of the X-ray beam and A is the semi-angle of the cone. This equation
gives the form of the longitudinal distribution very satisfactorily.
Equations (1) to (3) require, moreover, that the amount of the scattering
and, therefore, the space-distribution depend upon both T and Z. The
results of Auger given in figure 1 show this to be the case, as do also the
results of other observers. Proof of this as well as of the other considera-
tions here presented will be published in detail elsewhere.
We conclude, therefore, that the theory of nuclear scattering together with
the assumption that the electrons all start from the parent atom in the same
direction explains in a satisfactory way all the details of the observed space-
distribution of the photo-electrons ejected by X-rays.
1 Wilson, C. T. R., Proc. Roy. Soc., 104,,1923 (1-24).
2 Auger, P., and C. R., Paris Acad. Sci., 178, 1924 (929-931, 1535-1536); J. Phys.
FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2
FIGURE 3
surface tension divided by the product of the density and the acceleration
of gravity.
The surface of a liquid within a circular tube of radius r connected to
a large reservoir is, if the liquid does not wet the tube, depressed an amount
H (see Fig. 1) given by
590 PHYSICS: E. E. LIBMA N PRoc. N. A. S.
To R¢-mp,s
FIGURE 4
VoL. 13, 1927 PHYSICS: E. E. LIBMAN 591
a2 rH + C
-cos 0
C [ra + {2(a2
= - m2r2)s/2/3m2r} -2a3/3m2r]/(-cos 0) (2)2
a = a2m2/H
ml2= [rH4 ]rin2j.
We have thus two equations in two unknowns, a2 and 0, and if h and
H are known we may calculate a2.
Method.-The vertical plane and the tube are combined in a single
crucible shown in figures 1 and 2. The metal is melted in this crucible in
a high vacuum molybdenum wound furnace. An X-ray picture is taken
through the entire furnace and the photograph thus obtained (Fig. 3) is
measured. From the measurements of h and H the capillary constant
a2 is calculated. The furnace is pictured in figure 4.
The furnace is operated at a vacuum which at low heats is about 10-7
mm. of Hg, and at high temperature (about 1400°C.) is never poorer than
10-3 mm. of Hg. The temperature is measured by means of the re-
sistance of the molybdenum furnace winding. The metal at a high red
heat is treated with hydrogen to obviate oxidation. During the experi-
ments the metal continually distills, condenses upon the walls and cover
of the crucible and runs down again so that the results obtained are for
the metal in contact only with its own vapor.
The X-ray equipment consists of a Victor universal tube supplied by
a large 20 kw. G. E. four-kenotron rectifying set. Applied to Hg, the
method gave results for the surface tension ranging from 472 to 480 dynes
per cm., which is in good agree-
ment with the literature. The
difficulties due to surface con-
tamination by grease at ordinary
temperatures, and to which the
uncertainty in the published data
for mercury is due, are not pres-
ent at high temperature.
411:11111
Measurements were made from
the melting point to 1300°C. on
two samples of copper, one of .. ,. .. -- -z l l - l