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588 58PHYSICS: E. E. LIBMAN PROC. N. A. S.

of the X-ray beam and A is the semi-angle of the cone. This equation
gives the form of the longitudinal distribution very satisfactorily.
Equations (1) to (3) require, moreover, that the amount of the scattering
and, therefore, the space-distribution depend upon both T and Z. The
results of Auger given in figure 1 show this to be the case, as do also the
results of other observers. Proof of this as well as of the other considera-
tions here presented will be published in detail elsewhere.
We conclude, therefore, that the theory of nuclear scattering together with
the assumption that the electrons all start from the parent atom in the same
direction explains in a satisfactory way all the details of the observed space-
distribution of the photo-electrons ejected by X-rays.
1 Wilson, C. T. R., Proc. Roy. Soc., 104,,1923 (1-24).
2 Auger, P., and C. R., Paris Acad. Sci., 178, 1924 (929-931, 1535-1536); J. Phys.

Rad., 8, 1927 (85-92).


3 Bothe, W., Zs. Phys., 26, 1924 (59-73).
4 Bubb, F. W., Phys. Rev., 23, 1924 (137-143).
5 Loughridge, D. H., Ibid., 26, 1925 (697-700); second paper in press.
6 Kirchner, F., Phys. Zs., 27, 1926 (385-389; 799-801).
7 Watson, E. C., in press.
8 Bubb, F. W., Phil. Mag., 49, 1925 (824-838).
9 Bothe, W., Zs. Phys., 26, 1924 (74-84).
10 Auger, P. and Perrin, F., C. R., Paris Acad. Sci., 180, 1925 (1742-1745); Jour.
Phys. Rad., 8, 1927 (93-111); Auger, C. R., Paris Acad. Sci., 180, 1925 (1939-1942).
11 Wentzel, G., Zs. Phys., 40, 1926 (574-589).
12 Beck, G., Ibid., 41, 1927 (443-452).
13 Auger, P., J. Phys. Rad., 8, 1927 (85-92).
14 See Rutherford and Chadwick, Phil. Mag., 50, 1925 (889) and references there given.
15 Schonland, B. F. J., Proc. Roy. Soc., 113, 1926 (87-106).

SURFACE TENSION OF MOLTEN METALS. I. COPPER


By EARL E. LIBMAN'
DBPARTMgNT OF PHYSICS, UNIVZRSITY OF ILLINOIS
Communicated June 27, 1927
Except for those that melt at temperatures sufficiently low to allow
the use of glass vessels, no accurate data are available concerning the
surface tensiofis of the metals. The writer is engaged in determining
the capillary constants of the metals that melt above 900°C. and the
present paper is an abstract of the work on copper soon to be published
in detail as an Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin of the University
of Illinois.
Theory.-The surface of a liquid in contact with a vertical plane which
it does not wet is depressed. The magnitude of this depression h (see
Fig. 1) is given by the equation
VOiL. 13, 1927 PHYSICS: E. E. LIBMAN 589

h2 = a2(1- sin 0) (1)


where a2 is the so-called "capillary constant" and is equal to twice the

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3

surface tension divided by the product of the density and the acceleration
of gravity.
The surface of a liquid within a circular tube of radius r connected to
a large reservoir is, if the liquid does not wet the tube, depressed an amount
H (see Fig. 1) given by
590 PHYSICS: E. E. LIBMA N PRoc. N. A. S.

To R¢-mp,s

a'17ad Worm k$ZW'ee/

FIGURE 4
VoL. 13, 1927 PHYSICS: E. E. LIBMAN 591

a2 rH + C
-cos 0
C [ra + {2(a2
= - m2r2)s/2/3m2r} -2a3/3m2r]/(-cos 0) (2)2
a = a2m2/H
ml2= [rH4 ]rin2j.
We have thus two equations in two unknowns, a2 and 0, and if h and
H are known we may calculate a2.
Method.-The vertical plane and the tube are combined in a single
crucible shown in figures 1 and 2. The metal is melted in this crucible in
a high vacuum molybdenum wound furnace. An X-ray picture is taken
through the entire furnace and the photograph thus obtained (Fig. 3) is
measured. From the measurements of h and H the capillary constant
a2 is calculated. The furnace is pictured in figure 4.
The furnace is operated at a vacuum which at low heats is about 10-7
mm. of Hg, and at high temperature (about 1400°C.) is never poorer than
10-3 mm. of Hg. The temperature is measured by means of the re-
sistance of the molybdenum furnace winding. The metal at a high red
heat is treated with hydrogen to obviate oxidation. During the experi-
ments the metal continually distills, condenses upon the walls and cover
of the crucible and runs down again so that the results obtained are for
the metal in contact only with its own vapor.
The X-ray equipment consists of a Victor universal tube supplied by
a large 20 kw. G. E. four-kenotron rectifying set. Applied to Hg, the
method gave results for the surface tension ranging from 472 to 480 dynes
per cm., which is in good agree-
ment with the literature. The
difficulties due to surface con-
tamination by grease at ordinary
temperatures, and to which the
uncertainty in the published data
for mercury is due, are not pres-
ent at high temperature.
411:11111
Measurements were made from
the melting point to 1300°C. on
two samples of copper, one of .. ,. .. -- -z l l - l

great purity and another not so


pure, in order to determine the I I I I
FIGURE 5
effect of slight contamination.
The pure copper was "c.p." material from Baker and Company which,
after the experiments, gave on analysis a total of 0.019% of impurities,
mostly Fe2O3 and A1203. It was originally in sh;ot form and was melted
592 PHYSICS: A. K. BREWER PROC. N. A. S.'

in an atmosphere of hydrogen to obviate oxidation. A block was cut from


the center of a large cylinder thus obtained.
The impure sample, analyzed, after the experiments, gave Fe2O3 A120s,
0.07%, SiO2, 0.04%. The results obtained are given below.
PURS COPPER IMPURI COPPBR
TOTAL IMPURITIgS 0.019% TOTAL IMPURITISS 0.11%
at a2
1083 0.308±+ 0.0017 1083 0.301
1093 0.308 0.0017 1097 0.299
1146 0.304 0.0017 1110 0.315(?)
1210 0.305 0.0017 1160 0.292
1271 0.304 0.0017 1195 0.290
1318 0.297 0.0017. 1220 0.287
1335 0.275
The probable error of a2 for the case of pure copper calculated by the
method of least squares is 0.0017. Note that the effect of impurities
becomes more pronounced as the temperature rises.
The results are plotted in figure 5.
1 NATIONAL RZSsARCH FELLOW.
2 See Desains, Ann. chim. phys. (3) 51, 417 (1857).

THE RELATION BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND WORK


FUNCTION IN THERMIONIC EMISSION
By A. KrITH BR}WZR1
NORMAN BRIDGE LABORATORY OF PHYSICS, PASADENA
Communicated July 15, 1927
In a recent article in these PROC1VDINGS2 it was shown that some sorts
of ionization accompanying chemical action not only followed the Rich-
ardson equation, but possessed such other properties in common with
thermionic emission as to suggest that they might be looked upon as
special cases of the latter.
Under the conditions in which ions were formed at a surface only when
chemical action was taking place, distinct relationship was shown to
exist between the difference in temperature of emission of the positive
and negative ions (6T) and the difference in their work functions (bb) as
determined by the usual treatment of an equation of the Richardson form.
It is the purpose of the present paper to show that an interdependence
also exists between the difference in temperature (8T) and, the difference
in work function (bb) for the positive and negative thermionic currents
from a given surface in the presence of various gases.

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