Basic Concepts
Dr N S Senanayake
Learning Outcomes
You will
1. Explain the meaning of substances and their role in thermodynamic
applications
2. Define the Extensive and Intensive properties of substances
3. Explain the terms, state, process, cycle, open systems, closed systems
and control volume
4. Identify closed and open systems in practice
5. Explain the terms internal energy and enthalpy
6. Describe the phase changes of substances with the aid of T – v and P –
v diagrams and identify different regions with critical point and triple
line
7. Explain what is meant by quality or dryness of vapour in a mixture
liquid and vapor
Content
Extensive properties
Dependent on the mass of the system
Ex: Volume, Enthalpy, Internal Energy
State
Constant
pressure
process
Constant
Polytrophic volume
process process
Cycle
A thermodynamic system is
defined as a volume in
space or a well defined set
of materials separated from
surrounding.
The imaginary outer edge of
the system is called
its boundary.
The boundary can be fixed
or moving.
Open and Closed systems
Closed
system Closed
system
Open
system
Hydrological cycle
Examples for closed and Open Systems
Open Open
system system
Temperature is one
of the most used
intensive properties
of a substance
A measure proportional to
the kinetic
energy associated with the
disordered microscopic
motion of atoms and
molecules.
Internal Energy (U)
Q = U2 – U1 + work done
Q = H2 – H1
Change in Enthalpy
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Enthalpy (H)
H U pV
Phases of substances
Phases of Pure substances
compressed liquid
or sub-cooled liquid
saturated liquid
Physics of Phase Changes (cont..)
boiling starts
Temperature remains constant
Volume increases Vapor heats up
as a gas and
volume rises
All liquid
liquid and vaporized
vapour phases
coexist in
“thermal superheated
equilibrium” vapour
saturated
vapour
Physics of Phase Changes (Cont..)
Latent heat :
The amount of heat absorbed
during phase change process.
T-v Diagram
horizontal lines
indicate the path of
phase change process
Critical Point:
The point at which the
saturated liquid and
saturated valour states
are identical.
If phase change is
observed keeping the
temperature constant, the
variation of volume with
pressure is shown by the
dotted line.
Only difference:
constant temperature
lines have downward
trends.
Triple line
Sublimation
phase change process of solid to vapor
is termed as sublimation.
P-T Diagram
Critical Point
• Triple point
Pressure
•
Projection on P-v surface
Pressure
Projection on P-v surface
•
Property Tables
Saturated liquid by f
Saturated vapour by g
Where y = v, u, or h
END