ANSWERS

Activity 1
1. ionic compound, hydrogen , acid , metal , ammonium
2.
Acid Formula of acid Salt Formula Cation Anion
Hydrochloric acid HCl Sodium chloride NaCl Na+ Cl-
Carbonic acid H2CO3 Potassium carbonate K2CO3 K+ CO32-
Sulphuric acid H2SO4 Copper(II) sulphate CuSO4 Cu2+ SO42-
Nitric acid HNO3 Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 NH4+ NO3-
Nitric acid HNO3 Magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2 Mg2+ NO3-
Ethanoic acid CH3COOH Sodium ethanoate CH3COONa Na+ CH3COO-
Activity 2
1. sodium, potassium and ammonium.
2. nitrate
3. lead(II), barium and calcium sulphate
4. lead(II), argentums and mercury(I) chloride
5. sodium, potassium and ammonium carbonate

Activity 3
1. a. metal + acid  salt + hydrogen
b. metal oxide (or metal hydroxide) + acid  salt + water
c. alkali + acid  salt + water
e. metal carbonate + acid  salt + carbon dioxide + water

2. a. Mg + H2SO4  MgSO4 + H2
b. (i) CuO + 2HCl  CuCl2 + H2O
(ii) Zn(OH)2 + 2HNO3  Zn(NO3)2 + 2H2O
c. NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
d. MgCO3 + H2SO4  CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O
3.

Method of Preparation Reactants Salt Formed Other

Product
a) metal + acid Magnesium + hydrochloric Magnesium chloride Hydrogen
acid
b) metal oxide + acid Copper(II) oxide + sulphuric Copper(II) sulphate water
acid
c) metal carbonate + Zinc carbonate + sulphuric Zinc sulphate Water +
acid acid carbon
dioxide
d) metal hydroxide + Potassium hydroxide + nitric Potassium nitrate Water
acid acid
e) alkali + acid Sodium hydroxide + Sodium chloride Water
hydrochloric acid

a. Mg(s) + 2H+ (aq)  Mg2+ (aq) + H2O (l)

b. MgO(s) + 2H+ (aq)  Mg2+ (aq) + H2O (l)

c. OH- (aq) + H+ (aq)  H2O (l)

Activity 4
Name of solution : sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
Chemical equation : NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
Procedure :
1. Use a pipette to transfer 25.0 cm 3 of sodium hydroxide solution to a conical flask. Add 2 to 3
drops of phenolphthalein.
2. Fill a burette with hydrochloric acid and record the initial burette reading.
3. Titrate carefully by slowly adding the acid into the conical flask and shake well.
4. Continue adding the acid until the indicator turns from pink to colourless. Record the final burette
reading.
5. Determine the volume of acid used to neutralize 25.0 cm 3 of the alkali. (let the volume be V cm 3
)
6. Pipette 25.0 cm 3 of the same sodium hydroxide solution into a conical flask. Do not add any
indicator.
7. From the burette, add exactly V cm 3 of hydrochloric acid to the alkali and shake well.
8. Pour the contents of the conical flask into an evaporating dish.
9. Gently heat the solution to evaporate most of the water to produce a saturated solution.
10. Cool the hot saturated salt solution for crystallization to occur.
11. Filter to obtain the sodium chloride crystals, rinse the salt with a little distilled water.
12. Dry the crystal by pressing them between filter papers

Activity 5
Name of chemical : copper(II) oxide and sulphuric acid
Chemical equation : CuO + H2SO4  CuSO4 + H2O
Procedure :
1. Pour 50 cm 3 of sulphuric acid 1 mol dm-3 into a beaker. Warm the acid
2. Use a spatula to add copper(II) oxide powder bit by bit into the acid. Stir the mixture well.
3. Continue adding copper(II) oxide until some of it no longer dissolves.
4. Remove the unreacted copper(II) oxide by filtration
5. Pour the filtrate into an evaporating dish. Gently heat the solution to produce a saturated salt
solution.
6. Cool the saturated solution until crystals are formed.
7. Filter to obtain the copper(II) nitrate crystals, rinse the salt with a little distilled water.
8. Dry the crystal by pressing them between filter papers
9. Purification process – Recrystallisation
 Place the copper(II) sulphate crystal in a beaker.
 Add just enough distilled water to cover the crystals. Gently heat the solution and stir with a
glass rod. Add water bit by bit until all the crystal are dissolved.
 Filter to remove impurities and pour the filtrate into an evaporating dish.
 Gently heat the solution to obtain a saturated salt solution.
 Cool the hot saturated to obtain to allow it to crystallize.
 Filter and press the crystals with a few pieces of filter paper to dry them.

Activity 6
1. Precipitation, double decomposition reaction, ions , precipitate
2. Example 1: Barium sulphate, BaSO4
Solution 1: Barium chloride/nitrate
Solution 2: sodium/potassium sulphate
Chemical equation : BaCl2 + Na2SO4  BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Ionic Equation : Ba2+ + SO42-  BaSO4
Example 2: Copper carbonate, CuCO3
Solution 1: copper(II) nitrate/sulphate/chloride
Solution 2: Sodium/potassium carbonate
Chemical equation : Cu(NO3)2 + Na2CO3  CuCO3 + 2NaNO3
Ionic Equation : Cu2+ + CO32-  CuCO3
Observation : green precipitate formed

Activity 7

Name of solution : lead(II) nitrate and Sodium/potassium iodide

Chemical equation : Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq)  PbI2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)
Procedure :
1. 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution is poured into 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
potassium iodide in a beaker
2. The mixture is stirred with a glass rod
3. A yellow precipitate of lead(II) iodide is formed immediately
4. The resulting mixture is then filtered
5. The yellow precipitate is rinsed with distilled water to remove impurities
6. The yellow solid, lead(II) iodide is then pressed between a few pieces of filter papers to be
dried.

Activity 8

Test Tube 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Volume of Pb(NO3)2 /cm3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
No of mole of Pb(NO3)2 0.0025
Volume of K2CrO4 /cm3 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
No of mole of K2CrO4 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020 0.0025 0.0030 0.0035
Height of precipitate / cm 0.45 0.90 1.40 1.90 2.30 2.30 2.30
Colour of the solution Colourless Yellow
above the precipitate

(b)
Height of precipitate / cm

Volume of potassium chromate(VI) / cm3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

(c) (i) 5 cm3

(ii) 0.0025 mole of chromate(VI) ions that has reacted with 0.0025 mole of Pb2+. ions.
 1 mole of chromate(VI) ions that has reacted with 1 mole of Pb2+. ions.

(iii) PbCrO4
(iv) ionic equation : Pb2+ + CrO42-  PbCrO4
(d) The height increase from test 1 to 5 and become constant from test tube 5 to 7.
(e) In test tube 1-4, there are excess lead(II) ions, so more precipitate are formed when
increasing volume of CrO42- solution added. In test tube 5-7 all the lead(II) ions had reacted
with chromate(VI) ions, so the amount of precipitate formed is the same.
Question

1 (a) Zn + 2H+  Zn2+ + H2

(b) No of mole of HCl = 2.0 x 50 = 0.1 mol
1000

(c) Mole ratio HCl : H2 = 2 : 1

No of mole of H2 = 1/2 x 0.1 = 0.05 mol
Volume of H2 = 0.05 x 24 dm3
= 1.2 dm3

2 (a) No of mole of H2SO4 = 1.0 x 100 = 0.1 mol

1000

(b) Mole ratio H2SO4 : MgSO4 = 1 : 1

No of mole of MgSO4 = 0.1 mol
Mass of MgSO4 = 0.1 x (24 + 32 + 4x16) g
= 10.4 g

3. a) No of mole of Mg = 0.12 = 0.05

24
No of mole of MgCl2 = 0.05
Mass of MgCl2 = 0.05 x 95
= 4.75 g

b) No of mole of H2 = 0.05 mole

Vol of H2 = 0.05 x 24 dm3
= 1.2 dm3

4. (a)AgNO3 + NaCl  AgCl + NaNO3

(b) Number of moles of AgNO3 = 1.0 x 50 = 0.05 mol
1000

Mole ratio of AgNO3 : NaCl = 1 : 1

Number of mole of NaCl = 0.5 x z = 0.05 mole

1000
Z = 0.05 x 1000 = 100 cm3
0.5

b) Number of mole of AgCl = Number of moles of AgNO3 = 0.05 mol

c)Mass of AgCl = 0.05 x (108 + 35.5) g

= 7.175 g