1. Introduction............................................................................................................................. 4
2. System.................................................................................................................................... 5
3. Material properties.................................................................................................................. 7
4. Properties of the components and connections ..................................................................... 8
4.1 Cross section values .......................................................................................................... 8
4.2 Upright ................................................................................................................................ 8
4.3 Bracing member ................................................................................................................. 9
4.4 Beam ................................................................................................................................ 10
4.5 Beam end connector ........................................................................................................ 11
4.6 Partial restraint of the upright base .................................................................................. 12
4.7 Shear stiffness of the upright frames ............................................................................... 13
5. Actions.................................................................................................................................. 14
5.1 Dead load ......................................................................................................................... 14
5.2 Unit loads ......................................................................................................................... 14
5.2.1 Loading of the beams............................................................................................... 14
5.2.2 Bay load for check of down-aisle stability .................................................................... 15
5.2.3 Pattern loading ............................................................................................................. 15
5.2.4 Centre of gravity of the unit loads ................................................................................ 16
5.3 Placement load................................................................................................................. 16
5.3.1 Horizontal placement load in down-aisle direction ....................................................... 16
5.3.2 Horizontal placement load in cross-aisle direction ....................................................... 16
5.3.3 Vertical placement load ................................................................................................ 16
5.4 Actions due to impact ....................................................................................................... 17
5.4.1 Horizontal loads............................................................................................................ 17
5.4.2 Vertical loads ................................................................................................................ 17
5.5 Actions due to installation................................................................................................. 17
6. Imperfections ........................................................................................................................ 18
6.1 Global Imperfections ........................................................................................................ 18
6.1.1 Down-aisle direction ..................................................................................................... 18
6.1.2 Cross-aisle direction..................................................................................................... 18
6.2 Local imperfections .......................................................................................................... 19
6.2.1 Bracing imperfections............................................................................................... 19
6.2.2 Member imperfections.................................................................................................. 19
6.3 Application of global imperfections in the analysis....................................................... 19
7. Load combinations ...................................................................................................................... 20
7.1 General............................................................................................................................. 20
7.2 Global analysis in down-aisle direction ............................................................................ 20
7.3 Global analysis in cross-aisle direction ............................................................................ 21
7.4 Beam design .................................................................................................................... 21
Annex
A. Frame bracing ..................................................................................................................... A.1
B. Global analysis .................................................................................................................... B.1
C. Member check for upright with moment coefficients ...........................................................C.1
On behalf of the European Racking Federation (ERF) an example calculation of an unbraced pallet
rack structure is presented in this document. As per order the calculations are conducted in
accordance with EN 15512: 2009 “Steel static storage systems - Adjustable pallet racking systems
- Principles for structural design”.
The values for strength and stiffness of the members and connections as well as the overall
dimensions of the structure are fictitious and have been specified by ERF.
For the determination of the inner forces (global analysis) the software RStab, Version 7.04.0940 is
used.
The undated references in this document relate to the following editions of the standards:
- EN 15512:2009
- DIN EN 1993-1-1:2010-12 (EN 1993:2005 + AC:2009)
- DIN EN 1993-1-3:2006
- DIN EN 1993-1-8:2005
The rack consists mainly of the upright frames and the pallet beams. The upright frames are
trusses frames with cold formed -profiles as uprights. Into the open side of the -profiles the U-
shaped bracing members are bolted. The uprights have a continuous perforation at the front web
and at the rear flanges.
The pallet beams are box beams, that are composed of two channel sections nested into each
other. Connectors are welded at the ends of the beams, with which the beams can be hooked into
the front perforation of the uprights. The beam end connector has the semi rigid characteristic of a
rotational spring.
In down-aisle direction the rack is stabilized by the storey frame structure of the semi rigidly
connected beams and uprights and by a partial restraint of the upright base due to contact
pressure with the slab. In cross-aisle direction the stabilization is provided by the trussed upright
frames, which are anchored in the slab.
The rack is meant to be operated with fork lift trucks. The rack class is 400 according EN 15620.
So the following values for permissible tolerances and deflections apply:
Max. out-of-plumb / H (after installation) ≤ H / 350 (EN 15620, table 2)
Max. vertical deflection of the beam ≤ L / 200 (EN 15620, 5.3.2)
Max. horizontal displacement of the upright ≤ H / 200 (EN 15620, 5.3.3)
Figure 1
10000 36
100
1050
100
1050
8000
100
1050
100
6000 1050
100
4000 750
100
450
50
100 50
450
100
450
2000 100
450
100
450
50
50
900
0 50
64
3600
back side aisle side
The material safety factors are chosen in accordance with table 2 of EN 15512.
Table 1
Cross section values Global analysis member checks
2)
Aeff, W eff x
1) 2)
Ag, Iy,g, Iz,g, It,g x x
2)
Iw,g, y0,g x
1)
see EN 15512 9.2.1
2)
see EN 15512, 9.7.4.1 + 9.7.5.2)
4.2 Upright
In Table 2 the cross section values used in this example are listed:
Table 2
Cross section Upright
properties 100/75/2,5
Steel S355 J2
2
fy kN/cm 35,5
M 1,00
2
Ag cm 7,00
2
Aeff cm 6,40 Figure 2
4
Iy,g cm 88,0
4
Iz,g cm 33,0
4
It,g cm 0,120 ybr z
Iw,g cm
6
1300 yS
y0
y0,g cm 6,00
y
yS,g cm 3,00
3 M
W y,eff cm 18,6
+ 3
W z,eff cm 9,01
- 3
W z,eff cm 9,01
MRd,y,eff kNcm 660 = W eff,y ⋅ fy / γM
+
MRd,z,eff
+
kNcm 320 = W eff,z ⋅ fy / γM
-
MRd,z,eff
-
kNcm 320 = W eff,z ⋅ fy / γM
ybr cm 6,00
g kN/m 0,055
The bracing member is a cold formed U-profile with the main dimension 50/30/1,5 mm. The
effective cross section values with respect to local buckling have been determined by ERF
analytically according to EN 1993-1-3. The following values have been given:
Table 3
Cross section Bracing
properties U 50/30/1,5
Steel S235 JR
2
fy kN/cm 23,5
M 1,00
Aeff cm
2
1,40 Figure 3
4 M
Iy,g cm 6,00
Iz,g cm
4
1,20 y0
4 ey yS z
It,g cm 0,0110
6
Iw,g cm 5,00
y0,eff cm 1,80 y
yS,eff cm 0,60
ey cm 0,90
+ 3
W z,eff cm 0,553
+ 4
MRd,z,eff cm 13,0
g kN/m 0,011
In contrast to the upright the shift of the center of gravity of the effective cross section is here taken
into account by the values yS,eff¸ y0,eff.
Typical composed box beams used in pallet racking are asymmetric with respect to the horizontal
and vertical axes. So the main axes are often slightly inclined (< 5°). In the static calculations this
effect usually can be neglected. The cross section values in Table 4 refer to the horizontal and
vertical axes.
Table 4
Cross section Beam
properties Box 150/50/1,5
Steel S235 JR Figure 4
2
fy kN/cm 23,5
M 1,00
2
A cm 8,00 y
4
Iy cm 260
4
Iz cm 24,0
3
W y,eff cm 39,6 z
3
W z,eff cm 6,38
MRd,y 930,0
MRd,z 150,0
g kN/m 0,063
It is assumed, that W y,eff and W z,eff have been determined by testing, so that possible effects of local
buckling, distorsional buckling not to be considered in the member checks. It is further assumed
1
that tests showed that the beam is not subject to effects of lateral torsional buckling .
1
Usually lateral torsional buckling is not critical for this type of box beam. However, depending on the height
to width ratio of the profile, the number of welds which connect the channel sections the over the length of
the beam, and other parameters lateral torsional buckling might not be negligible.
The following values for the bending strength MRd, rotational stiffness kd, shear strength SRd and
looseness ϕℓ are given:
Table 5
Connector H4 Figure 5
properties
MRd,1 kNcm 230 upwards
kd,1 kN/rad 10000 bending
All the values are determined by tests according to EN 15512 A.2.4 to A.2.6. For the bending
strength and stiffness three pairs of values are specified. That means that the stiffness has been
evaluated from the test curves not only for the maximum bending strength MRd,1 but also for
reduced values MRd,i = ηi ⋅ MRd,1 (ηi < 1, see EN 15512, A.2.4.5.1).
The values MRd,i and kd,i relate to downwards bending. For upwards bending no values are given,
since in this example upwards directed moments only appear at unloaded beams and are relatively
small. According to EN 15512, 9.5.1 for upwards bending separate values for MRd and kd need not
to be used in the analysis as long as these values are at least 50% of the values under downwards
bending.
VRd,down is the resistance against failure of the connector under a downwards directed shear force.
VRd,up is the resistance against disengaging of the connector under an upwards directed shear
force. VRd,up is determined by tests according to EN 15512, A.2.6. This value is usually limited by
the shear strength or the fit of the safety lock in upright and connector.
The partial restraint of the upright base usually depends on the contact pressure between upright
base and slab. Rotational stiffness and bending strength are determined for different compressive
forces in the upright by tests according EN 15512, A.2.7.2. The results are given in Table 6 and in
the chart below. The values relate to bending about the y-axis of the upright.
Table 6
N kd MRd
kN kNcm/rad kNcm
30 7800 159,6
40 10400 208,0
50 13000 252,5
60 15600 292,1
70 20400 326,2
80 25100 354,0
90 29900 375,1
100 34600 389,0
110 39400 395,5
120 44100 394,5
130 48900 385,9
140 53600 369,9
60000 450
400
50000
350
40000 300
kd [kNcm/rad]
MRd [kNcm]
250
30000
200
20000 150
100
10000
50
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
N [kN]
For intermediate values of N, the values MRd and kd can be determined by linear interpolation.
α [°] Cv [kN/cm]
30 57,5
60 47,5
In the present example the spring only needs to be applied at one end of α
bracing members as shown in Figure 7.
In the global analysis the dead load of the members being part of the static model is generated
automatically by the software.
In the present example the loading on the beams can be distributed uniformly over the length L of
the beam (see EN 15512, 9.4.2).
It is assumed that
- the centre of gravity is in the middle of the base area of the pallet Figure 8
- the placement imperfection in cross-aisle direction is not
systematic
2Q
- the placement tolerance is max. 50 mm.
So the most unfavourable loading situation would be as shown in
Figure 8. According to EN 15512, 6.3.2 the influence of the 50
placement tolerance on the actual beam load can be neglected, if
Qe / Q ≤ 1,12 Qe
1100
Here: 1200
Qe / Q = (1200 - 50) / (1100 - 50) = 1,095 ≤ 1,12
⇒ Placement imperfection can be neglected.
For this example is specified, that for the check of the global
down-aisle stability the average compartment load can be
assumed as 80% of the maximum compartment load. The
single upright frame and the beams however have to be
calculated for the full load. Figure 9
That means that the bending moments in uprights and the
moment at the beam end connectors arising from the global
4,63 kN/m
imperfection in down-aisle direction are calculated for the
situation, that the beams are 80% loaded. But the moments in
the uprights due to pattern loading and the moment at the beam
3,34 kN 3,34 kN
end connectors due to bending of the beam and all other inner
forces have to be determined for the full beam load.
In order to combine these requirements in the global analysis,
the loads on the beams are applied with the maximum value,
but the axial force in the uprights is reduced by 20% by means
of upwards directed single loads at each beam level with the
value of
0,2 ⋅ 16,67 kN = 3,34 kN
(see Figure 9). The axial forces of the uprights have to be
corrected later “manually” to 100% loading for the member
checks.
The forces resulting from unit loads are applied in the static model directly at the beam levels. The
vertical distance between the beam level and the centre of gravity of the unit loads usually can be
neglected.
For the design under seismic action an exacter approach can be necessary.
The horizontal placement load shall be applied in down-aisle and cross-aisle direction but not
simultaneously in both directions (EN 15512, 6.3.4.1).
In the cross-aisle direction the most unfavourable position for the placement load is considered as
a) the top of the upright frame
b) midway between to bracing nodes of the upright frame lattice
c) the mid-span of a beam, where the placement load can be distrusted equally on both beams of
a compartment. The load can be assumed acting in the neutral axis of the beam.
(see EN 15512 , 6.3.4.4)
As already set forth above, for the rack structure in this example section 6.3.4.2. of EN 15512 only
requires placement loads at the top of the frame and below 3 m. However, because of the non-
uniform spacing of the bracing, it seems to be rational, that the effect of horizontal placement load
acting midway between the bracing nodes should be considered at any height. For positions
between 3 m and 6 m the horizontal placement load will be determined by linear interpolation
between 0,50 kN and 0,25 kN.
The bending moments in the uprights resulting from the placement loads will be estimated on the
safe side in conjunction with the member checks.
The compartments are designed for 4 unit loads. It is specified that the fork lift trucks are handling
maximum one unit load simultaneously. So according to EN 15512, 6.3.3 vertical placement loads
need not be taken into account.
According to EN 15512, 6.4.3 a horizontal load shall be applied on the aisle side upright at the
most unfavourable height between floor and 400 mm of either:
- 1,25 kN in down-aisle direction or
- 2,50 kN in the cross-aisle front to back direction
The horizontal load is assumed to occur not simultaneously in both directions.
If goods are placed with manually operated mechanical equipment (e.g. fork lift trucks), rack
components above a unit load shall be able to absorb an accidental upwards directed vertical force
of 5,0 kN (EN 15512, 6.4.2). This force will usually be applied at the beam end, to verify that
connector does not disengage.
Following the standard, the force would consequently also have to be applied at mid-span of the
beam. However in comparison with the compartment load this will not be critical here.
According to EN 15512, 5.3.2 an imperfection in the form of an inclination of the upright from
vertical shall be taken into account. The angle of the inclination is:
ϕ = ϕs + ϕℓ
≥ 1/500
In this is:
ϕs the maximum specified out-of-plumb divided by the frame height. The maximum out-of-plumb
of any upright in any direction shall not exceed H/350 measured in the unloaded condition
2
immediately after installation (EN 15512, 8.5.7.2 ). However, depending on the operational
method smaller values might be required. Maximum permissible values for the out-of-plumb
are also defined in EN 15620, tables 2, 7 and 11.
The designer may specify smaller values of ϕs, if correspondingly smaller installation
tolerances can be achieved in practice.
ϕℓ looseness of the connector, determined by tests according to A.2.5 of EN 15512.
ϕ = 1/350 + 0
= 1/350
As in down-aisle direction an imperfection in the form of an inclination of the upright from vertical
shall be taken into account. However, for upright stabilized by bracing systems the angle of the
inclination is given in to EN 15512, 5.3.3.2 as:
ϕ = √(0,5 + 1/nf) ⋅ 2 ϕs
but
ϕ ≤ 2 ϕs
ϕ ≥ 1/500
Herein is
ϕs the specified out-of-plumb divided by the frame height as described in section 7.1.
nf the number of upright frames connected together
A single run of racking is assumed. Thus with the values given in section 2 of this document:
ϕ = √(0,5 + 1/nf) ⋅ 2 ϕs
= √(0,5 + 1/1) ⋅ 2 1/350
= 1/175
2
It is not quite clear, what is exactly meant by „any direction“: The limits for the out-of-plumb for the cross-
aisle and down-aisle direction Cx and Cz in EN 15620, table 2 are defined independently of each other. If
any direction means “cross-aisle, down-aisle and any direction in-between”, this would be a stricter limit for
the out-of-plumb than in EN 15620!
Local bracing imperfections according to EN 15512, 5.3.3.3 usually need not to be applied at
typical upright frames in cross-aisle direction. Local bracing imperfections become more critical, the
more uprights have to be stabilized by one bracing system. This might be e.g. in racking with
bracing in down-aisle direction, especially for the design of the horizontal bracing.
Member imperfections are usually applied as bow imperfection and increase the inner moments of
an element under compression at mid-span and/or at its ends (depending on the support
conditions). The member imperfections usually are applied for two reasons.
- as a substitute for the check of a member with respect to flexural buckling. In conjunction with a
second order analysis, only needs to be checked that the stresses do not exceed the design
value for the yield stress.
- for structures with moment resisting joints, where the moments at the joints are sensible to local
imperfections of the connected members under compression.
3
According to EN 15512, 5.3.5 member imperfections are generally not required . However for very
unusual rack configurations e.g. with extreme slenderness of the uprights and small number of
connectors stabilizing the system, it might be useful to take account of member imperfections.
The software used for this example allows to define imperfections as an individual load case. For
each load combination the axial forces are calculated first and then the substitute forces are
determined and adjusted for each further iteration step.
3
In this point EN 15512 deviates from other standards dealing with the design of steel structures (see e.g.
EN 1993-1-1, 5.3.2 (6))
7.1 General
The required load factors are given in table 2 of EN 15512. In the following table the loads are
assigned to the relevant load factors. The values in brackets refer to a favourable effect of the
loads.
Table 7
Action type of action Ultimate limit state Serviceability
permanent or accidental load limit state
variable situation
load situation
Dead load permanent γG = 1,3 [1,0] γGA = 1,0 1,0
Unit load variable γQ = 1,4 [0,0] γQA = 1,0 1,0
Placement load variable γQ = 1,4 [0,0] -- --
Impact accidental -- γA = 1,0 --
ΣγG Gk + γQ Qk,1
where
Gk characteristic value of permanent action
Qk,1 characteristic value one of the variable loads
Qk,i characteristic value of a variable loads
Ak characteristic value of an accidental load
The combination rules and the general guidelines in section 10.2.2.2 of EN 15512 lead to the
4
following load combinations (LG ):
in which is:
D Dead load
P1 Unit loads, fully loaded rack
4
The abbreviation “LG” refers to the term “load group“ which is used in the software RStab for load
nd
combinations in 2 order analyses.
The effects of
- the accidental load and
- pattern loading at the higher beam levels
will be treated in conjunction with the member checks of the uprights.
The combination rules and the general guidelines in section 10.2.2.3 in EN 15512 lead to the
following load combinations:
D Dead load
P Unit loads, fully loaded rack
H Horizontal placement load of 0,25 kN in cross-aisle direction at the top of the frame
ImpZ Global imperfection in cross-aisle direction
According to EN 15512, 10.2.2.3, Note 1 pattern loading needs not be considered in the load
combinations for the cross-aisle directions. For the present example this is acceptable. However it
is recommended to take account of pattern loading, if it together with the effect of the imperfection
in cross-aisle direction becomes clearly critical for the member check of the uprights.
The effects of
- the accidental load and
- the horizontal placement loads in cross-aisle direction between at mid-span between to bracing
nodes
will be treated in conjunction with the member checks of the uprights.
For the beam design the following load combinations are considered:
1,40 P
1,26 P + 1,26 H
with
P Unit loads, pattern loading
H Horizontal placement load of 0,25 kN in cross-aisle direction at mid-span of the beam
For simplification the dead load is neglected here, since it is only (0,23 kN / 16,67 kN) ⋅ 100% =
1,4% of the unit loads.
8.1 General
In the static model the behaviour of the beam end connector is Figure 12
represented by a rotational spring. In the present example the
spring is assumed to be linear elastic. F M
In section 4.5 different sets of values for the bending strength
MRd,i and stiffness kd,i are given. With increasing values for the
stiffness, the values for the bending strength are decreasing.
For the global analysis any value for kd can be chosen. In
order to decide, which values to take, a pre-calculation
considering the down-aisle direction under full load has been b
carried out. It showed, that with the higher values of the
For evaluation of beam end
stiffness (kd,2 = 12500 kNcm/rad, kd,3 = 13000 kN/cm/rad) the
connector tests:
corresponding bending strengths MRd,2 and MRd,3 are M=b⋅F
significantly exceeded in all beam levels. So the global
analysis is carried out with kd,1 = 10000 kNcm/rad.
Figure 13
According to EN 15512, 10.1.1 the system lines of the models
kd
shall correspond to the centroidal axes of the members. On
the other hand according to EN 15512, 9.4.1 for beam check
analysis the beam length may be taken as the distance
between the faces of the two adjacent uprights, i.e. as the
clear compartment width. Further bending strength and
stiffness of the beam end connector are determined according
EIbeam
to EN 15512, A.2.4 related to the edge of the upright front as EI = ∞
shown in Figure 12. In order to be in line with these
requirements/assumptions, in the static model the beam is not
directly connected to the upright but by an rigid arm with a
length of half the upright width (see Figure 13) as proposed in
section 9.4.1 of EN 15512.
The stiffness of the partial restraint of the upright base depends on the axial design force NSd in the
upright. So for the global analysis of the down-.aisle analysis in a first step the axial forces in the
uprights have to be determined. They depend mainly on the load situation “fully loaded” or “pattern
loading” and on the load factors. It will be sufficient exact, if effects of the placement load, loads
due to impact and imperfections are neglected. So in this example the properties of the partial
restraint would have to be determined the for the following load combinations of down-aisle
direction (see section 7)
Table 8
Load combination Loading situation Load factor for unit loads
LG1 fully loaded (80%) 1,40
LG2, LG3 fully loaded (80%) 1,26
LG11 pattern loading (80%) 1,40
LG12, LG13 pattern loading (80%) 1,26
LG21 fully loaded (80%) 1,00
The software used for the present example allows to define the rotational stiffness at the upright
base depending on the axial force in the upright. For this example the following settings were
made:
Figure 14
In the settings positive values of P-z’ correspond to compressive forces in the upright.
The global analysis is documented in annex B, where the file name “DA-01” refers to down-aisle
direction and “CA-01” to the cross-aisle direction.
The documentation contains
- the input for system, load cases and load combinations,
- the settings for the calculation, and
- the inner forces and deflection for the critical elements.
The models used for the global analysis are shown below:
Figure 15 - DA-01
Figure 16 - CA-01
Shear deformations of the members are neglected in the calculation. So the relevant cross section
area for shear is set Az = 0.
In order to facilitate the member checks, in the model for the down-aisle direction additional nodes
have been introduced at the two critical uprights, which coincide with the bracing nodes.
10.1 Beams
In section 4.4 is assumed that the bending strength has been determined by testing. So effects of
local buckling, distorsional buckling, lateral torsional buckling, concentrated transverse forces, the
interaction of bending and shear are already covered by the effective section moduli. So the values
MRd,y and MRd,z as given in section 4.4 can be used directly for the member check.
For the determination of the design moments MSd,y at mid-span of the beam, in this example
pattern loading at the top beam level will be critical. For this case in 9.4.3.3 of EN 15512 a formula
(13) is given:
Wd L 2 / 3
MSd,y = m 1
8 1 2EIb
m
k e L
where:
ke = 1 / (1/kb + h/3EIc) the effective stiffness, i.e. stiffness of the beam end connector
reduced by the effect of the flexibility of the upright
γQ = 1,4
Qbeam = 16,67 kN total load on the beam
L = 360 cm clear compartment width
β m, β θ = 1 values according annex F of EN 15512 for adjusting the formula
to non-uniform loading, see also FEM 10.2.02, 4.4.2
4
Ib = 260 cm second moment of area of the beam about the y-axis
2
Ic = 88 cm second moment of area of the upright about the y-axis
th th
h = 200 cm storey height, here between 4 and 5 beam level
kb = 10000 kNcm/rad stiffness of the beam end connector
with:
10000
ke =
10000 360
1
3 21000 88
= 7349 kNcm/rad
follows:
1,4 16,67 360 2 / 3 1,0
MSd,y = 1,0 1
8 2 21000 260
1,0 1 7349 360
= 913,7 kNcm
≤ 930,0 kNcm
= MRd,y ⇒ o.k.
The maximum horizontal placement load occurs at the bottom beam level. The formula (13) of
EN 15512 for MSd. In order to receive exacter results ke can be modified as follows:
ke = 1 / (1/kb + 1/kc)
with
kc = 3EIc / h1 + 3EIc / h2
in which
ke = 8497
The load factor for the combined action of unit load and placement load is 0,9 ⋅ γQ. So with formula
(13) the design moment is:
About the vertical axis the connection of upright and beam is practically fully hinged. So the
moment at mid-span due to the horizontal placement load is:
Thus, formally the beam is not designed sufficiently for the combined action of unit loads and
horizontal placement load. However the yield stress is only exceeded in two opposite edges of the
profile. So depending on the design of the beam it might be assessed, if this can be accepted.
10.1.3 Deflection
According to In section 9.4.5 of EN 15512 The maximum deflection at mid-span Δmax can be
determined as
5 Qbeam L 0,8
Δmax = 1
384 EIb 1 2EIb
k e L
βΔ is again a value to adjust the formula to non-uniform loading. For uniform loading βΔ equals 1.
The other parameters are as described in the section before. Thus:
5 16,67 360 3 0 ,8 1,0
Δmax = 1,0 1
384 21000 260 2 21000 260
1,0 1
7349 360
= 1,56 cm
The counter check with the global analysis in annex B results in:
The maximum permissible deflection is L / 200 = 360 cm / 200 = 1,80 cm. So the beam is designed
sufficiently with respect to the deflection.
The design moments at the connectors are determined in the global analysis in (DA-01, annex B).
The maximum moments occur at the bottom beam level for the load combination
as
VSd = 12,2 kN
The global analysis has been carried out with the connector stiffness kd,1. So the bending strength
is:
VRd = 18,0 kN
5
According to EN 15512, 9.5.4 is has to be verified, that
Herein the value “a” corresponds to the length of the cantilever arm in the beam end connector
tests (“b” in figure A.2.5), which is defined as 400 mm. So for this example follows:
So following EN 15512 the beam end connector would be significantly too weak!
MRd would have to be increased by 39%, to satisfy the check. So a redistribution of 15% of the
6
moments at the beam ends, as shown in figure 17 of EN 15512, will not solve the problem here .
However, it must be pointed out, that in the past (see FEM 10.2.02) the strength of the connectors
was checked separately for bending and shear, i.e.
MSd / MRd ≤ 1
VSd / VRd ≤ 1
5
In the formula the letter “V” instead of “S” is used in accordance with EN 1993.
6
Also, the try to reduce the connector stiffness, in order to take account of plastic reserves and show that at
least MSd ≈ MRd can be achieved, was not successful. Reducing the stiffness at the connectors iteratively,
where MSd > MRd only lead to higher values of MSd. So in a global analysis, taking account of a non-linear
M-θ-curve for the connector, the system would be instable.
In the present example the moments and forces due to upwards bending and the upwards shear at
the unloaded beams are small and need therefore not to be considered any further.
10.3.1 General
(1) Bending and axial compression without lateral-torsional buckling (EN 15512, 9.7.6.3)
N Sd k y M Sd,y k z M Sd,z
1 ≥
min A eff f y / M W eff ,y f y / M W eff ,z f y / M
N Sd k y M Sd,y k z M Sd,z
=
Nb,Rd,min MRd,y MRd,z
χmin is defined as “the lesser of χdb, χy and χz, where χdb is the reduction factor calculated in
9.2.7.c and χy and χz are the reduction factors from 9.7.4 for the y-y and z-z axes
respectively.”
(2) Bending and axial compression with lateral-torsional buckling (EN 15512, 9.7.6.4)
N Sd k LT MSd,y k z MSd,z
1 ≥
min A eff f y / M LT W eff ,y f y / M W eff ,z f y / M
N Sd k LT MSd,y k z MSd,z
=
N b,Rd,min Mb,Rd,LT MRd,z
χmin is defined as “the smallest of χdb (from 9.2.7c). χy and χz, (from 9.7.4) and of the reduction
factors corresponding to the distorsional and flexural torsional buckling modes.” χLT is the
reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling.
χy and χz are the reduction factors for flexural buckling. For easier understanding the reduction
factor for flexural-torsional buckling will be named in this document χFT. As specified in section 4.2
the beam is not subject to effects of lateral-torsional buckling. Thus χLT equals 1.
χdb obviously relates to distorsional buckling. Concerning the calculation of χdb the standard refers
to clause 9.7.2 c). However, this clause describes, how to modify the effective area of the upright to
take account of distorsional buckling. A value χdb is neither defined there nor anywhere else in the
standard. As set forth in section 4.2 of this document, the effects of local buckling and distorsional
buckling are already taken into account by the effective cross section properties Aeff and W eff. A
further reduction by a value χdb is therefore not necessary.
For comparison, in EN 1993-1-3 the material thickness of those parts of the cross section that are
subject to distorsional buckling are reduced by a factor χd. The checks with respect to flexural
buckling and flexural-torsional buckling are then calculated with this reduced area. That means,
that distorsional buckling is considered in interaction with flexural or flexural-torsional buckling and
not as an completely separate failure mode, as suggested by the clauses 9.7.6.3 and 9.7.6.4 of EN
15512.
NSd, MSd,y and MSd,z are the maximum values of the inner design forces regardless at which location
of the considered member length the maximum of each single value occurs.
So setting ky, kz and kLT as 1 a simplified design rule may be used in this example, which is slightly
on the safe side:
N Sd M Sd,y M Sd,z
(3) 1 ≥
min A eff f y / M W eff ,y f y / M W eff ,z f y / M
N Sd MSd,y MSd,z
=
N b,Rd,min MRd,y MRd,z
The definition of the buckling length is connected to the term of the “system length”. However the
“system length” is not clearly defined in the standard, which is problematic especially in conjunction
with bracing eccentricities.
So following an own interpretation, the system lengths for the uprights in this example are assumed
as:
a) for flexural buckling in down-aisle direction - Ly: Figure 19
the distance from the upright base to the system
line (= centroidal axis) of the bottom beam or the
vertical distance of the system lines of two beam Lz
levels located above each other
b) for flexural buckling in cross-aisle direction - Lz:
Ly
the distance of the bracing nodes in the static
model. (Note: the system lengths are greater, if
Lz
bracing eccentricities are neglected)
7
c) for torsional buckling - LT :
the distance of the bracing nodes in the real LT
structure
Exemplarily the system lengths are shown in Figure
19.
For the determination of the buckling lengths section 9.7.4.3 of EN 15512, gives the following
general rule:
“If the axial forces and bending moment in the plane of buckling of a member have been
determined on the basis of a second-order analysis, they are already enhanced by second order
effects and the buckling length may be considered as equal to the system length. When second
order global analysis is used it is permissible to use in-plane buckling lengths for the non-sway
mode for member design.”
7
It is discussed controversially, if the connection of the beam to the upright can be considered as a torsional
restraint for the upright. Since this surely depends on the type of connector and no information was
provided by ERF concerning this point, no torsional restraint is assumed.
Concerning the buckling lengths of braced frames the clauses a) to e) in section 9.7.4.3 of EN
15512 give additional information.
The buckling lengths with respect to torsional buckling are defined in 9.7.5.2 of EN 15512 as
“ - 1,0 × distance between bracing points when connections provide full torsional restraint;
- 0,5 × distance between bracing points when connections provide full torsional restraint and full
warping restraint.”
For typical bracing member connections additional information is given in figure 24 of EN 15512.
For this example the following buckling lengths in-plane buckling length are not taken into account.
So the buckling length used are
Table 9
Direction of Buckling mode Buckling length Comment
global imperfection and direction Le..
on the safe side in conjunction
flexural buckling Ley = βy × Ly
with global imperfection in down-
down-aisle βy = 1,0
aisle direction
Lz = length from upright base to
Lez = βz × Lz st
the 1 bracing node in static
βz = 0,9
flexural buckling model (EN 15512, 9.7.4.3 b)
down-aisle +
cross-aisle Lz = length between the bracing
cross-aisle Lez = βz × Lz st
nodes above the 1 bracing node
βz = 1,0
in static model
LeT = βT × LT
torsional buckling EN 15512, figure 24 a)
βT = 0,7
flexural-torsional Ley = βy × Ly
buckling βy = 1,0
The buckling length Lez could be reduced further for those parts of the upright, where the spacing
between two bracing nodes crosses a beam level, so that the axial force is not constant over Lz.
The determination of the reduction factors χy, χz for flexural buckling is given in 9.7.4.1 of EN 15512
as follows:
1
χ =
2 2
A eff f y
=
N cr
2 E Ig
Ncr =
L2e..
herein is:
With 9.7.5.1 and 9.7.4.2 of EN 15512 the reduction factor with respect to flexural-torsional buckling
can be determined as:
1
χFT =
2 2
A eff f y
=
Ncr ,FT
2 2
Ncr,y Ncr,T Ncr,T y Ncr,T
Ncr,FT = 1 1 4 0,g
2 Ncr,y Ncr,y i 0,g Ncr,y
1 2 E I w ,g
Ncr,T = G I
i 02,g
T ,g
L2eT
2
y 0 ,g
β = 1
i 0,g
2 2 2 2
i0,g = iy,g + iz,g + y0,g
I z,g
iz,g =
Ag
with:
α is not specified explicitly for flexural torsional buckling in EN 15512! For this example is assumed,
that the Ω-section behaves similar to a channel section. So, in accordance with clause 6.2.3 (4) of
EN 1993-1-3 buckling curve b with α = 0,34 will be used.
In the following table the design buckling resistance Nb,Rd = χ ⋅ Aeff ⋅ fy / γM of the upright for flexural
and flexural-torsional buckling are determined:
Table 10
Profile : Upright 100/75/2,5 Unit
Position : U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6
Beam level : 0-1 0-2 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5
fy = 35,5 35,5 35,5 35,5 35,5 35,5 [kN/cm2]
M = 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
E = 21.000 21.000 21.000 21.000 21.000 21.000 [kN/cm2]
G = 8.077 8.077 8.077 8.077 8.077 8.077 [kN/cm2]
Ag = 7,00 7,00 7,00 7,00 7,00 7,00 [cm2]
A= 6,40 6,40 6,40 6,40 6,40 6,40 [cm2]
Iy = 88,0 88,0 88,0 88,0 88,0 88,0 [cm4]
Iz = 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 [cm4]
IT = 0,120 0,120 0,120 0,120 0,120 0,120 [cm4]
Iw = 1.300 1.300 1.300 1.300 1.300 1.300 [cm6]
y0 = 6,00 6,00 6,00 6,00 6,00 6,00 [cm]
Ly = 192,5 192,5 200,0 200,0 200,0 200,0 [cm]
Lz = 106,4 110,0 140,0 200,0 230,0 235,0 [cm]
LT = 95,0 100,0 130,0 190,0 200,0 220,0 [cm]
y = 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
z = 0,90 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
FT = 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70
NRk = 227,2 227,2 227,2 227,2 227,2 227,2 [kN]
y = 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34
z = 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34
FT = 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34
Ncr,y = 492,2 492,2 456,0 456,0 456,0 456,0 [kN]
Ncr,z = 745,9 565,3 349,0 171,0 129,3 123,9 [kN]
y,rel = 0,679 0,679 0,706 0,706 0,706 0,706
z,rel = 0,552 0,634 0,807 1,153 1,326 1,354
y = 0,812 0,812 0,835 0,835 0,835 0,835
z = 0,712 0,775 0,929 1,326 1,570 1,613
y = 0,795 0,795 0,780 0,780 0,780 0,780
z = 0,860 0,820 0,720 0,504 0,415 0,402
Nb,Rd,y = 180,7 180,7 177,3 177,3 177,3 177,3 [kN]
Nb,Rd,z = 195,5 186,2 163,6 114,6 94,2 91,2 [kN]
i0 = 7,300 7,300 7,300 7,300 7,300 7,300 [cm]
= 0,324 0,324 0,324 0,324 0,324 0,324
Ncr,T = 1162 1050 629 304 276 231 [kN]
Ncr,FT = 373,0 362,8 289,3 199,4 187,6 166,6 [kN]
FT,rel = 0,780 0,791 0,886 1,067 1,101 1,168
FT = 0,903 0,914 1,009 1,217 1,259 1,346
FT = 0,736 0,730 0,670 0,555 0,535 0,496
Nb,Rd,FT = 167,3 165,8 152,2 126,1 121,5 112,7 [kN]
The upright positions U1, U2, .. are shown in the report for the model CA-01 in annex B.
The in the member checks the design moments MSd,y and MSd,z can be reduced by moment
coefficients ky, kz and kLT. ky and kz are defined in section 9.7.6.3 of EN 15512 as follows
y N Sd z NSd
ky = 1- kz = 1-
y A eff f y z A eff f y
μy = y ⋅ (2 βM,y - 4) μz = z ⋅ (2 βM,z - 4)
≤ 0,9 ≤ 0,9
ky and kz can be assumed to be ≤ 1, if the inner forces (NSd, MSd,y, MSd,z) are result of a second
order analysis. For a linear moment diagram (MQ = 0 in figure 25 of EN 15512) ky and kz are
smaller than 1 only, if the ratio of the end moments ψ is smaller than -0,286.
LT NSd
kLT = 1-
Z A eff f y
≤ 1
According to EN 15512 z in the formula for μLT may be determined for a flexural buckling length
equal to the maximum vertical spacing of the beams. This seems not to be logical, since the upright
is held against deflection in z-direction and torsion at the bracing nodes. So in this example the
value z is used as for the determination of the buckling reduction factor χz.
The values βM,.. are the equivalent uniform moment factors depending on the moment diagram over
the considered system length of the upright. The values shall be determined with the formulae
given in figure 25 of EN 15512. In the following table the bending moments and relevant system
lengths are assigned to the values βM,..
Table 11
Factor Moment diagram of buckling reduction System length for
factor moment diagram
βM,y MSd,y χy Ly
βM,z MSd,z χz Lz
βM,LT MSd,y χz Lz
(1) Pre-calculation
For the check of the uprights the simplified design rule (3) given in section 10.3.1 is used.
Since the frame bracing is irregular, first a pre-calculation is carried out in the following table, in
order to assess which part of the upright might be critical for the member check:
Table 12
Beam nb NSd Nb,Rd,min NSd / Nb,Rd Reserve
level kN kN 1 - NSd / Nb,Rd
4-5 1 23,9 91,2 0,261 0,739
3-4 2 47,7 94,2 0,506 0,494
2-3 3 71,6 114,6 0,624 0,376
1-2 4 95,4 152,2 0,627 0,373
0-1 5 119,3 165,8 0,719 0,281
with:
NSd = nb ⋅ (γG ⋅ G/5 + γQ ⋅ Qbeam)
nb = number of beam levels above the considered part of the upright
Qbeam = 16,67 kN
G = 1,81 KN
The term 1 - NSd / Nb,Rd,min is the reserve of the upright, that can be used to carry bending moments.
The bending moments in the uprights due to imperfection and placement loads decrease in the
upper beam levels. The bending moments due to pattern loading are in a rack with constant
compartment heights similar for all beam levels, with exception of the top beam level, where the
bending moments are approximately twice as high. That shows that it will be sufficient to consider
the uprights below the second beam level for the member checks.
Table 14
Beam Pos. Load NSd MSd,z Nb,Rd,min Check
level comb. kN kNcm kN -
0-1 U1 LG1 128,2 5,1 167,3 0,774
The inner forces for the load combination with horizontal placement load are determined for a
safety factor that is approximately 10% smaller than for the case of without horizontal placement
load. So, if it can be proved that the moments due to the horizontal placement loads are not bigger
than 10% of the bending strength of the upright, the load combinations with horizontal placement
load will not be decisive for the member check. The table below contains this proof:
Table 15
h(H) H Lz Lez Ncr,z nb NSd MSd,z Check
mm kN mm mm kN kN kNcm
532 0,50 1064 958 745,9 5,0 107,4 1,17 19,6 0,061
1614 0,50 1100 1100 565,3 5,0 107,4 1,23 21,4 0,067
3964 0,42 1400 1400 349,0 4,0 85,9 1,33 24,6 0,077
4664 0,36 1700 1700 236,7 3,0 64,4 1,37 26,6 0,083
5664 0,28 2000 2000 171,0 3,0 64,4 1,60 28,1 0,088
6664 0,25 2300 2300 129,3 2,0 42,9 1,50 27,1 0,085
8989 0,25 2350 2350 123,9 1,0 21,5 1,21 22,4 0,070
All checks ≤ 0,1 ⇒ Effect of horizontal placement load between bracing nodes is not critical here.
The inner forces for the load combination with horizontal accidental load are determined for a
safety factor that is approximately 1 - 1/1,4 = 28,5% smaller than for the case of without accidental
load. So, if it can be proved that the moments due to the horizontal placement loads are not bigger
than 28,5% of the bending strength of the upright, the load combinations with horizontal accidental
load will not be decisive for the member check:
A = 1,25 kN
Ly = 192,5 cm
Ley = 192,5 cm
2 2
Ncr,y = π E Iy,g / Ley
= 492,2 kN
NSd = 107,4 kN (see 10.3.5)
η = 1 / (1 - NSd / Ncr,z) (amplification factor 2
nd
order)
= 1,28
MSd,y = η ⋅ A ⋅ (Ly - 40 cm) / Ly ⋅ 40 cm (on the safe side pinned ends assumed)
= 50,7 kNcm
Check = MSd,y / MRd,y
= 50,7 kNcm / 660 kNcm
= 0,077
< 0,285
A = 2,5 kN
Lz = 106,4 cm
Lez = 0,9 ⋅ 106,4 cm
= 95,8 cm
2 2
Ncr,z = π E Iz,g / Lez
= 745,2 kN
NSd = 107,4 kN (see 10.3.5)
η = 1 / (1 - NSd / Ncr,z) (amplification factor 2
nd
order)
= 1,17
MSd,y = η ⋅ A ⋅ (Lz - 40 cm) / Lz ⋅ 40 cm (on the safe side pinned ends assumed)
= 73,0 kNcm
Check = MSd,y / MRd,y
= 73,0 kNcm / 320 kNcm
= 0,228
< 0,285
In the global analysis in model CA-01 the imperfection and horizontal placement load was only
applied in one direction. It is assumed, that the tensile forces in the bracing members will occur as
compression forces with the same magnitude, if imperfection and horizontal placement load are
applied reversely.
The effect of the accidental load “A” (400 mm above the floor) on the bottom frame bracing
member is determined here as follows:
A = 2,5 kN
Lz,upr = 106,4 cm (system length of upright)
Lz,br = 148,8 cm (system length of bottom bracing member)
Dsys = 104 cm (width c.t.c. of upright frame)
A
The bending moments due to the eccentricity e of the bolted connection
and the centroidal axis of the bracing members is calculated as follows:
e = ey - yS,eff
= 9 mm - 6 mm
= 3 mm
2 2
Ncr,z = π E Iz,g / Lz
nd
η = 1 / (1 - NSd / Ncr,z) (amplification factor 2 order)
MSd,z = η ⋅ e ⋅ NSd
For the check the simplified design rule (3) of 10.3.1 will be used. With MSd,y = 0 follows:
4
With Iz,g = 1,20 cm and MRd,z = 13,0 kNcm the checks are given in the table below:
Table 17
Pos. Load NSd Lz Ncr,z MSd,z Nb,Rd,min Check
comb. kN mm kN kNcm kN
1 LG2 2,65 1488 11,2 1,309 1,040 8,39 0,396
1 LG11+A 3,48 1488 11,2 1,4449 1,513 8,39 0,531
10 LG1 1,56 1551 10,3 1,178 0,551 7,83 0,242
13 LG1 0,81 1588 9,9 1,089 0,265 7,53 0,128
Actually also the effect of a horizontal placement load of 0,5 kN in a height of ≤ 3000 mm would
have to be considered for the check of the bracing. However, it can be expected, that this does not
lead here to a more critical situation as the accidental load.
The design of the bolted connections between bracing member and upright usually can checked
using the design rules of EN 1993-1-8, table 3.4. Where the distances ei or pi do not fall within the
limits of table 3.3 in EN 1993-1-8, testing might be necessary.
8
In cases where the shear stiffness SD of the frame is low compared to the maximum frame load
nd
Qframe, NSd,A should be multiplied by an amplification factor η for 2 order effects, as e.g.
η = 1/(1 - QFrame/SD). In the present example, it is not necessary.
It has to be showed, that for a given NSd at the upright base, MRd(NSd) is not exceeded, i.e.
Table 18
Position Load NSd MSd,y MRd(NSd) Check
comb. kN kNcm kNcm
LG1 95,6 122,8 382,9 0,321
inner LG2 86,3 108,1 367,3 0,294
upright LG11 86,3 138,0 367,3 0,376
LG12 77,9 119,5 348,2 0,343
outer LG1 49,1 80,7 248,5 0,325
upright LG2 44,4 70,4 227,6 0,309
The check of the partial restraint does usually not include the check of the contact pressure on the
concrete floor. The contact pressure has to be considered separately (see 10.5.4).
10.5.2 Anchorage
According to section 9.10.4 of EN 15512 each “upright to floor connection shall be able to transfer
a minimum un-factored force of 3 kN in tension and 5 kN in shear”. Is assumed that the 3 kN and 5
kN are two components of one force and therefore have to be taken into account simultaneously.
The wording “un-factored force” leaves space for interpretation, if the force has to be multiplied by
a load factor or not. The value of the load factor, would also not be clear: 1,4 as for a placement
load, 1,5 as for a live load or 1,0 as for a accidental load?
Since the force is not intended to be combined with other forces, it would have been much clearer,
if a design load (including the intended load factor) had been specified.
The term “upright to floor connection” allows the interpretation, that also the upright to base plate
connection and the base plate itself shall be designed for the given force. Probably this is not
intended, since the headline of section 9.10.4 is “Design of anchorages”.
According to section 7.6 of EN 15512 the stability against overturning shall be verified. The empty
rack shall remain stable under the action of single horizontal placement load in the most
unfavourable position and direction, which is usually the top of the end frame and the cross-aisle
direction. The anchors shall be designed to resist the uplift force FT,Sd resulting from this
consideration.
In the present example the uplift force can be determined as follows:
⇒ The force of 3 kN in tension + 5 kN in shear is decisive for the design of the anchors.
According to EN 15512, 9.9.1 the contact pressure is determined neglecting the bending moments
resulting from to the partial restraint of the uprights. The compression force in the upright is
distributed uniformly over the effective contact area Abas. According to section 9.9.2 of EN 15512
Abas follows the contour of the cross section of the upright. The stress in the upright is distributed
over a width of maximum 2 ⋅ e, where
fy
e = tb ⋅
3 fj
in which:
tb = thickness of the base plate
fy = “design strength of the base plate”
fj = design strength of the floor material
fy is defined is defined in section 4 of EN 15512 as “yield strength”. In conjunction with a base plate
the term “design strength” could be interpreted as fy,d = fy / γM. However, since γM is given as 1,0
the result for e will be the same regardless if fy or fy,d will be used.
fj = 2,5 fck / γM
with:
If the distance from the upright face to the edge of the base plate is less than e, a reduced value of
e equal to the distance from the upright face to the edge of the base plate shall be used. Figure 21
illustrates this issue exemplarily.
a) b)
e
e
Abas
The effect of a possible eccentricity between the centres of gravity of Abas and of the cross section
of the upright is usually neglected. But it might be useful to avoid too extreme disproportions.
The design upright compression force NSd shall satisfy the following relationship:
NSd ≤ fj ⋅ Abas
The base plate is designed sufficiently for the compression forces, if the check for the contact
pressure is fulfilled.
The effect of the horizontal load due to impact is usually not taken into consideration for the design
of the upright to floor connection. A reason for this might be, that in the loaded condition the friction
is usually big enough to transmit the specified horizontal force of max. 2,50 kN from the upright to
the floor. However, for the unloaded condition major deformations can occur. This applies
especially, if the base plate is fixed to the floor with only one anchor, which is located away from
the system line of the upright.
δh = 26,6 mm
≤ H/200
= 9925 / 200
= 49,6 mm ⇒ o.k.
δh = 6,6 mm
≤ H/200
= 10164 / 200
= 50,8 mm ⇒ o.k.
hr,i+1
hbr,i+1
αi+1
hl,i+1 αi
abr
hl,i e
αi
hbr,i
hr,i
ybr Dbr
CONTENTS CONTENTS
General Data 1 Graph. LC21: Placement load H1 12
Structure 2 LC 22 - Placement load H2 13
Graph. Structure 2 Graph. LC22: Placement load H2 13
Graph. Structure - Beam to upright connection 3 LC 31 - Imperfections ImpX 14
1.1 Nodes 3 Graph. LC31: Imperfections ImpX 14
1.2 Materials 4 Load groups 15
1.3 Cross-sections 4 Settings for non-linear analysis 16
1.4 Member Releases 4 Results - Load Cases, Load Groups 17
1.5 Member Eccentricities 4 Graph. Uprights 17
1.7 Members 4 Graph. Uprights 18
1.8 Nodal Supports 6 Graph. Uprights 19
1.8.5 Nodal Supports - Non-linearities - 6 Graph. Uprights 20
Stiffness Diagram 6 Graph. Uprights 21
Loads 7 Graph. Uprights 22
Load Cases 7 Graph. Beams 23
LC 1 - Dead load D 7 Graph. Beams 24
Graph. LC1: Dead load D 7 Graph. Beams 25
LC 11 - Pallets P1 8 Graph. Beams 26
Graph. LC11: Pallets P1 8 Graph. Beams 27
LC 12 - Pallets P2 9 Graph. Beams 28
Graph. LC12: Pallets P2 9 Graph. Deformations u-X, LG21: 1,0*G + 1,0*P1 29
LC 13 - Pallets P3 10 + ImpX 29
Graph. LC13: Pallets P3 10 Graph. Vertical deflection of the beam (Member 29
LC 14 - Pallets P4 11 10) 29
Graph. LC14: Pallets P4 11 Graph. Vertical deflection of the beam (Member 29
LC 21 - Placement load H1 12 6) 29
GENERAL DATA
COMPUTING METHOD
StB-27/2011-I B.1
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH Page: 2/29
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
GRAPHICS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
STRUCTURE
Against Y-direction
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
1925.0
Y X
Z
3700.0 3700.0 3700.0 3700.0 3700.0 3700.0 3700.0 3700.0
3000 [mm]
5 11 17 23 38 53 59 65 71
4 10 16 22 37 52 58 64 70
36 51
3 9 15 21 35
34 50
49 57 63 69
33 48
32 47
31 46
2 8 14 20 30 45 56 62 68
29 44
28 43
27 42
1 7 13 19 26
25 41
40 55 61 67
Y X
3000 [mm]
Z
5 15 25 35 54 73 83 93 103
9 19 29 39 58 77 87 97
4 14 24 34 53 72 82 92 102
8 18 28 38 57 76 86 96
52 71
3 13 23 33 81 91 101
51 70
7 17 27 37 50 56 69 75 85 95
49 68
48 67
2 12 22 32 80 90 100
47 66
6 16 26 36 46 55 65 74 84 94
45 64
44 63
1 11 21 31 43 62 79 89 99
42 61
41 60
Y X
3000 [mm]
Z
StB-27/2011-I B.2
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Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
S T R U CTUR E
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
kd = 10000 kNcm/rad
Eccentricity of 50 mm
50 [mm]
1.1 NODES
Node Reference Coordinate Node coordinates
No. Node System X [mm] Z [mm] Comment
1 - Cartesian 0.0 0.0
2 - Cartesian 0.0 -1925.0
3 - Cartesian 0.0 -3925.0
4 - Cartesian 0.0 -5925.0
5 - Cartesian 0.0 -7925.0
6 - Cartesian 0.0 -9925.0
7 - Cartesian 3700.0 0.0
8 - Cartesian 3700.0 -1925.0
9 - Cartesian 3700.0 -3925.0
10 - Cartesian 3700.0 -5925.0
11 - Cartesian 3700.0 -7925.0
12 - Cartesian 3700.0 -9925.0
13 - Cartesian 7400.0 0.0
14 - Cartesian 7400.0 -1925.0
15 - Cartesian 7400.0 -3925.0
16 - Cartesian 7400.0 -5925.0
17 - Cartesian 7400.0 -7925.0
18 - Cartesian 7400.0 -9925.0
19 - Cartesian 11100.0 0.0
20 - Cartesian 11100.0 -1925.0
21 - Cartesian 11100.0 -3925.0
22 - Cartesian 11100.0 -5925.0
23 - Cartesian 11100.0 -7925.0
24 - Cartesian 11100.0 -9925.0
25 - Cartesian 14800.0 0.0
26 - Cartesian 14800.0 -64.0
27 - Cartesian 14800.0 -400.0
28 - Cartesian 14800.0 -1064.0
29 - Cartesian 14800.0 -1614.0
30 - Cartesian 14800.0 -1925.0
31 - Cartesian 14800.0 -2164.0
32 - Cartesian 14800.0 -2714.0
33 - Cartesian 14800.0 -3264.0
34 - Cartesian 14800.0 -3802.0
35 - Cartesian 14800.0 -3925.0
36 - Cartesian 14800.0 -4664.0
37 - Cartesian 14800.0 -5925.0
38 - Cartesian 14800.0 -7925.0
39 - Cartesian 14800.0 -9925.0
40 - Cartesian 18500.0 0.0
41 - Cartesian 18500.0 -64.0
42 - Cartesian 18500.0 -400.0
43 - Cartesian 18500.0 -1064.0
44 - Cartesian 18500.0 -1614.0
45 - Cartesian 18500.0 -1925.0
46 - Cartesian 18500.0 -2164.0
StB-27/2011-I B.3
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An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
S T R U CTUR E
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
1.1 NODES
Node Reference Coordinate Node coordinates
No. Node System X [mm] Z [mm] Comment
47 - Cartesian 18500.0 -2714.0
48 - Cartesian 18500.0 -3264.0
49 - Cartesian 18500.0 -3802.0
50 - Cartesian 18500.0 -3925.0
51 - Cartesian 18500.0 -4664.0
52 - Cartesian 18500.0 -5925.0
53 - Cartesian 18500.0 -7925.0
54 - Cartesian 18500.0 -9925.0
55 - Cartesian 22200.0 0.0
56 - Cartesian 22200.0 -1925.0
57 - Cartesian 22200.0 -3925.0
58 - Cartesian 22200.0 -5925.0
59 - Cartesian 22200.0 -7925.0
60 - Cartesian 22200.0 -9925.0
61 - Cartesian 25900.0 0.0
62 - Cartesian 25900.0 -1925.0
63 - Cartesian 25900.0 -3925.0
64 - Cartesian 25900.0 -5925.0
65 - Cartesian 25900.0 -7925.0
66 - Cartesian 25900.0 -9925.0
67 - Cartesian 29600.0 0.0
68 - Cartesian 29600.0 -1925.0
69 - Cartesian 29600.0 -3925.0
70 - Cartesian 29600.0 -5925.0
71 - Cartesian 29600.0 -7925.0
72 - Cartesian 29600.0 -9925.0
1.2 MATERIALS
Material Material E-Modulus G-Modulus Sp. Weight Coeff. Thermal Saf. Factor
No. Description E [kN/cm 2 ] G [kN/cm 2 ] [kN/m 3 ] [1/°C] M [-]
1 S235 JR 21000.00 8077.00 78.50 1.2000E-05 1.000
2 S355 J2 21000.00 8077.00 78.50 1.2000E-05 1.000
1.3 CROSS-SECTIONS
Section Cross-section Mater. IT [cm 4 ] Iy [cm 4 ] Iz [cm 4 ]
No. Description No. A [cm2 ] A y [cm 2 ] A z [cm 2 ]
1 Upright 100/75/2,5 2 88.00
7.00
2 Beam 150/50/1,5 1 260.00
8.00
1.7 MEMBERS
Member Node Rotation Cross-section Release No. Ecc. Div. Length
No. Member Start End Type [°] Start End Start End No. No. L [mm]
1 Beam 1 2 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1925.0 Z
2 Beam 2 3 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
3 Beam 3 4 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
4 Beam 4 5 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
5 Beam 5 6 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
6 Beam 2 8 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
7 Beam 3 9 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
8 Beam 4 10 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
9 Beam 5 11 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
10 Beam 6 12 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
StB-27/2011-I B.4
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An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
S T R U CTUR E
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
1.7 MEMBERS
Member Node Rotation Cross-section Release No. Ecc. Div. Length
No. Member Start End Type [°] Start End Start End No. No. L [mm]
11 Beam 7 8 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1925.0 Z
12 Beam 8 9 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
13 Beam 9 10 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
14 Beam 10 11 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
15 Beam 11 12 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
16 Beam 8 14 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
17 Beam 9 15 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
18 Beam 10 16 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
19 Beam 11 17 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
20 Beam 12 18 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
21 Beam 13 14 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1925.0 Z
22 Beam 14 15 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
23 Beam 15 16 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
24 Beam 16 17 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
25 Beam 17 18 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
26 Beam 14 20 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
27 Beam 15 21 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
28 Beam 16 22 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
29 Beam 17 23 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
30 Beam 18 24 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
31 Beam 19 20 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1925.0 Z
32 Beam 20 21 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
33 Beam 21 22 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
34 Beam 22 23 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
35 Beam 23 24 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
36 Beam 20 30 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
37 Beam 21 35 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
38 Beam 22 37 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
39 Beam 23 38 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
40 Beam 24 39 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
41 Beam 25 26 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 64.0 Z
42 Beam 26 27 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 336.0 Z
43 Beam 27 28 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 664.0 Z
44 Beam 28 29 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
45 Beam 29 30 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 311.0 Z
46 Beam 30 31 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 239.0 Z
47 Beam 31 32 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
48 Beam 32 33 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
49 Beam 33 34 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 538.0 Z
50 Beam 34 35 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 123.0 Z
51 Beam 35 36 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 739.0 Z
52 Beam 36 37 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1261.0 Z
53 Beam 37 38 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
54 Beam 38 39 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
55 Beam 30 45 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
56 Beam 35 50 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
57 Beam 37 52 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
58 Beam 38 53 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
59 Beam 39 54 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
60 Beam 40 41 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 64.0 Z
61 Beam 41 42 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 336.0 Z
62 Beam 42 43 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 664.0 Z
63 Beam 43 44 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
64 Beam 44 45 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 311.0 Z
65 Beam 45 46 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 239.0 Z
66 Beam 46 47 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
67 Beam 47 48 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
68 Beam 48 49 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 538.0 Z
69 Beam 49 50 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 123.0 Z
70 Beam 50 51 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 739.0 Z
71 Beam 51 52 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1261.0 Z
72 Beam 52 53 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
73 Beam 53 54 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
74 Beam 45 56 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
75 Beam 50 57 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
76 Beam 52 58 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
77 Beam 53 59 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
78 Beam 54 60 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
79 Beam 55 56 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1925.0 Z
80 Beam 56 57 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
81 Beam 57 58 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
82 Beam 58 59 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
83 Beam 59 60 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
84 Beam 56 62 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
85 Beam 57 63 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
86 Beam 58 64 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
87 Beam 59 65 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
88 Beam 60 66 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
89 Beam 61 62 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1925.0 Z
90 Beam 62 63 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
91 Beam 63 64 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
92 Beam 64 65 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
93 Beam 65 66 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
94 Beam 62 68 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
StB-27/2011-I B.5
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An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
S T R U CTUR E
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
1.7 MEMBERS
Member Node Rotation Cross-section Release No. Ecc. Div. Length
No. Member Start End Type [°] Start End Start End No. No. L [mm]
95 Beam 63 69 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
96 Beam 64 70 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
97 Beam 65 71 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
98 Beam 66 72 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 - 3600.0 X
99 Beam 67 68 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1925.0 Z
100 Beam 68 69 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
101 Beam 69 70 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
102 Beam 70 71 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
103 Beam 71 72 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 2000.0 Z
StB-27/2011-I B.6
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Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
LOAD CASES
LC Method of
No. LC Description LC Factor Property of load case Self-weight Analysis
1 Dead load D 1.0000 Permanent 1.00 Linear
11 Pallets P1 1.0000 Variable - Linear
12 Pallets P2 1.0000 Variable - Linear
13 Pallets P3 1.0000 Variable - Linear
14 Pallets P4 1.0000 Variable - Linear
21 Placement load H1 1.0000 Variable - Linear
22 Placement load H2 1.0000 Variable - Linear
31 Imperfections ImpX 1.0000 Imperfection - Linear
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
0.010 0.010
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.7
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Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
LC11: PALLETS P1
LC11: Pallets P1 Against Y-direction
4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.8
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An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
LC12: PALLETS P2
LC12: Pallets P2 Against Y-direction
4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.9
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An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
LC13: PALLETS P3
LC13: Pallets P3 Against Y-direction
4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335 3.335
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.10
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An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
LC14: PALLETS P4
LC14: Pallets P4 Against Y-direction
4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
1.667 1.667
4.630 3.335 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630 3.335 4.630
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.11
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An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
0.250
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.12
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH Page: 13/29
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
0.500
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.13
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An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
1/Phi= 350.00 1/Phi= 350.00 1/Phi= 350.00 1/Phi= 350.00 1/Phi= 350.00 1/Phi= 350.00 1/Phi= 350.00 1/Phi= 350.00
Y X
3000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.14
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Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
LOAD GROUPS
LG Method of
No. LG-Description Factor Load Cases in LG Analysis
1 1,3*G + 1,4*P1 + ImpX 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.4*LC11 + LC31 2nd Order
2 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P1 + 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.26*LC11 + 2nd Order
1,4*H1) + ImpX 1.26*LC21 + LC31
3 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P1 + 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.26*LC11 + 2nd Order
1,4*H2) + ImpX 1.26*LC22 + LC31
11 1,3*G + 1,4*P2 + ImpX 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.4*LC12 + LC31 2nd Order
12 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P2 + 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.26*LC12 + 2nd Order
1,4*H1) + ImpX 1.26*LC21 + LC31
13 1,3*G + 0,9*(1,4*P2 + 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.26*LC12 + 2nd Order
1,4*H2) + ImpX 1.26*LC22 + LC31
21 1,0*G + 1,0*P1 + ImpX 1.0000 LC1 + LC11 + LC31 2nd Order
StB-27/2011-I B.15
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Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
LOADS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
StB-27/2011-I B.16
N
-9.32 -19.06 -18.96 -18.96 -18.96 -18.96 -18.96 -19.05 -9.44
3000 [mm]
-61.43 144.33 -0.60 38.73 -1.05 40.77 -0.34 41.29 41.82 42.34 42.84 44.90 -126.23 123.41
direction
-63.82 114.20 -6.16 71.03 -7.42 71.29 -7.69 71.13 -7.97 70.98 -8.24 70.87 -8.48 70.76 -9.81 71.41 -99.64 162.77
7.93 7.79
StB-27/2011-I
-52.66 102.95 -32.32 90.34 -32.82 90.18 -32.88 89.98 -33.00 89.74 -33.12 89.49 -33.22 89.23 -34.33 89.33 -111.27 177.51
Unbraced rack, down-aisle
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
38.62 38.57
79.51 -76.56 64.74 -75.86 64.30 -75.58 64.59 -75.29 64.86 -74.95 65.20 -74.53 65.61 -73.95 65.63
-181.87 104.31
Date:
Page:
-63.74
Sheet:
-26.61 -26.50
B.17
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
17/29
GRAPHICS
N
-8.39 -17.19 -17.09 -17.09 -17.09 -17.09 -17.09 -17.18 -8.52
3000 [mm]
-53.59 128.21 -4.12 38.16 -4.44 40.04 -3.75 40.54 -3.10 41.04 -2.47 41.53 -1.83 42.00 -2.33 43.87 -115.34 113.21
direction
-57.87 99.76 -10.03 64.79 -11.17 65.01 -11.43 64.86 -11.69 64.73 -11.93 64.62 -12.15 64.51 -13.36 65.11 -93.03 146.32
5.04 4.91
StB-27/2011-I
-49.16 90.04 -32.20 80.49 -32.66 80.33 -32.71 80.15 -32.83 79.93 -32.93 79.71 -33.02 79.47 -34.02 79.58 -103.01 158.31
Unbraced rack, down-aisle
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
34.05 34.00
-8.68 -8.57
73.59 -68.30 60.69 -67.65 60.29 -67.39 60.55 -67.13 60.80 -66.82 61.10 -66.45 61.46 -65.94 61.49
-162.19 96.81
Date:
Page:
-54.48
Sheet:
-20.09 -19.99
B.18
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
18/29
GRAPHICS
N
-8.41 -17.18 -17.09 -17.09 -17.09 -17.09 -17.09 -17.18 -8.50
3000 [mm]
-58.60 128.89 -0.87 30.67 -1.27 32.52 -0.63 32.99 -0.03 33.47 33.95 34.40 36.26 -114.87 108.06
direction
-62.64 102.09 -4.81 56.74 -5.97 56.97 -6.23 56.80 -6.49 56.66 -6.74 56.54 -6.96 56.43 -8.16 56.99 -90.75 141.46
7.31 7.21
StB-27/2011-I
-51.84 94.57 -24.22 75.12 -24.62 75.13 -24.60 75.08 -24.65 74.96 -24.71 74.82 -24.76 74.65 -25.71 74.78 -97.95 156.33
Unbraced rack, down-aisle
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
-44.95 83.52 -56.87 65.98 -56.43 65.38 -56.34 65.47 -56.23 65.58 -56.03 65.77 -55.74 66.04 -55.27 66.01
-153.32 102.41
Date:
Page:
Sheet:
-50.45
B.19
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
19/29
GRAPHICS
N
-9.32 -19.06 -18.96 -18.96 -18.96 -18.96 -18.96 -19.05 -9.44
3000 [mm]
-61.71 144.19 -0.68 38.37 -1.12 40.40 -0.64 40.98 43.26 40.34 42.51 44.64 -126.29 123.22
direction
-64.24 114.12 -6.13 70.40 -7.39 70.67 -7.59 70.79 -13.18 62.73 -3.38 77.25 -8.71 69.57 -9.98 70.49 -99.94 162.08
Against Y-direction LG11: 1,3*G + 1,4*P2 + ImpX
20.06 -4.54
StB-27/2011-I
-54.16 102.35 -32.55 88.47 -33.05 88.29 -33.80 88.08 -11.04 121.92 -54.20 55.48 -32.44 87.69 -34.21 87.80 -111.52 176.35
Unbraced rack, down-aisle
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
23.84
80.16 -75.50 63.16 -74.81 62.75 -73.55 61.87-168.88 150.97 16.15 -74.62 65.01 -73.13 63.89
-181.46 103.41
Date:
Page:
-63.82
Sheet:
24.59
-81.00
-86.21
-49.36 Y X -119.85 -119.62 -119.49 -138.00 -120.81 -120.69 -79.31
B.20
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
20/29
GRAPHICS
N
-8.39 -17.19 -17.09 -17.09 -17.10 -17.10 -17.09 -17.18 -8.52
3000 [mm]
-53.77 128.13 -4.17 37.94 -4.50 39.81 -4.01 40.37 -2.34 42.42 -3.26 39.86 -1.64 41.80 -2.33 43.74 -115.37 113.11
direction
-58.07 99.75 -9.99 64.47 -11.12 64.70 -11.32 64.80 -16.31 57.63 -7.59 70.52 -12.33 63.70 -13.50 64.53 -93.24 145.88
15.89 -5.95
StB-27/2011-I
-50.19 89.56 -32.46 79.21 -32.92 79.05 -33.60 78.86 -13.17 109.17 -51.87 49.71 -32.38 78.50 -33.96 78.62 -103.18 157.58
Unbraced rack, down-aisle
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
21.17
74.06 -67.56 59.78 -66.92 59.40 -65.76 58.63-152.24 138.16 15.37 -66.75 61.42 -65.42 60.43
-161.93 96.26
Date:
Page:
-54.45
Sheet:
25.99
-67.90
-44.39 Y X -106.35 -106.13 -106.03 -119.53 -76.82 -107.13 -107.05 -69.56
B.21
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
21/29
GRAPHICS
N
-8.41 -17.18 -17.09 -17.09 -17.10 -17.10 -17.09 -17.18 -8.50
3000 [mm]
-58.78 128.80 -0.92 30.46 -1.33 32.30 -0.89 32.83 34.86 -0.21 32.28 34.21 36.13 -114.89 107.97
direction
-62.83 102.08 -4.77 56.44 -5.92 56.67 -6.12 56.76 -11.12 49.57 -2.40 62.45 -7.15 55.62 -8.30 56.43 -90.96 141.03
18.17 -3.65
StB-27/2011-I
-52.85 94.10 -24.48 73.87 -24.87 73.88 -25.48 73.81 -5.00 104.22 -43.65 -24.12 73.71 -25.65 73.84 -98.11 155.63
Unbraced rack, down-aisle
46.34
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
21.89
31.49
-45.32 83.99 -56.14 65.11 -55.71 64.53 -54.73 63.58-141.31 143.01 -56.05 66.04 -54.76 64.99
-153.06 101.87
Date:
Page:
Sheet:
-50.24 29.40
-66.36
-44.68 Y X -106.41 -106.06 -105.86 -119.27 -76.49 -106.74 -106.63 -69.23
B.22
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
22/29
GRAPHICS
M-y
-129.26 -185.93 -186.43 -186.21 -186.00 -185.80 -185.60 -185.45 -151.22
-147.32 909.41 -193.16 890.60 -196.13 890.61 -196.01 890.58 -195.94 890.57 -195.87 890.56 -195.81 890.53 -195.41 908.03 -190.05
893.07 -212.33 887.72 -214.08 887.58 -214.12 887.58 -214.18 887.58 -214.26 887.58 -214.34 887.72 -214.32 891.93 -202.40
-120.23
BEAMS
897.23 -234.89 887.69 -235.62 887.66 -235.55 887.66 -235.50 887.66 -235.45 887.67 -235.40 887.73 -235.16 894.80 -228.13
-98.44
896.65 -244.87 887.65 -243.94 887.67 -243.94 887.73 -243.94 887.80 -243.93 887.87 -243.93 888.02 -244.05 892.42 -225.48
-83.26
Worked examples
3000 [mm]
11.69
direction
StB-27/2011-I
Unbraced rack, down-aisle
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
B.23
11.37 11.44 11.44 11.44 11.44 11.44 11.44 11.49
Y X
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
23/29
GRAPHICS
M-y
-113.62 -170.15 -170.54 -170.31 -170.10 -169.89 -169.69 -169.53 -139.09
819.99 -177.42 802.80 -180.07 802.74 -179.95 802.66 -179.88 802.58 -179.81 802.51 -179.75 802.42 -179.39 817.93 -174.75
-129.24
804.97 -193.92 800.06 -195.48 799.93 -195.52 799.93 -195.58 799.93 -195.65 799.93 -195.72 800.06 -195.70 803.76 -185.19
-105.62
BEAMS
808.69 -212.73 800.01 -213.39 799.98 -213.33 799.98 -213.28 799.98 -213.24 799.99 -213.19 800.04 -212.97 806.30 -206.63
-87.70
808.11 -221.50 800.00 -220.64 800.01 -220.64 800.06 -220.64 800.10 -220.63 800.15 -220.62 800.28 -220.73 804.22 -204.27
-74.01
Worked examples
3000 [mm]
10.52
direction
StB-27/2011-I
Unbraced rack, down-aisle
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
B.24
10.24 10.30 10.30 10.30 10.30 10.30 10.30 10.35
Y X
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
24/29
GRAPHICS
M-y
-117.40 -166.69 -167.15 -166.95 -166.76 -166.58 -166.40 -166.27 -135.34
-134.78 819.25 -172.19 802.38 -174.87 802.39 -174.76 802.37 -174.70 802.36 -174.64 802.35 -174.58 802.33 -174.22 818.13 -169.27
804.82 -187.45 800.05 -189.04 799.93 -189.08 799.93 -189.13 799.93 -189.19 799.93 -189.26 800.06 -189.24 803.90 -178.24
-112.53
BEAMS
808.48 -206.22 800.02 -206.96 799.98 -206.92 799.98 -206.89 799.98 -206.86 799.99 -206.83 800.04 -206.62 806.53 -199.78
-94.72
807.88 -218.51 800.02 -217.65 800.03 -217.66 800.07 -217.65 800.11 -217.65 800.16 -217.64 800.27 -217.75 804.45 -201.08
-77.20
Worked examples
3000 [mm]
10.54
direction
StB-27/2011-I
Unbraced rack, down-aisle
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
B.25
10.26 10.32 10.32 10.32 10.32 10.32 10.32 10.37
Y X
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
25/29
GRAPHICS
M-y
-129.31 -185.89 -186.39 -186.12 -186.10 -185.88 -185.29 -185.40 -151.16
-147.47 909.41 -193.03 890.60 -195.99 890.63 -195.84 890.63 -196.40 890.44 -195.50 890.60 -195.38 890.54 -195.29 908.03 -189.92
897.21 -234.09 887.68 -234.83 887.63 -234.58 888.26 -241.01 886.76 -229.50 888.26 -233.86 887.71 -234.37 894.81 -227.25
-99.31
896.62 -243.59 887.67 -242.65 887.79 -242.99 885.02 -216.95 892.85 885.23 -244.66 888.09 -242.79 892.44 -224.20
-84.59 -91.28
41.25
Worked examples
3000 [mm]
11.69
direction
StB-27/2011-I
Unbraced rack, down-aisle
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
B.26
11.37 11.44 11.44 11.52 11.37 11.44 11.50
Y X
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
26/29
GRAPHICS
M-y
-113.64 -170.13 -170.52 -170.25 -170.21 -169.98 -169.43 -169.51 -139.05
819.99 -177.34 802.80 -179.99 802.76 -179.84 802.70 -180.33 802.46 -179.52 802.55 -179.41 802.44 -179.33 817.93 -174.68
-129.33
804.97 -193.74 800.06 -195.31 799.94 -195.37 799.80 -194.46 800.15 -196.53 799.81 -195.33 800.07 -195.49 803.76 -184.97
-105.81
BEAMS
808.69 -212.24 800.00 -212.91 799.96 -212.69 800.52 -218.42 799.16 -208.16 800.52 -212.04 800.03 -212.49 806.31 -206.09
-88.23
808.10 -220.70 800.02 -219.83 800.11 -220.13 797.63 -196.71 804.62 797.80 -221.62 800.34 -219.95 804.24 -203.48
-74.85 -83.53
38.13
Worked examples
3000 [mm]
10.52
direction
StB-27/2011-I
Unbraced rack, down-aisle
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
B.27
10.24 10.31 10.31 10.38 10.24 10.31 10.35
Y X
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
27/29
GRAPHICS
M-y
-117.43 -166.67 -167.13 -166.89 -166.88 -166.67 -166.14 -166.24 -135.31
-134.86 819.25 -172.11 802.38 -174.79 802.40 -174.65 802.41 -175.15 802.24 -174.35 802.39 -174.24 802.34 -174.16 818.13 -169.21
804.82 -187.28 800.05 -188.87 799.94 -188.93 799.80 -188.01 800.15 -190.08 799.80 -188.87 800.07 -189.03 803.90 -178.02
-112.71
BEAMS
808.47 -205.74 800.01 -206.48 799.96 -206.29 800.52 -212.04 799.16 -201.79 800.51 -205.69 800.02 -206.15 806.53 -199.25
-95.24
807.87 -217.73 800.04 -216.87 800.13 -217.17 797.65 -193.76 804.61 797.81 -218.67 800.34 -216.99 804.46 -200.31
-78.01 -80.58
35.18
Worked examples
3000 [mm]
10.54
direction
StB-27/2011-I
Unbraced rack, down-aisle
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH
B.28
10.26 10.32 10.32 10.39 10.26 10.32 10.37
Y X
3000 [mm]
Against Y-direction
www.dlubal.com
07.08.2011
1
28/29
GRAPHICS
ISIB Dr. Möll GmbH Page: 29/29
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
GRAPHICS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: DA-01 Date: 07.08.2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, down-aisle
direction
26.6
Y X
Z
Max u-X: 26.6, Min u-X: 0.0 [mm]
3000 [mm]
Factor of deformations: 57.00
1.5
2.4
17.5 15.0 12.5 10.0 7.5 5.0
6.4
7.1
10.8
11.4
14.4
14.8
16.7
16.9
17.6
0.5
0.9
2.5
5.0
5.2
5.5
7.5
17.5 15.0 12.5 10.0
9.5
9.8
13.0
13.2
15.2
15.3
16.0
StB-27/2011-I B.29
Institut für Schweißt. und Ing.-Büro Dr. Möll GmbH Page: 1/13
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
S T R U CTUR E
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: CA-01 Date: 08/07/2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, cross-ailse
direction
CONTENTS CONTENTS
General Data 1 Load Cases 7
Structure 2 LC 1 - Dead Load D 7
Graph. Structure 2 LC 11 - Pallets P 7
Graph. Positions for member checks 3 LC 21 - Placement load H 7
Graph. Structure 4 LC 31 - Imperfection ImpZ 7
Graph. Structure, Releases at the ends of the 5 Graph. Loads 8
bracing members 5 Load groups 9
1.1 Nodes 5 Settings for non-linear analysis 9
1.2 Materials 5 Results - Load Cases, Load Groups 10
1.3 Cross-sections 6 Graph. Uprights 10
1.4 Member Releases 6 Graph. Uprights 11
1.7 Members 6 Graph. Bracing 12
1.8 Nodal Supports 6 Graph. Deformations u-X, LG11: 1,0*DL + 1,0*P 13
Loads + ImpG 13
GENERAL DATA
COMPUTING METHOD
Structural Analysis Linear Static Analysis
Design Second-Order Analysis (Non-linear, Timoshenko)
Dynamic Analysis Large Deformation Analysis (Non-linear, Newton-Raphson)
Postcritical Analysis (Non-linear, Newton-Raphson)
Load Cases Design Cases
Load Groups Dynamic Cases
Load Combinations Buckling Curves
StB-27/2011-I B.30
Institut für Schweißt. und Ing.-Büro Dr. Möll GmbH Page: 2/13
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
GRAPHICS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: CA-01 Date: 08/07/2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, cross-ailse
direction
STRUCTURE
Against Y-direction
1200.0
2350.0
2000.0
2300.0
2000.0
2300.0
2000.0
2000.0
1700.0
1400.0
1100.0
2000.0
1100.0
1100.0
1100.0
1925.0
1614.0
1064.0
Y X
1040.0
1000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.31
Institut für Schweißt. und Ing.-Büro Dr. Möll GmbH Page: 3/13
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
GRAPHICS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: CA-01 Date: 08/07/2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, cross-ailse
direction
U6
B13
U5
U5
U4
B10
U3
U2
U2
U1
U1
B1
Y X
Z
1000 [mm]
StB-27/2011-I B.32
Institut für Schweißt. und Ing.-Büro Dr. Möll GmbH Page: 4/13
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
GRAPHICS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: CA-01 Date: 08/07/2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, cross-ailse
direction
STRUCTURE
Node Numbering Against Y-direction Member Numbering Against Y-direction
19 39 33
18 52
18 38
32
17 51
17 37
16 50
31
16 36
15 35 15 49
14 30 48
14 34
13 47
13 33 29
12 46
12 32
11 28 45
11 31
10 44
27
10 30
9 29 9 43
8 26 42
8 28
7 25 41
7 27
6 24 40
6 26
5 39
5 25
23
4 38
4 24
3 22 37
3 23 21
36
22 2 20
35
2 21
1 20 1 34
Y X Y X
Z Z
StB-27/2011-I B.33
Institut für Schweißt. und Ing.-Büro Dr. Möll GmbH Page: 5/13
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
S T R U CTUR E
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: CA-01 Date: 08/07/2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, cross-ailse
direction
Release No 2
300 [mm]
1.1 NODES
Node Reference Coordinate Node coordinates
No. Node System X [mm] Z [mm] Comment
1 - Cartesian 0.0 0.0
2 - Cartesian 0.0 -64.0
3 - Cartesian 0.0 -1064.0
4 - Cartesian 0.0 -1614.0
5 - Cartesian 0.0 -1925.0
6 - Cartesian 0.0 -2164.0
7 - Cartesian 0.0 -2714.0
8 - Cartesian 0.0 -3264.0
9 - Cartesian 0.0 -3814.0
10 - Cartesian 0.0 -3925.0
11 - Cartesian 0.0 -4664.0
12 - Cartesian 0.0 -5514.0
13 - Cartesian 0.0 -5925.0
14 - Cartesian 0.0 -6664.0
15 - Cartesian 0.0 -7814.0
16 - Cartesian 0.0 -7925.0
17 - Cartesian 0.0 -8964.0
18 - Cartesian 0.0 -9925.0
19 - Cartesian 0.0 -10164.0
20 - Cartesian 1040.0 0.0
21 - Cartesian 1040.0 -64.0
22 - Cartesian 1040.0 -400.0
23 - Cartesian 1040.0 -1064.0
24 - Cartesian 1040.0 -1614.0
25 - Cartesian 1040.0 -1925.0
26 - Cartesian 1040.0 -2164.0
27 - Cartesian 1040.0 -2714.0
28 - Cartesian 1040.0 -3264.0
29 - Cartesian 1040.0 -3802.0
30 - Cartesian 1040.0 -3925.0
31 - Cartesian 1040.0 -4664.0
32 - Cartesian 1040.0 -5506.0
33 - Cartesian 1040.0 -5925.0
34 - Cartesian 1040.0 -6664.0
35 - Cartesian 1040.0 -7814.0
36 - Cartesian 1040.0 -7925.0
37 - Cartesian 1040.0 -8964.0
38 - Cartesian 1040.0 -9925.0
39 - Cartesian 1040.0 -10164.0
1.2 MATERIALS
Material Material E-Modulus G-Modulus Sp. Weight Coeff. Thermal Saf. Factor
No. Description E [kN/cm 2 ] G [kN/cm 2 ] [kN/m 3 ] [1/°C] M [-]
1 S235 JR 21000.00 8077.00 78.50 1.2000E-05 1.000
2 S355 J2 21000.00 8077.00 78.50 1.2000E-05 1.000
StB-27/2011-I B.34
Institut für Schweißt. und Ing.-Büro Dr. Möll GmbH Page: 6/13
An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
S T R U CTUR E
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: CA-01 Date: 08/07/2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, cross-ailse
direction
1.3 CROSS-SECTIONS
Section Cross-section Mater. IT [cm 4 ] Iy [cm 4 ] Iz [cm 4 ]
No. Description No. A [cm2 ] A y [cm 2 ] A z [cm 2 ]
1 Upright 100/75/2,5 2 33.00
6.40
2 Bracing U 50/30/1,5 1 1.20
1.40
1.7 MEMBERS
Member Node Rotation Cross-section Release No. Ecc. Div. Length
No. Member Start End Type [°] Start End Start End No. No. L [mm]
1 Beam 1 2 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 64.0 Z
2 Beam 2 3 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1000.0 Z
3 Beam 3 4 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
4 Beam 4 5 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 311.0 Z
5 Beam 5 6 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 239.0 Z
6 Beam 6 7 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
7 Beam 7 8 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
8 Beam 8 9 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
9 Beam 9 10 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 111.0 Z
10 Beam 10 11 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 739.0 Z
11 Beam 11 12 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 850.0 Z
12 Beam 12 13 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 411.0 Z
13 Beam 13 14 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 739.0 Z
14 Beam 14 15 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1150.0 Z
15 Beam 15 16 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 111.0 Z
16 Beam 16 17 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1039.0 Z
17 Beam 17 18 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 961.0 Z
18 Beam 18 19 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 239.0 Z
20 Beam 1 23 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1487.8 XZ
21 Beam 3 23 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1040.0 X
22 Beam 23 4 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1176.5 XZ
23 Beam 4 26 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1176.5 XZ
24 Beam 26 7 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1176.5 XZ
25 Beam 7 28 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1176.5 XZ
26 Beam 28 9 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1176.5 XZ
27 Beam 9 31 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1343.2 XZ
28 Beam 31 12 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1343.2 XZ
29 Beam 12 34 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1550.5 XZ
30 Beam 34 15 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1550.5 XZ
31 Beam 15 37 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1550.5 XZ
32 Beam 37 19 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1588.0 XZ
33 Beam 19 39 Angle 0.00 2 2 1 2 - - 1040.0 X
34 Beam 20 21 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 64.0 Z
35 Beam 21 22 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 336.0 Z
36 Beam 22 23 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 664.0 Z
37 Beam 23 24 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
38 Beam 24 25 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 311.0 Z
39 Beam 25 26 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 239.0 Z
40 Beam 26 27 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
41 Beam 27 28 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 550.0 Z
42 Beam 28 29 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 538.0 Z
43 Beam 29 30 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 123.0 Z
44 Beam 30 31 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 739.0 Z
45 Beam 31 32 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 842.0 Z
46 Beam 32 33 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 419.0 Z
47 Beam 33 34 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 739.0 Z
48 Beam 34 35 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1150.0 Z
49 Beam 35 36 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 111.0 Z
50 Beam 36 37 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 1039.0 Z
51 Beam 37 38 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 961.0 Z
52 Beam 38 39 Angle 0.00 1 1 - - - - 239.0 Z
StB-27/2011-I B.35
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An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
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LOADS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: CA-01 Date: 08/07/2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, cross-ailse
direction
LOAD CASES
LC Method of
No. LC Description LC Factor Property of load case Self-weight Analysis
1 Dead Load D 1.0000 Permanent 1.00 Linear
11 Pallets P 1.0000 Variable - Linear
21 Placement load H 1.0000 Variable - Linear
31 Imperfection ImpZ 1.0000 Variable - Linear
StB-27/2011-I B.36
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GRAPHICS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: CA-01 Date: 08/07/2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, cross-ailse
direction
LOADS
LC1: Dead Load D Against Y-direction LC11: Pallets P Against Y-direction
0.230 0.230 16.670 16.670
Y X Y X
LC21: Placement load H 0.250 Against Y-direction LC31: Imperfection ImpZ Against Y-direction
1/Phi= 175.00
1/Phi= 175.00
Y X Y X
StB-27/2011-I B.37
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An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
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LOADS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: CA-01 Date: 08/07/2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, cross-ailse
direction
LOAD GROUPS
LG Method of
No. LG-Description Factor Load Cases in LG Analysis
1 1,3*D + 1,4*P + ImpZ 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.4*LC11 + LC31 2nd Order
2 1,3*D + 0,9 * (1,4*P + 1.0000 1.3*LC1 + 1.26*LC11 + 2nd Order
1,4*H) + ImpZ 1.26*LC21 + LC31
11 1,0*D + 1,0*P + ImpZ 1.0000 LC1 + LC11 + LC31 2nd Order
StB-27/2011-I B.38
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An der Schleifmühle 6, 64289 DARMSTADT Sheet: 1
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GRAPHICS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: CA-01 Date: 08/07/2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, cross-ailse
direction
UPRIGHTS
LG1: 1,3*D + 1,4*P + ImpZ Against Y-direction LG1: 1,3*D + 1,4*P + ImpZ Against Y-direction
N M-y
0.24 -0.01
-2.08
5.10
-128.20 2.43
0.85 0.41
-111.42 Y -128.22
X Y X
Z Z
StB-27/2011-I B.39
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Tel: 06151/713051 - Fax: 06151/74140
GRAPHICS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: CA-01 Date: 08/07/2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, cross-ailse
direction
UPRIGHTS
LG2: 1,3*D + 0,9 * (1,4*P + 1,4*H) + ImpZ Against Y-direction LG2: 1,3*D + 0,9 * (1,4*P + 1,4*H) + ImpZ Against Y-direction
N M-y
0.59 -0.01
-2.04
4.00
-118.96 1.86
0.69 0.31
-97.50 Y -118.98
X Y X
Z Z
StB-27/2011-I B.40
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GRAPHICS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: CA-01 Date: 08/07/2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, cross-ailse
direction
BRACING
LG1: 1,3*D + 1,4*P + Imp Against Y-direction LG2: 1,3*D + 0,9 * (1,4*P Against Y-direction LG11: 1,0*D + 1,0*P + Im Against Y-direction
N N N
-0.33 -0.79 -0.23
0.09 0.09 0.06
-0.81 -0.24
0.56 0.39
1.00
1.15 0.79
1.56
1.13 0.77
1.54
Y X Y X Y X
Z Z Z
2.36 2.60 1.55
StB-27/2011-I B.41
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GRAPHICS
Project: StB-11-27 Structure: CA-01 Date: 08/07/2011
Worked examples Unbraced rack, cross-ailse
direction
Y X
StB-27/2011-I B.42
C. Member check for upright with moment coefficients
On the following pages the member check of the upright taking account of the moment coefficients
is shown exemplarily on the following pages for the upright position U1. The moment digramm is
shown in Figure C.1. The compression force NSd is taken from Table 13.
Figure C.1
MSd,y
-65,2
962,5
1925
50
26,7
475
36,6 962,5
950
76,3
475
64
118,7
122,8
2
Material: S355 J2 E = 21000 kN/cm G = 8100 kN/cm2
2
fy = 35,5 kN/cm gM = 1,00
y0 = 6,00 cm = 0,324
Related slenderness:
Compressive strength:
Bending Strength:
NSd = 118,9 kN
MSd,y,max = 122,6 kNcm MSd,z,max = 0 kNcm
MSd,y,1 = 122,8 kNcm MSd,z,1 = 0 kNcm
MSd,y,2 = -65,2 kNcm MSd,z,2 = 0 kNcm
MSd,y,m = 36,6 kNcm MSd,z,m = - kNcm
xm.y = 0,5 xm,z = - (x = x/L, x = location of MSd,..,m)
Member check:
NSd = 118,9 kN
MSd,y,max = 118,7 kNcm MSd,z,max = 0 kNcm
MSd,y,1 = 118,7 kNcm MSd,z,1 = 0 kNcm
MSd,y,2 = 26,7 kNcm MSd,z,2 = 0 kNcm
MSd,y,m = 76,3 kNcm MSd,z,m = - kNcm
xm.y = 0,5 xm,z = - (x = x/L)
mLT = min{0,15 lrel,z bM,LT - 0,15; 0,9} mz = min{lrel,z (2bM,z - 4); 0,9}
= -0,015 = -0,221
kLT = min(1 ; 1 - mLT NSd / Nb,Rd,z) kz = min(1 ; 1 - mz NSd / Nb,Rd,z)
= 1 = 1,000
Member check:
Conclusion: No significant change for the check compared to the simplified method
(check = 0,897).