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Recirculating Air Conditioning Unit
Instruction Manual
RA3
ISSUE 7
January 2013
Table of Contents
Copyright and Trademarks ...................................................................................... 1
General Overview ....................................................................................................... 2
Equipment Diagrams................................................................................................... 3
Important Safety Information....................................................................................... 5
Introduction.............................................................................................................. 5
Electrical Safety....................................................................................................... 5
Heavy Equipment .................................................................................................... 5
Hot Liquids and Steam ............................................................................................ 6
Hot Surfaces............................................................................................................ 6
Moving or Rotating Components ............................................................................. 6
High Pressure.......................................................................................................... 7
Water Borne Hazards .............................................................................................. 7
Refrigerant R134a ................................................................................................... 8
Description .................................................................................................................. 9
Overview.................................................................................................................. 9
Control Box.............................................................................................................. 9
Axial Fan................................................................................................................ 10
Pre-heater and Re-heater...................................................................................... 10
Evaporator ............................................................................................................. 10
Condensing Unit .................................................................................................... 11
Humidifier .............................................................................................................. 12
Air Velocity Sensor ................................................................................................ 12
Temperature / Relative Humidity Sensor............................................................... 13
Installation ................................................................................................................. 14
Advisory................................................................................................................. 14
Electrical Supply .................................................................................................... 14
Installing the PC software...................................................................................... 14
Installing the Equipment ........................................................................................ 15
Commissioning ...................................................................................................... 15
ii
Table of Contents
Electrical Wiring Diagram ...................................................................................... 15
Operation .................................................................................................................. 16
Operating the PC Software.................................................................................... 16
Operating the Equipment....................................................................................... 16
Equipment Specifications.......................................................................................... 18
Overall Dimensions ............................................................................................... 18
Ventilation.............................................................................................................. 18
Refrigerant............................................................................................................. 18
USB Channel Numbers ......................................................................................... 18
Operating Conditions............................................................................................. 19
Environmental Conditions...................................................................................... 20
Routine Maintenance ................................................................................................ 21
Responsibility ........................................................................................................ 21
General.................................................................................................................. 21
RCD Test............................................................................................................... 21
Calibration of Relative Humidity Sensors .............................................................. 21
Calibration of Temperature and Air Flow Sensors................................................. 22
Cleaning Procedure............................................................................................... 22
Inverter Settings (Only on RA3-B and RA3-G) ...................................................... 23
Laboratory Teaching Exercises................................................................................. 26
Index to Exercises ................................................................................................. 26
Background ........................................................................................................... 26
Nomenclature ........................................................................................................ 27
Psychrometric chart and Glossary......................................................................... 28
Using Calculations instead of the Psychrometric Chart to Determine the Air State
............................................................................................................................... 30
Other Calculations Required ................................................................................. 33
Exercise A - Psychrometric Charts ........................................................................... 36
Exercise B - Sensible Heating................................................................................... 39
Exercise C - Humidification ....................................................................................... 41
iii
Armfield Instruction Manual
Exercise D - Cooling with Dehumidification .............................................................. 44
Exercise E - Enthalpy................................................................................................ 46
Exercise F - Recirculation ......................................................................................... 48
Exercise G - More Recirculation Exercises............................................................... 50
Exercise H Introduction to the Vapour-Compression Refrigeration Cycle ............. 51
Contact Details for Further Information ..................................................................... 55
iv
Disclaimer
This document and all the information contained within it is proprietary to Armfield
Limited. This document must not be used for any purpose other than that for which it
is supplied and its contents must not be reproduced, modified, adapted, published,
translated or disclosed to any third party, in whole or in part, without the prior written
permission of Armfield Limited.
Should you have any queries or comments, please contact the Armfield Customer
Support helpdesk (Monday to Thursday: 0830 1730 and Friday: 0830 - 1300 UK
time). Contact details are as follows:
United Kingdom International
(0) 1425 478781 +44 (0) 1425 478781

(calls charged at local rate) (international rates apply)
Email: support@armfield.co.uk
Fax: +44 (0) 1425 470916
Copyright and Trademarks

Copyright © 2013 Armfield Limited. All rights reserved.
Any technical documentation made available by Armfield Limited is the copyright

work of Armfield Limited and wholly owned by Armfield Limited.
Brands and product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or

registered trademarks of their respective companies and are hereby acknowledged.
1
General Overview
The Armfield RA3 Unit represents a model of an Air Conditioning system by
demonstrating the effects of essential Air Conditioning processes: cooling, heating,
humidifying and dehumidifying. The effect and relationships of the primary processes
involved in air handling systems can be investigated. The RA3 Unit is designed so
that the student can simulate different environments and perform measurements to
allow psychrometric data analysis.
The unit is totally self-contained and is supplied with software and a computer
interface device to allow remote control, on-line monitoring and logging of results.
The software also includes an online Help Text detailing each of the exercises
defined in this manual.
RA3 Recirculating Air Conditioning Unit
2
Equipment Diagrams
Figure 1: Front View of RA3 Recirculating Air Conditioning Unit
3
Figure 2: Top View of RA3 Recirculating Air Conditioning Unit
4
Important Safety Information
Introduction
All practical work areas and laboratories should be covered by local safety
regulations which must be followed at all times.
It is the responsibility of the owner to ensure that all users are made aware of
relevant local regulations, and that the apparatus is operated in accordance with
those regulations. If requested then Armfield can supply a typical set of standard
laboratory safety rules, but these are guidelines only and should be modified as
required. Supervision of users should be provided whenever appropriate.
Your RA3 Recirculating Air Conditioning Unit has been designed to be safe in use
when installed, operated and maintained in accordance with the instructions in this
manual. As with any piece of sophisticated equipment, dangers exist if the equipment
is misused, mishandled or badly maintained.
The RA3 unit contains a highly volatile fluid under pressure, but it is completely safe
provided the instructions in this manual are followed correctly. Safety devices have
been incorporated into the unit to prevent accidents. Moreover the working fluid is
relatively harmless in the gas or liquid state. It is neither inflammable nor toxic, but it
must be not allowed to enter the eyes.
Electrical Safety
The equipment described in this Instruction Manual operates from a mains voltage
electrical supply. It must be connected to a supply of the same frequency and voltage
as marked on the equipment or the mains lead. If in doubt, consult a qualified
electrician or contact Armfield.
The equipment must not be operated with any of the panels removed.
To give increased operator protection, the unit incorporates a Residual Current

Device (RCD), alternatively called an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker, as an integral
part of this equipment. If through misuse or accident the equipment becomes
electrically dangerous, the RCD will switch off the electrical supply and reduce the
severity of any electric shock received by an operator to a level which, under normal
circumstances, will not cause injury to that person.
At least once each month, check that the RCD is operating correctly by pressing the
TEST button. The circuit breaker MUST trip when the button is pressed. Failure to
trip means that the operator is not protected and the equipment must be checked and
repaired by a competent electrician before it is used.
Heavy Equipment
This apparatus is heavy.
The apparatus should be placed in a location that is sufficiently strong to

support its weight, as described in the Installation section of the manual.
Where manual lifting is necessary, two or more people may be required for
safety, and all should be made aware of safe lifting techniques to avoid
strained backs, crushed toes, and similar injuries.
Safety shoes and/or gloves should be worn when appropriate.
5
Hot Liquids and Steam

This apparatus contains steam and hot water at temperatures capable of causing
scalds.
Always allow time for the apparatus to cool before disassembly.
Avoid skin contact with hot water and steam. Take particular care if refilling
the apparatus during use. Be aware that the flow of hot steam can extend for
some distance and may not be visible.
Ensure that the outlet is directed away from anything that could be harmed by
raised temperatures or damp air.
Always operate the apparatus according to the Operational Procedures

described in this manual.
Use only those fluids described in this manual when setting up and operating
this equipment.
Hot Surfaces
This apparatus is capable of producing temperatures that could cause burns /
serious burns.
Allow time for the equipment to cool before handling any of the components.
Do not touch any surfaces with a Hot Surfaces warning label.
Do not allow the apparatus to come into contact with flammable materials or
liquids.
Do not cover or store the equipment until it has cooled.
Any safety guards are there for operator protection- they must not be
removed except as described in this manual, and nothing should be inserted
through the guards.
Always operate the apparatus according to the Operational Procedures

described in this manual.
The apparatus should not be left unattended while switched on.
Moving or Rotating Components

This apparatus has moving or rotating components.
Do not remove any protective guards while the equipment is in operation.
When operating the apparatus ensure that long hair is tied back out of the
way, and that clothing and jewelry cannot come into contact with any moving
parts. Dangling items such as necklaces or neckties must be removed or
secured so that they cannot become entangled in the equipment.
Do not touch any moving components while the apparatus is in use, or insert
any item into any moving or rotating section of the equipment, unless
specifically instructed to do so in the Operational or Experimental sections of
this manual.
6
Important Safety Information
Ensure that the apparatus is switched off and that all moving parts have come
to rest before handling the equipment, except as described in the Operational
Procedures section of this manual.
High Pressure
A component within this apparatus (the refrigeration unit) is designed to operate with
internal pressures greater than that of the surrounding atmosphere.
Do not attempt to pierce or open any part of the refrigeration unit.
Ensure the unit is positioned so the pressure relief valve is pointed in a safe
direction.
Keep the external temperature above 0°C and below 40°C.*
Protect the unit from damage.
*Temperatures for storage only. The operational range is described in the Operation
section of this manual.
Water Borne Hazards

The equipment described in this instruction manual involves the use of water, which
under certain conditions can create a health hazard due to infection by harmful
micro-organisms.
For example, the microscopic bacterium called Legionella pneumophila will feed on
any scale, rust, algae or sludge in water and will breed rapidly if the temperature of
water is between 20 and 45°C. Any water containing this bacterium which is sprayed
or splashed creating air-borne droplets can produce a form of pneumonia called
Legionnaires Disease which is potentially fatal.
Legionella is not the only harmful micro-organism which can infect water, but it
serves as a useful example of the need for cleanliness.
Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed:
Any water contained within the product must not be allowed to stagnate, ie.
the water must be changed regularly.
Any rust, sludge, scale or algae on which micro-organisms can feed must be
removed regularly, i.e. the equipment must be cleaned regularly.
Where practicable the water should be maintained at a temperature below

20°C. If this is not practicable then the water should be disinfected if it is safe
and appropriate to do so. Note that other hazards may exist in the handling of
biocides used to disinfect the water.
A scheme should be prepared for preventing or controlling the risk

incorporating all of the actions listed above.
Further details on preventing infection are contained in the publication The Control
of Legionellosis including Legionnaires Disease - Health and Safety Series booklet
HS (G) 70.
7
Refrigerant R134a
This equipment incorporates a sealed unit containing refrigerant R134a (Also known
as: HFC-134a; 1,1,1-2 Tetrafluoroethane; Norflurane; Norfluran). This is a common
refrigerant introduced to replace CFC (chloro-fluoro-carbon) refrigerants such as R-
12. R134a is colourless, nonflammable and noncorrosive with a very faint odour. In
the RA3 it is contained within a completely sealed unit, and is safe under normal use
as described in this manual.
It is the responsibility of the owner to check local regulations regarding R134a and
ensure that these are complied with.
R134a can reach temperatures capable of causing cold burns (frostbite). This may
specifically constitute a hazard if R134a has been cooled and pressurised into liquid
form and then escapes as a liquid through a leak, or experiences sudden expansion
(as may happen if the sealed unit is pierced) forming a jet of cold vapour.
R134a vapour may cause irritation of the eyes and mild irritation of the skin. It is
relatively non-toxic if inhaled, but may cause axphyxiation if inhaled in sufficient
concentration.
In the event of exposure to flames or high temperatures (over 50°C), R134a may
break down into toxic components.
Do not attempt to open or pierce the sealed unit containing the refrigerant.
Always operate the equipment within the safe temperature limits described in
this manual.
In the event that the sealed unit is ruptured, follow local regulations and take
appropriate steps to reduce the potential hazard. As a suggestion only,
procedure may be as follows (local requirements will vary):
o Remove all personnel from the immediate area
o Avoid skin and eye contact with any escaped refrigerant
o Extinguish nearby flames
o Increase ventilation so that vapourised refrigerant can dissipate

harmlessly
In the event of damage to the refrigeration unit, the unit must only be repaired or
replaced by a suitably qualified engineer. Contact Armfield or your local agent for
advice.
8
Description
Where necessary, refer to the drawings in the Equipment Diagrams section.
Overview
The RA3 is a floor mounted unit which comprises of a square ventilation duct
mounted on a mild steel support frame. The duct is made of a section of clear acrylic
so all components are clearly visible: air fan, air preheater, humidifier tube,
chiller/dehumidifier heat exchanger and air reheater. The rest of the duct is made of
orange PVC and incorporates a room.
An axial fan moves the air to be conditioned through the duct. Heating elements are
used to heat the air. Humidification is provided by steam delivered through a tube
from a boiler. The refrigerating capacity is generated by an evaporator (heat
exchanger) which is connected to the refrigeration unit. The refrigeration unit and
boiler are located underneath the duct.
Temperature and humidity sensors record the temperature and relative humidity at
every stage of operation. The air flow rate is determined using an air velocity
transmitter. 3 variable louvres are located within the system, the first is the inlet, then
there is one for internal recirculation and the final is the outlet, located on the rear
duct.
The equipment needs to be connected to a suitable PC (not included) to allow

remote control and data acquisition with the RA3 software. Additional USB drivers
are included to allow students to create their own control software, for example using
LabViewTM.
Control Box
The control box is located beneath the duct assembly, on the left side. Accessible
from the left side of this are the On/Off power switch for the whole unit, the RCD
switch and test button, and the USB socket for connection to a PC.
The signals accessible via the USB interface include the On/Off remote compressor
switch, fan speed control, air velocity display, preheater, reheater and boiler heater
control, temperature sensor displays and Relative Humidity sensor display.
RA3 electrical control panel
9
Axial Fan
The axial fan moves the air through the duct. The speed of the fan may be controlled
to give different air flow rates. The fan must be on when both the pre-heater and re-
heater are on to avoid heat damage to the acrylic duct during operation.
The fan is protected with a guard, which prevents objects from reaching the blades.
Front view of fan assembly
Pre-heater and Re-heater

The pre-heater comprises two electric elements of 200W each, for a total power of
400W. It is located downstream of the fan in order to preheat the air flowing through
the evaporator. In the second part of the duct, after the evaporator, there is a re-
heater (200W) which can be used to reheat the cooled or cooled and dehumidified
air. The elements are arranged at an angle to give efficient heat transfer to the air
stream. Air sensing thermostats are incorporated in the duct above the heater
elements to provide overheat protection.
Heating coils
Evaporator
The refrigerating capacity of approximately 500W at 20°C is generated by an
evaporator, which is part of a compact refrigeration system. The refrigeration unit is
used to cool and dehumidify the air stream. The evaporator consists of a direct-
expansion coil operated with a thermostatic expansion valve. The evaporator is
clearly visible within the ventilation duct, and the rest of the refrigeration unit- the
condensing unit- is placed just underneath the duct.
The refrigerant used is R134a.
Air passing across the evaporator fins is cooled as the refrigerant flowing through the
tubes absorbs heat and is boiled (evaporated). Refrigerant flowing through the coil
tubes is controlled by a thermostatic expansion valve mounted at the inlet to the
evaporator coil. This valve automatically feeds just enough refrigerant into the coil for
10
Description
the refrigerant to be completely converted (boiled) from liquid to gas. The valve is
controlled by a temperature-sensing bulb mounted on the coil outlet (suction)
connection.
The evaporator itself is complete with an angled draining tray at the bottom. During
the dehumidification experiment, condensate can be collected and measured with a
graduated cylinder.
Evaporator assembly
Condensing Unit
The Condensing Unit, located below the ventilation duct, incorporates a compressor
and a condenser. The compressor is used to compress gaseous refrigerant leaving
the evaporator, and in the fan cooled condenser the refrigerant gives away the heat
gained in the evaporator. The Condensing Unit also incorporates a refrigerant
collector, filter/dryer, sight glass and high/low pressure cut-out for safety purposes.
Refrigeration unit assembly
11
Humidifier
Humidification is provided by a water boiler of 5L total volume. Steam is generated
when the water is boiled using the electric element, (2kW). The boiler is made of
plastic and includes a tube which delivers steam to the air duct. It also includes a
drain valve, and can be refilled manually through the filler cap and refill lance.
Distilled water is recommended in order to avoid scaling of the vessel and duct.
The boiler incorporates a cut-out switch, which prevents the electrical element from
overheating if the water level falls too low. If this occurs, wait 2 minutes and refill
boiler, the cut off will self reset and steam can be produced again with 5 -12 minutes.
Power to the boiler heaters can be remotely controlled and monitored using the
Armfield RA3 Software.
Boiler assembly
Air Velocity Sensor

The air velocity in the duct is measured by the air velocity transmitter. This operates
on the hot film anemometer principle, using special thin film. It has very good
accuracy at low air velocities. The working range is 010m/s and the response time
can be up to 4 seconds at constant temperature. Therefore it is important to obtain
steady conditions in order to have stable velocity measurement. Steady state in the
system is usually obtained after about 15 minutes.
The 2 velocity transmitters are mounted in the duct in the best position to measure
the average air velocity, one is at the end of the clear duct and the other is located in
the rear duct, between the internal louvre and the outlet louvre. Care should be taken
to ensure the correct angle between the sensor head and the air flow.
12
Description
Air velocity sensor
Temperature / Relative Humidity Sensor

Temperature and Relative Humidity (T/RH) sensors are located at every stage of
operation. There are 6 T/RH sensors in total: at the inlet louvre (T6, RH6), before the
fan (T1, RH1), before the evaporator (T2, RH2), after the evaporator (T3, RH3), at
the room inlet (T4, RH4) and at the room outlet (T5, RH5). Temperature and Relative
Humidity is measured by the sensor. The RH sensor is a water resistant type so that
it can operate in the range from 10 to 100% Relative Humidity.
Temperature/Relative Humidity (T/RH) sensor block
For improved accuracy, each RH sensor is provided with a manufacturers calibration

certificate. The values on this certificate should be entered into the software, see the
Routine Maintenance section.
13
Installation
Advisory
Before operating the equipment, it must be unpacked, assembled and installed as
described in the steps that follow. Safe use of the equipment depends on following
the correct installation procedure.
Electrical Supply
Installing the PC software

Before operating RA3 it will be necessary to install the software from the CD-ROM
supplied with RA3 onto an appropriate PC (PC not supplied).
For instructions on how to install and run the software insert the CD-ROM into the
optical drive on the PC (PC not supplied) then choose Help from the menu.
After installing and running the software on the PC, instructions on how to operate
the software can be obtained by choosing the Help tab in the top right hand corner
of the screen as shown below:
Note that when operating the software for the first time it will be necessary to enable
the USB virtual COM port by choosing the Red telephone icon (Start COM session).
Full instructions about enabling the port are included in the Help menus.
14
Installation
Installing the Equipment

RA3 Re-Circulating Air Conditioning Unit is supplied fully assembled and ready for
use. Due to its weight it should NOT be carried, but wheeled into position and the
brakes applied. The following procedures must be carried out prior to operation.
Connection to an electricity supply

Check that the voltage specified on the equipment matches the supply voltage. Note:
this unit must be earthed. Ensure that the miniature circuit breakers are in the off
(down) position. The mains electrical connection is on the rear of the unit.
Refer to Electrical Supply for details.
Commissioning
Plug the RA3 into an electric supply. Check the RCD is in the 'on' position. Switch on
the power switch.
Load the software onto a PC. Plug in the USB cable. Run the RA3 software.
Open the inlet louvre and the outlet louvre. Close the recycle louvre. Run the fan at
50%. Velocity u 1 should increase and velocity u 2 should read 0.
With an airflow of approximately 0.7m/s, check all temperatures and RH

measurements are sensible for the ambient conditions. Use the software to switch on
the pre-heaters at 100%. Temperature T2 should start to rise, followed by
Temperature T3 and T4.
When T3 is no longer rising significantly, switch on the chiller. T3 should now begin
to fall, followed by T4.
When T4 has stabilised, switch on the Reheat at 100%. T4 should now start to rise
again.
Switch off the Preheat, Reheat and the Chiller. Half fill the boiler with cold
water. Switch on the boiler and press the 'Full Power' button on the software. After a
few minutes the water should increase in temperature and subsequently start to
boil. When steam is seen in the duct, switch off the boiler.
The RA3 is now ready for use as described in the Operational procedures.
Electrical Wiring Diagram

Click on the relevant link to invoke the Wiring Diagram:
For version RA2-A Wiring Diagram ADM31712D
For version RA2-B and RA2-G Wiring Diagram ADM33350C
Printed Versions of this Instruction Manual

Please note, all wiring diagrams are appended at the rear of this manual. If viewing
this Instruction Manual via Help Text in Armfield Software refer to the printed version
of the manual for these diagrams.
15
Operation
Where necessary, refer to the drawings in the Equipment Diagrams section.
Operating the PC Software

Details about operating the software can be obtained by choosing the Help tab in
the top right hand corner of the screen as shown below:
Operating the Equipment

Powering Up
Power up the unit by pressing the 'Power on' button on the software mimic diagram.
Operation of the Humidifier

The humidifier boiler should be filled with water before use, and drained after use if
the equipment is not to be used again for some time. Distilled water is recommended
for filling, in order to avoid scaling of the boiler vessel and duct interior. The
equipment is filled through the filling cap using the filling lance. The sight glass in the
front of the unit allows the water level to be viewed during filling.
Humidification is controlled from a PC via the RA3 software. A PID controller within
the software maintains the boiler setting based on the temperature measured by
temperature sensor T5. The temperature Set Point, Proportional Band, and the
Integral and Derivative times may be adjusted by the user. Alternatively the boiler
power setting may be entered manually as a percentage value, using the same
controller window as for the PID settings.
The water level must be monitored during use, and the boiler refilled as necessary to
maintain the level. Great care must be taken to avoid scalding from steam if refilling
the boiler during use. Do not look directly into the filling lance and wear insulating
gloves if available. Allow time for the water to cool before draining the boiler vessel.
Note: For normal operation the power to the boiler is limited, in order to provide a
gentle control action. To heat the boiler up more quickly, select Full Power until
steam begins to be generated. Then switch off full power and return to the PID or
Manual controls as described above.
Controlling the Fan

The Fan is controlled from the software using the up/down buttons. The associated
air velocity is displayed on the sensor reading box.
Controlling the Heaters

Press the appropriate 'control' button on the software mimic diagram. This opens the
control dialogue box as described above. From here the heaters can be manually
controlled (as a percentage of full power) or automatically controlled using a PID
16
Operation
loop. When in automatic control the loop adjusts the heaters to control the
temperature at the requested set point value. For Preheat, temperature T2 is
controlled and for Reheat, temperature T4 is controlled.
Controlling the Refrigeration Unit

The refrigeration unit is switched on and off by the 'Chiller On' button on the software
mimic diagram.
Measuring Refrigerant Temperatures

A two channel hand-held thermocouple meter and two pipe clamp thermocouples are
supplied for measuring refrigerant temperatures in the system. This is normally used
to measure the refrigerant temperatures at the inlet and outlet of the evaporator. The
thermocouples can be repositioned, if required, to measure alternative temperatures
e.g. at the inlet and outlet of the compressor.
17
Equipment Specifications
Overall Dimensions
Length - 2400mm
Depth - 700mm
Height - 1200mm
Ventilation
The equipment must be situated in a well ventilated environment or in a large room.
The laboratory should be a minimum 50m³ in order for the RA3 not to affect the lab
air conditions, consequently altering the results.
Refrigerant
This equipment includes a sealed unit containing refrigerant R134a (Also known as:
HFC-134a; 1,1,1-2 Tetrafluoroethane; Norflurane; Norfluran). This is a common
refrigerant introduced to replace CFC (chloro-fluoro-carbon) refrigerants such as R-
12. R134a is colourless, non-flammable and non-corrosive with a very faint odour,
and is safe under normal use as described in this manual. See Important Safety
Information for additional information.
USB Channel Numbers

The channel numbers for the USB port are listed below for information:
Channel No Signal Function
Analog Outputs (0-5 V dc exported from socket):
Ch 0 Signal RH1
Ch 1 Signal T1
Ch 2 Signal RH2
Ch 3 Signal T2
Ch 4 Signal RH3
Ch 5 Signal T3
Ch 6 Signal RH4
Ch 7 Signal T4
Ch 8 signal RH5
Ch 9 signal T5
Ch 10 signal RH6
18
Equipment Specifications
Ch 11 signal T6
Ch 12 signal Air flow 1
Ch 13 signal Air flow 2
Ch 14 signal Mains Voltage
Ch 15 signal Not used
Analog Inputs (0-5V dc input from socket):
DACO Signal Fan speed
Digital Outputs (0-5V dc):
DC 0 Duct over-temperature
DC 1 Boiler low level
Digital Inputs (0-5V dc):
Ch 0 ON signal
Ch 1 Watch dog
Ch 2 Preheat PWM
Ch 3 Reheat PWM
Ch 4 Boiler PWM
Ch 5 Compressor ON/OFF
Operating Conditions
The RA3 is designed for use in typical laboratory conditions, with temperatures
between 10oC and 40oC, and humidities between 10% and 95%. However, not all
experiments may be possible throughout this range.
When operating the RA3 the ambient temperature and humidity must be taken into
consideration for the experiments to work effectively. Below is a table outlining the
operating conditions for the various components of the RA3:
19
Environmental Conditions
This equipment has been designed for operation in the following environmental
conditions. Operation outside of these conditions may result reduced performance,
damage to the equipment or hazard to the operator.
a. Indoor use;
b. Altitude up to 2000m;
c. Temperature 5°C to 40°C;
d. Maximum relative humidity 80 % for temperatures up to 31°C, decreasing

linearly to 50% relative humidity at 40°C;
e. Mains supply voltage fluctuations up to ±10% of the nominal voltage;
f. Transient over-voltages typically present on the MAINS supply;
NOTE: The normal level of transient over-voltages is impulse withstand (over-

voltage) category II of IEC 60364-4-443;
g. Pollution degree 2.
Normally only nonconductive pollution occurs.
Temporary conductivity caused by condensation is to be expected.
Typical of an office or laboratory environment
20
Routine Maintenance
Responsibility
To preserve the life and efficient operation of the equipment it is important that the
equipment is properly maintained. Regular maintenance of the equipment is the
responsibility of the end user and must be performed by qualified personnel who
understand the operation of the equipment.
General
The equipment should be disconnected from the electrical supply when not in use.
Water should be drained from the boiler before storage and whenever the unit is not
to be used for several days.
RCD Test
Test the RCD by pressing the TEST button at least once a month. If the RCD button
does not trip when the Test button is pressed then the equipment must not be used
and should be checked by a competent electrician.
Calibration of Relative Humidity Sensors

The humidity sensors are supplied with basic calibration already performed, but
greater accuracy can be achieved using the calibration data provided by the sensor
manufacturer.
From the Software select Options then Calibrate IFD Channels which opens the
calibration window. From the drop down menu select the sensor to be calibrated (e.g.
RH1) and press the button for Direct Calibration.
This should display a calibration graph and table similar to that shown.
Each sensor has a number marked on it, and calibration certificates are provided for
each number defining the Zero Offset and the Slope for the sensor.
The table shows the Engineering Units to be displayed corresponding to the voltage
input from the sensor. Up to 20 calibration points may be entered for precise
calibration.
21
To calibrate the RA3 RH Sensors enter the voltage from the sensor at 0%RH (the
zero offset value on the certificate) as indicated. Then calculate the voltage at 100%
RH (Slope (V/%) * 100 (%) + Zero Offset (V)) and enter in the table against 100% RH
as shown. Calibration of each sensor should be completed before calibration of the
next sensor is started. New calibration values will take effect after the software is
restarted, and will remain saved within the software on the PC used for the
calibration.
The original calibration supplied with the software may be recovered by re-installing
the software; any modified calibration will be lost if the software is re-installed for any
reason. Calibration must be performed separately for every PC that will be used with
the RA3.
Calibration of Temperature and Air Flow Sensors

The temperature sensors used are highly accurate thermistors and should never
need recalibration. The thermistors themselves can be physically replaced without
recalibration. Similarly the air flow sensor is delivered with a calibrated voltage
output.
However, if required these sensors can be calibrated in the same way as described
for the RH sensors above. Up to 20 calibration points can be accommodated in the
table. If required, the Manual calibration mode allows points to be added into the
table by inputting actual engineering values (measured on a reference sensor) at
different levels. The values entered into the table can still be viewed and altered
using the Direct mode.
Cleaning Procedure
Cleaning the ventilation duct
The duct must be dismantled to clean the internal parts. The duct consists of 4 parts:
Left-Hand assembly, Right-Hand assembly, Fan assembly. room and rear duct.
Retain all screws for reassembly after cleaning.
Care should be taken while cleaning the duct so that the sensors and heaters are not
damaged.
Use a soft, lint-free brush, sponge or cloth for cleaning, with cold or warm water and
a small quantity of mild detergent if required. Cleaners designed for use with acrylic
baths are generally suitable; avoid the use of abrasives and solvents. Deposits of
scale may be cleaned with the application of a mild descaler suitable for use on
acrylic. It may be possible to remove shallow scratches and rubs on the clear acrylic
surfaces by using a specialist plastic polish. Dry all sections thoroughly before re-
assembling the duct.
Cleaning the velocity transmitter

The sensor element may be cleaned using blown air or a soft brush, or with gentle
application of isopropyl alcohol.
Cleaning the boiler

If it becomes necessary to descale the boiler, this will require the use of a proprietary
descaling solution. Always read the manufacturers label carefully when using any
descaling chemicals and follow the instructions properly. Check that the product is
suitable for use with all types of material it may come into contact with during the
descaling process. Flush the boiler thoroughly after descaling using clean water,
22
Routine Maintenance
ensuring all traces of descaler are removed, and then rinse with distilled or
demineralised water. If the unit is not to be used immediately then dry the boiler with
a lint-free cloth.
Inverter Settings (Only on RA3-B and RA3-G)

An inverter is fitted to versions RA3-B and RA3-G to convert the 60Hz electrical
supply to 50 Hz to suit the compressor in the refrigeration system. The following
inverter settings are included for information in the event that the settings need to be
restored.
Channel Value Parameter
P-01 50 Maximum speed in Hertz
P-02 50 Minimum Speed in Hertz
P-03 0.5 Acceleration ramp time in seconds
P-04 0.5 Deceleration ramp time in seconds
P-05 0 Stop mode select
P-06 0 Reserved
P-07 240 Motor rated voltage in Volts
P-08 7 Drive rating in Amps
P-09 50 Motor rated frequency in Hertz
P-10 0 Motor rated speed
P-11 3 Boost start voltage as a percentage
P-12 0 Drive control mode selection
P-13 Read only Trip log
P-14 0 Extended menu access
P-15 0 Digital input function select
P-16 0..10V Analogue input format in Volts
P-17 4 Effective switching frequency in Hertz
P-18 1 User relay output select
23
P-19 100 User relay output limit as a percentage
P-20 0 Preset speed 1 in Hertz
P-24 0 2nd decal ramp time in Seconds
P-25 8 Analogue output function select
P-26 0 Skip frequency hysteresis band in Hertz
P-27 0 Skip frequency in Hertz
P-28 0 V/F characteristics adjustment voltage in Volts
P-29 0.0 V/F characteristics frequency adjust in Hertz
P-30 Auto-0 Terminal mode restart function
P-31 1 Keypad mode restart function
P-32 P-09 Boost frequency
P-33 5 Boost period duration in Seconds
P-34 0 Brake chopper enable (not S1)
P-35 100 Analogue input scaling as a Percentage
1 Serial communications address
P-36
0P-buS MODBUS enable / baudrate select
t 3000 (3 second
Trip enable / delay
trip)
P-37 101 Access code deffinition
P-38 0 Parameter access lock
P-39 0 Analogue input offset as a Percentage
24
Routine Maintenance
P-40 0 Display speed scaling factor (0 is disabled)
P-41 1.0 User PI proportional gain
P-42 1.0 User PI intergral time constant in Seconds
P-43 0 User PI operating mode
P-44 0 User PI reference select
P-45 0 User PI digital reference as a Percentage
P-46 0 User PI feedback select
P-47 0..10 2nd analogue input format in Volts
25
Laboratory Teaching Exercises
Index to Exercises
Exercise A - Psychrometric Charts
Exercise B - Sensible Heating
Exercise C - Humidification
Exercise D - Cooling with Dehumidification
Exercise E - Enthalpy
Exercise F - Recirculation
Exercise G - More Recirculation Exercises
Exercise H Introduction to the Vapour-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
Background
The changes of air condition that may be investigated with the RA3 are:
Heating of air
Cooling of air
Humidification of air
Dehumidification of air with cooling
Recirculating air conditioning
The properties of air that may be measured directly by the RA3 sensors and controls
are:
Air velocity
Relative humidity
Temperature (at multiple locations)
Power input (electrical) to each heater unit (preheat, reheat and boiler)
The constants assumed by the software for calculations are:
Heat capacity ratio ( or ) for air: 1.41 @20°C [ratio, dimensionless]
Heat capacity ratio ( or ) for water: 1.33 @20°C [ratio, dimensionless]
Acceleration due to gravity (g): 9.81 [m/s²]
Ideal gas constant (R): 8.314472 [J K-1 mol-1]
Constant pressure specific heat (c p ): 1.005 @20°C [kJ kg-1 K-1]
Constant volume specific heat (c v ): 0.715 [kJ kg-1 K-1]
26
Variables that cannot be measured by the RA3 and must be input from additional
measurements are:
Ambient (atmospheric) pressure
Nomenclature
Name Symbol Unit Notes
Measured by temperature
Temperature (Dry Bulb) T, DBT °C
sensor
Vapour pressure Pw Pa
Saturation pressure Ps Pa
Relative Humidity RH % RH = Pw / Ps * 100 [%]
Mixed air velocity 0 m/s
Recirculate air velocity 1 m/s
Many psychrometric chart

Humidity Ratio x or kg/kg dry air
read g/Kg
Heat transfer rate Watts
Enthalpy change rate kJ/kg
Work transfer rate kJ/kg
Compressor work kJ/kg
Work transfer from fan

kJ/kg
motor
Cross-sectional area of
A m2 0.04m2
duct
Specific air volume m3/kg dry air
Air mass flow rate kg/s dry air
Vapour mass flow rate kg/s dry air
Condensate mass flow rate

kg/s dry air
27
Refrigerant mass flow rate kg/s
Measured at points A, B,
Air enthalpy h A,B,C,D kJ/kg
C, D etc.
Heat transfer rate at

kJ/kg
reheater
Heat transfer rate at

kJ/kg
preheater
Psychrometric chart and Glossary

Introduction to the Psychrometric Chart
A simple Psychrometric chart. (Refer to Exercise A for an example of using a

Psychrometric chart)
A psychrometric chart is a graph of the physical properties of moist air at a constant

pressure or often equated to an elevation relative to sea-level. The chart graphically
expresses how various properties relate to each other, and is thus a graphical
'equation of state'.
The versatility of the psychrometric chart lies in the fact that by knowing two
independent properties of some moist air (at a constant known pressure), the other
properties can be determined. Changes in state, such as when two air streams mix,
can easily be graphically modeled using the correct psychrometric chart for the
location's air pressure or elevation relative to sea level. For locations at or below
2000 ft (600 m), a common assumption is to use the sea level psychrometric chart.
The most common chart is the " -t" (omega-t) chart in which the Dry Bulb
Temperature (DBT) appears horizontally as the abscissa and the humidity ratios ( )
appear as the ordinates. This is the type of chart shown above and provided with the
RA3.
28
In order to use a particular chart, for a given air pressure or elevation, at least two of
the six independent properties must be known (DBT, WBT, RH, Humidity Ratio,
Specific Enthalpy, and Specific Volume).
The RA3 measures the Temperature (dry bulb temperature) and the relative humidity
at various places along the duct. Thus the state of the humid air can be determined
for each of the four measurement points by plotting the T and RH measurements on
the psychrometric chart.
From the chart it is then possible to determine the Humidity Ratio (x), the Enthalpy
(h) and the Specific Volume (v) at each of the measurement points.
Glossary of Terms
Dry Bulb Temperature, DBT or T (oC) is that of an air sample, as determined by an
ordinary thermometer, the thermometer's bulb being dry. On the standard
psychrometric chart this is shown horizontally along the abscissa.
Wet Bulb Temperature or Saturation Temperature, WBT, (oC) is that of an air

sample after it has passed through a constant-pressure, ideal adiabatic saturation
process, that is, after the air has passed over a large surface of liquid water in an
insulated channel. In practice, this is the reading of a thermometer whose sensing
bulb is covered with a wet sock evaporating into a rapid stream of the sample air.
Note: the Wet Bulb Temperature has been omitted from the Psychrometric chart
provided with the RA3 for clarity. It would normally be displayed on the 100% RH
line, with gridlines approximately parallel to those of Enthalpy.
Relative Humidity, or RH, (%) is the ratio between the actual water vapour
pressure and the saturation vapour pressure (the vapour pressure of saturated air at
the same temperature). As the actual vapour pressure cannot exceed the saturation
pressure, the maximum value for relative humidity (RH) is 100%. It is sometimes
considered to be the amount of water in the air compared with the amount of water
that the air could contain (at the same temperature) if saturated (100% RH).
Humidity Ratio, w ( ) or x, (kg/kg). The humidity of air, expressed as a percentage

mass of water vapour in a unit mass of dry air. Also sometimes called the mixing
ratio.
Specific Enthalpy, h (kJ/kg) also called heat content per unit mass, is the sum of the
internal energy of a thermodynamic system. It is a measure of the useful work that
may be done by the air.
Specific Volume, v (m3/kg) also called Inverse Density. Volume per unit mass of
dry air.
Dew Point Temperature, DP (oC) is that at which a moist air sample at the same
pressure would reach water vapour saturation, i.e. at which water will begin to
condense out of air during cooling. This will vary according to the moisture content of
the air. At this saturation point, water vapour would begin to condense into liquid
water fog or (if below freezing) solid hoarfrost, as heat is removed. The dewpoint
temperature is measured easily and provides useful information, but is normally not
considered an independent property. It duplicates information available via other
humidity properties and the saturation curve. The DewPoint temperature has been
omitted from the Psychrometric chart provided with the RA3 for clarity.
29
Saturation Vapour Pressure Ps (N/m2, Pa) The pressure at which the vapour phase
of a material is in equilibrium with the liquid phase of the same material. The
saturation vapour pressure varies with temperature. In the case of saturated air (air
saturated with water vapour), the saturation vapour pressure is the pressure (at a
specific temperature) when the rate of evaporation of water equals the rate of
condensation of water, and is also the point at which the relative humidity is 100%.
Using Calculations instead of the Psychrometric Chart to

Determine the Air State
The standard method of determining the parameters required to analyse HVAC
systems is to use the psychrometric chart as described above. However these
parameters can also be calculated. This section describes the formulae used in the
RA3 software to determine the air state.
Saturation Pressure and Partial Pressure of the Water Vapour

The maximum saturation pressure of the water vapor in moist air varies with the
temperature of the air vapor mixture and can be expressed as:
p ws = e(77.3450 + 0.0057 T - 7,235 / T) / T8.2 (1)
where
p ws = water vapor saturation pressure (Pa)
e = the constant 2.718
T = temperature of the moist air (K)
Equation (1) represents the curve on the psychrometric chart at 100% RH.
Relative Humidity (RH) is defined as the partial pressure of the water vapour, divided
by the partial pressure of saturated air at the same temperature.
RH = p w / p ws x 100% (2)
From equations (1) and (2) the partial pressure of the water vapour can be calculated
if the temperature and RH are known.
Humidity Ratio
The humidity ratio can be determined from the partial pressure of water vapor and
air:
x = 0.62198 p w / (p a - p w ) (3)
where
p w = partial pressure of water vapor in the moist air (Pa)
p a = atmospheric pressure of the moist air (Pa)
Thus from equations (1), (2) and (3), the humidity ratio (x) (i.e. the abscissa of the
psychrometric chart) can be determined from the temperature and RH
measurements.
30
Calculating Enthalpy
The enthalpy of moist air can be expressed as:
h = c pa t + x [c pw t + h we ] (4)
where
h = specific enthalpy of moist air (kJ/kg)
c pa = specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure (kJ/kg.oC,)
= 1.01
t = air temperature (oC)
x = humidity ratio (kg/kg)
c pw = specific heat capacity of water vapour, (kJ/kg.oC)
= 1.84
h we = 2,502 - evaporation heat of water at 0oC (kJ/kg)
Specific Volume of Moist Air per Mass Unit of Dry Air

Specific volume is defined as the total volume of dry air and water vapor mixture per
kg of dry air (SI-units). The specific volume can be expressed as:
v da = V / m a (6)
where
v da = specific volume of moist air per mass unit of dry air (m3/kg)
V = total volume of moist air (m3)
m a = mass of dry air (kg)
When dry air and water vapor with the same temperature occupies the same volume
the equation for an ideal gas can be applied.
pa V = ma Ra T (7)
where
p a = partial pressure air (Pa)
R a = the individual gas constant air (J/kg.K)
= 286.9
Combining (6) and (7):
v da = R a T / p a (8)
31
The partial pressure of air can be expressed as:
pa = p - p w (9)
where
p = pressure in the humid air (Pa)
p w = partial pressure water vapour (Pa)
v da = R a T / (p - p w ) (10)
The ideal gas law can also be applied for the water vapor:
pw V = m w Rw T (11)
where
p w = partial pressure water vapor (Pa)
R w = the individual gas constant water vapor (J/kg.K)
= 455
The mass of water vapor can be expressed by the humidity ratio and the mass of air:
mw = x ma (12)
where
pw V = x m a Rw T
Therefore, from (6):
v da = x R w T / p w
i.e. p w = x R w T / v da
v da = R a T / (p - (x R w T / v da ))
Which can be re-arranged to express the specific volume of moist air per unit mass
of dry air as:
v da = (1 + x R w / R a ) R a T / p (13)
32
Specific Volume of Moist Air per unit Mass of Dry Air and Water Vapour
To calculate the total mass flow from the air speed, we need to know the density of
the moist air.
The specific volume, v, of the moist air can be expressed as:
v = V / ma + mw
where
v = specific volume of moist air per mass unit of dry air and water vapor
(m3/kg)
v = V / m a (1 + x)
From (6)
v = v da / (1 + x)
Combining this with (13) and re-arranging, the specific volume of moist air per unit
mass of dry air and water vapor can be expressed as:
v = (R a T / p) [(1 + x R w / R a )/ (1 + x)] (14)
For the low humidity ratios found in an air conditioning system such as RA3 there will
only be very small differences between the specific volume of moist air per unit mass
of dry air (v da ) and the specific volume of moist air per unit mass of dry air and water
vapour (v).
Other Calculations Required

Calculating Mass Flow Rate
From the continuity equation:
where A and B are two points along the duct. In the experiments that follow, the letter
subscripts refer to the positions along the duct as shown below:
Thus, for a simple duct, the mass flow rate is constant through the duct.
33
The air flow rate (F) is measured by the air speed sensor at position D.
The volume flow rate can be calculated to be F.A m3/s, where A is the cross section
area of the duct.
Therefore the mass flow rate can be expressed as:
(15)
where
v = specific volume of moist air per mass unit of dry air and water vapor
(m3/kg)
F = Flow rate of the air (m/s)
A = Area of the duct (m2)
The Specific Volume, v, (Inverse Density) of the air can be calculated from equation
(14) or determined from the psychrometric chart, by plotting the dry bulb temperature
and measured RH at the air flow sensor position.
Note: most standard psychrometric charts show v da , not v, but the difference will be
small when calculating flow rates, see Specific Volume of Moist Air per Mass Unit of
Dry Air for more details.
Note on Flow Rate Measurement: the above assumes the flow rate is constant
throughout the duct, which or course is not the case. Flow rates near the walls and
in the corners will be much lower than in the centre. the RA3 measures the flow rate
at the centre of the duct. Therefore a factor needs to be applied to calculate the
average flow. On RA3 this factor has been found empirically to be approx 0.6.
Sensible Air Heating

Sensible Heating is heating that does not involve a change of phase (e.g.
evaporation) of any of the materials involved. Similarly sensible cooling of air does
not involve any condensation.
The sensible heat of a material is the heat energy of the air that may be gained or
lost through convection and conduction. The sensible heat is a result of the materials
specific heat capacity, its mass, and its temperature compared to some defined
datum or reference temperature (e.g. measured using a standard scale of
temperature such as Kelvin, Fahrenheit or Celsius, all of which use fixed reference
points). The term sensible heat rather than simply heat is used in order to
distinguish it from latent heat.
From first law of thermodynamics:
W (work transfer rate) is zero
Therefore the effective heating (or cooling) of the air between positions A and
B can be expressed as:
34
(16)
Individual enthalpy can be determined from the psychrometric chart or calculated

from equation (4)
Alternatively, the change in enthalpy may be calculated as
c pa (T B T A ) + x c pw (T B T A )
where
T A is the initial temperature of the air
T B is the temperature of the air after heating
c pa is the specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure
c pw is the specific heat capacity of water vapour at constant pressure
x is the humidity ratio
Note on Latent Heat: Latent heat is the heat energy required for a material (e.g.
water) to undergo a change of phase (e.g. evaporation from liquid to vapour). For
example, a mass of liquid water will not immediately and completely change phase to
water vapour as it reaches the evaporation temperature of 100°C, but requires
additional heat input for the entire mass to evaporate. The temperature of the water
will remain at 100°C (the temperature of the phase change) until the change is
complete. The heat that must be added to enable the phase change, which does not
result in a change of temperature, is the latent heat.
The RA3 provides the facilities to investigate latent heat as the input power to the
humidifier is measured. Also it is possible to collect the condensate from the chiller
over a period of time. However detailed analysis of this non-sensible heating and
cooling is beyond the scope of the standard experiments for the RA3. This would
make an ideal topic for project work.
Energy Balance and Heating Efficiency

Electrical Heater power = V2/R watts x mark space ratio
Efficiency = sensible air heating/ Electrical Heater power
Note: In an HVAC system it is quite possible to obtain efficiencies of >100% as

heat may be gained from the surroundings as well as lost. It is more correct to term
efficiency investigations as an Energy Balance.
35
Exercise A - Psychrometric Charts
Objective
To investigate and understand the use of psychrometric charts, understand relative
humidity (RH) measurements and the effect of temperature on RH and understand
the Humidity Ratio.
Method
To change the conditions of the air entering a duct and looking at the changes in RH,
temperature and humidity ratio by using a psychrometric chart and computerised
calculations.
Equipment Required
Compatible PC (not supplied by Armfield)
RA3 Software
Optional Equipment
Barometer for measuring local ambient pressure (if not available then some
alternative is required, such as a local weather report or an appropriate default
value).
Equipment Set Up
The boiler is not required for this exercise and need not be filled.
Ensure the equipment and PC have been set up as described in the installation
guide, and that the PC is connected and switched on with the software running. The
software should indicate IFD: OK in the bottom right of the software window, and the
red and green USB indicator lights on the electrical console should be illuminated.
Check the RCCD (circuit breaker) on the electrical console is in the up (OFF)
position.
Check the sensor readings in the software indicate reasonable values.
Procedure
Open the inlet and outlet louvre fully, and close the internal louvre. Switch on the fan
to 40%, set PID1 to control T2 at 28oC. Set PID3 to control T4 at 20oC. Switch the
chiller on. (These values are suitable for typical ambient temperatures in the
laboratory around 21oC. They can be raised or lowered to suit the actual laboratory
conditions.)
Check the preheat element on the mimic diagram should change between grey and
red to indicate the times during which power is being supplied to the heater. Check
that the preheat temperature sensor rises then stabilises at approximately the set
temperature.
Check the velocity sensor reading in the software increases.
Allow the system to stabilise for approximately 15 minutes.
36
Exercise A
Select the icon to record the sensor readings in the results table.
Results
From the results table record T and RH at each of the six positions.
From the psychrometric chart, estimate the Humidity Ratio (x), the Enthalpy (h) and
the Specific Volume (v) at each of the positions.
Compare the estimates with the values of x, h and v in the table produced by the
software.
Discussion
Describe what happens to the Humidity Ratio as the air proceeds down the duct and
how it is related to the Relative Humidity.
What would happen to the Humidity Ratio if the Humidifier was set to 50%?
See below for Psychrometric Chart. Click on the link below for a larger Psychrometric
Chart:
Psychrometric Chart
Printed Versions of this Instruction Manual

Please note, an A3 version of the Psychrometric Chart is appended at the rear of
this manual. If viewing this Instruction Manual via Help Text in Armfield Software
refer to the printed version of the manual for these diagrams.
37
38
Exercise B - Sensible Heating
Objective
To investigate sensible heating of air in a duct.
Method
To change the condition of the air entering a duct by increasing the preheat
temperature. To investigate the effect of temperature change on heating power and
electrical power.
Equipment Required
RA3 Software
Optional Equipment
value).
Theory
Heating of Air
The air is heated without adding any additional moisture, so the humidity ratio
remains constant.
The vapour pressure of saturated air increases with increasing temperature. Hence
the relative humidity of the heated air decreases.
The heating of air in the duct using the preheater can be represented in the following
diagram:
The mass flow and electrical heating equations have already been covered in
Common Theory and Calculations.
Equipment Set Up
The boiler is not required for this exercise and need not be filled.
39
position.
Procedure
Open the inlet and outlet louvre fully, and close the internal louvre.
Set the fan to 60%. Set the Preheat control to manual and set to 30%. Let the system
stabilise.
Once the system has stabilised select the icon to record the sensor readings in
the results table
Increase the Preheat control in steps of 10%, allowing stabilising and repeat
experiment.
Check the preheat element on the mimic diagram changes to red to indicate that the
heater is in operation. Check that the preheat temperature sensor rises then
stabilises at approximately the set temperature. The heater element on the mimic
diagram should change between grey and red to indicate the times during which
power is being supplied to the heater.
Results
Using the data collected in the experiment calculate the following for each of the
conditions:
the mass flow rate
the heat transferred into the air
electrical power input to the heater
Now plot the following graphs:
heat transfer Vs Change in Temperature ( T)
Electrical Power Vs Change in Temperature ( T)
Discussion
The heat transfer graph should be a straight line, why?
The electrical power input of the heater may not be, comment.
Does the mass flow rate affect the heat transferred to the air?
Does varying the power supplied to the heater have an affect?
40
Exercise C - Humidification
Objective
To investigate the humidification of air. To investigate the effect of vapour content
and temperature on relative humidity.
Method
To humidify air by the introduction of water vapour using a supply of steam. To heat
the air stream in order to allow investigation of the effect of heating. To perform mass
and energy balances for this humidification system.
Equipment Required
RA3 Software
Optional Equipment
value).
Theory
Humidification of the air flow can be represented as in the following diagram:
Equipment Set Up
The boiler is required for this exercise, and should be filled before use to MAX
LEVEL (as indicated on the sight glass) with clean, preferably distilled or de-ionised
(demineralised), water. The filling procedure is described in Operation of the
Humidifier.
41
position.
Procedure
In the software, set the fan to 40%.
Select 'Full Power' on the boiler control.
Observe the equipment as the boiler heats the water. As soon as steam appears at
the steam lance outlet, switch off 'full power', select Manual Control with a boiler
setting of 40%.
Allow the system to stabilise (this will take approximately 10 minutes).
Select the icon to record the sensor data on the results sheet.
Set the boiler to 30%. Allow the system to stabilise (approx. 10 minutes) and select
the icon.
Set the boiler to 20%, allow the system to stabilise and select the icon.
Remember to refill the boiler as necessary.
Investigate the effect of temperature on relative humidity
Set the boiler to 40%.
Open the preheat controller window and set the preheater to Auto with a set point
approx 3oc above the current T2 value.
Allow the system to stabilise, then select the icon.
Raise the set point again and record the results.
42
Exercise C
If time permits, the experiment may be repeated at a lower air flow rate by adjusting
the fan speed setting. Ensure that the flow rate is never less than 0.3m/s.
If draining the boiler after use, remember to first allow sufficient time for the water to
cool.
Results
The software logs the output from the relevant flow, temperature and humidity
sensors.
For each set of data in turn, enter the values of temperature and humidity on the h-x
diagram and identify the change of state (dewpoint).
For each set of data, determine the enthalpy, h, and relative humidity, , from the
diagram.
Compare the results obtained at different boiler power settings, including the first set
of data.
Compare the results obtained at different preheat temperatures, including the first set
of data.
If the experiment was performed at different flow rates then compare the results
obtained from this, including the first set of data.
Discussion
What effect would you expect decreasing the boiler setting to have on the relative
humidity and on the humidity ratio of the air stream? Was this reflected in the results
obtained?
Is there any observable relationship between the relative humidity and the humidity
ratio? How is this affected by the boiler setting? What is the effect of heating the air
with the preheater?
If the experiment was performed at different flow rates, include a discussion of the
effect of changing the air flow rate.
What are the implications of your findings on the use of steam to humidify air? In
what situations might both heating and humidification be required? Are there any
additional considerations in air conditioning systems that might arise from the use of
water vapour and heating?
43
Exercise D - Cooling with Dehumidification
Objective
To investigate dehumidification of air by cooling.
Method
Warm air can contain more water vapour than cool air. By cooling the air below the
dew point, it can no longer contain the same amount of water and condensation
occurs. The cooled air thus contains less moisture, but is at a high relative humidity
as it is almost saturated. Warming up this air again reduces the relative humidity.
Note: in dry ambient conditions it may be necessary to use the humidifier to condition
the air before cooling.
Equipment Required
RA3 Software
Theory
Cooling with dehumidification can be represented in diagram form as follows:
Mass and energy balances may be performed as described in earlier experiments.
Equipment Set Up and Procedure

This equipment set up for this experiment depends on the ambient conditions in the
laboratory.
Open the inlet and outlet louvre fully and close the internal louvre. Set the speed to
40%.
For low or moderate Relative Humidity, it will be necessary to use the boiler to raise
the RH. In this case it will be possible to perform the experiment at different RH
44
Exercise D
settings and investigate the effects. In high ambient RH conditions it will not be
possible to use the boiler and the experiment will be performed on the ambient air.
In some circumstances it may be useful to use the preheaters to achieve stable

temperatures.
Use the boiler (if possible) and the preheaters (if necessary) to achieve stable
temperature conditions and an RH of typically 70 to 80% % at point 2 (after the
preheat and humidification).
Use the reheat to return the air to as close as possible to the T2 value.
With the T2/RH2 conditions stable, take a data sample. It is also possible to collect
the condensate produced at the heat exchanger over a period of time and weigh it to
estimate the rate of dehumidification.
Repeat for different input RHs if time and ambient conditions allow.
If time permits, the experiment may be repeated at a lower air flow rate by adjusting
the fan speed setting. Ensure that the flow rate is never less than 0.3m/s.
Switch off the boiler (set Mode of Operation to Off).
Switch off the preheater, if used.
Allow a few minutes for the temperatures to stabilise, and then switch off the fan.
If draining the boiler after use, remember to first allow sufficient time for the water to
cool.
Results
Plot the RH and the Humidity Ratio at points 2, 3 and 4.
From the change in Humidity Ratio across the chiller, and the mass flow rate
calculate the rate of dehumidification. Compare this with the condensate collected.
Discussion
What happens to the humidity ratio between points 2, 3 and 4? How does this differ
from the sensible heating experiment?
What are the disadvantages of using cooling to dehumidify air?
Consider the energy requirement to achieve dehumidification.
45
Exercise E - Enthalpy
Objective
To investigate and understand the affect on enthalpy, understand relative humidity
(RH) measurements and the effect of temperature on RH and understand the
Humidity Ratio.
Method
Looking at the changes in enthalpy as the temperature and humidity are changed.
Equipment Required
RA3 Software
Optional Equipment
value).
Theory
The enthalpy of moist air can be expressed as:
h = c pa t + x [c pw t + h we ] (4)
where
h = specific enthalpy of moist air (kJ/kg)
c pa = specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure (kJ/kg.oC,)
= 1.01
t = air temperature (oC)
c pw = specific heat capacity of water vapour, (kJ/kg.oC)
= 1.84
h we = 2,502 - evaporation heat of water at 0oC (kJ/kg)
Equipment Set Up
The boiler is required for this exercise and needs to be filled.
guide, and that the PC is connected and switched on with the RA3 software running.
The software should indicate IFD: OK in the bottom right of the software window,
and the red and green USB indicator lights on the electrical console should be
illuminated.
46
Exercise E
position.
Procedure
Switch on the fan to 40%, set PID1 to control T2 at 23oC. (These values are suitable
for typical ambient temperatures in the laboratory around 21oC. They can be raised or
lowered to suit the actual laboratory conditions.)
Check the velocity sensor reading in the software increases.
Allow the system to stabilise.
Select the icon to record the sensor readings in the results table.
Use the boiler to increase the RH at point 2.
Select the icon to record the sensor readings.
Turn the cooler on.
Make sure dehumidification is occurring before selecting the icon to record the
sensor readings.
Results
From the results table calculate the average enthalpy at each of the four positions
and plot these in a bar graph.
Conclusion
Describe what happens to the enthalpy as the air proceeds down the duct and how it
is related to the Relative Humidity and temperature.
47
Exercise F - Recirculation
Objective
To investigate and understand recirculation and the effect on the system efficiency.
Method
Looking at the changes in enthalpy as the temperature and humidity are changed.
Equipment Required
RA3 Software
Optional Equipment
value).
Theory
The diagram below shows the direction of air flow within an RA3. By using the inlet,
outlet and internal louvre the mass flow rates can be varied to find the most efficient
setting. As air is incompressible then air in is equal to the air out.
Therefore
Equipment Set Up
illuminated.
48
Exercise F
Check the RCD (circuit breaker) on the electrical console is in the up (OFF) position.
Procedure
Open the inlet half way and outlet louvre fully, and open the internal louvre half way.
Set the fan to 50%. Set the Preheat control to automatic and set to 25C. Let the
system stabilise.
Once the system has stabilised select the icon to record the sensor readings in
the results table.
Repeat procedure for the outlet louvre at half way and closed.
Results
From the results table calculate the average value for all the columns and input into
the table below, at each of the three positions.
Plot the following bar graphs:
Pre heat and reheat
Efficiency and T1
Mass flow rates
Conclusion
Describe what happens to the efficiency as more air is recirculated and how it is
related to the mass flow rates, temperature, and heater settings.
49
Exercise G - More Recirculation Exercises
Objective
To investigate and understand recirculation and the affect on various aspects of the
air conditioning cycle.
Method
By repeating Exercises A to E using the louvre settings from Exercise F and
comparing the results.
Equipment Required
RA3 Software
Optional Equipment
value).
Equipment Set Up
The boiler is required for this exercise and needs to be filled.
illuminated.
position.
Conclusion
Compare the results from each of the corresponding exercises to the recirculation
results and draw conclusions.
50
Exercise H – Introduction to the Vapour-Compression
Refrigeration Cycle
Objective
To operate the RA3 refrigeration system and understand the relation between the
hardware components and the refrigeration cycle.
Method
Running the RA3 unit at nominal settings and observing the changes in temperature
and pressure around the system.
Equipment Required
RA3 Unit
Compatible PC with Armfield RA3 software
Theory
Refrigeration Schematic Diagram
51
Ts diagram for the Vapour-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
In this cycle the refrigerant (R134a) enters the compressor as a vapour and is
compressed and superheated (Points P1 to P2) i.e. it is raised above its saturation
temperature.
The superheated refrigerant vapour passes through the condenser which first cools
and removes the superheat and then condenses the vapour into liquid by removing
latent heat at constant pressure and temperature (Points P2 to T1). Heat from the
refrigerant is transferred away from the system.
The liquid refrigerant then passes through the expansion valve (also called a throttle
valve) where it expands and the pressure abruptly decreases, this results in a
mixture of liquid and vapour at a lower temperature and pressure (Points T1 to T2).
The cold liquid/vapour refrigerant mixture then travels through the evaporator and is
heated by the air in the duct (Points T3 to P1).
The refrigerant vapour exiting the evaporator returns to the compressor inlet to
complete the thermodynamic cycle.
Equipment Set Up
Ensure the equipment has been installed in accordance with the installation guide for
RA3.
Ensure the two pipe clamp thermocouples are securely clamped to the inlet and
outlet refrigerant pipes on the evaporator and connected to the hand-held
thermocouple meter.
Check the USB connection is made between the RA3 unit and the PC, and that the
RA3 software is installed and running. Check that the circuit breakers and RCD
device at the left of the unit are in the on (up) position. Turn the unit on by pressing
52
Exercise H
the ON/OFF switch on the unit, then click on the Power On switch on the RA3
software mimic diagram.
Procedure
Set the fan to 100%.
Check there is a flow of air through both ducts, U1 and U2 on the mimic diagram.
Turn the chiller on. Check that refrigerant flows around the system indicated by the
variable area flowmeter FM1 on the RA3 front panel.
Close the inlet and outlet louvre, and fully open the internal one.
Let the system run until the temperatures and pressures are reasonably stable.
View the table of results and check that a set of readings has been logged.
Save the result for future reference.
Record the evaporator refrigerant inlet and outlet temperatures on the hand-held
temperature meter and the refrigeration flow rate from the variable area flowmeter.
Also, record the refrigerant pressures from the Bourdon Gauges. The Bourdon
gauges also display the temperature of an ideal refrigerant at the indicated pressure.
Take a note of P1 and P2 and their associated temperatures from the Bourdon
Gauges.
Results
View the table of results. Observe the changes in pressure and temperature
throughout the process and compare them with the Ts diagram shown in the theory
above.
Conclusion
These observations should provide a basic understanding of the refrigeration
process.
Describe the function of the important parts of the refrigeration process, namely the
compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator and explain the
temperature and pressure changes associated with each.
Comment on the differences observed between the Bourdon Gauge Refrigerant

temperature, and the temperatures measured by the temperature meter.
53
54
Contact Details for Further Information
Main Office: Armfield Limited
Bridge House
West Street
Ringwood
Hampshire
England BH24 1DY
Tel: +44 (0)1425 478781

Fax: +44 (0)1425 470916
Email: sales@armfield.co.uk
support@armfield.co.uk
Web: http://www.armfield.co.uk
US Office: Armfield Inc.
9 Trenton - Lakewood Road

Clarksburg, NJ 08510
Tel/Fax: (609) 208 2800

Email: info@armfieldinc.com
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Recirculating Air Conditioning Unit

General Overview ....................................................................................................... 2

Important Safety Information....................................................................................... 5

Heavy Equipment .................................................................................................... 5

Hot Liquids and Steam ............................................................................................ 6

Moving or Rotating Components ............................................................................. 6

Water Borne Hazards .............................................................................................. 7

Refrigerant R134a ................................................................................................... 8

Pre-heater and Re-heater...................................................................................... 10

Condensing Unit .................................................................................................... 11

Air Velocity Sensor ................................................................................................ 12

Temperature / Relative Humidity Sensor............................................................... 13

Electrical Supply .................................................................................................... 14

Installing the PC software...................................................................................... 14

Installing the Equipment ........................................................................................ 15

Electrical Wiring Diagram ...................................................................................... 15

Operating the PC Software.................................................................................... 16

Operating the Equipment....................................................................................... 16

Overall Dimensions ............................................................................................... 18

USB Channel Numbers ......................................................................................... 18

Routine Maintenance ................................................................................................ 21

Calibration of Relative Humidity Sensors .............................................................. 21

Calibration of Temperature and Air Flow Sensors................................................. 22

Inverter Settings (Only on RA3-B and RA3-G) ...................................................... 23

Laboratory Teaching Exercises................................................................................. 26

Index to Exercises ................................................................................................. 26

Psychrometric chart and Glossary......................................................................... 28

Other Calculations Required ................................................................................. 33

Exercise A - Psychrometric Charts ........................................................................... 36

Exercise B - Sensible Heating................................................................................... 39

Exercise C - Humidification ....................................................................................... 41

Exercise D - Cooling with Dehumidification .............................................................. 44

Exercise F - Recirculation ......................................................................................... 48

Exercise G - More Recirculation Exercises............................................................... 50

Exercise H  Introduction to the Vapour-Compression Refrigeration Cycle ............. 51

Contact Details for Further Information ..................................................................... 55

United Kingdom International

(0) 1425 478781 +44 (0) 1425 478781

Fax: +44 (0) 1425 470916

Copyright and Trademarks

Any technical documentation made available by Armfield Limited is the copyright

Brands and product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or

RA3 Recirculating Air Conditioning Unit

Figure 1: Front View of RA3 Recirculating Air Conditioning Unit

Figure 2: Top View of RA3 Recirculating Air Conditioning Unit

To give increased operator protection, the unit incorporates a Residual Current

The apparatus should be placed in a location that is sufficiently strong to

Safety shoes and/or gloves should be worn when appropriate.

Hot Liquids and Steam

Always allow time for the apparatus to cool before disassembly.

Always operate the apparatus according to the Operational Procedures

Do not touch any surfaces with a Hot Surfaces warning label.

Do not cover or store the equipment until it has cooled.

Always operate the apparatus according to the Operational Procedures

The apparatus should not be left unattended while switched on.

Moving or Rotating Components

Do not remove any protective guards while the equipment is in operation.

Do not attempt to pierce or open any part of the refrigeration unit.

Keep the external temperature above 0°C and below 40°C.*

Protect the unit from damage.

Water Borne Hazards

Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed:

Where practicable the water should be maintained at a temperature below

Exercise H Introduction to the Vapour-Compression Refrigeration Cycle ............. 51

Do not touch any surfaces with a Hot Surfaces warning label.

For improved accuracy, each RH sensor is provided with a manufacturers calibration