Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour

and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The
term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but
is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are
transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such finished goods may be
sold to other manufacturers for the production of other, more complex
products, such as aircraft, household appliances, furniture, sports equipment or
automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who
then sell them to end users and consumers.

Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through

which raw materials are transformed into a final product. The manufacturing
process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which
the product is made. These materials are then modified through manufacturing Large-scale manufacturing.
processes to become the required part.

Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required in the production and integration of a product's components.
Some industries, such assemiconductor and steel manufacturers use the termfabrication instead.

The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North
America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, and Precision
Castparts. Examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, FCA and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Toyota, Yamaha,
Panasonic, Mitsubishi, LG and Samsung.

Contents
History and development
Manufacturing systems: changes in methods of manufacturing
Industrial policy
Economics of manufacturing
Manufacturing and investment
Countries by manufacturing output using the most recent known data
Manufacturing processes
Control
See also
References
Sources
External links

History and development

In its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled
artisan with assistants. Training was by
apprenticeship. In much of the pre-industrial world, theguild system protected the privileges andtrade secrets of
urban artisans.
 Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural
areas, where household-based manufacturing served as a supplemental
subsistence strategy toagriculture (and continues to do so in places).
Entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a
single enterprise through theputting-out system.
Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with
specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods
for a second firm.

Manufacturing systems: changes in methods of

Finished regenerative thermal
manufacturing
oxidizer at manufacturing plant
Manufacturing Engineering
Agile manufacturing
American system of manufacturing
British factory system of manufacturing
Craft or guild system
Fabrication
Flexible manufacturing
Just-in-time manufacturing
Lean manufacturing
Mass customization (2000s) – 3D printing, design-your-own web sites
for sneakers, fast fashion Assembly of Section 41 of aBoeing
Mass production 787 Dreamliner
Ownership
Packaging and labeling
Prefabrication
Putting-out system
Rapid manufacturing
Reconfigurable manufacturing system
Soviet collectivism in manufacturing
History of numerical control

Industrial policy
An industrial worker amidst heavy
steel semi-products (KINEX
Economics of manufacturing
BEARINGS, Bytča, Slovakia, c.
Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing 1995–2000)
employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States.
Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and
for national defense.

On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and
environmental costs. The clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may
outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose
workers to health risks. These costs are now well known and there is effort to
address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis,
and eliminating harmful chemicals.

A modern automobile assembly line

The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally. Developed
countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws.
Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to
offset the environmental costs of manufacturing activities.Labor unions and craft guilds have played a historic role in the negotiation
of worker rights and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in
the third world. Tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing. These are significant dynamics in the
ongoing process, occurring over the last few decades, of manufacture-based industries relocating operations to "developing-world"
economies where the costs of production are significantly lower than in "developed-world" economies.

Manufacturing and investment

Surveys and analyses of trends and issues in manufacturing and investment around
the world focus on such things as:

The nature and sources of the considerable variations that occur cross-
nationally in levels of manufacturing and wider industrial-economic
growth;
Competitiveness; and
Attractiveness to foreign direct investors.
In addition to general overviews, researchers have examined the features and factors Capacity utilization in manufacturing
affecting particular key aspects of manufacturing development. They have compared in the FRG and in the USA
production and investment in a range of Western and non-Western countries and
presented case studies of growth and performance in important individual industries
and market-economic sectors.[1][2]

On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the United States to increase its manufacturing base
employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the
financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand.[3] Further, while U.S. manufacturing performs well compared to the rest of
the U.S. economy, research shows that it performs poorly compared to manufacturing in other high-wage countries.[4] A total of 3.2
million – one in six U.S. manufacturing jobs – have disappeared between 2000 and 2007.[5] In the UK, EEF the manufacturers
organisation has led calls for the UK economy to be rebalanced to rely less on financial services and has actively promoted the
manufacturing agenda.

Countries by manufacturing output using the most recent known

data
List of top 20 manufacturing countries by total value of manufacturing in US dollars for its noted year according Worldbank.
to [6][7]
 Rank Country/Region Millions of $US Year
World 12,578,627 2014

1 China 3,713,300 2014

European Union 2,566,070 2014

2 United States 2,068,080 2014

Eurozone 1,946,857 2014

3 Japan 850,902 2014

4 Germany 787,503 2014

5 South Korea 389,582 2014

6 India 321,721 2014

7 Italy 296,611 2014

8 France 283,664 2014

9 United Kingdom 282,675 2014

10 Russia 248,481 2014

11 Brazil 218,799 2014

12 Mexico 216,773 2014

13 Indonesia 186,744 2014

14 Spain 166,594 2014

15 Canada 162,074 2014

16 Switzerland 128,881 2014

17 Turkey 126,365 2014

18 Thailand 112,214 2014

19 Netherlands 95,683 2014

20 Australia 93,461 2016

Manufacturing processes
List of manufacturing processes
Manufacturing Process Management

Control
Management

List of management topics

Total Quality Management
Quality control

Six Sigma

See also
List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue
 Industrial robot
Manufacturing engineering
Industrial engineering
Advanced manufacturing
Metal fabrication
Microfabrication
Optics fabrication
Semiconductor device fabrication
Biomanufacturing
Mesoscale Manufacturing
Cyber manufacturing
Taylorism/Scientific management
Fordism
Manufacturing Programof the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

References
1. Manufacturing & Investment Around The World: An International Survey Of Factors Affecting Growth & Performance
,
ISR Publications/Google Books, revised second edition, 2002.ISBN 978-0-906321-25-6.
2. Research, Industrial Systems (2002-05-20)."Manufacturing and Investment Around the W orld: An International
Survey of Factors Affecting Growth and Performance" (https://books.google.com/books?id=4H07TL4rvyYC&dq=ISB
N0906321255). ISBN 978-0-906321-25-6.
3. Bailey, David and Soyoung Kim (June 26, 2009).GE's Immelt says U.S. economy needs industrial renewal(https://w
ww.theguardian.com/business/feedarticle/8578904). UK Guardian. Retrieved on June 28, 2009.
4. Brookings Institution, Why Does Manufacturing Matter? Which Manufacturing Matters?
, February 2012 (http://www.b
rookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/2/22%20manufacturing%20helper%20krueger%20wial/0222_man
ufacturing_helper_krueger_wial)Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121008093333/http://www.brookings.edu/
~/media/research/files/papers/2012/2/22%20manufacturing%20helper%20krueger%20wial/0222_manufacturing_hel
per_krueger_wial) 2012-10-08 at the Wayback Machine.
5. "Factory jobs: 3 million lost since 2000(https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-04-20-
4155011268_x.htm)". USATODAY.com. April 20, 2007.
6. "Manufacturing, value added (current US$)(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD/countries/1W?orde
r=wbapi_data_value_2010%20wbapi_data_value&sort=desc&display=default) ". access in February 20, 2013.
7. "Manufacturing, value added (current US$) for EU and Eurozone(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV
.IND.MANF.
CD/countries/1W-EU-XC?display=graph)". access in February 20, 2013.

Sources
Kalpakjian, Serope; Steven Schmid (August 2005).Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology. Prentice Hall. pp. 22–
36, 951–88. ISBN 0-13-148965-8.

External links
How Everyday Things Are Made: video presentations
Grant Thornton IBR 2008 Manufacturing industry focus
EEF, the manufacturers' organisation – industry group representing uk manufacturers
Industry Today – Industrial and ManufacturingMethodologies
Enabling the Digital Thread for Smart Manufacturing
"Manufactures". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

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