χmn (t)βn (A, x, t)dt = O(1) χmn (t)Bmn (x, t)dt
Tε n=0 Tε n=0
Z X m
+O(1) χmn (t)Cmn (x, t)dt.
Tε n=0

44
By orthogonality of ϕ we have
m
Z
X
χmn (t)Cmn (x, t)dt



n=0
m m
Z bX
X
≤ χmn (t)λn αmk ξk ϕk (t) − fx (t) dt

a n=0
k=0

 1/2 
m
!1/2  ∞
√ λm |αmk − 1| X 2 2 X
≤ b − a  sup ξk λk + ξk2 λ2k  .
 
k≤m λk k=0 k=m+1

If A is λ-convergence preserving, then by [3] (see Lemma 3)

λm |αmk − 1| = O(λk ) (k ≤ m) (13)

and therefore Z m
X
χmn (t)Cmn (x, t)dt = O(kxkl2 ).
λ
Tε n=0

Denoting
p−1
X
Am
p (t) = χmn (t)λn ,
n=0
we have
Z m
X m
X Z m
X
χmn (t)Bmn (x, t)dt = ξk ᾱpk ϕk (t)Am
p (t)dt
Tε n=0 k=0 Tε p=k
Z Xm
+ χmn (t)λn (αm0 − αn0 )ξ0 ϕ0 (t)dt.
Tε n=0

Now by (13)
Z m
X
χmn (t)Bmn (x, t)dt
Tε n=0
X m Z m
X
= ξk ᾱpk ϕk (t)Am
p (t)dt + O(kxk`2 ). λ
k=0 Tε p=k

Using the principle of uniform boundedness we get


m
X Z m
X
ξν ᾱpk ϕk (t)Am
p (t)dt
k=0 Tε p=k

m m m
!1/2
ϕk (t)ϕk (τ ) X
Z Z X X
= O(1) ᾱpk Am
p (t) ᾱνk Am
ν (τ )dtdτ kxk`2.
Tε Tε k=0 λ2k p=k ν=k
λ

45
Finally
m m m
ϕk (t)ϕk (τ ) X
Z Z X X
ᾱpk Am
p (t) ᾱνk Am
ν (τ )dtdτ = Am (ε) + Em ,
Tε Tε k=0 λ2k p=k ν=k

where
m m 2
λn
Z Z X X 
Em = χmn (t)χmn (τ ) ϕk (t)ϕk (τ ) (αmk − αnk ) dtdτ.
Tε Tε n=0 k=0
λk
By (13) and Bessel’s inequality we get
m−1 m  2 Z 2
X X λn
Em = (αmk − αnk ) ϕk (t)χmn (t)dt
n=0 k=0
λk Tε

X ∞ Z
m X 2
= O(1) ϕν (t)χmn (t)dt
n=0 ν=0 Tε
Xm Z
= O(1) χ2mn (t)dt
n=0 Tε
Z X m
= O(1) χmn (t)dt
Tε n=0

= O(1).

Therefore condition (12) holds.

References

1. S. Baron, Introduction to the Theory of Summability of Series, Valgus,


Tallinn, 1977. (Russian)
2. G. Kangro, Summability factors of Bohr-Hardy type for a given rate I,
Eesti NSV Tead. Akad. Toimetised Füüs.- Mat. 18 (1969), 137–146.
(Russian)
3. G. Kangro, Summability factors for the λ-bounded Riesz and Cesàro
methods, Tartu Riikl. Ül. Toimetised 277 (1971), 136–154. (Russian)
4. G. Kangro and F. Vichman, Abstract summability factors for the Riesz
method, Tartu Riikl. Ül. Toimetised 102 (1961), 209–225. (Russian)
5. H. Türnpu, Convergence of function series almost everywhere, Tartu
Riikl. Ül. Toimetised 281 (1971), 140–151. (Russian)
6. H. Türnpu, Summability of function series almost everywhere, Tartu
Riikl. Ül. Toimetised 305 (1972), 199–212. (Russian)
7. H. Türnpu, Lebesgue functions and summability of functional series
with speed almost everywhere, Acta Comment. Univ. Tartuensis Math.
1 (1996), 39–54.

46
CHAPTER II
Analysis Mathematica (Szeged) 31 (2005), 63-73
Summability of orthogonal series
with speed

Natalia Saealle and Heino Türnpu

Abstract. Some sufficient conditions are found for summability of


orthogonal series with speed.

1. Introduction

Let ϕ = {ϕk } be a system of integrable (in special case: orthonormal)


functions on an interval
[a, b], and let λ = (λk ) be a sequence of real numbers such that 0 < λk %
∞. We will consider the series of the form

X
ξk ϕk (t), (1)
k=0

where x = (ξk ) ∈ `2 , or x = (ξk ) ∈ `2λ , that is, ∞ 2 2


k=0 ξk λk < ∞.
P

In this paper, we use the following basic definitions and facts.


The sequence (ζk ) ∈ c is said to be λ-convergent (see [2, p. 251]) if the
limit
lim λn (ζn − ζ) exists, where lim ζn =: ζ.
n n

The set of all λ-convergent sequences is denoted by cλ . The series (1) is said
to be convergent with speed λ or λ-convergent almost everywhere (a.e.) on
[a, b] if the limits
n
X
lim ξk ϕk (t) =: fx (t)
n
k=0

and
n
!
X
lim λn ξk ϕk (t) − fx (t)
n
k=0

exist a.e. on [a, b].

49
Throughout this paper, we assume that A = (αnk ) is a triangular sum-
mability method and denote

ank := αn,k − αn,k+1 .

In particular, we will study the Riesz summability method P with


Pk−1 pk
αnk = 1 − , or ank = (k ≤ n n, k ∈ N),
Pn Pn
where n
X
P−1 = 0, Pn := pk
k=0

and (pk ) is a sequence of real numbers. We assume, that pk ≥ 0 and Pn % ∞.


In this case the Riesz method is regular.
The sequence (ζk ) ∈ c is said to be A-summable with speed λ or Aλ -
summable if (ηn ) ∈ cλ , where
n
X
ηn := ank ζk .
k=0

The method A is said to be λ-convergence preserving if every element of the


set cλ is Aλ -summable.
If A is a regular summability method, then (see [6]) A is λ-convergence
preserving if and only if
n
X |ank |
λn = O(1).
k=0
λk

In the present paper, we assume that the regular method A is λ2 -con-


vergence preserving, where λ2 = (λ2n ). Since by the Cauchy-Bunyakovsky
inequality, we have
n n
!1/2 n
!1/2 n
!1/2
X |ank | X X |ank | X |ank |
λn ≤ λn |ank | = O(1) λ2n ,
k=0
λk k=0 k=0
λ2k k=0
λ2k

this means that if A is λ2 -convergence preserving, then A is also λ-conver-


gence preserving.
Series (1) is said to be Aλ -summable a.e. on [a, b] (see [2, p. 252]) if it
is A-summable a.e. on [a, b] (that is, if the limit
n
X
lim αnk ξk ϕk (t) =: fxA (t)
n
k=0

50
exists a.e. on [a, b]), and the limit
lim βn (A, x, t),
n

also exists a.e. on [a, b], where


n
!
X
βn (A, x, t) := λn αnk ξk ϕk (t) − fxA (t) .
k=0

Series (1) is said to be maximally Aλ -summable if it is Aλ -summable and


n
Z b X
sup λn αnk ξk ϕk (t) − fxA (t) dt < ∞.

a n
k=0

If ϕ is an orthonormal system and A is regular then by the Fisher-Riesz


theorem, we have fxA (t) = fx (t), where fx (t) is the sum of the orthogonal
series (1) in L2[a,b] . The functions
n

Z b X

n (A, t) := αnk ϕk (t)ϕk (τ ) dτ


a
k=0

are called the Lebesgue functions of the method A associated with ϕ.

First, let ϕ be an orthonormal system on [a, b] and let A = C 1 be the


Cesàro method, that is,
k−1
αnk = 1 − .
n
In this case, Kaczmarz proved (see [4], [5]) that if the Lebesgue functions
of C 1 are bounded on [a, b], then series (1) is C 1 -summable a.e. on [a, b]
for every x ∈ `2 . On the other hand, if αnk ≡ 1 for k ≤ n, then it is proved
in [4], [5] that from the boundedness of Lebesgue functions on [a, b] it follows
that series (1) converges a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2 .
It has been proved by Alexits and Sharma in [1] that the result of Kacz-
marz is true if the ϕk are integrable (not necessarily orthogonal) functions
on [a, b].
Now, Móricz and Tandori (see [7]) proved that there exist a triangular
regular summability method A0 = (αnk 0 ), a sequence x = (ξ 0 ) ∈ `2 and a
0 k
system ϕ0 = (ϕ0k ) orthonormal on [a, b] such that the Lebesgue functions
0 P∞ 0 0
Lϕ 0
n (A , t) are bounded on [a, b], but the series
0
k=0 ξk ϕk (t) is not A -
summable a.e. on [a, b].
Móricz [8] and Türnpu [11] found certain classes of regular summability
methods A for which the condition
 

n (A, t) = O(1) or (see [11]) Lϕ
n (A, t) = Ot (1)

51
implies that series (1) is A-summable a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2 .
For example, for the case of the Riesz method P from the boundedness of
Lebesgue functions a.e. on [a, b] it follows that the series (1) is P -summable
a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2 .
On the other hand, necessary and sufficient conditions for A-summability
of series (1) a.e. on [a, b] for all x ∈ `2 are founded in [12] as follows. It is
proved that from the conditions
lim αnk = 1
n

and
n

Z b X
sup αnk αpk ϕk (t)ϕk (τ ) dτ = Ot (1)

a p≥n k=0

a.e. on [a, b] it follows that the series (1) is A-summable a.e. on [a, b] for all
x ∈ `2 .
Necessary and sufficient conditions for Aλ -summability of series (1) a.e.
on [a, b] for all x ∈ `2λ
are found in [14]. We proved there that if A is λ2 -convergence preserving,
lim αnk = 1 and the series (1) is A-summable a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ ,
n
then the condition
m−1

Z b
X m
sup ϕν (t)ϕν (τ )Dnpν dτ = Ot (1)
a p≥n ν=0

a.e. on [a, b], where



2
 (αmν − αnν )(αmν − αpν )λn λp /λν
 if 0 ≤ ν ≤ n < p < m,
m
Dnpν := αmν (αmν − αpν )λn λp /λ2ν if n < ν ≤ p < m,
 α2 λ λ /λ2

if n < p < ν ≤ m,
mν n p ν

implies that series (1) is Aλ -summable a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ .
Since the form of the above condition is very complicated, in [9] we
considered the case A = P , the Riesz summability method.
Theorem A (see [9]). Let
n
λ2n X pk
= O(1), (2)
Pn k=0 λ2k

λ2n
& 0 , pn = O(Pn−1 ), (3)
Pn−1
and !
1 1 1
− & 0. (4)
pn λ2n λ2n+1

52
If
Z b
sup Lϕ
k (P, t)dt < ∞, (5)
a k

then the orthogonal series (1) is maximally P λ -summable a.e. on [a, b] for
every x ∈ `2λ .

2. Two new theorems

The main aim of this paper is to prove the following theorems.


Theorem B. Let A be a regular λ2 -convergence preserving method,
where

ak := sup |ank | & 0 and λ2n |ank | & 0 (n → ∞, k ∈ N). (6)


n≥k

and let P = P (A) be the Riesz summability method with


k
!
X
Pk = exp aν .
ν=0

If (2), (3), (4) and the condition

Ln (P (A), t) = O(1)

hold, then the orthogonal series (1) is maximally Aλ -summable a.e. on [a, b]
for every x ∈ `2λ .
In the proof of Theorem B, we will use the following
Theorem C. Let A = (αnk ) and B = (βnk ) be regular λ2 -convergence
preserving methods, and let
m m
λ−2
X X
n (βkn −1)2 sup λ2l |alk | = O(1) and (βkn −1)2 sup |alk | = O(1). (7)
k=n l≥k k=n l≥k

If the orthogonal series (1) is B λ -summable (maximally B λ -summable) a.e.


on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ , then the orthogonal series (1) is also Aλ -summable
(maximally Aλ -summable) a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ .

53
3. Proofs of Theorems B and C

We need the following lemmas.


Lemma 1 (see [10]). Let f be a measurable function on [a, b]. Then

|f (t)| < ∞ a.e. on [a, b]

if and only if for each ε > 0 there exists a measurable subset Tε ⊂ [a, b] such
that mes Tε > b − a − ε and
Z
|f (t)|dt < ∞.

Lemma 2 (see [10]). Let (fn ) be a sequence of integrable functions on


[a, b]. Then
sup |fn (t)| < ∞ a.e. on [a, b]
n

if and only if for each ε > 0, there exist a measurable subset Tε ⊂ [a, b] with
mes Tε > b − a − ε and a constant Mε > 0 such that for all measurable
decompositions
n
Nm := Nmn : n = 0, 1, . . . , m; Nmk ∩ Nmn = ∅ if k 6= n;
m
[ o
Nmn ⊂ [a, b] , (8)
n=0

one has
m
Z
X
ε
Bm := χmn (t)fn (t)dt ≤ Mε , where χmn := χNmn . (9)


n=0

Remark. In [10] we have actually proved that under the conditions of


Lemma 2, for each measurable subset T ⊆ [a, b] and for each m ∈ N one has
Z Z m
X
max |fn (t)|dt ≤ 2 sup χmn (t)fn (t)dt .

T n≤m Nm T
n=0

Since the space `2λ endowed with the norm


!1/2
X
k x k `2 = ξk2 λ2k
λ
k=0

54
is a Banach space and the set {ei = (δki )∞ k=0 : i ∈ N}, where δki is the
Kronecker symbol , forms a total set in `2λ (that is, the linear combinations
of ei are everywhere dense in `2λ ), we can use the Banach theorem.
Lemma 3 (see [3], p. 361). Let (Dn : n ∈ N) be continuous linear oper-
ators from `2λ to the Frechet space M[a,b] of all functions totally measurable
on [a, b]. Suppose that the following conditions hold:
1◦ supn |Dn (x, t)| < ∞ a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ ;
2◦ the limit limn Dn (ei , t) exists a.e. on [a, b] for every i ∈ N.
Then the limit limn Dn (x, t) exists a.e. on [a, b] for all x ∈ `2λ .
Proof of Theorem C. Let the second equality in (7) hold. By [13, Corol-
lary], if the orthogonal series (1) is B-summable a.e. on [a, b] for x0 ∈ `2 ,
then it is A-summable a.e. on [a, b] for the same x0 . In Theorem C we
assume that series (1) is B λ -summable a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ ⊂ `2 ,
therefore it is B-summable a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ . So, by [13, Corol-
lary 1], series (1) is A-summable a.e. on [a, b] to some function fx for every
x ∈ `2λ . Furthermore, the operator p = fx (t) defined by

p : `2λ → M[a,b] , x 7→ fx

is continuous and linear.


Let
n
!
X
Dn (x, t) = λn αnk ξk ϕk (t) − fx (t) .
k=0

The operator Dn (x, t) from `2λ into M[a,b] is continuous and linear. We will
use Lemma 3 and show that conditions 1◦ and 2◦ are fulfilled.
By Lemma 2, for condition 1◦ it is sufficient to show that inequality (9)
with fn = Dn holds for every decompositions (8), that is, for every ε > 0
and fixed x ∈ `2λ there exists a measurable subset Tε = Tε (x) ⊂ [a, b] with
mes Tε (x) > b − a − ε and a constant Mε = Mε (x) > 0 such that for all
decomposition (8) one has
m
Z
X
ε
Bm = χmn (t)Dn (x, t)dt ≤ Mε (x).

Tε (x)
n=0

By Abel’s transformation, we obtain


n
X n
X k
X
αnk ξk ϕk (t) = ank ξν ϕν (t),
k=0 k=0 ν=0

55
and by using the Cauchy-Bunyakovsky inequality, we have
m n k
Z !
X X X
ε
Bm = χmn (t)λn ank ξν ϕν (t) − fx (t) dt

Tε (x)
n=0 k=0 ν=0
m n k
Z
X X X
≤ χmn (t)λn ank βkν ξν ϕν (t) − fx (t) dt

Tε (x) n=0
k=0 ν=0

m n k
Z
X X X
+ χmn (t)λn ank (βkν − 1)ξν ϕν (t) dt

Tε (x) n=0
k=0 ν=0

m n k
Z !
X X X
≤ χmn (t)λn ank βkν ξν ϕν (t) − fx (t) dt

Tε (x) n=0
k=0 ν=0

m n
Z
X X
+ χmn (t)λn ank − 1 |fx (t)| dt

Tε (x) n=0

k=0

m
( n
)1
Z X X 2
+ χmn (t)λn |ank | ×
Tε (x) n=0 k=0

n k
!2  12
X X 
× |ank | (βkν − 1)ξν ϕν (t) dt.
 
k=0 ν=0

Therefore, we have
m n
k
|ank |
Z X XX
ε
Bm = χmn (t)λn λk βkν ξν ϕν (t) − fx (t) dt

Tε (x) n=0 k=0
λ k
ν=0


n
Z !1/2
X b
2
+O(1) sup λn ank − 1 (fx (t)) dt

n a
k=0
 !2 1
Z m n k 2
X X X
+O(1)  χmn (t)λ2n |ank | (βkν − 1)ξν ϕν (t) dt .
Tε (x) n=0 k=0 ν=0

Since (1, 1, 1, . . .) ∈ cλ and A is λ-convergence preserving, we have


n

X
sup λn ank − 1 = O(1).

n
k=0
So, we find that
Z k
X
ε
Bm = O(1) sup λk βkν ξν ϕν (t) − fx (t) dt + O(1)kfx (t)kL2

Tε (x) k
ν=0

m m
!1/2
λ2ν ξν2 λ−2
X X
+O(1) ν (βkν − 1)2 sup λ2l |alk | .
ν=0 k=ν l≥k

56
By (7), we get
k
Z
X
ε
Bm = O(1) sup λk βkν ξν ϕν (t) − fx (t) dt

Tε (x) k
ν=0

+O(1)kfx kL2 + O(1)||x||`2 .
λ

Since series (1) is B λ -summable a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ , by Lemma 1,
we have that for every ε > 0 a nd every fixed x ∈ `2λ there exist a measurable
set Eε (x) ⊂ [a, b] with mesEε (x) > b − a − ε and a constant Nε (x) > 0 such
that one has
k
Z
X
sup λk βkν ξν ϕν (t) − fx (t) dt = Nε (x).

Eε (x) k
ν=0

Thus there exist a measurable subset Tε (x) = Eε (x) and the constant Mε (x)
such that

Mε (x) = O(1)Nε (x) + O(1)||fx ||L2 + O(1)||x||`2 .


λ

Therefore, we have
ε
Bm ≤ Mε (x),
which means that condition 1◦ of Lemma 3 holds.
Let δki be the Kronecker symbol. Since the series ∞
P
k=0 δki is λ-conver-
gent, A is regular and λ-convergence preserving, the limit
n
X 
lim λn αnk δki ϕk (t) − ϕi (t) = lim λn (αni − 1)ϕi (t)
n n
k=0

exists a.e. on [a, b], that is, the limit

lim Dn (ei , t)
n

exists a.e. on [a, b] for every i ∈ N, which means that condition 2◦ of Lemma
3 also holds. From Lemma 3 it follows that if the series (1) is B λ -summable
a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ , then series (1) is also Aλ -summable a.e. on
[a, b] for every x ∈ `2λ .
Assume that the series (1) be maximally B λ -summable a.e. on [a, b] for
all x ∈ `2λ , then
n
Z b X
sup λn βnk ξk ϕk (t) − fx (t) dt = Ox (1).

a n
k=0

57
Now, by the above Remark we have
n
Z b X
max λn αnk ξk ϕk (t) − fx (t) dt

a n≤m
k=0
Z m n
bX X
≤ 2 sup χmn (t)λn αnk ξk ϕk (t) − fx (t) dt

Nm a n=0
k=0

k
Z b
X
= O(1) sup λk βkν ξν ϕν (t) − fx (t) dt + O(1)||fx ||L2 + O(1)

a k
ν=0

= Mε (x),

that is, the series (1) is maximally Aλ -summable a.e. on [a, b] for every
x ∈ `2λ . The proof of the theorem is now complete.

Proof of Theorem B. From (6) it follows that

sup λ2n |ank | ≤ λ2k |akk | ≤ λ2k ak . (10)


n≥k

If P = P (A), then
pk = Pk−1 (eak − 1),
that is,
pk
≥ ak . (11)
Pk−1
We will show that condition (7) in Theorem C is satisfied with P = P (A)
in place of B. Using (3), (10) and (11) gives
m m 2
Pn−1 pk
λ−2 ) sup λ2m |amk | ≤ λ−2
X X
2
n (1 − βkn n 2 λ2k
k=n m≥k k=n
Pk Pk−1
2 2 m
λn Pn−1 X pk

λ2n Pn−1 k=n Pk Pk−1
1 1
 
= Pn−1 − = O(1).
Pn−1 Pm

From Theorem C it follows that series (1) is maximally Aλ -summable a.e. on


[a, b] if series (1) is maximally P (A)λ -summable a.e. on [a, b]. By inequality
(5), the boundedness of the Lebesgue functions, and conditions (2), (3) and
(4), Theorem A gives that series (1) is maximally P (A)λ -summable a.e. on
[a, b] for every x ∈ `λ2 .
Consequently, series (1) is maximally Aλ -summable a.e. on [a, b] for
every x ∈ `2λ . The proof is complete.

58
References

1. G. Alexits and A. Sharma, The influence of Lebesgue functions on the


convergence and summability of function series, Acta Sci. Math., 33
(1972), 1–10.
2. S. Baron, Introduction to the Theory of Summability of Series, Valgus
(Tallinn, 1977). (Russian)
3. N. Dunford and J. T. Schwartz, Linear Operators, Part I: General
Theory, (Moscow, 1962). (Russian)
4. S. Kaczmarz, Sur la convergence et la summabilité des developpements
orthogonaux, Studia Math., 1 (1929), 87–121. (French).
5. S. Kaczmarz, Notes on orthogonal series I, Studia Math., 5 (1935),
24–28.
6. G. Kangro, Summability factors for the λ-bounded Riesz and Cesàro
methods, Tartu Riikl. Ül. Toimetised, 277 (1971), 136–154. (Russian)
7. F. Móricz and K. Tandori, On the problem of summability of orthog-
onal series, Acta Sci. Math., 29 (1968), 331–350.
8. F. Móricz, The order of magnitude of the Lebesgue functions and
summability of function series, Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged), 34 (1973),
289–296.
9. N. Saealle and H. Türnpu, Riesz summability of orthogonal series with
speed almost everywhere, Acta Comment. Univ. Tartuensis Math., 5
(2001), 3–14.
10. H. Türnpu, Convergence of function series almost everywhere, Tartu
Riikl. Ül. Toimetised, 281 (1971), 140–151. (Russian)
11. H. Türnpu, Summability of function series almost everywhere, Tartu
Riikl. Ül. Toimetised, 305 (1972), 199–212. (Russian)
12. H. Türnpu, On the significance of Lebesgue functions for the conver-
gence and summability of functional series almost everywhere, Ann.
Univ. Sci. Budapest, 16 (1973), 125–132. (Russian)
13. H. Türnpu, Inclusion of summability methods in the class of functional
series, Coll. Math. Soc. J. Bolyai, 35 (1980), 1211-1219.
14. H. Türnpu, Lebesgue’s functions and summability of functional se-
ries with speed almost everywhere, Acta Comment. Univ. Tartuensis
Math., 1 (1996), 39–54.

59
CHAPTER III
Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences.
Physics. Mathematics 53 (2004), No. 1, 13-25
Convergence and λ-boundedness of functional series
with respect to multiplicative systems

N. Saealle and H. Türnpu

P
Abstract. The series ck gk (t), where {gk } is a product system de-
fined by a multiplicative system, is studied. Some sufficient conditions
for p-maximal convergence with speed of this series are found. Also
< f, wk > gk (t) with f ∈ Lp[0,1] , and {wk } being a Walsh
P
the series
system is considered. It is proved that this series converges almost
everywhere for various product systems. In the last section the λ-
boundedness of this series is discussed.

1. INTRODUCTION

Let f = {fk }∞
k=0 be a system of integrable functions on [a, b] satisfying

|fk (t)| ≤ 1 a.e. on [a, b].

The product system {gn } of {fk } is then given by

g0 (t) = 1 and gn (t) = fn0 +1 (t)fn1 +1 (t) . . . fnk +1 (t) (t ∈ [a, b]),

where n = 2n0 + 2n1 + . . . + 2nk (n0 < n1 < . . . < nk ) is the dyadic
representation of n. If {gn } is orthogonal, then {fk } is called orthogonal
multiplicative. If
Z b
gn (t)dt = 0 for n = 1, 2 . . . ,
a
then it is said that {fk } is strongly multiplicative system (see [1]). For
example, the Rademacher system is orthogonal multiplicative and the Walsh
Key words and phrases. Multiplicative systems, Walsh functions, convergence with
speed, convergence almost everywhere, λ-boundedness.

63
system {wn }∞
n=0 is their product system. If

∞ Z b

X
gn (t)dt < ∞,


a
n=0

then the system {fk } is called weakly multiplicative (see [5], p.292). If
m −1 p
1 2X
!
Z Z b
gn (τ )dτ wn (t) dt = O(1),


0
n=0 a

then {fk } is called p-weakly multiplicative (1 ≤ p ≤ ∞) (see [5], p.330).


Particularly, the system {fk } with

!2
X Z b
gn (t)dt <∞
n=0 a

is 2-weakly multiplicative (see [8]).


Clearly, every orthogonal multiplicative system, strongly multiplicative
system and weakly multiplicative system is p-weakly multiplicative system.

We first consider series ∞


X
ck fk (t) (1)
k=0

and ∞
X
ck gk (t). (2)
k=0

Notice that if the series (2) converges a.e. on [a, b] for all (ck ) ∈ `2 , then the
same statement is true for the series (1).
In [7] it is proved that the series (1) converges a.e. on [a,b] for all
rearrangements of {ck fk } if (ck ) ∈ `2 and {fk } is p-weakly multiplicative
system for a number p with 1 < p < ∞.
The series (2) is called p-maximally convergent a.e. on [a, b] if it is
convergent a.e. on [a, b] and
n p
Z b X
sup ck gk (t) dt < ∞.

a n
k=0

Theorem A ([7]). A series (2) is 1-maximally convergent a.e. on [a, b] if


(ck ) ∈ `2 and {gk } is the product system of a p-weakly multiplicative system
for 2 ≤ p < ∞.

64
On the other hand Schipp in [6] proved
Theorem B ([6]). A series (2) is 2-maximally convergent a.e. on [a, b]
if (ck ) ∈ `2 and {gk } is the product system of a weakly multiplicative system.

In this paper we study p-maximally convergence a.e. of the series



X
ck gk (t)
k=0

in the sense of the convergence with speed. Let λ = (λk ) be a sequence such
that 0 < λk % ∞. The series (2), which is convergent a.e. on [a, b], is called
1)λ-convergent (or convergent with speed λ) a.e. on [a, b] if the limit

X
lim λn ck gk (t)
n
k=n+1

exists a.e. on [a, b];


2) λ-bounded a.e. on [a, b] if


X

sup λn
ck gk (t) < ∞ a.e. on [a, b].
n k=n+1

Clearly, that the λ-convergence implies the λ-boundedness.


Definition 1. If a series (2) is λ -convergent a.e. on [a, b] and
p
Z b
X∞
sup λpn

ck gk (t) dt < ∞, (3)
a n k=n+1

then it is said that the series (2) is p-maximally λ-convergent a.e. on [a, b].

Definition 2. If the series (2) is λ-bounded and (3) is valid, then it is


said that the series (2) is p-maximally λ-bounded.
In Section 2 we will characterize p-maximally λ-convergence a.e. of the
series (2) for p = 1 and p = 2. For this, we consider the sequence space

X
`2λ := {c = (ck )| λ2k c2k < ∞}.
k=0

Obviously, `2λ endowed with the norm



!1/2
X
k c k= c2k λ2k
k=0

65
is a Banach space and the sequences ei := (δki )∞
k=0 (i = 0, 1, . . .) form a total
set in (`2λ , k k) (cf. [4], p. 138).
In Section 3 we will consider the series (2) where
Z 1
ck =< f, wk >:= f (t)wk (t)dt (f ∈ Lp[0,1] )
0
or Z b
ck =< f, gk >:= f (t)gk (t)dt (f ∈ Lp[a,b] )
a
and we have found some sufficient conditions for p-maximal convergence a.e.
(1 ≤ p < ∞) of these series.
In Section 4 we will characterize p-maximal λ-boundedness a.e. of the

< f, gk > gk (t), where f ∈ Lp[a,b] .
X
series
k=0

2. p-MAXIMAL λ-CONVERGENCE

We will prove the following theorem.


Theorem 1. If (ck ) ∈ `2λ and {gk } is the product system of a weakly
multiplicative system, then the series (2) is 2-maximally λ-convergent a.e.
on [a, b].
To prove Theorem 1 we need the following corollary of the Banach-Stein-
haus theorem.
Lemma ([3], p. 361). Let Dn (n = 0, 1, . . .) be continuous sublinear
operators from a Banach space X to the Frechet space M[a,b] of all functions
totally measurable on [a, b]. Suppose that the following conditions hold:
1◦ sup |Dn (x, t)| < ∞ a.e. on [a, b] for every x ∈ X,
n
2◦ the limit lim Dn (x̄, t) exists a.e. on [a, b] for every x̄ from a total set
n
in X.
Then the limit lim Dn (x, t) exists a.e. on [a, b] for all x ∈ X.
n

Proof of Theorem 1. Let {gk } be the product system of a weakly multi-


plicative system. Because
m −1
2X
Km (t, u) := gj (t)wj (u) ≥ 0 (t ∈ [a, b], u ∈ [0, 1], m = 0, 1, . . .)
j=0

66
(see [5], p. 293) and the Walsh system is orthogonal, by the Cauchy-Schwartz
inequality we get
 !2 1/2  !2 1/2
Z b m
X  Z b Z m
1X 
ck gk (t) dt = ck wk (τ )Km (t, τ )dτ dt
 a k=0
  a 0 k=0 
  !2  1/2
Z b Z 1 m
X Z 1  
≤  ck wk (τ ) Km (t, τ )dτ  Km (t, u)du dt
 a 0 k=0 0 
 !2 1/2
m
!
Z 1 X Z b 
= ck wk (τ ) Km (t, τ )dt dτ
 0 k=0 a 
( m
)1/2 (2m −1 Z )1/2 (m )1/2
X X b X
≤ c2k g (t)dt = O(1) 2
ck .

a ν


k=0 ν=0 k=0

Thus the sequence (Am ) of the continuous linear operators


m
X
Am : `2λ → L2[a,b] , (ck ) 7→ ck gk (t)
k=0

is pointwise bounded. Since


 !2 1/2 )1/2
m
(Z
Z b X  b
lim k Am (ek ) k= lim δki gk (t) dt = gi2 (t)dt
m m  a  a
k=0

for each k = 0, 1, . . . , then by the Banach-Steinhaus theorem we have that


(Am ) is pointwise convergent to a linear operator

X
A : `2λ → L2[a,b] , (ck ) 7→ ck gk (t)
k=0

which is continuous. Consequently,


 2 1/2
b

Z 
 ∞
X
lim  ck gk (t) =0 for each (ck ) ∈ `2λ .
m  a k=m+1 

Therefore
  2 1/2  1/2

Z b ∞
X 
  X∞   
 ck gk (t) = O(1) c2k (ck ) ∈ `2λ

 a k=m+1

 
k=m+1

67
and using the Minkowski inequality we have
  2 1/2

Z b ∞
X 

max λ2n  ck gk (t) dt

 a n≤m k=n+1


  2 1/2

Z b m
X


≤ max λ2n  ck gk (t) dt

 a n≤m k=n+1


  2 1/2

Z b ∞
X 

+ λ2m  ck gk (t) dt

 a k=m+1


  2 1/2  1/2

Z b m
X 
 ∞
 X 
≤ max λ2n  ck gk (t) dt + O(1) c2k λ2k .

 a n≤m k=n+1

 
k=m+1

By Abel’s transformation in view of


m
X m−1
X k
X n
X m
X
ak uk = (ak − ak+1 ) uν − an+1 uk + am uk (4)
k=n+1 k=n+1 ν=0 k=0 k=0

we obtain
  2 1/2

Z b m
X 

max λ2n  ck gk (t) dt

 a n≤m k=n+1


 !2 1/2
b k m−1
1 1
Z X  X  
≤ O(1) max cν λν gν (t) dt max λn −
 a k≤m ν=0
 n≤m
k=n+1
λk λk+1
 !2 1/2  !2 1/2
Z b n
X  Z b m
X 
+ max cν λν gν (t) dt + cν λν gν (t) dt
 a n≤m ν=0
  a ν=0

 !2 1/2
Z b k
X 
= O(1) max cν λν gν (t) dt .
 a k≤m ν=0

Then by Theorem B
  2 1/2

Z b ∞
X

  
max λ2n  ck gk (t) dt = O(1) (ck ) ∈ `2λ (5)

 a n≤m k=n+1

68
which gives


X
a.e. on [a, b] for each (ck ) ∈ `2λ .

sup λn ck gk (t) < ∞ (6)
n k=n+1

Therefore the linear operators



X
Dn : `2λ −→ M[a,b] , (ck ) 7→ λn ck gk (t) (n = 0, 1, . . .)
k=n+1

are continuous and the statements 1◦ (cf. (6)) and 2◦ from Lemma are
fulfilled. By Lemma, the limit

X
lim λn ck gk (t)
n
k=n+1

exists a.e. on [a, b] for every (ck ) ∈ `2λ . Hence the series (2) is λ-convergent
a.e. on [a, b] and by (5) it is 2-maximally λ-convergent. The proof of the
theorem is now complete.

Analogously, if {gk } is product system of a 2-weakly multiplicative


system, then by orthogonality of the Walsh system we have
m m
Z 1 X Z !
Z b X b
ck gk (t) dt ≤ ck wk (τ ) Km (t, τ )dt dτ


a
k=0
0 k=0 a

m
!2 1/2 Z !2 1/2
Z 1 X   1 Z b 
≤ ck wk (τ ) dτ Km (t, τ ) dτ
 0 k=0
  0 a 
( m
)1/2 2m −1 Z !2 1/2 ( m
)1/2
X X b  X
= c2k gν (t)dt = O(1) c2k .
k=0

ν=0 a 
k=0

Applying the Banach-Steinhaus theorem we get that for every c ∈ `2λ


 1/2
Z ∞
b
 X∞ 
X
2


ck gk (t) dt = O(1)
ck .
a k=n+1 
k=n+1

69
By Abel’s transformation (4) and Theorem A we obtain

Z b

X
max λn ck gk (t) dt
a n≤m k=n+1

Z b
X n

Z b ∞
X
= O(1) max ck λk gk (t) dt + λm ck gk (t) dt

a n≤m k=0 a k=m+1
n
Z b
X
= O(1) max ck λk gk (t) dt + O(1) k c kl2 = O(1) k c kl2 .

a n≤m λ λ
k=0

Using Lemma we get the following result.


Theorem 2. If (ck ) ∈ `2λ and {gk } is the product system of a 2-weakly
multiplicative system, then the series (2) is 1-maximally λ-convergent a.e.
on [a, b].

3. p-MAXIMAL CONVERGENCE OF THE


P P
SERIES < f, wk > gk (t)AND < f, gk > gk (t)

We will prove the following theorem.


 
Theorem 3. Let 1 < p, q < ∞ be conjugate exponents p1 + 1q = 1 and
let f be a function in Lp[0,1] . If {gk } is the product system of a q-weakly
multiplicative system, then the series

X
< f, wk > gk (t) (7)
k=0

is 1-maximally convergent a.e. on [a, b].


Proof. On the one hand,
n
Z b X
max < f, wk > gk (t) dt

a n≤m
k=0
n
Z b
Z 1 X
= max < f, wk > wk (τ )Km (t, τ )dτ dt

a n≤m 0 k=0
n
Z 1
X Z b
≤ max < f, wk > wk (τ ) Km (t, τ )dt dτ.

0 n≤m k=0
a

70
On the other hand from [5], p.103 it follows that
n

X
sup < f, wk > wk (τ ) ∈ Lp[0,1] . (8)

n
k=0

Therefore by the Hölder inequality


q )1/q
n
(Z Z
Z b X 1 b
max < f, wk > gk (t) dt = O(1) Km (t, τ )dt dτ


a n≤m 0 a
k=0
= O(1).

The assertion now follows from Lemma.


Since by the Hölder inequality

p )1/p
n
(Z
b X
max < f, wk > gk (t) dt

a n≤m
k=0
(Z Z n
p )1/p
b 1X
= max < f, wk > wk (τ )Km (t, τ )dτ dt

a n≤m 0 k=0
p
n
(Z Z
b 1 X
≤ max < f, wk > wk (τ ) Km (t, τ )dτ ×

a 0 n≤m k=0

p/q )1/p
Z 1
× Km (t, τ )dτ dt
0
(Z n p Z ! )1/p
1 X b
= max < f, wk > wk (τ ) Km (t, τ )dt dτ

0 n≤m k=0 a
(Z n p )1/p ( ∞ Z )1/p
1 X X b
= O(1) max < f, wk > wk (τ ) dτ gν (t)dt ,


0 n≤m a
k=0 ν=0

then by (8) we get


(Z n p )1/p
b X
max < f, wk > gk (t) dt = O(1).

a n≤m
k=0

Now Lemma leads to the following theorem.


Theorem 4. If {gk } is the product system of a weakly multiplicative
system, then the series (7) with f ∈ Lp[0,1] (1 < p < ∞) is p-maximally
convergent a.e. on [a, b].

71
Set n 
k
X 
hn (t) := 1− < f, gk > wk (t),
k=0
n+1

where f ∈ Lp[a,b] and {gk } is the product system of a weakly multiplicative


system. We will prove that hn ∈ Lp[0,1] . Indeed, since (see [2])

n 

Z 1 X k

vrai sup 1− wk (τ )wk (t) dτ = O(1),


n 0
k=0
n+1

using the Hölder inequality we get


Z 1 1/p
p
|hn (t)| dt
0
 p 1
n  2X−1 n p
Z 1 Z 1 X k
 
= 1− wk (t)wk (τ ) wν (τ ) < f, gν > dτ dt


 0 0 k=0 n+1 ν=0

n  −1 n p
2X
(Z
1 Z 1 X k

≤ 1− wk (t)wk (τ ) wν (τ ) < f, gν > dτ


0 0
k=0
n+1
ν=0

"Z n 
#p/q )1/p
1 X k


× 1− wk (t)wk (τ ) dτ dt


0
k=0
n+1
 n 2n −1 p 1/p
Z 1 Z 1 X k X 
= O(1) (1 − )wk (t)wk (τ ) dt wν (τ ) < f, gν > dτ


 0 0
k=0
n + 1
ν=0

(Z Z p )1/p
1 b
= O(1) f (u)Kn (u, τ )du dτ


0 a

and using the Hölder inequality once again, we have


Z 1 1/p
p
|hn (t)| dt
0
 "Z #p/q 1/p
Z 1Z b b 
= O(1) |f (u)|p Kn (u, τ )du Kn (u, τ )du dτ
 0 a a 
(Z )1/p (2n −1 Z )1/q
b Z 1 X b
p
= O(1) |f (u)| Kn (u, τ )dτ du gν (u)du


a 0 ν=0
a
(Z )1/p
b
= O(1) |f (u)|p du .
a

72
Therefore h(t) := lim hn (t) ∈ Lp[0,1] and < f, gν > are the Walsh-Fourier
n
coefficients of h for every k = 0, 1, 2, . . .:
1 n 
k
Z X 
< h, wν > = wν (t) lim 1− < f, gk > wk (t)dt
0 n
k=0
n+1
n  1
k
X  Z
= lim 1− < f, gk > wk (t)wν (t)dt
n
k=0
n+1 0
ν
 
= lim 1 − < f, gν >=< f, gν > .
n n+1
This yields the following result.
Theorem 5. If {gk } is a product system of a weakly multiplicative
system, then the series

X
< f, gk > gk (t),
k=0

where f ∈ Lp[a,b] , is p-maximally convergent a.e. on [a, b].

4. p-MAXIMAL λ-BOUNDEDNESS

Let {gk } be the product system of a weakly multiplicative system. From


Theorem 4 it follows that the series (7) is for every f ∈ Lp[a,b] (1 < p < ∞) p-
maximally convergent a.e. on [a, b] (and in Lp[a,b] ) to some function g ∈ Lp[a,b] .
We will prove the following theorem.
Theorem 6. Let {gk } be the product system of a weakly multiplicative
system and let f ∈ Lp[0,1] . If the series


X
< f, wk > wk (t) (9)
k=0

is p-maximally λ-bounded a.e. on [0, 1], then the series (7) for the same f
is p-maximally λ-bounded a.e. on [a, b].
Proof. Let (sm ) be a sequence of natural numbers. Because the Walsh

73
system is orthogonal, by the Minkowski inequality we obtain
p )1/p
n
(Z
b X
Cm := max λpn
< f, wk > gk (t) − g(t) dt

a n≤m
k=0

(Z "Z n #p )1/p
b 1 X
p
≤ max λn < f, wk > wk (τ ) − f (τ ) Ksm (t, τ )dτ dt


a n≤m 0 k=0
(Z
b
Z 1 p )1/p
p

+ max λn f (τ )Ksm (t, τ )dτ − g(t) dt .
n≤m a 0

By the Hölder inequality it follows that


(Z n
p
b Z 1 X
Cm ≤ max λpn < f, wk > wk (τ ) − f (τ ) Ksm (t, τ )dτ ×


a n≤m 0
k=0

)1
hZ 1 ip p
q
× Ksm (t, τ )dτ dt
0
(Z 2sm −1 p )1/p
b X
p
+ λm < f, wν > gν (t) − g(t) dt .

a
ν=0

Thus

Cm
(Z n
p ! )1/p
1 X Z b
≤ max λpn < f, wk > wk (τ ) − f (τ ) Ksm (t, τ )dt dτ

0 n≤m
k=0
a
 sm p 1/p
Z b 2 X−1 
+ λpm < f, wν > gν (t) − g(t) dt

 a
ν=0

(Z n
p )1/p
1 X
= O(1) max λpn
< f, wk > wk (τ ) − f (τ ) dτ

0 n≤m
k=0

 sm p 1/p
Z b 2 X−1 
+ λpm < f, wν > gν (t) − g(t) dt .

 a 
ν=0

From Theorem 4 it follows that there exists a subsequence (sm ) of natural


numbers such that
2sm −1 p
Z b X
lim λpm < f, wν > gν (t) − g(t) dt = 0.

m a
ν=0

74
Therefore we have
(Z n p )1/p
1 X
Cm = O(1) max λpn < f, wk > wk (τ ) − f (τ ) dτ + O(1).

0 n≤m
k=0

The proof is complete.

Using Theorem 3 we can prove the following theorem.


Theorem 7. Let {gk } be the product system of a q-weakly multiplicative
system and let f ∈ Lp[0,1] where p1 + 1q = 1. If the series (9) is p-maximally
λ-bounded a.e. on [0, 1] for f , then the series (7) is 1-maximally λ-bounded
a.e. on [a, b] for the same f .
Proof. Let (sm ) be a sequence of natural numbers. As in proof of
Theorem 6, we obtain
n

Z b X
Dm := max λn < f, wk > gk (t) − g(t) dt

a n≤m
k=0
n
Z b !
Z 1 X
≤ max λn < f, wk > wk (τ ) − f (τ ) Ksm (t, τ )dτ dt

a n≤m 0
k=0
n
Z 1
X Z b
≤ max λn < f, wk > wk (τ ) − f (τ ) Ksm (t, τ )dt dτ

0 n≤m
k=0
a
s m −1
2 X
Z b

+ λm < f, wν > gν (t) − g(t) dt.

a
ν=0

By Theorem 3, the series (7) is 1-maximally λ-convergent a.e. on [a, b].


Therefore the series (7) converges in L1[a,b] as well. So, there exists a sequence
of natural numbers sm such that
2sm −1
Z b X
lim λm < f, wν > gν (t) − g(t) dt = 0.

m a
ν=0

Therefore by the Hölder inequality we have


p ) 1
n
(Z
1 X p
Dm ≤ max λpn < f, wk > wk (τ ) − f (τ ) dτ

0 n≤m
k=0
(Z q ) 1
1 Z b q
× Ksm (t, τ )dt dτ + O(1)


0 a

and the proof is complete by the hypotheses of theorem.

75
References

1. Alexits, G. Sur la sommabilité des séries orthogonales. Acta Math.


Acad. Sci. Hung., 1953, 4, 181-188.
2. Balashov, L. A., Rubinstein, A. I. Series with respect to the Walsh
system and their generalizations. J. Soviet Math., 1973, 1, 727-763.
3. Dunford, N. and Schwartz, J. Linear Operators, Part I: General The-
ory. Moscow, 1958 (in Russian).
4. Oja, E. and Oja, P.Functional Analysis. Tartu, 1991.
5. Schipp, F., Wade W. R. and Simon, P.Walsh Series. An Introduction
to Dyadic Harmonic Analysis. Budapest, 1990.
6. Schipp, F. Über die Konvergenz von Reihen nach Produktsystemen.
Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged), 1973, 35, 13-16.
7. Schipp, F. and Türnpu, H. Über schwach multiplikative Systeme. Ann.
Univ. Sci. Budapest, 1974, 17, 91-96.
8. Türnpu, H. and Schipp., F. Almost everywhere convergence of func-
tion series with respect to product systems. Acta et comm. Univ.
Tartuensis, 1974, 14, 189-192 (in Russian).

Multiplikatiivsete süsteemidega määratud funktsionaalridade


koonduvus ja λ-tõkestatus

N.Saealle ja H. Türnpu

ck gk (t), kus süsteem {gk } on mingi mul-


P
Artiklis on käsitletud rida
tiplikatiivse süsteemi korrutissüsteem, ja leitud piisavaid tingimusi selle rea
p-maksimaalse kiirusega koonduvuse jaoks. On vaadeldud ka rida
p
< f, wk > gk (t), kus f ∈ L[0,1] ja {wk } on Walshi süsteem, ning tõesta-
P

tud, et see rida koondub peaaegu kõikjal erinevate korrutissüsteemide korral.


Töö viimases osas on uuritud selle rea λ-tõkestatust peaaegu kõikjal.

76
CHAPTER IV
Acta et Commentationes
Universitatis Tartuensis de Mathematica (to appear)
Uniform convergence and Aλ -boundedness
of series with respect to product systems

Natalia Saealle

Abstract. Let {gk } be an orthogonal product


P system. For a continu-
ous function u it is proved that the series k < u, wk > gk (t) with the
Walsh-Fourier coefficients < u, wk > is convergent (A-summable, Aλ -
λ
bounded, regularly
P A -summable) uniformly if and only if the Walsh-
Fourier series k < u, wk > wk (t) has the same property.

1. Introduction and statement of the results

Let {fk }∞
k=0 be a system of measurable functions such that

f0 (t) = 1 and |fk (t)| ≤ 1 on [a, b].

The product system {gn }∞


n=0 of {fk } is given by

g0 (t) = 1 and gn (t) = fn0 +1 (t)fn1 +1 (t) . . . fnk +1 (t) (t ∈ [a, b]),

where n = 2n0 + 2n1 + . . . + 2nk (n0 < n1 < . . . < nk ) is the dyadic represen-
tation of n. For example, the product system of Rademacher system is the
Walsh system {wn }∞ n=0 (in the Paley enumeration), which is complete and
orthonormal (see e.g. [1], pp. 12, 60).
In this paper we consider the series

X
< u, wk > gk (t), (1)
k=0

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 42C10, 40A30; secondary 40C05,


40G05.
Key words and phrases. Walsh-Fourier series, product systems, uniform convergence,
matrix summability methods, boundedness with speed.
Supported in part by Estonian Science Foundation Grant 5376.

79
where Z 1
< u, wk >:= u(τ )wk (τ )dτ (k = 0, 1, . . .)
0
are the Walsh-Fourier coefficients of u. In our previous work [4], we con-
sidered p-maximal λ-boundedness of series (1) in the case of functions u ∈
Lp[0,1] (1 < p < ∞). Now, we suppose, that u is continuous on [0, 1] and
study the uniform convergence, the uniform A-summability, the uniform
Aλ -boundedness, and the uniform regular Aλ -summability of series (1).
Let λ = (λk ) be a sequence of real numbers such that 0 < λk % ∞ and
let A = (αnk ) be a triangular regular summability method. For a function
u ∈ C[0,1] we put
n m
!
X X
bn (A, t) := λn αnk < u, wk > gk (t) − lim αmk < u, wk > gk (t) .
m
k=0 k=0

A series (1) uniformly A-summable on [a, b] is called


1) uniformly Aλ -bounded on [a, b], if

sup |bn (A, t)| = O(1) uniformly in t ∈ [a, b];


n

2) uniformly regularly Aλ -summable on [a, b], if

lim bn (A, t) = 0 uniformly in t ∈ [a, b]


n

(cf. [2], [3]).


If series (1) is uniformly Σλ -bounded (uniformly regularly Σλ -summa-
ble), where Σ = (σnk ) is the triangular matrix with σnk = 1 (k = 0, 1, . . . ;
n = 0, 1, . . .), then it is called uniformly λ-bounded (uniformly regularly
λ-convergent).
We will consider the relationship between the convergence properties of
series (1) and of the Walsh-Fourier series

X
< u, wk > wk (τ ). (2)
k=0

The series (2) are well studied. For example, it was shown in [6] that for
every point τ0 ∈ [0, 1] there is a continuous function u, whose Walsh-Fourier
series diverges at that point. On the other hand, Walsh remarked, that
n −1
2X
lim < u, wν > wν (τ ) = u(τ ) uniformly in τ ∈ [0, 1] (3)
n
ν=0

80
for every u ∈ C[0,1] .
We prove the following
Theorem 1. Let u ∈ C[0,1] and let A be a regular triangular summability
method.
(a) Series (1) is convergent (A-summable, Aλ -bounded, regularly Aλ -
summable) uniformly on [a, b], if series (2) is convergent (A-summable, Aλ -
bounded, regularly Aλ -summable) uniformly on [0, 1].
(b) If {gk } is an orthogonal system, then series (1) is convergent (A-
summable, Aλ -bounded, regularly Aλ -summable) uniformly on [a, b], if and
only if series (2) is convergent (A-summable, Aλ -bounded, regularly Aλ -
summable) uniformly on [0, 1].
Let A be the summability method of arithmetic means, i.e. A = C 1 =
(γnk ), where

k

1− , if k ≤ n,

γnk := n+1

0, if k > n.

This method is regular. It is well known, that the Walsh-Fourier series is


uniformly C 1 -summable for every u ∈ C[0,1] (see [5], p. 265, or [1], p.103).
An immediate consequence of Theorem 1 is the following
Corollary 2. Series (1) is uniformly C 1 -summable on [a, b] for every
u ∈ C[0,1] .

2. Proof of Theorem 1

We need the following


Lemma 3. Let (mn ) be an increasing sequence of natural numbers.
Then the subsequence of partial sums
2mn −1
X
< u, wk > gk (t)
k=0

converges uniformly on [a, b] for every u ∈ C[0,1] .


Remark 4. Let
2m
Xn −1

vu (t) := lim < u, wk > gk (t).


n
k=0

81
From Lemma 3 it follows that for every speed (λp ) there exists a subsequence
(sp ) of (mn ) such that
sp
2 X −1


lim λp < u, wk > gk (t) − vu (t) = 0 uniformly on [a, b]. (4)

p
k=0

Indeed, by Lemma 3, for every ε = 1/pλp (p = 1, 2, . . .) there exists N =


N (p) such that
2sp −1
X λp
λp < u, wk > gk (t) − vu (t) < λp (t ∈ [a, b])


ν=0
p

for all p > N . The right side of this inequality converges to zero, hence (4)
holds.
Proof of Lemma 3. First, note that the kernel
n −1
2X
Kn (t, τ ) := gk (t)wk (τ )
k=0

is non-negative for every t ∈ [a, b] and τ ∈ [0, 1], therefore


Z 1
|Kn (t, τ )| dτ = 1
0

(cf. [3], p. 233). We consider the sequence of continuous linear operators

Bn : C[0, 1] −→ L∞
[a,b] (n = 0, 1, . . .)

defined by
2mn −1
X
Bn (u, t) = < u, wk > gk (t).
k=0
On the one hand, we have

Z 1 2mn −1
X
|Bn (u, t)| =
u(τ ) wk (τ )gk (t)dτ
0 k=0
Z 1
≤ kukC[0,1] |Kmn (t, τ )| dτ = kukC[0,1] (t ∈ [a, b], n = 0, 1, . . .),
0

thus the sequence (Bn ) is uniformly bounded.


On the other hand, we have
2m
Xn −1

Bn (wi , t) = < wi , wk > gk (t) = gi (t) (t ∈ [a, b], n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)


k=0

82
for 2mn ≥ i + 1. Therefore (Bn (P, t)) is uniformly convergent on [0, 1] for
every P ∈ P, where P is the collection of finite linear combinations of Walsh
functions. It is known that P is dense in C[0,1] (cf. [1], p. 63).
The assertion of Lemma follows from the Banach-Steinhaus theorem.
Proof of Theorem 1. (a) Let {gn } be a product system. By the orthog-
onality of the Walsh system, we have
Z 1 2m
Xn −1

gk (t) = wk (τ ) wν (τ )gν (t)dτ.


0 ν=0

Consequently,
n

X
λn αnk < u, wk > gk (t) − vu (t)


k=0
n 2m n −1
Z
1X X
= λn αnk < u, wk > wk (τ ) wν (τ )gν (t)dτ − vu (t)

0
ν=0
Z k=0
n
!
1 X
= λn αnk < u, wk > wk (τ ) − u(τ ) + u(τ ) ×

0
k=0
2m n −1

X
× wν (τ )gν (t)dτ − vu (t)


ν=0
2mn −1
Z
1 X
= λn u(τ ) wν (τ )gν (t)dτ − vu (t)

0
ν=0
Z 1 X n
! 2mn −1
X
+ αnk < u, wk > wk (τ ) − u(τ ) wν (τ )gν (t)dτ .

0 k=0 ν=0

Since
2m
Xn −1 Z 1
gν (t) wν (τ )dτ = g0 (t) = 1,
ν=0 0

then the inequality


n

X
λn αnk < u, wk > gk (t) − vu (t)


k=0
mn
2 X−1


≤ λn < u, wν > gν (t) − vu (t) (5)


ν=0
n
X
+λn max αnk < u, wk > wk (τ ) − u(τ )

0≤τ ≤1
k=0

83
holds for every regular triangular matrix A = (αnk ) and speed (λn ). If
series (2) is uniformly Aλ -bounded or uniformly regularly Aλ -summable,
then, by (4) and (5), series (1) enjoys the same property. To prove that the
uniform convergence of series (2) on [0, 1] implies the uniform convergence
of series (1) on [a, b], we use (4) and (5), where λn = 1 (n = 0, 1, . . .) and
A = Σ. Similarly, using Lemma 3 and (5) we can prove the same statement
concerning the A-summability.
(b) Suppose that the product system {gn } is orthogonal. Then
n
X
λn αnk < u, wk > wk (τ ) − u(τ )


k=0
n
Z !
b X
= λn αnk < u, wk > gk (t) − vu (t) + vu (t) ×

a
k=0
2mn −1

X
× gν (t)wν (τ )dt − u(τ )


ν=0
mn
2 X−1
= λn < vu , gν > wν (τ ) − u(τ )


ν=0
n
! 2mn −1
Z b X X
+ αnk < u, wk > gk (t) − vu (t) gν (t)wν (τ )dt .

a k=0 ν=0

By the non-negativity of Kmn , we have


Z b
|Kmn (t, τ )| dt = (b − a)w0 (τ ) = b − a.
a

On the other hand, by the orthogonality of {gk },


Z b 2m
Xn −1

< vu , gν >= gν (t) lim < u, wk > gk (t)dt =< u, wν > .


a n
k=0

Therefore, the inequality


n
X
λn αnk < u, wk > wk (τ ) − u(τ )


k=0
2mn −1
X
≤ λn < u, wν > wν (τ ) − u(τ ) (6)


ν=0
n
X
+(b − a)λn max αnk < u, wk > gk (t) − vu (t)

a≤t≤b
k=0

84
holds. Moreover, by Lemma 3, from the A-summability of (1) it follows that
n
X
lim αnk < u, wk > gk (t) = vu (t) uniformly on [a, b]. (7)
n
k=0

Now, to prove that series (2) converges uniformly on [a, b], if series (1)
converges uniformly on [0, 1], we use (3), (7), and inequality (6), where
λn = 1 (n = 0, 1, . . .), A = Σ. The converse assertion follows from part
(a) of this theorem. Similarly we can prove the statements concerning the
A-summability. The assertion concerning the Aλ -boundedness and regular
Aλ -summability follows from (3), (6), (7), and part (a) of this theorem. The
proof is complete.

Acknowledgements. This article is a part of my Ph.D. thesis, written


under the direction of Heino Türnpu. I am very grateful to his valuable
help. I thank Toivo Leiger and the referee for helpful suggestions which
have improved the representation of this work.

References

1. B. Golubov, A. Efimov, and V. Skvortsov, Walsh Series and Trans-


forms, Nauka, Moscow, 1987 (Russian); English transl., Kluwer, Dor-
drecht 1991.
2. G. Kangro, On the summability factors of the Bohr-Hardy type for a
given rapidity. II, Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci., Phys. Math. 18 (1969),
387-395. (Russian)
3. G. Kangro, Summability factors for the λ-bounded Riesz and Chesaro
methods, Tartu Ül. Toimetised 277 (1971), 136–154. (Russian)
4. N. Saealle, H. Türnpu, Convergence and λ-boundedness of functional
series with respect to multiplicative systems, Proc. Estonian Acad.
Sci. Phys. Math. 53 (2004), 13-25.
5. F. Schipp, W. R. Wade, P. Simon, Walsh Series. An Introduction to
Dyadic Harmonic Analysis, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1990.
6. J. L. Walsh, A closed set of normal orthogonal functions, Amer. J.
Math. 45 (1923), 5-24.

85
CURRICULUM VITAE

Natalia Saealle

Citizenship: Estonian Republic


Born: March 23, 1976, Kiviõli, Estonia
Martial status: married
Address: Institute of Pure Mathematics
University of Tartu
2 Liivi Str.
50409 Tartu, Estonia
Telephone: +372 53966767
E-mail: natalia@ut.ee

Education

1993-1997 Faculty of Mathematics, University of Tartu


baccalaureus scientiarum in mathematics
1997-1999 MSc student at Institute of Pure Mathematics,
University of Tartu
magister scientiarum in Mathematics
1999-2004 PhD student at Institute of Pure Mathematics,
University of Tartu

Professional employment

2001-2003 0.5 time Researcher, Institute of Pure Mathematics,


University of Tartu
Since 2003 Assistant, Institute of Pure Mathematics,
University of Tartu

87
CURRICULUM VITAE

Natalia Saealle

Kodakondsus: Eesti Vabariik


Sünniaeg ja -koht: 23. märts 1976, Kiviõli, Eesti
Perekonnaseis: abielus
Aadress: Puhta Matemaatika Instituut
Liivi 2-615
50409 Tartu, Eesti
Telefon: +372 53966767
E-mail: natalia@ut.ee

Haridus

1993-1997 Tartu Ülikool, Matemaatikateaduskond, bakalaureuseõpe


baccalaureus scientiarum matemaatika erialal
1997-1999 Tartu Ülikool, Matemaatikateaduskond, magistriõpe
magister scientiarum matemaatika erialal
1999-2004 Tartu Ülikool, Matemaatika-informaatikateaduskond,
Puhta Matemaatika Instituut, doktoriõpe

Erialane teenistuskäik

2001-2003 TÜ Puhta Matemaatika Instituut, teadur (0,5 kohta)


Alates 2003 TÜ Puhta Matemaatika Instituut, assistent

88
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