Introduction :

An operating system is software

that create a relation between the user , software
and hardware . It is an interface between the all .
All the computer need basic software known as an
operating system (OS) to function . The OS acts as
an interface between the user , application program
, hardware and the system peripherals . The OS is
the first software to be loaded when the computer
start up . The entire application program are
loaded after the OS . Whenever an application
need information it request the OS which in turn
queries the system clock on the motherboard .
User interacts with the computer though the OS
then OS interprets input given by a user through
the Keyboard , Mouse or other input device and
take appropriate action .
An operating system can be of three type :-
1) Single user
2) Multi user
3) Network novel netware
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Type of operating system :-
1) Serial processing :-
The Serial
processing operating system are those which
performs all the instruction into a sequence
manner or the instruction those are given by the
user will be executed by using the FIFO manner
mean first in first out .

2) Batch processing :-
The Batch
processing is same as the serial processing
technique . But in the Batch processing similar
type of job are firstly prepared and they are stored
on the card and that card will be submit to the
system for the processing . The system then
perform all the operation on the instruction one by
one . And operating system will increments his
program counter for executing the next in
instruction .

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3) Multi programming :-
As we know that
in the batch processing system there are multiple
job . Execute by the system . The system first
prepare a batch and after that he will execute all
the job those are stored into the batch but the main
problem is that if a process or job requires an input
and output operation , then it is not possible are
second there will be the wastage of time when we
are preparing the batch and the CPU will remain
idle at that time .

4) Single - processor system :-

One a single
- processor system there is one main CPU capable
of executing a general purpose instruction set ,
including instruction from user processor .

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 5) Distributed :-
A distributed operating
system manage a group of independent computer
and make them appear to be a single computer .
The development of networked computer that
could be linked and communicated with each other
, give rise to distributed computing .

6) Embedded :-
Embedded operating system
are designed to be used in embedded computer
system . They are designed to operate or small
machine like PDAs with less autonomy . They are
able to operate with a limited number of resources
. They very compact and extremely efficient by
design . Window CE and minix 3 some . Exmaple
embedded operating system .

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4) Real time system :-
There is also an
operating system which is known as real time
system . In this response time is already fixed
means time to display the result after possessing
has fixed by the processor or CPU . Real time
system is used at those place in which we require
higher and timely response . These type of system
are used in reservation . So when we specify the
request , the CPU will perform at the time .
There are two type of real time system :

1) Hard real time system :-

In the hard real
time system time is fixed and we can’t change any
moment of the time of processing mean CPU will
process the data as we enter the data .

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 2) Soft real time system :-
In the soft real
time system , some moment can be change means
after the giving the command to the CPU , CPU
perform the operating after a microsecond .

8) multitasking and single tasking :-

When a single program is allowed to run at time ,

the system is grouped under a single - tasking
system ,while in case the operating system aloe the
execution of multiple task at one time , it is
classified as a multitasking operating system .

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Function of operating system :-
1) Resource Management :-
The resource
management function of an OS allocates computer
resources such as CPU time, main memory ,
secondary storage , and input and output device for
use [5] .

a) Process Management :-
The operating
system is responsible for the following activities in
connection with process management :
1) Creating and deleting both user and system
processes .
2) Suspending and resuming processes .
3) Providing mechanisms for process
synchronization
4) Providing mechanisms for process
communication [4] .
5) Providing mechanisms for deadlook handling .
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b) Memory management :-
The operating system is
responsible for the following activities in
connection with memory management :
1) Deciding which processes and data to move into
and out of memory .
2) Allocating and deallocating memory space as
needed .

c) Storage management :-
i) File- system management :-
The
operating system is responsible for a following
activities in connection with the file management:
1) Creating and deleting files .
2) Creating and deleting directories to organize
file .
3) Mapping file onto secondary storage .
4) Backing up file on stable (nonvolatile)
storage media .
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ii) Mass - storage management :
The
operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connection with disk management :
1) Free - space management
2) Storage management
3) Disk scheduling

d) Device management :-
One of the purpose of
operating system is to hide the peculiarities of
specific hardware devices form the user .

2) Data management :-
The data
management function of an OS govern the input
and output of the data and their location , storage ,
and retrieval [5] .

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3) Job management :-
The job management
function of an OS prepares , schedules , controls ,
and monitor jobs submitted for execution to ensure
the most efficient processing . A job is collection
of one or more related programs and their data .

4)Standard means of communication

between user and computer :-
The OS
establishes a standard mean of communication
between user and their computer system . It does
this by providing a user interface and standard set
of commands that control the hardware .
5) It manage sharing of internal memory among
multiple application .
6) It handle input and output to and form attached
hardware devices , such as hard disk , printer , and
dial - up ports .

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7) In a multitasking operating system where
multiple program can be running at the same time .
The operating system determines which
application should run in what order and how
much time should be allowed for each application
before giving another application a turn .
8) The operating system is also responsible for
security , ensuring , that unauthorized user do not
access the system .
9) On computer that can provide parallel
processing , an operating system can manage how
to divide the program so that it runs on more than
one processor at a time .
10) It can offload the management of what are
called batch jobs (for example , printing) so that
the initiating application is freed from this work .

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 Unix :-
Pronounced uoo-niks , a popular multi -
user , multitasking operating system developed at
Bell Labs in the early 1970s . UNIX was one of
the first operating system to be written in a high -
level programming language , namely C . This
meant that is could be installed on virtually any
computer for which a C compiler existed . It is
stable , multi - user , multi - tasking system for
servers , desktops and laptops . It is a diverse
group that has many major sub categories such as
BSD , system v and GUN/Linux , Solaris and Mac
OS X .

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LINUX :-
A freely – distributable open source
operating system that runs on a number of
hardware platform . The Linux kernel was
developed mainly by Linus Torvalds and it is
based on Unix . It is an open source operating
system that is highly in demand among people
who are technology proficient . Linux is the
generic name for a Unix - like operating system
because it runs on many platform , including PCs
and Macintoshes , supercomputer and even
handheld devices . Linux has become an extremely
popular alternative to proprietary operating system
.

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Mobile operating system :-
A mobile
operating system (OS) is software that allow smart
phone , tablet PCs and other device to run
application and program .
A mobile OS typically
start up when a device Power on , presenting a
screen with icon or title the present information
and provide application access . Mobile operating
system also manage cellular and wireless network
connectivity , as well as phone access .
Some of
the most common and well known as mobile
operating system are :
1) Android
2) Symbian
3) iOS
4) Window mobile

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1) Android :-
Android was developed by the
open handset alliance , a small start up company ,
that was purchased by Google and other
companies such as Intel , HTC , ARM , Samsung ,
Motorola . The android version nicknamed after
like Cupcake (1.5) , Donut (2.0) , Eclair (2.0 – 2.1
) Frozen yogurt (2.2) , Honey comb (3.0) ,
Lollipop (5.0 – 5.1.1) etc . Android unique because
Google is actively developing the platform but
giving it away for free to hardware manufacture
and phone carrier who want to use Android on
their device .

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2) iOS :-
iOS ( iPhone OS) is used by a apple
iPhone , iPot Touch ,iPad . This operating system
is derived by Mac OS X . With its easy - to - use
interface , amazing feature the iOS is popularly
known as the world’s most advanced mobile
operating system . The user interface of iOS has
multi - touch gestures such as swipe , tap , pinch ,
and reserve pinch .

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3) Window mobile :-
Window mobile is
Microsoft’s mobile operating system used in smart
phones and mobile device . It includes full
integration of Microsoft service such as window
live , zune and Bing and also integrate with many
other non – Microsoft service such as Facebook
and Google account . Window mobile operating
system is used by Nokia , Dell , HP Motorola i-
mate product .

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4) Symbain :-
Symbain is designed for
smartphones , originally developed by symbain
Ltd , and currently maintained by Accenture . It is
targeted at mobile phone that offers a high - level
of integration with communication and personal
information management (PIM) functionality .
symbain OS combines middleware with wireless
communication through an integrated mailbox and
the integration of java and PIM functionality
(agenda and contact) .

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