Outline
Introduction
Blood flow in arteries
Local blood flow dynamics
Mathematical modeling of blood flow
Mathematical modeling of arterial wall dynamics
Mathematical modeling of blood-wall interaction
FSI numerical results
Global flow dynamics: boundary conditions on local models
Geometrical multiscale approach
The model reduction procedure
Blood pulse wave in large arteries: 1D models
Coupling the 3D FSI and 1D models
Blood pressure in compartments: 0D models
Coupling 3D and 0D models
Coupling 1D and 0D models
Vizualization: Hemodynamic indicators
References
Alexandra Bugalho de Moura ESSIM, Dresden, August 2012 2 / 110
Introduction
Complexity
I Mechanical
I Fluid (blood)
I Solid (heart and vessel walls)
I Biochemical (arterial and venous concentrations, transport and exchanges
with surrounding tissue)
I Regulation (chemoreflexes and baroreflexes - nervous system)
I Electrical (heart functioning)
Computational simulations
I Mathematical models in life sciences
I Efficient and accurate numerical
algorithms
I Increase of computer power
Computational simulations
I Mathematical models in life sciences
better understanding of
I Efficient and accurate numerical =⇒ the circulatory system
algorithms
funcionality
I Increase of computer power
Computational simulations
I Mathematical models in life sciences
better understanding of
I Efficient and accurate numerical =⇒ the circulatory system
algorithms
funcionality
I Increase of computer power
Cardiovascular diseases
I social-economic impact
I demand from medical doctors for scientifically rigorous and quantitative
investigations
I computational simulations are non-invasive and low cost
“It is estimated that 5% of the population has some type of aneurysm in the
brain. The incidence of ruptured aneurysm is approximately 10 out of 100,000
people per year. About 10% of patients who have one aneurysm will have at least
one more” National Library of Medicine, NIH US, http://www.nlm.nih.gov
Patient-specific data
(A. Gambaruto)
Mathematical models
Mesh generation
Problem setting
Clinical
interpretation
What are the quantities that we use to descrive the flowing of a fluid?
(Eulerian coordinates)
A vecolity and pressure
B only velocity
C only pressure
D other
What are the quantities that we use to descrive the flowing of a fluid?
(Eulerian coordinates)
A vecolity and pressure
B only velocity
C only pressure
D other
What are the quantities that we use to descrive the motion of a structure?
(Lagrangian coordinates)
A displacement
B velocity
C displacement and velocity
D other
∂u
ρ
+ ρ (u · ∇) u− div σ(P, u) = 0
∂t
div u = 0
u → velocidade
P → pressão
σ(P, u) → Cauchy stress tensor
∂u
ρ
+ ρ (u · ∇) u− div (−PI + τ (u)) = 0
∂t
div u = 0
u → velocidade
P → pressão
Constitutive equations:
σ(P, u) = −PI + τ (u) τ (u) → extra stress tensor
∂u
ρ
+ ρ (u · ∇) u + ∇P− div τ (u) = 0
∂t
div u = 0
u → velocidade
P → pressão
Constitutive equations:
σ(P, u) = −PI + τ (u) τ (u) → extra stress tensor
∂u
ρ
+ ρ (u · ∇) u + ∇P−2µ div Du = 0
∂t
div u = 0
u → velocidade
P → pressão
Constitutive equations:
σ(P, u) = −PI + τ (u) τ (u) → extra stress tensor
Newtonian fluid:
1
τ (u) = 2µ ∇u + ∇T u = 2µDu
Du → strain rate tensor
2
0.5 Carreau
Cross
I Non-linear least squares fitting of
Viscosity (Poise)
0.4 Oldroyd
experimental data
0.3
(Prof. Kameneva, U. Pittsburgh)
0.2
0.1
I µ0 = 0.456 Poi
0
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
I µ∞ = 0.032 Poi
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Shear rate (s−1) I λ = 10.03 s
I n = 0.344
0.6
Experimental data
T
τ = µ(γ̇)(∇u + ∇u ) 0.5 Carreau
Cross
Viscosity (Poise)
0.4 Oldroyd
0.2
0.1
0
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Shear rate (s−1)
µ0 = 0.456, µ∞ = 0.032
Carreau F (γ̇) = (1 + (λγ̇)2 )(n−1)/2
λ = 10.03s, n = 0.344
µ0 = 0.618, µ∞ = 0.034
Cross F (γ̇) = (1 + (λγ̇)m )−1
λ = 7.683s, m = 0.810
∂u
ρ + ρ (u · ∇) u + ∇P−2 div(µ(γ̇)Du) = 0 in Ω
∂t
div u = 0 in Ω
u = h on Γ1
σ · n = −pn + τ · n = q on Γ2 , Γ3 , Γ4
u = 0 on Γw
u(0, ·)
= u0 in Ω
∂u 1
(
+ (u · ∇) u + ∇P − (2µ div Du) = 0 in Ω
∂t Re
div u = 0 in Ω
ρ|u|D
Re =
µ
f (tn+1 ) − f (tn )
f 0 (tn ) = lim
∆t→0 ∆t
f (tn+1 ) − f (tn )
f 0 (tn ) ≈
∆t
f (tn+1 ) − f (tn )
f 0 (tn+1 ) ≈
∆t
f (tn+1 ) − f (tn )
f 0 (tn+1 ) ≈
∆t
f (tn+1 ) − f (tn )
f 0 (tn+1 ) ≈
∆t
f (tn+1 ) − f (tn )
f 0 (tn+1 ) ≈
∆t
∂u
ρ
+ ρ (u · ∇) u + ∇P − µ∆u = 0
∂t
div u = 0
f (tn+1 ) − f (tn )
f 0 (tn+1 ) ≈
∆t
∂un+1
ρ
+ ρ (un+1 · ∇) un+1 + ∇Pn+1 − µ∆un+1 = 0
∂t
div un+1 = 0
f (tn+1 ) − f (tn )
f 0 (tn+1 ) ≈
∆t
un+1 − un
ρ
+ ρ (un+1 · ∇) un+1 + ∇Pn+1 − µ∆un+1 = 0
∆t
div un+1 = 0
f (tn+1 ) − f (tn )
f 0 (tn+1 ) ≈
∆t
11ρ 3un 3un−1 1un−2
un+1 + ρ (un+1 · ∇) un+1 + ∇Pn+1 − µ∆un+1 = ρ − +
6∆t ∆t 2∆t 3∆t
div un+1 = 0
Convective term:
(un+1 · ∇) un+1 implicit
(un+1 · ∇) un+1 ≈ (un · ∇) un explicit
(un · ∇) un+1 semi-implicit
−∆u = f, em Ω
n
∂2u ∂2u
∆u = + 2 Ω
∂x 2 ∂y
y
x Γ
−∆u = f, em Ω n
Ω
y
x Γ
Multiplying the equation by an arbitrary function v (test function)
−∆u v = f v
−∆u = f, em Ω n
Ω
y
x Γ
Multiplying the equation by an arbitrary function v (test function) and integrating in Ω
Z Z
− ∆u vdΩ = f vdΩ
Ω Ω
−∆u = f, em Ω n
Ω
y
x Γ
Multiplying the equation by an arbitrary function v (test function) and integrating in Ω
Z Z
− ∆u vdΩ = f vdΩ
Ω Ω
Integrating by parts
Z Z Z
− ∆u vdΩ = ∇u : ∇vdΩ − (∇u · n) vdΓ
Ω Ω Γ
−∆u = f, em Ω n
u = 0, em Γ
Ω
y
x Γ
dim Vh
Z ! Z
X
∇ uj φj · ∇φi dΩ = f φi dΩ, i = 1, . . . , dim Vh .
Ω j=1 Ω
dim Vh
Z ! Z
X
∇ uj φj · ∇φi dΩ = f φi dΩ, i = 1, . . . , dim Vh .
Ω j=1 Ω
dim Vh Z Z
X
uj ∇φj · ∇φi dΩ = f φi dΩ, i = 1, . . . , dim Vh .
j=1 Ω Ω
| {z } | {z }
Aij bi
dim Vh
X
uj Aij = bi , i = 1, . . . , dim Vh
j=1
dim Vh
Z ! Z
X
∇ uj φj · ∇φi dΩ = f φi dΩ, i = 1, . . . , dim Vh .
Ω j=1 Ω
dim Vh Z Z
X
uj ∇φj · ∇φi dΩ = f φi dΩ, i = 1, . . . , dim Vh .
j=1 Ω Ω
| {z } | {z }
Aij bi
dim Vh
X
uj Aij = bi , i = 1, . . . , dim Vh
j=1
n I triangulation
n I triangulation
n I triangulation
Γ
n
Z
p
Lp (Ω) = f : Ω −→ R : |f (x)| dω < ∞ , 1 6 p < ∞,
Ω
and
L∞ = {f : Ω −→ R : ∃C > 0 s.t. |f (x)| 6 C a.e. in Ω}
Banach space:
Z 1/p
p
kf kLp (Ω) := kf kΩ,p = |f (x)| dω
Ω
I Sobolev spaces
∂u
+ u · ∇u + ∇p − ν∆u = 0
∂t
u = 0, on γ
−pn + ∇u · n = h, on ∂Ω \ γ
P µ
p= ν=
ρ ρ
I momentum equation
v ∈ Hγ1 (Ω)
Z
∂u
+ u · ∇u + ∇p − ν∆u ·v = 0
Ω ∂t
I momentum equation
v ∈ Hγ1 (Ω)
Z
∂u
+ u · ∇u + ∇p − ν∆u ·v = 0
Ω ∂t
Z Z Z
∇·v = pv · n − pdivv,
Ω ∂Ω Ω
Z Z Z
ν ∆u · v = ν (∇u · n) · v − ν ∇u : ∇v.
Ω ∂Ω Ω
I momentum equation
v ∈ Hγ1 (Ω)
Z
∂u
+ u · ∇u + ∇p − ν∆u ·v = 0
Ω ∂t
Z Z Z Z Z
∂u
·v+ ((u · ∇) · u) · v − pdivv + ν ∇u : ∇v = (ν∇u · n − pn) · v
Ω ∂t Ω Ω Ω ∂Ω
Z Z Z Z Z
∂u
·v+ ((u · ∇) · u) · v − pdivv + ν ∇u : ∇v = v·h
Ω ∂t Ω Ω Ω ΓN
Z Z Z Z Z
∂u
·v+ ((u · ∇) · u) · v − pdivv + ν ∇u : ∇v = v·h
Ω ∂t Ω Ω Ω ΓN
I continuity equation
q ∈ L20 (Ω)
Z
div u = 0 ⇒ divu q = 0
Ω
∀q ∈ L20 (Ω),
b(u, q) = 0,
with
Z Z Z
a(u, v) = ν ∇u : ∇v, c(w, u, v) = (w·∇)u · v, b(v, p) = − p divv
Ω Ω Ω
b(v, q)
I inf-sup condition: ∃β > 0 s.t. inf sup >β
q∈L20 (Ω) v∈H 1 (Ω)N
0
|v|H 1 (Ω)N kqkL2 (Ω)
0
η
0 P(η) = (I + ∇0 η)S(η)
Γs,in Ωs0 Γs,a
z
S(η) = λ tr(E)I + 2µE
0
Γs,w
1
0
Γs,ext E = ∇0 η + ∇T0 η + ∇T0 η∇0 η
2
Eξ E
Lamé constants: λ = , µ=
(1 + ξ)(1 − 2ξ) 2(1 + ξ)
E → Young modulus (elasticity)
ξ → Poisson ratio (ξ = 0.5 → incompressible material)
∂2η
ρw − div0 (P) = 0 on Ω0s
∂t 2
0
η
0 P(η) = (I + ∇0 η)S(η)
Γs,in Ωs0 Γs,a
z
S(η) = λ tr(E)I + 2µE
0
Γs,w
1
0
Γs,ext E = ∇0 η + ∇T0 η + ∇T0 η∇0 η
2
∂2η
ρ w − div0 (P) = 0 on Ω0s
∂t 2
P · n0 Γ0s,ext
= 0 on
(P · n ) · τ = 0, η · n Γ0s,out
0 a a = 0 on
η = 0 on Γ0s,in
Γ0w
interface conds. on
in Ω0s
η(0, ·) = η0
in Ω0s
∂t η(0, ·) = η̇ 0
∂ 2 ηr
independent rings model −→ S(ηr ) := ρw h
∂t 2
+ bηr
∂ 2 ηr ∂ 2 ηr
generalized strings model −→ S(ηr ) := ρw h
∂t 2
− KGh 2 + bηr
∂z
n+1
η̇ = η̇ n + δt (1 − γ) η̈ n + δt γ η̈ n+1 ,
δt 2
η n+1 = η n + δt η̇ n + (1 − 2β) η̈ n + δt 2 β η̈ n+1 ,
2
1 1
I mid point scheme (second order accurate): γ = ,β =
2 4
∂ 2 ηh
Z Z Z
ρw ξ dω + P(η h ) : ∇ξ h dω = Φ
b h ξ dγ,
Ω0s ∂t 2 h Ω0s Γ0w
h
η 0,h and Φ
b h suitable approximations of the initial and forcing terms.
FLUID STRUCTURE
INTERACTION
⇐⇒
displacement (new domain)
Interface conditions
normal stresses
implicit coupling
(iterative procedure)
4At in Ωt ,
= 0,
At on ∂Γtw ,
= η,
At · n = 0, ∂At
·τ on Γtin ∪ Γtout ,
= 0,
∂n
∆At in Ω0
η Ωt = 0,
t
t Γa
Γin z
interface conds. on Γ0w
Ω0 Γw0
∂At
Γwt w= , Ωt = At (Ω0 )
∂t
∂u
ρ + ρ (u−w · ∇)u + ∇P − 2 div(µ(γ̇)D(u)) = 0 in Ωt
∂t x̂
div u = 0 in Ωt
interface cond. on Γtw
0
η
0
P(η) = (I + ∇0 η)S(η)
Γs,in Ωs0 Γs,a
z
S(η) = λ tr(E)I + 2µE
0
Γs,w
1
∇0 η + ∇T T
0 η + ∇0 η∇0 η
0
Γs,ext E =
2
∂2η
ρw − div0 (P) = 0 on Ω0s
∂t 2
interface cond. on Γ0w
Γw0
n0
Γwt
Open problem!!
[D. Coutand, Y. Maday, C. Grandmont, B. Desjardens, M. Esteban, H. Beirão da Veiga, ...]
ρ ρw λ
E3D = ||u||2L2 (Ωt ) + ||∂t η||2L2 (Ω0s ) + µ||E||2L2 (Ω0s ) + || tr(E)||2L2 (Ω0s )
2 2 2
t t t
Z Z Z 2ν t
2 2 2
E3D−AL (t) + ν kD(u)kL2 (Ωt ) dt 6 E3D−AL (0) + C
e krkL2 (Γt ) dt + C kqkL2 (Γt ) dt e ρ
0 0 in 0 a
ρ
E3D−AL (t) := 2
kuk2L2 (Ωt ) + b2 kηr k2L2 (Γ0 )
w
∂ 2 ηr
independent rings model −→ S(ηr ) := ρ̃w
∂t 2
+ bηr
∂ηr
2
ρ ρ̃w
E3D−IR (t) := 2
kuk2L2 (Ωt ) + 2
∂t
2 + b2 kηr k2L2 (Γ0 )
L (Γ0w ) w
∂ 2 ηr ∂ 2 ηr
generalized strings model −→ S(ηr ) := ρ̃w
∂t 2
− a
∂z 2
+ bηr
∂ηr
2
∂ηr
2
ρ ρ̃w
E3D−GS (t) := 2
kuk2L2 (Ωt ) + 2
∂t
2 + a
2
∂z
2 + b2 kηr k2L2 (Γ0 )
L (Γ0w ) L (Γ0w ) w
Time discretization
Fluid: Implicit Euler’s method or BDF
Structure: Newmark method (mid point)
Time discretization
Fluid: Implicit Euler’s method or BDF
Structure: Newmark method (mid point)
Spacial discretization
FEM (variational formulation)
I Non-conforming fluid and solid discrete spaces
I Dirichlet-Neumann coupling (classic)
Time discretization
Fluid: Implicit Euler’s method or BDF
Structure: Newmark method (mid point)
Spacial discretization
FEM (variational formulation)
I Non-conforming fluid and solid discrete spaces
I Dirichlet-Neumann coupling (classic)
I for a given geometry, as soon as the density of the structure is lower then a
certain threshold
I for a given structure density, as soon as the length of the domain is greater
then a certain threshold
ρw h
<1
ρλadd
L
λadd = πR
: increases with the length of the domain (slender domains)
πth L
I incompressible
I arteries are slender
I blood density: ρ ≈ 1, 03 g /cm3
I wall density: ρw ≈ 1, 2 g /cm3
ηfn+1 = ηsn
un+1
f = uns
σsn+1 ns = −σfn+1 nf
ηfn+1 = ηsn+1
un+1
f = un+1
s
σsn+1 ns = −σfn+1 nf
I monolithic: single solver with the purpose of simultaneously solve fluid and
structure
I partitioned: couples independent fluid and structure solvers
S ◦ F(η) = η
1 Initialize η 0
2 For k > 0 untill convergence (kη k+1 − η k k < tol)
i solve fluid (including domain update): uk = F(η k )
ii solve solid: η̃ k+1 = S(uk )
iii η k+1 = ωk η̃ k+1 + (1 − ωk )η k
1 initial guess η 0
2 Do, until convergence (kη k+1 − η k k < tol),
i. initial evaluation: η 1 = η 0 − S ◦ F (η 0 ) = R(η 0 ) (solve fluid,including domain
update, and solid, and evaluate residual)
ii. for k > 1: Dη (R(η k ))(η k+1 − η k ) = −R(η k )
1 initial guess η 0
2 Do, until convergence (kη k+1 − η k k < tol),
i. initial evaluation: η 1 = η 0 − S ◦ F (η 0 ) = R(η 0 ) (solve fluid,including domain
update, and solid, and evaluate residual)
ii. for k > 1: Dη (R(η k ))(η k+1 − η k ) = −R(η k )
Boundary conditions
I 3D ⇒ Navier-Stokes equations or
non-Newtonian rheology, possibly
coupled with a structural model for the
vessel wall.
I 3D ⇒ Navier-Stokes equations or
non-Newtonian rheology, possibly
coupled with a structural model for the
vessel wall.
I 3D ⇒ Navier-Stokes equations or
non-Newtonian rheology, possibly
coupled with a structural model for the
vessel wall.
I 0D ⇒ System of algebro-ordinary
differential equations, often non linear,
describing mean pressure and flow rate
in time.
t
Γs,in η Ωt
Ω0s
t
Γin R0 z
Γwt
Γa
t
Γs,in
Ωt
t
Γin z
Γwt
Γa
t
Γs,in
Ωt
t
Γin Ω1D z
Γwt
Ω1D
Ω 3D ?
a b z
z
a b
Σ (z)
a b z
Ω1D z
a b
z=a z=b z
∂A ∂Q
+ = 0, z ∈ (a, b), t > 0
∂t ∂z
∂ Q2
∂Q A ∂p Q
−Kr , z ∈ (a, b), t > 0
+ + =
∂t ∂z A ρ ∂z A
A network of 1D models
I simulation of complex arterial trees by coupling 1D models
I domain decomposition
approach
z=a z=b z
Z b Z b Z A
ρ
E1D (t) = Au 2 dz + Ψ(A)dz, ∀t > 0, with Ψ(A) = ψ(τ )dτ.
2 a a A0
For regular and small enough data, there exists a positive bounded function G s.t.
d ρ
E1D (t) 6 G (g2 (t))+Q(a, t) p(a) + u 2 (a)
dt 2
[Formaggia, Gerbeau, Nobile, Quarteroni, CMAME, 2001]
Γin Ω Γa z
flow rate
mean pressure
mean pressure
flow rate
with
ρ ρw λ
E3D = ||u||2L2 (Ωt ) + ||∂t η||2L2 (Ω0s ) + µ||E||2L2 (Ω0s ) + || tr(E)||2L2 (Ω0s ) ,
2 2 2
d
E1D (t) 6 G (g2 (t))+Q(a, t) p(a) + ρ 2
dt 2 u (a)
with
Z b Z b Z A
ρ
E1D (t) = Au 2 dz + Ψ(A)dz, ∀t > 0, with Ψ(A) = ψ(τ )dτ.
2 a a A0
d
E1D (t) 6 G (g2 (t))+Q(a, t) p(a) + ρ 2
dt 2 u (a)
d d
E3D (t) + 2µ∞ ||D(u)||2L2 (Ωt ) + E1D (t) 6 G (g2 (t))
dt dt
Alexandra Bugalho de Moura ESSIM, Dresden, August 2012 68 / 110
Global flow dynamics: boundary conditions on local models Coupling the 3D FSI and 1D models
Which boundary
Γout
w conditions for the
structure model?
area ( P = P (A) )
mean pressure
flow rate
I At the interface:
η
I assume only radial movements
R0
I use the pressure-area algebraic ^
R − R0
c. η= (x̂ −ĉ)
relation of the 1D model: R0
√ 2
√
A0
A= A0 + p
β
area ( P = P (A) )
mean pressure
flow rate
area ( P = P (A) )
mean pressure
flow rate
area ( P = P (A) )
mean pressure
flow rate
area ( P = P (A) )
mean pressure
flow rate
A last note: Simple structural models (like the independent rings or algebraic
relations) do not enforce continuity of the area (they do not need boundary
conditions!).
t n+1 3D 1D
)
stress
rma l total
flux (no
s)
l tota l stres
orma
t n−1 flux (n
3D 1D
n−1 (m)
I given φ3D , while tn−1 < tn , solve the 1D model
tn 3D 1D
t n−1 )
stress
3D l total 1D
orma
flux (n
. set φ1D
(k−1)
= ωφ3D
(k−1)
+ (1 − ω)φ1D
(k−1)
. given φ3D
(k−1)
solve 1D →φ(k)
1D
. (k)
given φ1D solve 3D FSI →φ(k)
3D
algebraic model
algebraic model
not
coupled Carreau fluid Newtonian fluid
explicit
coup.
(without
cont. area)
implicit
coup. (with
cont. area)
W2 (Q, p̄) = 0 ⇔
s 2
8β A0 p
p̄ + A0 ·
ρA0 β
s !
A0 p 1/4
p̄ + A0 − A0 =Q
β
Displacement and Pressure
for the 3D-1D coupling and
for the standard traction-free
conditions.
3D - 1D Coupling:
[+] Allows to integrate 3D (FSI) models into lower order (1D) models that can
represent large parts of the vascular system.
[+] Effectively acts as physiological absorbing boundary condition, partially
filtrating spurious pressure wave reflections.
[–] If the 1D hyperbolic problem is solved explicitly, a CFL condition imposes a
time step much smaller then the one required by the 3D FSI algorithm.
[–] May be nontrivial to implement in many widely used commercial CFD codes.
3D - 1D Coupling:
[+] Allows to integrate 3D (FSI) models into lower order (1D) models that can
represent large parts of the vascular system.
[+] Effectively acts as physiological absorbing boundary condition, partially
filtrating spurious pressure wave reflections.
[–] If the 1D hyperbolic problem is solved explicitly, a CFL condition imposes a
time step much smaller then the one required by the 3D FSI algorithm.
[–] May be nontrivial to implement in many widely used commercial CFD codes.
I For n > 0 the (constant) pressure p̄ (n) can be set at the outflow sections by
s s !
8β
p 2
(n) A0 A0 1/4
p
p̄ + A0 p̄ (n) + A0 − A0 = Q (n−1)
ρA0 β β
I For physiological values of the the Young modulus E , depending on the flow
rates, the linear approximations given by (1) are accurate
Possible representation:
Q2 Q1
Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
R L R L
P1 P2 P1 P2
C C
ρµl ρl 3lA0 R0
R= , L= , C = ,
πR04 A0 2Eh
Q2 Q1
Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
R L R L
P1 P2 P1 P2
C C
ρµ(t)l ρl 3lA0 R0
R= , L= , C = ,
πR04 A0 2Eh
Q2 Q1
Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
R L R L
P1 P2 P1 P2
C C
C 22
requires Q.
dp 1D DQ1
p 1D +R2 C = pv +(R1 +R2 )Q1D +R1 R2 C
dt dt
dp 1D DQ1
p 1D +R2 C = pv +(R1 +R2 )Q1D +R1 R2 C
dt dt
l.e.c. l.i.c.
vertebral arteries r.i.c.
l.c.c.
∂WSSζ1 ∂WSSζ2
I TR - Near wall transport: + (Gambaruto et. al., J. Comp. Phys.)
∂ζ1 ∂ζ2
OSI - oscillatory shear index
I unsteady flow
GON - gradient oscillatory number
First order approximation of the velocity field in terms of the spatial coordinates:
∂ui
u = Ax, with Aij = ,
∂xj
Particle tracking [Gambaruto, Janela, Moura, Sequeira, Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2011]
GsN GsC
GSN GSC
Alexandra Bugalho de Moura ESSIM, Dresden, August 2012 95 / 110
Global flow dynamics: boundary conditions on local models Vizualization: Hemodynamic indicators
Iso-surfaces of Q [Gambaruto, Janela, Moura, Sequeira, Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2011]
GsN GsC
GSN GSC
Alexandra Bugalho de Moura ESSIM, Dresden, August 2012 96 / 110
Global flow dynamics: boundary conditions on local models Vizualization: Hemodynamic indicators
Velocity magnitude [Gambaruto, Janela, Moura, Sequeira, Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2011]
GsN GsC
GSN GSC
WSS [Gambaruto, Janela, Moura, Sequeira, Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2011]
GsN GsC
GSN GSC
WSS and surface shear lines [Gambaruto, Janela, Moura, Sequeira, 2011]
GsN GsC
GSN GSC
Alexandra Bugalho de Moura ESSIM, Dresden, August 2012 99 / 110
Global flow dynamics: boundary conditions on local models Vizualization: Hemodynamic indicators
WSSG magnitude [Gambaruto, Janela, Moura, Sequeira, Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2011]
GsN GsC
GSN GSC
TR (WSSG sum) [Gambaruto, Janela, Moura, Sequeira, Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2011]
GsN GsC
GSN GSC
Newtonian vs shear-thinning [Ramalho, Moura, Gambaruto, Sequeira, Math Mod Meth Biomed, 2012]
TF - TF TF - V0 TF - 1D TF - 0D
vel diff max = 16.3 max = 7.4 max = 1.8 max = 1.9
[cm/s] (59.9%) (27.4%) (6.6%) (7.0%)
mean = 0.17 mean = 0.11 mean = 0.06 mean = 0.05
WSS diff max = 23.5 max = 13.6 max = 15.0 max = 15.0
[dyn/cm2 ] (81%) (46.8%) (51,7%) (51.7%)
mean = 4.3e-4 mean = 8.2e-4 mean = 4.4e-4 mean = 4.8e-4
Alexandra Bugalho de Moura ESSIM, Dresden, August 2012 103 / 110
Global flow dynamics: boundary conditions on local models Vizualization: Hemodynamic indicators
INFLOW CONDITIONS
unsteady
6 steady