Exodus, Flawed Dating of

Exodus, Flawed Dating of
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Interpretative Keys]
Case Study in Flawed Dating of Exodus

Intra-page links: | Wrong Questions get wrong answers | Check Bible: Sources, relevant Pharaonic data, Methodology| | Check Bible: alerts
scholars should notice | | A for Avoidance: why is the most venerated Pharaonic line.. defaced?| | B for Baptism: Why is the "mose" moniker,
unique to that same dynasty, blotted out?| | C for Changed Names: why change god names? | | D for Destroy pantheon: Why Akhenaton? | | E
for Eclipsed reign: Why only 9 campaigns for Amenhotep II? | | F for Foul Play: why Neferure's early death? And maybe Hatshepsut's? | | G for
God's Consistent Dating: why ignore Bible, when it's consistent? | | H for Historical 'fit' from Joseph forward, #1: Hatshepsut's Barren Dilemma | |
Chrono, H#2-4, backgrounder on Israel in Egypt | | H#5-6, Hat's Solution | | H#7-10, Hat's Precedenting Usurpation (using Moses) | | H#11-
12, Moses under Hat thru her death | | H#13-15, Moses abdicates | | H#16-17, 'other' Thutmose III comes to power | | H#18-21,
Amenhotep II | | H#22-end, Aftermath (decline of Egypt) |
Preface
Apologies up front: the first few sections of this webpage are decidedly acerbic, for which I apologize. So
maybe just skim the content until you get to "Historical 'fit'" intra-page link #H, which takes you through the
history from Joseph's time, forward.
And why acerbic? Since the Exodus is the basis for the entire existence of the Bible, and the Bible spends
every verse tying TO the Exodus, you'd think the people trying to date the Exodus would actually consult
the Bible itself, to know the date. This has not happened. What has happened instead, is a lot of tail-
chasing after artifacts.
God has an Accounting System for Time that is always used every time He dates something anywhere in
Bible, and by that system, you get an absolute chronology from Adam through Christ. But no one seems to
have used it. So there's this incredible divergence over the Exodus Date, and all of the divergence just ignores
what Bible has to say. Truly. It's shocking, since a whole lot of time and effort has gone into trying to date the
Exodus by Bible-lovers and Bible-haters, alike.
God's Accounting System for Time is the third link at utmost pagetop, aka Mirroring.htm (click here). It
has videos to orient you. That webpage is lengthy, verses are furnished, and the whole thing is testable.
God's Accounting System for Time is self-auditing; I've found and fixed several accounting errors scholars
make, due to its self-auditing feature. So more on the Exodus-related dates is thus in Mirroring.htm, for
ALL dates in Bible are related to the Exodus, both before and after it; the underlying 1050 'houses' of Time
Accounting and their many subcomponents are also explained in Mirroring.htm. For a synopsis on how
God's Accounting System works in BIBLE, click here for brainoutFAQ.htm #6a. So you might want to
read that first before reading this page.
Upshot: per Bible, Exodus was 1440BC. God Accounts the 1440BC date all the way back to Adam under His
Accounting System, for God treats time like a balance sheet, principle of Dan9:25-26; and, He tracks all the way
forward to the present day with the same 490-year (non-intercalated) or 560-year (intercalated) benchmarks.
You can prove the forward accounting by reference to Daniel 9, but only if you know how it is structured.
You don't know how it's structured, if you a) measure from a human king's decree; b) measure in lunar
years; c) benchmark to some other date than the 1000th anniversary of David's death as the endpoint. Since
everyone instead uses a) - c) in some combination, they don't know when Exodus occurred. For more
details on these errors, click here for brainoutFAQ.htm #6. That's why you have to master Mirroring.htm,
in order to know for sure when Exodus happened. Of course, some scholars know Exodus happened in
1440BC; then it's easier to see how Daniel 9:26 ends in 37AD, just like Isaiah (53:1 ff) had predicted using
http://www.brainout.net/Exodate.htm[5/30/2017 2:29:05 PM]

his Hebrew meter, back in 712BC.
For God Structures Time Based On The Meaning Of Each Time Segment, for even Time itself is
used to teach you more about God Himself. Real Time, Real God, real Meaning you can test. Once you
see how He did the accounting in Dan9:25-26 based on the longevity of the 1st Temple versus its own 490
'promise' of time, you see the entire structure. Then it's a matter of tracing the Bible date-verses using that
Structure, to date stuff. From that, comes added knowledge about the Character of God, not merely a
greater certitude about the Fact He is Who He is. Pretty powerful proof of an interpretation, really. So you
can also be sure you're not hallucinating meaning. Bible is thus your Textbook, the Holy Spirit your
Mentor, and you really learn much via all that date searching. Not at all arcane.
So you can measure the years all the way down to Christ's death in 30AD owing to Jewish rejection, versus
the Daniel-9 scheduled 37AD. It's tedious to do this, but far simpler and cheaper than chasing after relics.
Makes any archeological work a whole lot simpler too. As a nice side benefit, you thus know where to look
for your relics, astronomical data, etc. Frankly, Bible could be used to interpret and correct much of the
historical data we have, so we'd have better empirical results.
The Problem: Wrong Questions asked of or Not Checking, Bible!
It's an old lawyer's or politician's trick to "prove" what one wants to prove by asking and answering the
wrong questions. Deflects attention away from the right questions, gets the listener to agree with the
opinion one wants 'bought' by answers given which -- of course -- discredit the object of such questions.
Just turn on CSPAN during a committee hearing, or go to any trial, see how it plays. Research that slants will
likewise ask and answer the wrong questions to get the conclusions, it wants. The layman usually doesn't have
the wherewithal to vet accuracy, so if the story sounds cohesive, seems sprinkled with enough facts and the
researcher looks respectable, hey -- it was on TV, so it must be true. Yeah, right. Please, then -- test what you read
here. Clearly, I'm convinced of a certain answer. Test what you read, see if the right questions and answers are
handled, k?
So when it comes to the dating of the Exodus, don't be surprised to find that the wrong questions are asked
there, too; so no 'proof' is deemed found. Yeah, if your keys are in the glove box and you insist on
searching in the trashcan, you won't find the keys. You'll find in your researches that a whole lot of
respectable folks routinely assign the wrong dates to the Exodus, and have done so for generations. Of course,
then any searches for confirming data will be in the wrong time period, so nothing will be found. Then, oh! the
Exodus didn't happen! Yeah, not then it didn't. Using the Bible's own system of dating, the Exodus happened
1440BC. We can date it accurately, because the Bible timeline begins its count of Israel the nation based on
Exodus as its Birthdate. The page top link, "Dan 9 Timeline" will acquaint you with the structure, and the many
independently determined dates in history that tie to the Biblical dates via its timeline system.
My own high school's World History textbook from 1962 assigns the Exodus date to 1350 BC, just after
Tutankamen died -- lol, nearly a century after the actual Exodus occurred (1440BC); other scholarship puts
the Exodus as late as Ramses II. Encyclopedia Britannica, Ted Turner's remake of "Moses", and the older
Cecille B. DeMille epic, "The Ten Commandments" alike screw up here. The Christian commentaries and
dictionaries I have in BibleWorks are from the early 1900's and later; they also presume Ramses via
deduction, or come up with widely divergent dates, some as far back as Ahmose I, positing Thutmose II as
the Pharaoh of the Exodus. Those dates don't fit Bible, either - did anyone actually run the Daniel timeline?
Doesn't look like it. My pastor long taught Exodus as 1440BC, and until by accident when vetting the
Daniel 9 timeline -- I had merely assumed that date correct (oooh, bad scholarship on my part too, you
bet)! Well now there's no shred of doubt. The Daniel timeline fits 1440BC, no other date. So, since Daniel
has been around for what, 2500 years! Why didn't anyone use it to plot the Exodus date? 1Kings 6:1 is easy
to read. But of course, if you don't do the math or assume some copyist erred there, you mess up when the
Exodus happened. And miss a ton of Treasured Validation and Understanding of God, which clearly is
worth more than all the world's wealth.

Scholars know that Egyptian Pharaohs practiced a whitewashed version of their history for posterity in all
those buildings; it was common as far back as Thutmose III, that a Pharaoh would deface another
Pharaoh's monument to make his own accomplishments, look better; or, to wipe out a disliked ruler. The
Ramses line of Pharaohs were the worst offenders, here.
So with Egyptian history, you always have to read between the lines, because their culture was of the
"positive thinking" variety. Ergo the focus on pyramids and provisions for the afterlife: idea was, whatever
you kept on saying was true, would be true; so if you provided food and jewels etc. for the afterlife, even
though your body was dead, the dead would live again forever with the provisions. Even though, no one
eating with their dead among those tombs ever saw the mummies eat (see parallel in Inca civilization). [Have
you ever noticed, the very elderly of mind or body become preoccupied with death. Not relaxed, never sated by enough news about what new illness is in self or others,
going on and on and on about it? Well, you can observe that same phenomenon on the larger stage: in a polity, society or imperial entity. For, when a civilization declines,
it becomes preoccupied with death in aggregate, getting very elaborate about it. Strange pattern. Doesn't necessarily mean the civilization soon afterwards dies out -- some
cantankerous individuals seem to live forever. Does mean it becomes very bad to live in/around; so you move out or get crushed by all the ennui. A happy people don't
become preoccupied with death like this. US started down this same road beginning in the late 1960's. Grief counseling is all the rage, now.]
So it always amazes me that Folks Don't Check The Bible To Test Historical Accuracy. The prejudice
against it, really shows. Prejudice is bad scholarship. Like the Bible, hate the Bible, whatever, that's a private
prerogative. Doesn't add to my belief or anyone else's, if there's agreement God is God of Bible. Believe or not,
whatever -- but let's not pretend objectivity, by being hostile to it, by giving it a slipshod glance, and then call
ourselves "scientist" or "scholar", afterwards: we'll get egg on our face, every time. Look: even if one didn't
believe Bible was Divine, it's a historical book. Other historical books are checked and compared against,
routinely -- many religious texts and stones, stelae, like all the Egyptian monuments, all of them religious -- oh,
their timelines and data are accepted. But not the Bible?
Christians and unbelievers alike typically treat Bible with a dismissive attitude, as if nothing of value were
in there except to serve ego. Seeing that pervasive attitude took some getting-used-to, but in the sciences
(including the science of historical research) -- I don't expect it. Your average joe can be excused for
disinterest, I guess -- after all, it's not me he hurts by being so bored with the Most Important Book In The
Universe. But the historian, the scholar, the scientist -- should by his own training, at least -- accord Bible
something of a database stature to respect. Guess again.
[In Central Park New York City, there's an obelisk named Cleopatra's Needle. It's not from Cleopatra, but from Thutmose III. Meaning, a chronicle of Moses' time under
Hatshepsut (more follows below). The transportation for which, was donated by a rich person (Thank God), William H. Vanderbilt, son of Commodore Vanderbilt, the guy
who created a stable American transportation infrastructure, and thus brought US out of our medieval European mindset. Source: the Vanderbilt Women by Clarice Stasz,
p.81. Encarta will only tell you that Ismail Pasha donated one of the Needles to Britain, and the other, to the US, in 1878 and 1880, respectively. The transportation,
however, was astronomically expensive. So now that Egypt is trying to get back all her relics, don't count on it happening anytime soon: transport costs are much higher,
now. See? Pretty good thing God gave that guy so much money, huh: the Bedouin and other people in Egypt routinely break up priceless artifacts they find to get more
money from selling the pieces (i.e., read up on Qumran), so we'd not have this obelisk if William H. didn't value spending the money on it to bring it here. Same story, for
how we even get a Bible to read: torn shreds, sometimes -- greed, over Read.]
The Solution? Check With Bible; Then You Know Where To Look IN History
God is not so petty or wasteful to retaliate against our prejudices against Him. Instead, He graces us all out, no
matter how prejudiced against Him we ALL are (no exceptions, it's in the genes). Watch how Bible's dating
corrects the centuries' off error of typical scholarship. Gee, God really can count.
Source Material Used for this webpage: Pharaonic dates and biographical data below only come from my
1985 set of Encyclopedia Britannica, hereafter abbreviated to "EB". On the internet, there's sooo much
variation on Biblically-significant Pharaohs, a reader goes crazy: even the "Encyclopedia of the Orient" has in its
dogpile description, that Amenhotep II reigned from 1450-1424BC, like my set of EB says -- but when you click
on the Orient's link, you see text which changes his reign to "1427-1400" BC! Another link wipes out even
Hatshepsut's reign, putting Amenhotep II in her place, killing him off at 1482BC! Worse, www.britannica.com
changes his reign to "1426-1400BC". All the other dates of the Pharaohs are changed, too! What happened to
scholarship since 1985? Downright weird, what's sometimes on the internet. So I'm only using my 1985 set of EB
for Pharaonic dates, because it makes sense, versus what else is out there. [Particular reigns were from the Macropedia abstracts; the
main EB article titled "Egypt, History of" was used as well.]

The regnal years' listing below was mainstream in 1985 and (largely) in prior years. But the Bible's information
'suits' those years, as you'll see by the time you finish this page. The same information in BIBLE might suit other
regnal configurations, too, I don't know. This is what I'm using, to show the method.
Bible doesn't say the names of the Pharaohs, generally; no names are given for Pharaohs related to Joseph
or the Exodus. Now I know why: God foreknew there would be so much confusion! So you go by what
happened during those YEARS, and whoever the Pharaoh really was, that's the guy! Still looks like the EB dating
is the most sensible. So here's what my set of EB lists as the reigns of the relevant Pharaohs:
Amenemhet II (Pharaoh of the Dream), 1929-1895BC;

Sesostris II, 1897-1878BC;
Sesostris III, 1878-1843BC;
Amenemhet III (Pharaoh when the Slavery began), 1842-1797BC;
Thutmose I, 1525-1512BC;
Thutmose II, 1512-1504BC;
Hatshepsut, 1504 (or 3) - 1482BC;
Thutmose III (overlaps; Moses and the concubine's son), 1504-1450BC;
Amenhotep II ("Pharaoh" of the Exodus), 1450-1425BC;
Thutmose IV, 1425-1417BC.
Other Pharaohs mentioned here are for histo-cultural background information. I'd rather not list all the
dates I have from the 12th through the 19th dynasty.
A few websites seem to brainstorm this problem of widely divergent Pharaonic dates. I didn't use their
information to write this page, and it appears they would all disagree with this page's Pharaonic identities.
Thinking impresses me, right or wrong. Better to be wrong but thinking, than right with the brain off, 1Jn1:8-10.
So whether these sites are right or wrong, is irrelevant. Again, this is about method, which requires thinking. So
you might enjoy brainstorming or railing at these sites:
There is so much controversy about the dates of these Pharaohs, Egyptology has classified the controversy
into "low" and "high" "chronology". For an example at Allegheny.edu, click here. That link happily puts
the throne name alongside the ruler's name, so you can better match the two, in research. For many varied
spellings go with the varied dates, and often the hieroglyphics reference the throne names.
www.bible.ca has a very interesting and thoughtful explanation for the 1440 BC Exodus route using
ONLY the Bible. I didn't yet proof it for correctness.
bibleprobe.com translated some inscriptions found. I didn't proof them yet, either.
crivoice.org shows you how sloppy Bible scholarship provokes the wrong questions, i.e., thinking that the
480 years in 1Kings 6:1 isn't literal, because the extra-Biblical 'proof' sought for, wasn't found. I didn't
proof this site yet either, but obviously if you're looking for the wrong proof or in the wrong place, you
won't find it. That's why the above site from www.bible.ca is really the second thing you need to do: first
was get the right date, then get the right route. Obviously the people trying to symbolize away the 480
years in 1Kings 6:1, didn't try to get the right route. To see how convoluted the arguments can become,
peek in here. For article noting the sloppiness among so-called Bible scholars on Amenhotep II, click here
or here.
You can find a good many more articles on the internet, simply by searching on "Exodus 1440 BC" and
"Amenhotep II". None of the articles wholly agree with each other. Yeah, since there was so much
defacing done due to the Exodus, and because the Exodus is related to BIBLE: so it becomes a political
football, in academia. Amazing, how to be anti-Bible is called "objective", but to give more credence to
known defacing of monuments, and to ignore solid political evidence of the Exodus historically VIA the
Bible, is called "subjective". So now you know why I just stick to my 1985 set of Encyclopedia Britannica
for this writeup. You can examine other sources for yourself at your leisure.
Frankly, this is why we don't know Exodus happened and when. We are sloppy in reading Bible, and

then blame IT for our sloppiness. After this section, when you start reading both the alphabet bullets,
and then the "Historical 'fit'" links in this webpage, you'll see how obvious is the extra-Biblical
Egyptian evidence that Exodus happened in 1440 BC. So 'scholars' have no excuse for misdating it,
sorry.
www.gnmagazine.org also has an agenda, but at least they demonstrate plausibility. Again, I didn't proof
the claims.
Stuff at www.varchive.org is weird, but interesting. Site pushes the envelope on the issue of the dates used,
primarily contending that all the Egyptian dates ought to be about 500 years later. Hence, much of our
dating with respect to other civilizations ought also to be notched up, for apparently we used the Egyptian
dating to determine the other civilizations' dating. (Since the Biblical timeline supports the more
conventional dating of a generation ago, I wonder if we actually used the Bible for a lot of the dating,
instead; at least, until the 1950's, when debunking authority became rabid, not merely fashionable.) The
articles are thoughtful, not slapdash. You might find them useful.
Stuff at www.knowledge.co.uk/sis is related conceptually to varchive.org. and advances that cause.
"Original Historical Documents" of www.specialtyinterests.net" were sometimes thoughtful, sometimes

wacko. Articles seem to be a collection from outside sources by whoever maintains the sites, of multiple
and unrelated authors; these vary in quality and are in either German or English (not all the articles offered
are the same in both languages). Focus is on ancient history.
Sothic material which is another author's Master's Thesis: click here. I think it's the same thesis -- now
finished -- as I read and then posted in this bullet, several years ago.
An Egyptian astronomer recast the Pharaonic reigns based on eclipses, which he read from the stelae and
other records, redefining the Egyptian pantheon, to do it; since the end of Exo 10 is the three days' plague
of darkness, the idea that eclipses were definitions of the 'gods' is more intriguing. So this guy's short pages
begin at www.eclipse-chasers.com/egygod1.htm
Next, nefertiti.iwebland.com translates the stelae, inter alia, and is written by someone apparently skeptical
of taking anything at face value. D'accord.
Another site, www.sacred-texts.com, offers an extensive CD-ROM of 'sacred texts' from around the world
and over most of ancient history, so you can read the source material. They offer the CD for sale but you
can read the texts for free online; they hope you'll buy the CD-ROM to help them keep the 'free' usage for
others.
As you peruse the materials you'll notice that in ancient times, blatant exaggeration is a prime feature
of their historical records. The florid prose is enough to make you vomit. So you always have to read
between the lines. Hence Bible exhorts the reader to test it, constantly. Good advice. Then you know
it's not like the 'usual' historical book. That's why rare folks like Aristotle and Herodutus are so
praised. Herodotus kept rewriting his History until he died, trying to improve its accuracy. Bible isn't
complimentary about its heroes, but shows all their warts -- so we should regard Bible as accurate
until proven wrong. That we don't, shows our prejudice. Which prejudice, thus demonstrates that
maybe there's a Satan after all, and that maybe Bible is from God after all.
Apparently the current disputation over Pharaonic regnal dates centers on the so-called "Sothic" method.
Egyptians dated based on the stars, and left records. So that's an alternative method of validation people use,
since the Pharaohs so routinely 'alter' past Pharaohs' monuments to claim as their own. So the "Sothic" method
used is now claimed to be off by as much as 50+ years. The above links from knowledge.co.uk/sis, Master's
Thesis, and that Egyptian astronomer, provide detail. How accurate they are, I've no idea.
Of course, just as you don't go convicting someone based on circumstantial evidence, but have to prove
design or intent; so also you don't rely on circumstantial data historically, without some cohesion
surrounding it. Bible has reasons for everything, and the reasons tell you where to look for the data. So to
data search without knowing what Bible says about Biblical topics is truly a waste of time. So while I

guess this Sothic method or other empirical dating issue is important, the first importance should be what
Bible means by what it says. Bible isn't trying to prove itself right, but to teach. So once you learn what it
teaches, you'll know what's right to seek; at which point, you'll get the empirical corroboration you need to
have confidence; and you'll still need empirical corroboration, to prove you didn't hallucinate meaning, not
so much to prove whether God is real and can count.
Funny how it's the Biblically significant Pharaohs whose identities and dates are the hardest to pin down,
huh. You just know this dating quest wouldn't be so convoluted, if it weren't related to the Bible, huh.
Good thing God gave us His Word, rather than surrendering our learning to mere relics and academia's
always-hedged guesses.
So dates related to Exodus and Israel for this page (and Mirroring.htm), come only from the Bible's dating
system; I don't trust or use any other source. If I can't tally some independently derived date to Bible, then
the independent date is wrong. So you'll be able to prove it wrong, independently. But maybe not,
immediately. Again, God's Dating System proofs the dates for you, so you can catch errors.
Mirroring.htm#Joseph extensively covers the Exodus-related Bible verses and dates, starting with the ENTRY
into Egypt, mostly in its "Joseph" link.
This Divine Accounting System for Time can be vetted. God always wants you to know what time it is,
Matt16:2-3. So when you see that the last 120 years of a 490 displays ATTACK BIBLE trends, you trust the
System. LvS4a.htm's 'Stone Witness' + its 'Rev6-17' links give you a short synopsis of this seven-faceted
trend revving up during 'our' 120 (the 490 ends in 2030 AD). That trend is a reaction to God's trend of
rolling out Scripture so the common man can have it despite elitism and other attacks, as tracked from the
Crucifixion, in MirrorNOW.htm, and in GeneYrs.xls (click on Excel's Views, then Custom Views, then
pick "Civilization 4000").
Again, you'll first need to understand Mirroring.htm's accounting system, to fully understand the
significance of these real historical replays within the last 120 years of each 490-year period. Especially,
since the 490s are layered atop each other, benchmarked to believers, then Temple, and finally to Christ.
Very deft, complex, and demonstrably from God (with Satan reacting): so you trust His System when it
comes to the much smaller task of merely dating the Exodus. Don't need the Sothic method or even the
stars (lol God forbid astrology in Deut 18, so won't use the stars as proof); though you can improve those
methods, if you use the Divine method.
Consequently I really don't care which Pharaohs were reigning in 1440BC; the Timeline, itself accounts for
all time from Adam through Christ; the Pharaohs and their regnal years are thus based on the long-stable
extra-Biblical data we have. If we find that data is wrong, we'll be able to attach the right names. But we
shouldn't go bass-ackwards, trying to look at the Pharaohs to see when the Exodus was. We should use the
Bible, first. That's what I'm doing here.
So for the sake of argument, the data below 'fits' the relevant Pharaohs to the Biblical account, and thus two
independent dating methods make a remarkable case for what really happened; however the Biblical
account does not say whether "Pharaoh's daughter" had any political issues or problems bearing children,
etc. Turns out Hatshepsut did, and what seems like the most accurate dating for her puts her there as
"Pharaoh's daughter". So her identity, as with all the Pharaonic identities, are extra-Biblical conclusions
based on extra-Biblical data. But you be the judge.
Given what Bible says and what historical facts we have, the following 'hints' should have alerted scholars
where to look in history for the right Exodus date:
A. The 18th Dynasty of Egypt (c.1570-1362BC) was a kind of golden age; consolidation of empire due to
freedom from invaders (chiefly the Hyksos, Asiatics). So why is it repudiated by its own progeny?
"Pharaoh" was the title of the king's house, not the king himself, until this Dynasty came along. Meaning,
this dynasty became the standard of what being "Pharaoh" as a person, should mean. No longer just a

place. [Looks like some historians stop the line at Amenhotep III, so the end date in that case would be 1379. Last 18th Dynasty Pharaoh, technically, was Horemheb.
At his death in 1320, Ramses I, a nonroyal, friend and fellow military man, was Horemheb's adopted successor.]
The beginning date of this dynasty is a real tipoff that they should look here for the Exodus
generation. It's within the Bible's timeframe, the polity is united again, and the Mose name is ONLY
here. Moreover, it is Biblically significant, because it connects to God's 490's, as He'd long ago
proven in Scripture, i.e., 490 years of begettings from Shem to Abram's age 100 -- after that a new
490 begins. Well, 1570 is 490 years after Isaac's birthdate, so something must be 'born' here.
Especially in retrospect, someone must have been alerted to the fact that deliverance of Israel was
keyed to this dynasty, then. But okay, it took me a long time to learn how God mirrors Time, so
maybe they didn't know how to use His Timeline, either.
Given all the trashing of relics practiced by the Arabs to make more money, and given the Egyptian
penchant for whitewashing their own history, your search for data of any kind is problematic. What I
liked about that "www.sacred-texts.com" site was its promise of lots of writing left behind. In a large
body of writing -- i.e., the Bible -- you can find all kinds of linkages that in a smaller set wouldn't be
apparent: omissions, inclusions, later reversals, etc. Counterfeits and coverups don't hide well when
you have large masses of data. The trick is to know how to search the data -- but the evidence will be
in there. Too little information is like the blind man and the elephant. But there is a LOT of
information, here.
And what you find, is that the Thutmose name, which is supposed to be the "zenith" (per EB),
isn't so well liked, but rather --defaced. Moreover, no one after Thutmose IV takes the name, and
even he seems to be defaced, maybe for taking the name. Big warring, then from one reign to the
next, trying to blot out the Thutmose name. Why? So that should have alerted the scholars to focus
on this. Of course, in the early 20th century, it was mainstream theology to focus on the Thutmose
house; but that window of recognition didn't last long.
Yet the supposed presence of so many Thutmose III scarabs all over Palestine helps you know when
the Exodus occurred, given Exo 11:2 (click here for a picture). Click here for a 1905 analysis of
history. For the controversy concerning scarabs, click here. Again, you'll have to draw your own
conclusions.
Bible says the Egyptians gave valuables in enormous quantity to departing Jews and their converts,
so such valuables were in the wilderness, and then in the Land. People would have traded with them,
or otherwise used them, which accounts for the wide distribution of the scarabs. It needn't be a
worship thing or a hate thing -- as some scholars suppose -- but simply hoarding, or having a
souvenir of a very memorable time. Amenhotep II is only recorded as having 9 years' battles -- very
abnormal. And he wasn't Pharaoh but for those 9 years, by the time Moses went to 'visit'. So there
wouldn't be too many of his own scarabs, and who would want them? Whereas, if the real Thutmose
III for the Hatshepsut years was Moses -- and you'll see below why that idea makes sense -- then yes,
such scarabs would be desirable for those departing, but not so desirable a memento for those staying
behind. People don't like being reminded of their negativity. In short, the presence of material
identifiable as belonging to Thutmose III, should be widespread in the Middle East -- it was the
booty of those departing.
Just the same, people should be skeptical of relics; you can always draw antithetical conclusions
based on the same facts, which is why most courts won't allow convictions based on circumstantial
evidence. Especially here, where we have widespread evidence of tampering/defacement. A mummy
in a tomb is labeled "Amenhotep II"; how do you know it's really him? Same problem as the
Christians have with their relics, all too drooly over some mere assertion that Peter is buried in
Rome, some new ossuary's bones are from James, some old wood is from the Ark, or that some
burial cloth is Christ's. Sheesh: sucker born every minute. What facts don't fit, you must then quit.
What facts do fit, you must admit. When facts are defaced, they must be replaced. The truth always
hangs together as a coherent whole, so long as you keep on questioning the premise. False premise,

false conclusion, and then whatever facts you have, you can't properly discern.
In short, you're better off using what the Bible says, and then reconstruct the chronology it provides,
to the historical 'evidence' you think you have. Then test for plausibility. That's what I'll do here,
after this 'alphabet' list of bullets.
B. So how did scholars miss the fact that the Nile was considered the Giver of Life, so the name
"Moses", which is NOT a Hebrew name, was part of an Egyptian Pharaonic name, starting even
before Thutmose I, with Kamose, the father of Ahmose I, the founder of the dynasty? Since the
founder of the Dynasty was AhMOSE I, the guy who drove out the Hyksos the first time, and extended
hegemony as far north as Syria, and as far south as Nubia, consolidating the kingdom again? His son was
Amenhotep I, because Ahmose's wife was Ah-hotep (aka Ahmose-Nofretari). It's a concatenated name, the
son's. Both Ahmose and his wife were full-blooded brother and sister. Their son Amenhotep I, therefore,
was sterile -- and apparently had married his full-blooded sister.
So, his son by adoption was Thutmose I, a general of his staff who was unrelated; the latter married
Amenhotep's widow ("God's Wife") Ahmose upon Amenhotep's death. Followed by, Thutmose II, III. The
latter was supposed to be Egypt's greatest Pharaoh, per EB.
C. So note how unusual, the name change to "Amenhotep II", when he comes to power on his dad's
(Thutmose III's) death, 1450BC; Pharaohs only change names to hide dishonor in their parents'
reigns. The Egyptians were a very superstitious people, keen on omens and sounds. So names were
deemed to have power. So to CHANGE the name is to reflect a Change of Power -- so the old name is no
longer in favor with the gods. It's a way of saying the past is over, disavowing it; for the good times are
ahead. Kinda like a warding off bad luck, too -- if the prior reign wasn't popular. (For example, who after
1945 would allow himself to have a surname of Hitler?) What would be shameful or 'bad omen' about
retaining the name of Egypt's greatest Pharaoh, hmmm?
D. Note also how the Thutmose name is reclaimed but then quickly dies out with the short reign of
Thutmose IV. Amenhotep II was between Thutmose III and Thutmose IV. Thutmose IV's son will again
change the name back -- as if ashamed of his dad's time -- to become Amenhotep III; and his son will be
crowned Amenhotep IV, but will (c.1373) change his NAME to the infamous Akhenaton -- he's the guy
who tried to make Egypt go monotheistic, moved his capital, neglected his country, all hung up on this
one-god thingy. Very unpopular move. Very disastrous reign. End of 18th dynasty, for all intents and
purposes, c.1362. No Pharaoh is afterwards named for ANY of the preceding ones.
Hmmm. Seems like something's going on, here. One generation repudiates the Thutmose house, another
reclaims it, and the last of the line, goes wacko over monotheism -- all a good century+ before the usual
dates given for the Exodus by scholars. What happened? Weren't the scholars alerted by these odd facts?
Nothing fits the Ramses data, that scholars should date Moses with Ramses II. The closest 'logic' I could
find goes back to the days of the Ottoman Empire, when some scholar then concluded that because Ramses
was so successful, surely Moses was born then. Yeah. Then, there was another who, looking at Akhenaton,
decided that the monotheism was influenced by Moses, so surely Moses came before that. Yeah, but didn't
anyone just ask Bible? [I don't want to name the names of these folks, just point out the errors, since they are typical of the genre. Speculation by a hoary
head becomes a cast-in-stone 'truth' by later scholars, who don't vet the hoary head, since it was a hoary head. Making gods out of people dishonors even the people, let
alone God Himself.]
E. Yet the empirical clues for Amenhotep II, were there for the taking. Scholars are reasonably sure
that Thutmose III (Moses' younger rival by Thutmose II and a concubine), defaced his stepmother
Hatshepsut's monuments. That's what you do to hide something. EB article on Hatshepsut says that
archeologists were able to "firmly establish" that the defacing occurred at/toward the end of the Thutmose
III's reign -- which of course, could well be just after Thutmose III died, especially if the son of Thutmose
III, didn't even name himself after his own father. Defacement cost laborers and money, and it would be

sacrilege -- unless, of course, ordered by a Pharaoh. This is distinct from vandalism. Defacement is like
deliberate tampering to cover up something. Much of Hatshepsut's monuments survived, too.
As will be repeated later in this page, Amenhotep II only had 9 annual campaigns of his own. So if he
came to power in 1450BC, then his rule ended at the Exodus, one way or another. It makes sense that
either the concubine's son or Amenhotep II -- or even Thutmose IV -- would be keen on defacing a Moses.
If what the Bible says is true, Moses shamed Egypt twice: first, by abdicating; and then by shaming the
current Pharaoh directly. A HEBREW slave boy put on the throne by a woman! Too much shame, to
tolerate.
See a video on Discovery or History channel about how the Ramses did it, to get the idea. The Ramses
were real keen on expunging any past Pharaohs who would dishonor their lineage; moreover, it was
common to just tack ON to a 'good' pharaoh's reign, the years of some successor who was not so good.
That practice was not without precedent, which scholars know. So why didn't anyone clue into the unusual
nature of this Thutmose III, and ask gee, were there two of them? Plenty of reason to suspect it, especially
since they know defacement occurred; since they know one of the temples of Thutmose did tack on years
that belonged to Hatshepsut's so-called regency period (first 22 years).
F. Then there's the question of whether Hatshepsut died naturally, or by violence. Her daughter wasn't
married to 'Thutmose III' very long, and died before the mother did. Suspicious, don't you think? Neferure
would have been a "God's Wife" heiress, whose allegiance would be critical to Egyptian stability; her death
would be a bad omen. Granted, there is a lot one doesn't really know -- but all these odd facts should have
engendered deeper inquiry, rather than blithely skipping over 100-200 years to a Ramses.
G. So why didn't scholars begin to wonder the logical thing -- that Moses was the "Thutmose III" who
conquered the Hyksos in Hatshepsut's name, etc? Especially since per Bible, 1440BC is the date for
the Exodus: you can back into it from 1Kings 6:1, Daniel 9:25-26, Acts 13:20, many other verses
which use God's 490-year Time Accounting System. Bible's timeline is based on the Exodus date, the
Nation Israel's reckoned Birthdate (see Exo12); the year YHWH became King of that Nation. Kinda like
America's 7/4/1776. So Bible renders its calendar in terms of "x" years FROM the Exodus: a common
practice in ancient times, to date years from some important event or ruler, as a calendar. Which, if you use
that dating system, tracks to all the other main dates we know: the year First (Solomon's) Temple was built,
year First Temple was destroyed, the year scholars (but not Bible) claim Xerxes' Decree to Rebuild went
out, the year the 2nd Temple was finished, the year Messiah was actually born -- the latter three of which
were predicted by the timeline well before any of the events occurred. (And since Judaism doesn't believe
in Christ, it would have no motive to manipulate the Dan 9 Masoretic text to prove it predicted exactly the
year Messiah Was Born.) Hmmm. Pretty accurate, since we use an independent (and secular-based) dating
system to determine those other events, extra-Biblically.
H. So of course there will be no Egyptian record of the Exodus, which was a shame to Egypt, which
actually occurred in the reign of Amenhotep II, Thutmose III's son.
Let's take a trip back in time, and reconstruct the historical chronology.
1. The intended Thutmose III, Moses, was born in 1520BC, if we use the Bible's timeline (verses cited
below). During a time of persecution of the Hebrews by Thutmose I (1525-1512BC), this Hebrew
baby floats in the Nile to be discovered by the daughter of that persecuting Pharaoh -- Hatshepsut --
who herself, is barren of male heirs. Significantly, Exodus 1:15's Hebrew says a melek (NOT "pharaoh"
-- Bible Hebrew and Greek transliterate 'pharaoh') proposed and got acceptance of the persecution. Verses
16-17 show that the command wasn't carried out, so there must have been a lot of Egyptian sympathy for
the Hebrews on this topic. So maybe Thutmose I didn't want it, but politically had to sanction it, since one
of his lower officials had ordered it (maybe on his own initiative). It's likewise significant that Exo1:22
suddenly says now it's Pharaoh who commands the boy babies be thrown in the Nile. Idea that if they

survive, the gods must have wanted it, see. Heh: perfect setup and justification for accepting a baby who
does NOT die -- the god is then Blessing that Baby. Well: if the god blesses that baby, then surely it's not
wrong for Pharaoh to take that baby. Even, Pharaoh's daughter.
2. So you can get the right contextual background for Hatshepsut's situation in 1520BC, some
'scholarly' myths about slavery and the nature of Israel's slavery, must be exposed. First, slavery in
the ancient world was not the same as what we today call "slavery"; but was often a form of employment,
and often for a fixed number of years. You had several ways to become a slave: 1) you were booty, the
people of a defeated people in a battle; 2) you were in debt, and wanted to work your way out; 3) you'd
committed some crime or other offense and had to work it off; 4) you CHOSE to become a slave for
whatever other reason (i.e., you wanted to honor the son of a father, by becoming his slave; you were in
love with a slave girl and wanted to marry her, many categories of reasons, all of them voluntary). Frankly,
slavery was something people sought to get a better life, especially if you could be a domestic slave to
someone rich and important. Surely all the history of Roman slavery should clue someone in to that fact.
Romans (and others) had this ceremony where the slave could choose to be a slave for life (hence even that
late in history, slavery was not typically life long): the master would back the slave against a wall, stick an
awl through the slave's earlobe. The slave then wore an earring in the hole, as a token of his lifelong
devotion and subservience. Family of the slave usually participated, too.
a. Re the nature of Israel's slavery: they were Temple Building slaves, not agricultural slaves. So
Bible tells you that (i.e., Exo1:8ff); and you can prove from abundant archeological evidence that in
Egypt, slavery was BUILDING related. (Nice of God to plan Temple Building in advance by
building the building skills in His people.) So to reject the possibility of the Exodus on the grounds
that Egypt's arable land was too small for a slave population that large, is stupid. Of course, others
reject the Exodus on the grounds that the Egyptians didn't use slave labor for agriculture. Both of
them, ignoring the fact that the Bible never says they were agricultural slaves, in the first place.
Worse, such claims ignore the fact that Egypt was the BREADBASKET for the Middle East during
famines. So very obviously, it produced more food, than its population needed! See how prejudiced
against BIBLE, the 'scholars' are? On the one hand acknowledging Egypt's greatness and expanse,
and then when convenient, denying it to deny Bible?
Yeah, and worse -- since slavery in modern times was largely agricultural, the debunkers ASSume
that any slavery is agricultural, and then project their false ideas on the Bible. Without reading it, of
course. That's bad scholarship, k? [They do the same thing with Genesis -- God never depicts Adam as a hunter-gatherer or meat-eater, but a
taxonomist; nor is Cain a meat eater, but a farmer and a city-builder. So are the other kids. But that stops no one from calling the Bible a liar because it accounts
Adam's Fall back to 4106 BC (see GeneYrs.xls for the Bible chronology, test it yourself).]
Ask wrong questions, get wrong answers! Bible is real clear on the nature of the Hebrew slavery and
why it happened, saying they were involved in agriculture before the enslavement, living in Lower
(northern) Egypt, around the Delta area, Gen 47:6. But when they were enslaved beginning in the
reign of Amenemhet III, they were enslaved as BUILDERS, to take away the land from them, since
"Goshen" was some of the most fertile land in Egypt, Gen47:6, Exo1:8, :11, 8:22.
Which is what happened under Amenemhet III, one of Egypt's famous 'builder' Pharaohs, per EB;
though of course EB mentions nothing about the Hebrews being there. Note the tactic well: by
making them BUILDING slaves on their own land, they are effectively disenfranchised from that
land, in the name of building STORAGE cities on the same ground. Not too hard to do: 'the people'
need storage against any future famine! For famine was common, and everyone knew to go to Egypt
during a famine. And of course you need the storage near where you grow the crops. So, kinda like
today's tactic: Government announces it's building a freeway, to reduce congestion 'for the people';
and oh, by the way -- it's gonna go right through your house! Government thus offers you some
pittance to 'compensate' you for the house; but of course two seconds after the news is out, your
house is utterly worthless to any other buyer. Not sure that's the tactic which Amenemhet used;
Hitler did much the same thing to the Jews long before the attacks against them escalated to the

smash-window genre. Thus you see the kind of creeping or sudden trickery which can be played on
someone, to look like 'freedom' which is slavery. Governments are masters at this trickery, past or
present. It's Satan's world, see.
Yeah, and God still gives Grace! For had Goshen not been 'converted' like this, by the time the locust
plague hit Egypt (Exo 10), there was no food anywhere to be had, no livestock. Only Goshen -- with
its storage cities intact, presumably -- was spared. Compare what Pharaoh wants in Exo10:8, versus
10:24. By v.24, he doesn't want hostages, he wants FOOD. Blessing by association, baby. We curse
Him, He blesses us. Preview of coming attractions: Revelation (seventh-seal) Trib plagues are
patterned after the Exodus plagues, so the world cannot mistake Who is doing them. Check it out for
yourself.
Yet the weird contention by some among the world's 'scholars' who debunk the Exodus: they
wrongly define Israel's slavery as agricultural; of course that's not the kind of slavery Egypt
practiced, so lo! Israel wasn't there! Can you imagine, this fake-lawyer trick of 'scholarship' is
'respectable'? My 1985 EB has that claim; I've seen it from time to time in documentaries, too; you'll
find it on the internet: too embarrassing to name the names of these 'scholars'. For everyone knows
from the Book of Exodus (or even the "Ten Commandments" movie), that the sons of Jacob (aka
Jews aka Israel) were enslaved in Egyptian building projects, from which comes the aphorism about
making bricks without straw. Everyone can know that Amenemhet III was a nut for building
projects, as indeed every Pharaoh was. Cain went out and built a city, and so the building idea being
associated with greatness, is as old as Cain (see Genesis 4 account). In Egypt, that building idea
represented its preoccupation with death -- and hence its obsession to appease the gods. These are
common facts. But if you ask the wrong questions, you can ignore the right facts.
b. Re the places of Israel's enslavement building: similarity of 19th-dynasty names to the cities
shows the cities are older, not contemporaneous. Exo1:11 dispels the stupid idea that the city of
Ramses was built during the Ramses (19th dynasty, 1300's BC). For the very name "Ramses" is far
older than that, as is the name of Atun: both terms are related to "Ra", the chief god in Egyptian
mythology. So Ra+moses=born from the god Ra, who is depicted very much like the Holy Spirit in
the Hebrew of Gen1:2. Makes one think that God is tweaking the Egyptians, therefore, using Moses'
pen. For in Gen1:2, the Hebrew name for the Holy Spirit is Ruah-Elohim (easily truncated to "Ra"),
and He is depicted as a mother hen brooding over its 'chicks' -- in this case, the water. Egyptian
creation myth depicts "Ra" coming out of an egg and hovering over the water (i.e., in Encarta and
elsewhere). Now the 'kiddies' per Egyptian mythology, much like in Greek mythology, warred:
Horus and Set (similar to Cain and Seth, looks like).
As you can see, the modern-day description of God as this Egg thingy (three-in-one, what a
crock) has a long prior history. Deriving from a truth everyone knew at the beginning, which
was in the beginning, the Holy Spirit restored a flooded planet, preparatory to making
mankind. But not until Moses was that True Account, put in writing as a Permanent
Deposition from Triune but not hydra-headed, God. [Lots of ideas lately on how this 'naturally' might have happened,
from Pangea -- posited as millions of years ago, though tectonics can be fast as well as slow; to, the idea that Saturn turned nova and hence the planet
was deluged between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago. Then there's the simple idea that Gen1:2 describes an interglacial period. All of these ideas make
some sense; but Bible doesn't claim natural phenomena. Instead, it flat says the Holy Spirit just ordered the change: God speaks, and a thing is. The
atheist always wants God to be circumscribed to natural phenomena to justify belief, thus creating a tautology that God only exists if He can't act like
God. Then, we dumb-bunny Christians all scurry to find a 'natural' explanation. Why? Hello, God by definition is Supernatural, k?]
Egypt was first united by means of its eclectic religion, which religion itself was a patchwork from
many local versions, morphing into a single fabric over time. But this unity was the basis for all the
building projects. So again, the practice of Egyptian cities built in honor of Ra and the other gods, is
a whole lot older than even the 12th Dynasty: it goes back to the 3rd Dynasty (Imhotep, under
Djoser), or even earlier (EB seems to credit it under the 1st Dynasty). According to Encarta's article
on Egyptian mythology, "[d]uring the 5th Dynasty the pharaohs began to claim divine ancestry and
from that time on were worshiped as sons of Ra." So, see: cities named Ramses began long before
the 19th dynasty. Didn't take much reading, to find that quote. Didn't take much reading in

BibleWorks to find that "Pit-hum" means "house of Atun" (BDB), and "Ra'meses" as just noted,
means "born of Ra". Nice way to get the gods to bless and protect those storage cities. [That the later Ramses
used those cities as royal dwellings is beside the point. You'd think the lexicographers would take some pains to notice that Ra is earlier than the 19th dynasty
Ramses line, who after all called themselves "Ramses" to claim the god's patronage. Oh well.]
You see something of these same trends in Greece (etc.) circa 3000 BC, and perhaps this trend in
Egypt is due to the Greeks then, for there are many similarities between the two cultures and their
religious stories. Bear in mind that Methusaleh was born circa 3419BC per Bible's Gen5 chronology
(see GeneYrs.xls), so the world was on red alert that the Flood was coming (Methu+saleh= "when he
dies, destruction comes"). So you'd expect much apostacy worldwide, and you'd expect it to have the
same character. Moreover, often in history the Greeks roamed and caused trouble; the people thus
attacked, united. So here in Egypt, their native rulers were considered caretakers for the gods, and
had at least quasi-pontificatory status. So they regarded themselves as the on-earth priestly nation for
the gods; hence each city was supposed to be patronized by a god. So building was a way of
honoring the god. So it was a big deal. So in all those cities, archeological excavations near the
building projects show large populations of slaves lived nearby; and you can find them long before
the 1300's BC. You won't find anything of Jewish cultural character, since there was no Jewish
culture until after the Exodus. So they'd look, dress, act Egyptian (witness how the daughters of
Jethro first described Moses as "Egyptian", Exo2:19).
After 400 years, things morph. So the Egyptian religion and culture by the 1500's would be much
more a mixture of the many times the Hebrews had talked of The Real God, and the Egyptian
pantheon. So for that reason also, you won't find anything of distinctly Jewish character. The Law
had not yet come.
There are no Ramses pharaohs until the 19th dynasty, and the very name smacks of aping
Hatshepsut's ruse to hold power (covered below, #9). Yet Ra is the head god in the pantheon; so
obviously the cities are older, and the reason earlier Pharaohs took the names of lesser gods, was in
honor of Ra. But yet another clue to the real Exodus is here; for as time passes, especially after
Amenhotep II, the need to take higher names, rejecting the older ones, reaches a climax in
Akhenaton (Ra=Aton), so the Exodus had to happen before he even reigned. It's logical that once a
Pharaoh takes the highest name, if a later one opts for a lower name, the next guy will make up for
that sleight and go back.. hence Ramses is later, not earlier. So the definition of what 'honors', began
with the idea one should take a lower name; but ends in reverse, with the idea one takes the same
name; that reversal happened due to the Exodus. For that's the first time THE God the Highest calls
His People "Israel"="Prince of God" -- by His Own Name. That was new. New to Israel, which
didn't exist until then; new to the Egyptians, and new to everyone else. Trace how people name
themselves from the Exodus forward, versus prior. Big change: Jewish names end with -el from that
time forward. Other cultures aped that idea, too. Notice how the angels have that suffix, as well. But
the people before this time, didn't.
Akhenaton made a shrewd political move to content a populus, as well as to sideline, marginalize the
power of the many Egyptian priesthoods; it's a lot like Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church,
in that sense. Egypt from the beginning was a political patchwork, as most gradually-uniting large
polities are; fiefdoms of many kinds -- especially the religious ones -- are only defeated long-term if
you can cultivate the masses to support you directly. So Akhenaton capitalized on his high status
religiously, to serve political ends. By inventing a new priesthood using the long-standing belief in
Ra, all the lesser gods worshipped -- and their priesthoods -- are sidelined. Yet, tradition remains. So
this switch tells you that Egypt was in religious ferment at the time; else he couldn't have made such
a switch.
Further, this development of Aton (nee: Ra) was designed to counter and compete with, not conform
to, Israel's God: precisely because Atun is only One. For Israel's God is Three, not One: Father, Son,
Spirit. So Akhenaton is shrewd to newly claim monotheism, thus marginalizing both the Egyptian
priesthoods and remembrance of Israel's Godhead. Akhenaton's attempt backfired, and would be

repudiated (priesthoods like their power); but so long as he was alive, he had some success.
Bible is Tri-Theistic, not monotheistic, and in OT it's constantly shown by wordplay in the
original languages which doesn't translate well in English. Spirit was the cloud and the pillar,
Isaiah 63:11. Father is in the Ab wordplay, and Son is the Firstborn. Isa63 is a panoramic
summary of how Trinity protected Israel from her birth to the Millenium. It was written later
than the Exodus, of course; but it refers back to the Exodus, depicting how the Trinity
delivered Israel at that time. Wordplay showing Trinity is not visible in English, because
Isaiah uses sound juxtaposition and specialized words to denote Trinity. So you'll have to look
at the Hebrew. In Isa63, verses 1-9 show Son @2nd Advent; 9-10 show all Three working
together in concert; 11-14, is Spirit; 15-19, is Father. Purpose is to show how They Choose to
Work in Concert, rather than Alone, precisely because they are Independently Co-Equal,
Identical in Infinite Essence.
Look how obvious the proof that Bible's not monotheistic: Father Son and Spirit are Three
Separate Persons. So "monotheism" is really the wrong description for the Biblical God, and
always has been: it's a bad term some invented to assert the Genuine Truth that They are of
Co-Identical, Infinite Nature/Attributes. Not polytheism, since in polytheism the gods are not
equal in nature/essence. So neither polytheistic nor monotheistic, but Trinity, is the Real
nature of Each "God". So they are truly "One", alright: but "one" in either the Hebrew or
Greek inspired texts more often first means "united", with stress on the voluntary nature;
means "unique", i.e., One Son, One Father, One Spirit, hence is not restricted to one person of
the Same Identical Essence; means "same as", "first". Yeah, Same Essence, Each One Wholly
God. That's not "only one God" (which is a mistranslation, anyway). Look up all the "one"
verses in the original language texts and ponder the "one" wordplay, see for yourself.
Sometimes it really helps to do one's homework in The Bible. Amazing, how huffy people get
when you try to show 2Cor13:14 as Three Identical, Co-Equal, Same-Essence Gods: the
THREE Greek articles deftly state all that.
So you'll notice that from Akhenaton forward, successor Pharaohs run variations of his same ploy:
while returning somewhat to the older system (they didn't have as much power to quell opposition),
they keep claiming Ra, so still manage to retain something of the separation. Amon becomes Ra, no
longer a local Theban triad deity. Hence even Tutankamen, a boy -- is renamed after Amon, since
Amon is now Amon-Ra. So it becomes no surprise that after Akhenaton, there's a tug-of-war over
naming and finally the "Ramses" name is adopted outright. Older name, new unitedness, new
hegemony. Whew.
3. So now we have to rebuild the chronology of how and when Israel got to Egypt, in the first place. As
Mirroring.htm explains in more detail in its pre-Exodus bullets of the Daniel 9 "seventy sevens" timeline,
back c.1916BC Joseph interpreted Pharaoh's dream about an upcoming famine; Amenemhet II, the third
Pharaoh of the 12th Dynasty (Middle Kingdom) was that Pharaoh. His grandfather, Amenemhet I, had
been assassinated by some court conspirators c.1962BC, and his son (Sesostris I) spent a long time hunting
down the conspirators; so now the story of dreams in the jail which Joseph interpreted, mean more.
Sesostris' head chef was executed, but the guy with the best memory in Egypt, the so-called "cupbearer",
was exonerated -- and then promptly forgot about Joseph until God gave Pharaoh the dream. Principle: let
God control the timing!
a. So Joseph's appointed head vizier, 1916BC, when he's age 30 (Gen41:46); there follows an
undocumented 40-year warning period (typical of God's Time System), which includes the
seven good years (1882-1876). During this time (1916-1876BC), the entire Land Of Egypt got
restructured first to maximize the food availability, i.e., development of the Fayyum depression
south of Cairo, per EB. That campaign streamlined and vastly improved the economy for the
impending famine scheduled 40 years later; so that when the famine hit in 1875-1868BC, the
Pharaoh's food supplies were full; at which point, people sold and sold and sold what they had until

all they had left, was to sell themselves. So temporarily, the entire land and its entire people became
Pharaoh's property. Just read the story of Joseph in Bible; it's plain what happened even in
translation. Since slavery then was considered a commercial transaction, you worked for X years to
pay off whatever debt it was (witness how Jacob won Rachel from Laban). Basically, the people
became tenant farmers, keeping 80%, paying a flat 20% tax in kind (we should be so lucky).
b. So, as the land recovered from the famine during the next 40 year grace period (1876-1836BC),
people worked off their food debts and gradually gained back their freedom, so the land
reverted back to a free economy. But then, both Sesostris III (c.1843BC) and Joseph (1836BC),
die. Understand that by this point the Hebrews have had preferential treatment since 1870BC -- 30
years (switchover to oppression began c.1840 BC). So there would be a great envy rampant
throughout at least some sectors of the populus, as always -- people are inclined to be jealous of
others' success.
c. Amenemhet III, effectively the last Pharaoh of the 12th dynasty, thus assumes the throne
c.1842BC; the one-year delay suggests a succession problem. [There's always some disagreement on dates of these
Pharaohs, so you have to think over what data each source presents. Big variation among what's said on the internet, versus Encarta -- which doesn't even list
some of these guys as Pharaohs -- versus, say, EB. I use EB's material, from the Macropedia and its "Egypt, History of" articles, but since my set of
Per EB and other research sources you can read,
encyclopedias is 1985, I've no idea what the organization of EB is, today.]
Amenemhet III is considered one of the more illustrious of the Pharaohs. He was definitely
ambitious to build: EB extols his reign based on what he built, the high culture -- this was a phase in
Egyptian history where Egypt really became anti-foreign (reversing a previous pro-foreign trend),
stuck on its culture and wealth.
d. The gambit to enslave the Hebrews (Exo1:8) began at or not long after Sesostris III's death in
1843BC; Joseph must have retired by 1840BC, for that's the date God uses to calculate the 400
years of slavery. Joseph dies soon afterwards, 1836BC. [Masoretic text in Exo12:40 misses "and in the Land of Canaan", but
the LXX has the text. Thus is subsumed all of Joseph's life, 17 years of which were in Canaan, and 13 of which were as a slave in Egypt. Which matters, for the
Exodus occurs 490 years after he was enslaved.]
e. So, Exodus 1:8, now a new chief arose who didn't respect Joseph. Word "know" means to be
intimate with, intimately know in Hebrew (yadah): not just an acquaintance. So has the connotation
of disrespect, if not knowing: which makes sense, as Joseph was the savior of Egypt, so everyone
important would know him well. Word "arose" there is also significant. It means the beginning of the
oppression. Exo1:8 uses melek (and the Greek, basileus), so it's not Pharaoh who's talking. ["Pharaoh" is
always transliterated in Hebrew and Greek: see the contrast in the original-language texts of v.19, where the midwives are in Thutmose I's court responding to the
So the replacing vizier 'reasons' as Exo1:8 portrays. The 'reasoning' makes sense at
formal inquiry of the vizier.]
the time: maybe Amenemhet III, who apparently had trouble getting to the throne in the first place,
was manipulated into agreeing to enslave the Hebrews; maybe he hated foreigners, and the vizier is
appealing to his vanity, who knows. In any event, this new Pharaoh had a passion for building, and
was anxious to add luster to his father Sesostris III's name, as well as anxious to improve the
economy, etc. in the Fayyum depression, which had consolidated his forefathers' power in the first
place.
f. So remember there's a big time gap between v.8 and v.15. In v.8, it's 1840BC or thereabouts.
In v.15, it's 1520BC or thereabouts. Thus God summarizes the trickery, and how it was
perpetuated so long. Hebrew style of explanation often summarizes panoramically and then draws
parallel deftly, i.e., Gen1 is summary, Gen2 is elaboration on the effect of that sixth day. So Exo1:8
is the beginning of the enslavement, and v.15 is the beginning of the deliverance, and spans over 300
years, with v.15 bringing us to circa 1520BC. Notice how the reason for the persecution in v.8 is fear
over numbers in case of invasion, so desire to depopulate the vulnerable north (Goshen), and move
the Hebrews; but in v.15-22 -- Pharaoh (or more likely, his vizier) wanted only the females, and
didn't really do anything when the midwives gave those flimsy excuses (so more likely the vizier was
the Haman-type). Two opposite reasons, two different Pharaohs on the throne, two widely divergent
times. Not too hard to notice this.

g. So the Hebrews were deemed a threat because they were FAVORED. Especially after the lean
years ended, the people in power were envious of the Hebrews who had the ear of Pharaoh; worse,
these foreigners got better treatment versus the Egyptians, who were still working off their debts! So
a generation latter, add this problem: their number was an issue. All that political pressure would
even today is handy for demagoguery, to stir up prejudice. So it was then, too. What's a Pharaoh to
do? Moreover, when one finally has prosperity, he becomes timid. It's a normal human trait to
become cowardly when you finally get some good times. So from human nature alone, you can also
see how the Hebrews would be kinda chary about protesting. This lends even more support to the
idea that Amenemhet or his vizier at least, mighta been a tad resentful of the influence the Hebrews
had versus the Egyptians, for lo those 30 years. Populace, too. So this political problem coupled with
the fact that Amenemhet III was newly in power and needed support from the Egyptian nobility, is
the same ol' same ol' recipe for pogromization which has plagued the Jews, ever since.
So now you know something else: MANY EGYPTIANS CONVERTED. Sure, maybe a lot of them
converted to get into that fertile land of Goshen, or get the favorable treatment the Jews got; but
many more, because they believed in Joseph's God. So there you have the numbers problem -- not
due to unusual fertility in the Jews themselves, but due to conversion. Not too hard to understand a
new Pharaoh and his vizier, would worry.
h. So what happened to the Hebrews beginning in 1840BC was beyond mere slavery, and they
were tricked into it, Exo1:8. Again, slavery in those days was a commercial transaction; but here,
there was no intention to compensate, violating the norm; instead, it was motivated by jealousy and
rationalized as retribution for having had a favored position with Pharaoh for so long. Bible always
tells a story for a teaching reason, not simply to relate facts. This problem is precisely what Israel has
faced from the beginning; and ironically, she herself will reject Messiah when He comes for the
same reason as she herself was attacked, per Isa52:14, illustrated by the Gospels (i.e., John Chaps 6-
11). Man doesn't like it when others are better than him. Fame breeds enemies, always. Superiority
breeds them even faster and in greater number.
So how could they be tricked? Well, remember how slavery was generally used at the time. Slavery
doesn't necessarily mean lowlifers or bad living conditions; it means the "master" owns you, and
there's a certain contractual consent implied. For you probably don't knife your couch, since you use
it; you don't kick the dog, since you don't want him to bite that foot while you sleep. By the same
token, if you have skilled slave labor, you don't just beat it up: skilled labor is smart, not dumb.
Slavery wasn't pooh-poohed like it is today, and many a slave had great responsibility. Great
security, too. Witness how the Israelites wanted to go back to Egypt, complaining many times to
Moses as they went in circles in the "wilderness". So if slavery were so bad -- why did they want to
return to it? Gee whiz. A little Bible reading goes a long way.
Moreover, slavery was often considered an honor, a security, and it came in two flavors, one of
which was voluntary -- which is why the later Mosaic Law had proscriptions against it, limiting its
time. Further, you can't get your pyramid built by poorly feeding your workers, and you can't
manage a large population of slaves strictly by the whip, lest they overwhelm you with their large
numbers. You have to practice psychological slavery to get a competent physical kind -- especially,
if you want it to reproduce. Sheesh. That's how communism and every other ism, every religion, gets
its power! Does no one think of these obvious facts?
Next, if a slave population is isolated, as the temple-building slaves were: then they essentially have
their own society to themselves. They have their own internal management and life. Not too shabby.
Again, if we would look at Bible, we'd realize the Hebrews weren't keen on being freed by Moses.
Moses suffers all kinds of insults and cold-shouldering by the Israelites, as the Exodus account
shows. They do not respect him. So if slavery were so bad -- why weren't they salivating for his
help? God had to arm Moses with a mouth (Aaron), and a couple of Divine tricks (the leprosed hand
and rod) to get them to hear him. So, think: slavery gets pretty comfortable, too. All through the

years in the wilderness the Israelites never let Moses forget he brought them out of a nice place
(never mind that the 'fiery serpents' -- so named for the way the venom felt -- could zap them at any
time). They ever wanted to return to it.
For, the key to enslavement is to foster a docile, worshipful mentality in the subjects. Carrot and
stick, with a lot of carrots: fostering a reverent mystique in the master, etc. That's how slavery largely
worked in the ancient world. You don't mistreat your property, if you want it to be competent, see.
Severity in treatment was judiciously used to keep the population respectful. Understand that the
culture of the ancient world prized what today we'd call machismo, or the Caudillo. The Strong Man.
So it was expected that any punishment would be severe, and to not do that was to be weak. And
therefore, despised.
The Jews are always tricked into slavery, beginning with Jacob. He was tricked into serving 20 years
out of the initial agreement for 7, and Laban changed Jacob's 'wages', 10 times (Gen31:41). So, they
are tricked again, Exo1:8. Most recent example is Germany prior to WWII; that was used for the
current 'trick' of herding the Jews back to Israel proper, a 2000-year-attempt, disclosed as Satan's
Rev13-17 "shub" ("return") plan; it fostered the current return to Israel against God's orders (covered
in LvS4a.htm "Stone Witnesses" and "Rev6-17 trends" links). [Sigh: this is not to say Israel should not exist. Quite the
opposite. It is instead to say that we all get tricked, and Israel is the quintessential Biblical example of human nature; we should learn from her and protect her;
NOT be anti-semitic, like Satan is. Whoever's appointed God's Chosen -- which during Church is anyone who believes in Christ, Jew or Gentile, Gal3:26-28 -- is
Satan's target. Jews are still protected even while unbelievers, under Genesis 12 and like clauses. Woe to anyone who won't defend them, however much they
always do the Kadesh-Barnea opposite of God's Will (i.e., pattern of Deut 1:44 in context).]
Any people is tricked into slavery, especially if they have faith in something. Always use the faith, to
advance the ruse.
4. So between 1836BC and 1520BC, a lot happened. First, the success under Sesostris III was preserved
only so long as Amenemhet III lived. The Pharaohs after him were far weaker, and foreign invaders
encroached upon Egypt. The Hyksos and other foreign peoples, returned, precisely because Goshen was
now open. "Hyksos" and "shepard kings" -- yeah, and the Egyptians don't like sheep -- all that grazing land.
So little wonder the 12th dynasty collapsed in civil disturbance and in foreign invasion, with a succession
of short-lived, weak Pharaohs of other dynasties. Egypt Became Divided again as she had back a
millennia+ prior, with Lower (northern) Egypt ruled by the foreigners, and Upper (southern) Egypt ruled
by a series of kings (13th-17th dynasties). Relations weren't terrible between the two sides, but skirmishes
did occur, and pressure to unite the country, gradually grew.
EB goes into some detail to explain why the 12th dynasty collapsed, not accounting the treatment of
the Hebrews (who are not mentioned by EB) as the material contributing factor (Gen12 promise --
God will curse those who curse Abram's kids). So, EB kinda denounces the overarching importance
of the vizier (Joseph having been the first, though EB doesn't talk about him), even eclipsing the
power of Pharaoh; it also faults the reorganization of the polity, etc., which began under Amenemhet
II (again, Joseph was vizier). Particularly, EB faults the allowance of foreign enclaves in the Delta
(Goshen, in Bible), known to history as the Hyksos (and some other peoples).
Notice that with the change of the status of the Hebrews, moving them to do all that building,
vacated much of the land of Goshen, which was contiguous to what we know as the Saudia Arabian
peninsula -- long a land bridge for invading armies, as even Israel has always been -- so the
Egyptian Delta region becomes populated with new foreign peoples.. who eventually take over
Lower (northern) Egypt. The situation lasts until the late 1500's BC, when Kamose manages to
largely drive them out. His successor Ahmose, finally reunites Egypt under himself, and Egyptians
rule Egypt once more. The vizier status remains, however. Hence the "king" (Melek, probably vizier)
in Exo1:8 and Exo 1:15 are separated by some 300 years, but similar power to influence a relatively
new dynasty. King-makers.
Ahmose I, as noted earlier, reunited Egypt against the Hyksos. His victory was significant, but the
Hyksos would remain a problem until sometime between 1504-1480BC: the time when Moses was an

adult in Hatshepsut's house, fighting against them. Looks like when they left in the late 1500's, they
mixed with, allied with, the Mitanni and kept on causing Egypt trouble.
See EB's "Egypt, History of" article on the "Second Intermediate Period", which it classes as a time
of "social..upheaval", beginning somewhat during, and after Amenemhet III. Of course, the social
upheaval would have been the enslaving and moving of those many Hebrews -- who aren't
mentioned by name in EB.
5. Now that you have the background, let's return to Hatshepsut's political dilemma in 1520BC. She's
just found this marvelous justification to preserve hers and Egypt's life, drawn from the water, a royal
omen (-mose means "born", also). So, problem solved: as a real God's Wife, she had to marry and produce
kids. Else the entire legitimacy of her rule, crumbles. She was married to her half-brother, the (then-future)
Thutmose II. The guy wasn't much, and was sickly. So she had no male kids by him, and at that time, there
would be no suitable husband for her, either. For to have no male heir, was a major political problem in
those days; especially since Egyptian rulers were often sterile due to inbreeding (brothers marrying sisters),
and not only the rulers (again note the injunction of Exo1:15ff). Thutmose I lost his two elder sons; so he
had married off his daughter Hatshepsut to her half-brother.
The only other suitable husband for so high a Queen would have to come from outside Egypt -- perish the
thought! -- maybe among the Mitanni, or other royal houses -- which meant that Egypt would fall under
foreign control. Well, that's what her father and her father's father, had just succeeded in thwarting. So the
last thing she'll want to do, is marry again. Now, she doesn't have to marry: she can well claim Isis rescued
one of those Hebrew male babies, and brought him to me so foreigners will never dominate us! After all,
the Hebrews have been with us 400 years -- are they not our servants? Shall not Isis protect us this way?
Remember the text of Exo1:15-22? Pharaoh didn't punish those midwives. So this whole drown-the-males
business was short-lived. Just long enough for a Moses to be floating up to the Palace.
So Hatshepsut found a solution to the no-male-heirs problem floating in the Nile -- Moses (="drawn/born
from the water"): thus Hatshepsut has a politically acceptable tale to justify a legal heir, without
remarriage. Little did Hatshepsut know the name she gave him would become God's way of explaining
who he would become, for the qal active participle of masha is similar: he who draws out, God's people.
(BTW: -mose suffix in Egyptian then meant a god-begotten individual, according to the lexicons I have -- the "o" sound is very short (like sound of "w"), and the "e" is but
a breath. Interesting how there's an etymological connection, per BDB, to cleaning out a camel's uterus -- i.e., after birth. Paul talks of the Baptism of Moses in Romans or
somewhere, this way.)
Handy also, to quell what must have been a good bit of unrest among the Egyptian common people, for all
that killing of male babies. A lot of intermarriage existed among the laid-back Egyptians; plus, if the
trained slaves of such white-collar status were being persecuted, what's to stop Thutmose I from treating
the Egyptians, the same way? People aren't distant from each other's sufferings, because they are wont to
conclude, that could happen to me. So, that's another reason why Hatshepsut didn't keep Moses' origin a
secret; which we know she didn't, since the nursemaid for the boy was his own mother, Exo2:7. And as for
the god-delivered-him tale, it was a big plus that he was so handsome: Acts 7 calls him "beautiful" (big
Bible keyword for handsomeness). So this blessed event must have ended that kill-all-males persecution:
and it set up the method for God to best communicate let my people GO! to the Egyptians 80 years later --
so they could know yet again, Who the Real God was.
6. Hatshepsut sets precedent here: every Pharaoh after her will claim some kind of god-sanctifying
miracle or dream to justify his rule. Especially in light of what would later happen during the Exodus,
the approval of a god would be critical: who wants some god to defeat the nation, as He did during
Amenhotep II? Test the claim yourself.
7. When Moses was 8 years old, Thutmose I, died; Thutmose II ascends. It's 1512BC. Then
Hatshepsut's half-brother-full-husband Thutmose II died another 8 years later; by that time, he had
begotten a son via one of his concubines; and the son, is almost 10 years old.

8. So Hatshepsut then took over as regent, 1504BC; Moses was 16 years old, still underage.
9. Then a queer thing happened; according to EB, she suddenly shifted her claim to be Pharaoh in her
own right. This female-rulership was unprecedented, shocking. No woman ever claimed the prerogatives
of Pharaoh, though she stopped shy of claiming the actual title. According to EB (watch how the Moses
story is morphing) she suddenly claimed Amon told her in a dream he was her real father. See the
likeness? Oh, this beautiful boy was given us by the gods; so, upgrade it, since after all, she's not
remarrying -- if one god story worked, another can explain why. Now SHE is the one begotten by the god
Amon. Makes it real easy to put miracle-child Moses on the throne, that way. Her heir apparent, blessed by
Amon. And she doesn't remarry, still -- wouldn't need to, with an heir and spare.
10. So she glorifies her father (Thutmose I), and identifies with him; note how by claiming Amon her
dad, and by glorifying her earthly father, any rival claims are rendered of permanently lower status.
Yeah, because there's this son of her former husband, who also had the same glorified father, may he rest
in peace! EB article "Egypt, History of" noted there also were dual statues of her and whoever 'Thutmose
III' really was, among the many monuments. So EB thinks there was no antagonism between Thutmose III
and Hatshepsut. Yeah, but maybe dual Thutmoses, too -- except the older one, was Moses. After all, he did
turn 18 the year of her sudden shift in 'role' (1503 or so). Old enough to marry and bear heirs. In a still-
wobbly political situation until he did bear heirs -- if married to Hatshepsut's daughter. So whether it was
ego or savvy, Hatshepsut's 'dream' of Amon telling her he begot her, preserved Egypt's sovereignty. And
also, her own head. For Moses being old enough, means also -- old enough to ward off a younger rival who
wasn't technically her son. Whose mother would be hostile to both Hatshepsut and Moses, though the rival
himself was but 12 years old. People have a way of gathering around rivals, like so many Frenchmen did
around the Dauphin.
11. Much of the glory attributed to the reign of Thutmose III was really gained during her rule. The EB
catalog of her accomplishments is kinda like what Caesar did for Rome -- lots of vast administrative
improvements in how the polity is run, better life for its citizens, as a consequence, and definitely a
coalescence of her power by playing off opposites. Again, there's this running duality of a seeming
harmony between her and 'Thutmose III', yet antagonism -- so if two of them, one Moses (friendly) and
one a rival -- well, then all this seemingly conflicting data, fits.
For example, why didn't she just marry Moses off at the ripe ol' age of 18, to her daughter? Well, the
daughter may have been too young. Or, if not too young, there's the problem of the younger rival. So
long as the daughter is a kind of carrot Hatshepsut can dangle in front of the rival's adherents, the
legitimacy they crave can be solved peacefully, and -- they are held at bay, waiting. This trick could
work well for 12 more years. Which, it does. So there's no requirement to marry Moses off. The rival
can die, can find some other preference, can maybe be placated in some other way when he is old
enough to make decisions on his own. But once the heir and spare reach the maturity age for
kingship (usu. age 30), well -- then the game becomes dicey.
For Moses' part, he's really falling in love with his God. So as he grows up, the problem of marrying
and becoming Pharaoh becomes more of an ethical issue for him. So he wouldn't be chomping at the
bit to have Hatshepsut give her daughter's hand in marriage.
EB said scholars postulated that as Hatshepsut aged, this 'Thutmose III' became so popular, she eventually
lost power and had to make way for him. Then there's the seemingly contradictory Macropedia article on
Thutmose III, that she remained regent for the first 20 years of his rule. Aha. Two pictures, two truths, two
layers, so maybe two Thutmose III's. Especially, since the alleged Thutmose III by the concubine, was a
full 6 years younger at this critical juncture. So who was running out there in all those battles, buildings,
triumphs, tribute collecting, gaining in popularity -- in her name? Can't be a 12-year old.
EB kept on mentioning that earlier theories of the reign showed fighting factions, and pooh-poohed them.
Yeah, both the EB position and the earlier claims of antagonism reconcile -- if there are two heirs to rally

around, and that's the antagonism. Wouldn't have to be the two heirs being antagonistic to each other, or to
her. It's not hard to imagine. The Egyptians, for all their God's Wife business, were male-dominated in
cultural orientation. It had to chafe that this woman is holding power, making statues of herself as a male.
She needed to have An Heir statued with her to justify sustaining that not-married status. But which
Thutmose? It had to be Moses, the other was too young, and as he grew, well -- forces would rally behind
that other one who at least had royal blood from his father, in him. Ergo the contradictory forces no longer
are contradictory. Typical rival factions that every ruling family, suffers.
12. Thus she remained in control, until 1482BC: she died that year -- maybe was murdered. So in that
year, Moses would have been 38 years old; the younger boy would have been about age 32. So what had
become of the heirship plans between 1503 and 1482? Clearly Moses did not marry the daughter. Must
have been putting 'Momma' off, or 'Momma' wasn't in too big a hurry to leave off rule, given such a dutiful
Moses. After all, if she died he could take over; better to consolidate all the political connections, first.
Ergo all that reorganizing and genius activity. If the polity is better-run, if the heir apparent has time to win
over the hearts of the people, then they won't mind his real origin. For, as said earlier, it wasn't a secret that
he was Hebrew: see Exo2:14 -- they knew who he was and where he was from. Moreover, remember how
she tied her divinity to her father, who had persecuted the Hebrews. That was a kind of bonus -- for one
could say this boy was given by the gods to stop the persecutions, which the father did -- but you just
know, not everyone in Egypt was happy to be prospectively ruled by a slave boy not of royal blood.
13. We know from Bible that Moses rejected the Pharaonic throne at age 40 (Acts 7:23); year of rejection,
is 1480BC. Moses maybe became Thutmose III and then abdicated, or abdicated upon the offer of the
throne at/near her death: Hebrews 11:24-27. Since our BC/AD calendars have a 4-year hickey in them
(with the result that AD, which is supposed to begin with Christ's Birth, ends up dating his birth about
3BC) -- it's close enough an estimate that her deathbed precipitated a decision on his part to take the
kingdom or no -- and he decided, no. There was by that point a long-standing repeating pattern of the
current Pharaoh crowning his heir as co-regent in the last two years of the reign -- viz., 12th dynasty
custom; and the New Kingdom (18th dynasty) emulated the Middle Kingdom. So the formalization of rule
might have been the push for Moses' decision. Maybe it was initially a peaceful "no" -- and the rival
married the daughter. Then, as time dragged on, the rival (like Saul, later vs. David) became jealous. Or,
opportunistic, once the daughter died (she died before Hatshepsut did, I can't tell how much earlier). That
smacks of the typical pattern in Egyptian and even later co-regency histories anywhere in the world you
want to go. So "Thutmose III" was initially Moses, and when Hatshepsut is dying, he elects the younger as
co-regent, thus mollifying the parties; but then he himself, abdicates. Peaceful transition, but after that, the
winning faction would want some kind of revenge, maybe.
14. For it would have been a major personal and political upset for Moses to turn Hatshepsut down.
Moses was pretty hotheaded about defending Israel at the time; he thinks to save Israel his own way, and
flubs it. So, he runs (Exo2:14, Acts 7:29), and stays in Midian for another 40 years before returning to
Egypt to free Israel the RIGHT way (Acts 7:29, Exo7:7). Year of the return, is circa 1440BC. [Messiah announces
Himself in 27AD. That's too 'convenient' to claim no connection. For 1443BC-27AD is 1470 years, which is 3x490. So that implies it took about 3 years (again, how
'convenient') from the time Moses returned with Aaron, to convince Israel to follow him. We know he's age 80 when he talks to Pharaoh (i.e., Exo7:7) and the Exodus
occurs. God Thinks of everything. But I can't think of how I independently stumbled onto the 3-year hiatus when initially writing this Exodate.htm, but it's somewhere.
Will have to fix this footnote later.]
The word jare in Hebrew and phobew in Greek of both Exo2:14 and Heb11:27 are important. Each
verb means either or both "revere" or "fear". Play on phobew by the author in Hebrews tells us the
translation we've got of Exo2:14, is a lemon -- it wasn't Pharaoh who Moses feared, see, but THE
LORD (Heb11:27). Look up the Hebrew and Greek of Exo2:14: inspired text is more like he got the
Word from God and revered IT, frankly; so the translations mislead -- of Whom was Moses
afraid/revering? Not Pharaoh, but a Bigger King. Exodus 2:15 makes better sense, finally -- no
motive to kill Moses just because he legally killed a murdering Egyptian, k? The new 'Thutmose III'
didn't want a rival staying alive -- very common practice among rulers, to seek to kill those who can
take your place. Besides, 2:15 is wordplay -- Moses got the Word from the Word, and left. The rival
got the word Moses left, and was after him to kill him, lest he return with an ARMY, see.

Acts 7:29 fits with Heb11:27. Common sense would tell you, he had no reason to be afraid since he
was Crown Prince or even Pharaoh at the time -- killing the Egyptian was within his right to do.
Further, you don't abdicate if you're afraid, capisce? Given the later command by God to go back
when "those who would kill you are dead" (Exo4:19) -- brackets Exo2:14, signifying God had told
him to leave in the first place. God frequently does tell people where to go, and quite a bit of awe
accompanies any such contact (witness his excuses in Exo3&4).
15. Meanwhile, the shame of Moses' abdication created a great deal of trouble. Kinda looks as if his
refusal to take the pharaonic mantle wrecked the family? The timing of it is sooo close. Now the rival takes
over as Thutmose III (to erase the shame, blot out Moses); he married Hatshepsut's daughter, Neferure
(really, "NeferuRa"), but the woman died soon afterwards, and before Hatshepsut died, according to EB's
article on the early history of Egypt. Well, how did Neferuri die? In childbirth? Suspicious circumstances?
If you spell her name "NeferuRa" you can get the following file to download as a pdf from Google: click
here. I didn't use its contents to write this webpage, and it disagrees with EB about whether Neferuri even
lived long enough to marry.
When my pastor goes over these events he remarks that Moses had been in love with her, and she him; I
don't know why he concludes that. So the wife of a husband she didn't want, and the husband who was
quite talented but yet inferior to a usurper by some trick of a dream -- well, that's a pretty potent pot of
hatred brewing. It's doubtful whether Neferuri was the mother of anyone. The son who would become
Amenhotep II, was born 1470BC, a good 10 years after Hatshepsut died; and Neferuri died even before
that.
16. So this (rival) 'Thutmose III' was a very gifted Pharaoh, like Moses was. So maybe he or his son did
deface Hatshepsut's monuments, thus accounting for EB's statement that the defacing went on in the latter
end of his reign. Well -- Moses did stuff in her name during her regency, like drive out the
Hyksos/Mitanni. Whether Thutmose III ordered the defacing, or if he had a vengeance motive, is
secondary; to blot out a shameful event is sufficient reason. Change the face of those 'Thutmose III' statues
to his own, make other little amendments here and there, etc. Political unity demands it. Defacement might
not have occurred until after the Exodus, since the time window is too short and our ability to date
physically (as distinct from using records to fix times) wouldn't be accurate enough. There's only a thirty-
year window between the ending years of Thutmose III and Amenhotep's presumed ending regnal year.
That's not enough of a gap to rely on physical (i.e., carbon-) dating.
17. Next anomaly: historians remark how long was the reign of Thutmose III, 50 years (1504-1450BC).
Oh, and it can't be that the period covered two heirs, the first one being uh, Moses? Especially since
the Exodus date FITS? Only the reign of Ramses II was longer -- come on, something's fishy here, with
one or two rules being long, over a span of several hundred years, and the rest of them being a dozen years
or less in length?
18. So the son of Thutmose III, takes the name of Amenhotep II; not the name, 'Thutmose IV' in honor
of his real father's great exploits. Weird: Thutmose III is regarded as one of Egypt's greatest
Pharaohs. Not to take his name would be dead wrong for a son to do. Unless, there was something to
cover up. And what's to cover up? Who was the real Thutmose III during the first 20 years; the shame of
being rejected, within the family; being the son of someone whose claim to royalty was less than wholly
valid, since the senior female royal line effectively died out with Neferure. Would you have wanted to be
that kid growing up? No matter what your father's exploits were, you probably didn't have a very good
relationship with him.
A ruler's Name is supposed to convey a character that encourages the ruled to regard him as heroic. A 'bad'
name means a curse, but a 'good' name means blessing. So if a name changes, you know there was a sense
of curse that became associated with the old name. So, a name CHANGE is partly done for revenge,
maybe; but politically, to assure the people of future good times. So if Amenhotep II actually perished in

the Red Sea deluge with his troops, don't count on Egyptian history to verify it. They'd substitute someone
else and call that person Amenhotep II. Do count on the next Pharaoh to not use the same name as the
shamed predecessor; do count on the fact that time has a way of romanticizing the past, etc.
The 12th Dynasty had a custom of installing a son as co-regent 2 or more years prior to the ending of
the current Pharaoh. So, they couldn't have the same name at the same time. Especially, since the
god being patronized was supposed to be ruling through the Pharaoh, you'd have to have two
different Pharaonic names. So, in the 12th dynasty, there was this trading of names: Sesostris
(honoring Seti and Osiris) and Amenemhet (honoring Amon and I forget the other god). The names
of father and son alternate predictably. So, in the final regnal years of the one, the other has a clearly
distinguishable name. Not so, in the 18th dynasty. It's a succession beginning Thutmose I, then II,
then III -- then a CHANGE? Hmmm. (The 19th Dynasty would resume the co-regencies, so they
alternate between Ra and Seti patron-gods.) EB says that Amenhotep II became co-regent with his
dad in the last two years of the latter's life. Ok. But the boy was 18. So upon his accession, why not
change the name to HONOR his father? That's what the previous rulers had done.
People took pride in their strong rulers. So to ennoble a bad time, perhaps a successor ruler's name
would be blotted out altogether, and his years tacked on to his more illustrious predecessor. As if the
succeeding ruler, never existed. It's a phenomenon of ancient history, and the Egyptians in particular
were wont to do such things. Don't know why, then, this fact isn't suspected when it comes to
Amenhotep II, especially since the names before and after him, change as they do.
19. Of course, the rosy picture painted of Amenhotep II's reign, makes the claim of prosperity even
more suspect. Egyptians exaggerated their rule; so EB article takes exception to the claim that Amenhotep
bagged so many prisoners, especially since his dad eschewed taking prisoners for slavery (Hebrews don't
take prisoners, by the way, and Moses would not have wanted to enslave, being born a slave himself). Then
again, EB gauges the prisoner taking bogus based on the wrong criterion of arable land, but the Egyptians
used slave labor for other purposes (like for building, as Exodus explains). So maybe Amenhotep II's ninth-
year-campaign account isn't exaggerated; also, Egypt would need replacement slaves, if the slave masters
suddenly were treating people as harshly as Bible describes -- which would be abnormal, and in reaction
against Moses. So the story of this Amenhotep II needs investigating. Kinda like Communist propaganda,
singing the praises of production when in fact everyone is starving.
20. So notice that the record for this supposedly 25-year long Pharaoh (1450-1425BC), only has
campaigns through the ninth year, according to the EB article on Egypt's early history. Well, that
means 1441 BC. Amenhotep II was sure at home when Moses came to visit in 1440BC. Most of
Exodus is devoted to their conversations. Also, it's again a bit long for the average pharaonic reign, which
is more like 10-13 years. They don't usually come to the throne early, or if they do, they don't live long.
Amenhotep II, according to the EB article, was made coregent with Thutmose III in 1452 BC, when the
former was only 18 years old. So he's Pharaoh alone two years later -- so his dad probably appointed him
coregent due to illness (Thutmose III would have been about 64 years old at death). Given the above
Moses story, it makes sense that dad wouldn't wait until the last minute, too. Which means this Pharaoh
was only 30 years old when Moses visits him. Lots of rancor, then, but too young to just order Moses to be
executed, too.
The Bible Exodus record really should get serious attention, for it relates a definite schism within the
royal household's advisors. No ruler rules apart from the consensus of the lesser nobles in his
kingdom -- they are his power base. At 30 years old, Amenhotep II has only been ruler for 10 years;
he's still young, and dependent on his advisors.
So, note: by the last few plagues, the advisors are begging Pharaoh to give in to Moses' request.
Moreover, the population was seriously divided over this problem, for the Egyptians not only give
what my pastor quips as "400 years' back wages" to the departing Israelites, but a large number of
"mixed multitudes" went with them. Total population of Jews alone was probably something like oh,

1.5-2 million. Total believer population was something like six million, so most of it was comprised
of leaving Egyptians. The country would have been depopulated severely. This would make those
remaining short of labor (which accounts for why so few building projects are undertaken for awhile
after the Exodus), but they would have had a lot more property and food, due to what those leaving,
left behind. So Egypt was also helped.
Thutmose IV's reign is characterised as prosperous by EB. Those leaving were largely from Egypt
proper. People from the outer parts of the empire would be attracted to come IN -- the plagues didn't
last long enough for people at the ends of the empire, to congregate and leave with the Israelites. So,
picture, say, northern Egypt just after the Exodus as largely empty. Just as back during the
enslavement of the Hebrews, the exits of so many provided a fabulous opportunity for others to
move in, get promoted, have a better life. The story of the Exodus spread like wildfire across the
Middle East and beyond, so people would come from miles around to get better employment, and
life. They would be sorely needed. Prosperity would indeed be the outcome. During this time also
Egypt had become distinctly pro-foreign, the EB article on Egypt's early history explains. Well, the
friendly pre-Exodus climate, coupled with the Exodus itself, would make for a welcome mix of
immigrants. Egypt would sorely need them.
It wouldn't have taken long to rebuild whatever was not recovered from the Red Sea. It's not as
though Pharaoh's entire army went into the Sea, since the military itself was mostly on the move,
scattered across the widely divergent boundaries that then constituted Egypt. Again, the picture
painted by those who believe in the Exodus is overrated in terms of the devastation on Egypt -- on
the other hand, the real devastation of DEpopulation, would be a boon, not a bane.
The bane was political, a point which will be covered later.
21. Then there's the anomaly about population estimates during Amenhotep II. The author of the "Egypt,
History of" article in EB seems very concerned to demonstrate the fallacy of Hebrew slaves, though the
intent is only obliquely discernible in the argument that Amenhotep II couldn't have bagged 90,000
prisoners and sustain them within the agricultural productivity of Egypt; again, basing that on the criterion
of arable land (deeming the slaves to be taken in order to cultivate the land). So, inaptly concludes that the
90,000 are a Syrian-dependency population.
The spread of the population in Egypt would not be concentrated around the arable land: precisely
because the land itself was so badly needed. So, only a de minimis population worked it, so to save
every hectare for agriculture, not dwelling space. This would also facilitate patrolling and thus
defending that territory from invaders, since it was the breadbasket of the nation. By contrast, in the
more desert-type regions, obsessed as the Pharaohs were with their buildings and death cults, many
lived and worked. So you've got two constantly moving bands of people with a vested interest in
protecting that land against marauders: the Egyptians who hauled the food out of the 'breadbasket' to
the remote regions where people worked, and the largely mobile military, who probably
accompanied those moving the food. In effect, then, you have a constant stream of people going to
and back from the area, which stream itself would have the effect of a patrol perimeter: so it would
be hard for an invader to slip in undetected and do much damage.
So it would argue for a much larger population being needed to ferry all that food to the people
working in the arid regions on the tombs, etc. where slavery WAS practiced. This separation of
peoples also had the added advantage of making such populations, easier to control. So to say that at
the time of Amenhotep II there were only 4,500,000 in Egypt based on arable land, is not right.
Additionally, Egypt was a trading nation par excellence. Nearly all the Middle East fiefdoms were.
Mobility was the norm, not the exception: the land had to lie fallow, people weren't particularly
clean, the trash would collect -- much like in American Indian cultures, though more stable. So a
larger population could be sustained, if sufficiently mobile. This, if trade was a major source of

revenue -- and we know it was -- would justify the mobility, as well.
So you end up having the following population groups: trade-related, constantly on the move;
building populations, guarded by a third group, the overseers; military would be a fourth group, also
constantly on the move; fifth, the agricultural population, likewise controlled, working up and down
the banks of the Nile and other delta regions, would 'migrate' as the seasons changed, for different
soils and different crops, etc; sixth, the royal household itself must keep moving to keep track of
everything. Such an economy can easily sustain a much larger, partly mobile population than
4,500,000.
22. The Exodus completely upset the balance of power in the Middle East. Egypt didn't regain its former
glory for a long time; a century of civil unrest began at this point. Moreover, foreign encroachments
on her previously won territory were hereafter much more successful. No EXTERNAL military
campaigns of any import occur after 1440 BC, until the 19th Dynasty. Yeah, kinda hard to defend
yourself when you've lost all your best officers in the Red Sea. The embarrassment of this other 'god'
defeating the greatest power in the region at its "zenith" (Encyclopedia Britannica term for the reign of
Thutmose III) -- well, that bad event kept on plaguing Egypt's reputation. So, Thutmose IV didn't fight, but
married. Diplomacy became the weapon of choice. Never mind, no nation engages in diplomacy if his
sword is the more efficient tool.
The unrest would be understandable, considering that the flower of Egyptian leadership passed away
in the Red Sea, especially for the superstitious Egyptians, who would blame that leadership for
failing their gods in some way. But then, which gods were even the right gods, anymore? You can't
upset a person's faith so fundamentally as must have happened at the Exodus, and expect life's whys
to resume their old answers.
23. Weird how the Pharaonic name flips back and forth from this point forward. Of course, not weird, if
Amenhotep was the Pharaoh of the Exodus, which he should have been: reign was 1450-1425. Oh, see
what happened? Amenhotep II didn't take the Thutmose name and he was defeated -- must appease the
Thoth god, then, by retaking the name. Or, since Amon was the real father of Hatshepsut, and Thoth was a
scribal god in the pantheon, and Amenhotep II shamed Egypt, better that the successor, take a lower name!
There are competing explanations one can adopt. In any event, the name changes here, unlike those of the
XIIth dynasty, are claims of infused or directly-sanctioned divine parentage or appointment beginning with
Hatshepsut, so are not honorific. So the names alternate for different reasons.
Dear ol' Thutmose IV was young when he died (that too speaks volumes), and so maybe Amon is the
one to appease. Hence Amenhotep III. By Amenhotep IV, then, neither god seemed to be the right
one to appease -- come up with an entirely new religion -- oh, that will make everything ok. NOT.
See? All this switching back-and-forth is not like it was in the 12th Dynasty. There's a real upset
going on.
Question is, if Amenhotep II drowned in the Red Sea with the troops in 1440BC, who took his
place? Who is buried in his tomb? Could be he washed on shore; more likely, with all that gold and
hardware in the Reed Sea, being as the Egyptians had long been sea-wise, people went in there and
got out what they could scavenge. We don't know how many sons Amenhotep II had, but his
FIRSTborn was killed in the last plague. It wouldn't be too hard to pretend that he didn't perish in the
Reed Sea -- particularly, to counter what was electrifying news around the Middle East. Egypt would
have needed to mount some kind of disinformation campaign, to protect itself. Of course, even if he
didn't perish with the troops, the shame would have caused his death. Someone would have killed
him, replaced him -- something. A machismo culture can't stand this kind of defeat, equitably.
There are a lot of Bible verses on Exodus, and I remember my pastor teaching us that Pharaoh
perished in the sea with his troops. But I don't remember which verses he exegeted to prove Pharaoh
himself perished in the deluge; there are too many verses for me to check them, now.

24. So, it's not too surprising that there is a marked ambivalence of religious fluctuation from this point
forward. A sort of battling, even, over which gods should be sought for favors. A return to the former
'purity' of Egyptian deities as a crusade resurfaces after Akhenaton (initially Amenhotep IV) dies, but the
idea of one god replacing the others, actually began during Thutmose IV; Akhenaton's 'conversion' to Aton
occasioned his name change; TutankAMEN -- a grandson -- completes the reversal, even repudiating
entirely his real father, Akhenaton, and instead claiming Amenhotep III as his father. Skipping over
Thutmose IV, too. So skipping over the entire Thutmose house! Skipping over which Thutmose III, dya
think?
So from Thutmose IV onward, witness this new feature: the idea that the gods are competing, not
complementary; so if you choose the wrong ones you suffer! That idea was born in the Exodus -- God
defeated Pharaoh's gods, and brought the Hebrews out to the Promised Land. That was the interpretation
by everyone all around the Middle East, and it persisted throughout the Middle East, even until today.
Again, this switch from eclectic to exclusive, whether by monotheism or by defeat -- is another marker of
the correct dating for the Exodus. [The battle of who's God is of course what drives radical Muslims and militant Christians, still. Neither group seems
to get it that the Real God needs no 'help', as He demonstrated when He did the real Exodus of 1440BC.]
25. Also, check out the fact that Thutmose IV, whose reign only lasted 7 years, was NOT the eldest son of
Amenhotep II, plus the fact that he retook the Thutmose moniker: which has to mean he was
ashamed of his father. According to the Macropedia article on Thutmose IV, he got this dream that he
was to become Pharaoh. So absent the dream, he wasn't entitled to inherit, see. As noted earlier, he also
married into the Mitanni to secure a diplomatic alliance, a trend that continued with his sons. Oh: by the
way, from the 1440 Exodus until the end of the 18th dynasty, is about four generations (Amenhotep IV's
two sons reign for very short periods). Four-generation curse. Of course, there were four generations from
Thutmose I - Amenhotep II, as well.
It's difficult to harmonize the many conflicting accounts by Egyptologists for the 18th Dynasty. The
conflict centers on Thutmose III, however, and from his reign forward there is a consistent recourse to
divine paternity. In one account the claim is made that Amon himself appointed Thutmose III during a
priestly service, the latter having been a mere prelate in Amon's temple until his appointment (Click here
and then go to page 383 in the pdf). Of course, if that was the son (who would have been 13) of the
concubine and Thutmose II, it's a handy justification to use. Hatshepsut started the ball rolling by claiming
Moses was a gift from Isis, then claiming Amon was her real dad 'inhabiting' Thutmose I when he sired
her, so a replacing Thutmose III (replacing Moses) would need a divine mandate, since Hatshepsut had
claimed two of them. More important also to find a miraculous sanction, since Hatshepsut's daughter was a
God's Wife Heiress and then died childless prior to Hatshepsut.
So however you want to explain why the names changed, the changes depict turmoil, not the centuries-past
convention of alternating-god-honorifics. So that begs the question: WHY? I submit it's due to the shame
Egypt experienced, which shame of course would never be recorded on stelae. Which shame would instead
urge upon the successors, a need to deface and break with the past.
It's certainly much less plausible to claim Moses was born during the Rameses clan 200+ years later.
Merneptah's poem saying "Israel is desolate and has no seed" -- is a dead giveaway that Israel had long
been a nation. For it was not a nation at the time it left, but rather had become a nation after it entered the
Land 200 years prior. To refer to it as a people is apt, for it is God's People, not a 'nation' under a human
king as others were. So that imprecation would have meaning, since Gideon had been winning major
victories at the time, and in the name of God, not a human king.
And of course Israel's enemies have been denying her existence ever since, even via the mouths of
dishonest 'scholars' to this day. Anti-semitism is satanic. That's what you hear via any 'scholar' who
discredits Israel's past. Always the same mouth, as the Merneptah stele. For centuries.
26. On the Reed/Red Sea debate: it's clearly RED Sea. Hebrew is Seaweed-Sea (Exo13:18), but it was a
particular sea name, not just a general description. But the verse's LXX was translated in the 270's

BC, and it uses the term RED Sea; as does Acts 7:36, written centuries later. So we know By What
Name that same sea was known at the time those verses were written. See also Heb11:29. LXX was the
main Bible everyone used, in Stephen's day. My lexicons say "red" term used is not used in any other way,
which is significant: eruthros. BibleWorks search confirms this: it's a common proper noun usage, even in
the Apochrypha. Term goes back to Homer; classics writers use the term as a proper noun, too; Herodotus
notes the term's meaning as color of red wine or blood. In short, there is a lot of extra-Biblical material of
this same Sea and its location, which corresponds to what we know as the Red Sea. Greek name Anglicized
is Erythrean Sea, and its endpoints aren't always just the Gulf portions, but some writers define it more
broadly, viz., where it empties out (Indian Ocean); always a proper noun in the Greek classics like
Xenophon and Aeschylus, etc. Bible, too.
This makes it very likely the right location. Sea probably got that name due to the people dying in it,
because it was common for Abram et seq. to give places their names, based on some character of an
important event taking place at that location. Also, since the Greeks commonly used the name, they knew
what happened there. So this linguistic tidbit tells you much. Another name tipoff to an event everyone still
debates even happened? Looks like the ancient Greeks had no problem with it. So you should be able to go
through ancient literature to the time when the RED Sea was given that name. Clearly the name changed
with the Exodus since AT the Exodus it's not called by that name. So it ACQUIRED that name given what
happened. A linguistic trace takes time. But language is a good tool, like DNA, for tracking origin and
morphing.
See what a difference in perception of the obvious the Holy Spirit makes? See how blind we all are? If
something so obvious as
a Pharaonic Name which was part of the Founding Member of the 18th Dynasty (Mose) -- right there! to
put a scholar on the right historical track, and the Bible dates even fit the history we have!
Moreover, a whole lot of people knew about it, given the Name Change OF the Sea in which Pharaoh and
his troops, perished.
If something as obvious as the Defacement Of Monuments in order to spin the truth is well known to
scholars; yet no one questions the veracity of those old monuments in evaluating the Exodus date?
Not to mention, the Very Weird Hatshepsut's Break-With-Precedence, and her clearly-two-Thutmoses?
Else Thutmose III was a schizophrenic, which is doubtful, if he was such a military genius.
Not to mention, all the wavy-religion and recanting-of-gods afterwards?
Yet it's still deemed 'scholarly' to date the Exodus two centuries later based on an inscription by Ramses
II's 13th son, Merneptah: "Israel is desolated and has no seed"? Um -- you'd not be saying that of slaves
who'd just left your dad. "Israel" was not a name of the people at that time; it came much later. So lookie
here: You WOULD be saying it if those slaves had become a powerful nation which had shamed you.
Which takes time, right? Yeah, and during the following TWO HUNDRED YEARS, Israel was indeed a
fragmented and tortured nation under the Judges, variantly winning victories when she returned to God,
and then lapsing again into capture when she left Him. Bible tells the story rather bluntly.
Why the blazes didn't anyone consult the Bible, which not only tells of the events in detail, but also has a
complete accounting-system-for-time based ON the Exodus date? So you can track all the dates in the Old
Testament based on that system, including the date Messiah will come and PAY? See? It's not humanly possible
for otherwise nice and brilliant scholars, to be so incompetent: generation after generation. We must be getting
the demonboys to 'help' us not ask the right questions. "Satan" after all does mean, "opposing attorney"!
So we can be bang-on competent in secular areas, but boy oh boy, if the topic is related to Bible, suddenly
sloppiness is routine, constant -- whether we are fans of the Bible or not! Predictable as sunrise. At what point do
we catch on that THIS God is real, Adam's sin nature is real.. and Satan's messing with us is real, since for
centuries our normal scholarly competence goes right out the window.. but only, when related to Bible.

Exodus, Flawed Dating of

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Case Study in Flawed Dating of Exodus

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his Hebrew meter, back in 712BC.

The Problem: Wrong Questions asked of or Not Checking, Bible!

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Amenemhet II (Pharaoh of the Dream), 1929-1895BC;

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"Original Historical Documents" of www.specialtyinterests.net" were sometimes thoughtful, sometimes

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The bane was political, a point which will be covered later.

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revenue -- and we know it was -- would justify the mobility, as well.

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