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Published in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution
Received on 7th October 2012
Revised on 11th February 2013
Accepted on 10th March 2013
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2012.0579

ISSN 1751-8687

Enhancement of voltage stability margin in radial

distribution system with squirrel cage induction
generator based distributed generators
Pitchaimuthu Raja, Manickavasagam Parvathy Selvan, Natarajan Kumaresan
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
E-mail: selvanmp@nitt.edu; selvanmp@gmail.com

Abstract: This study investigates the effect of voltage profile and steady-state voltage stability margin when a wind-driven
squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG)-based distributed generator (DG) is integrated with radial distribution system (RDS).
The study has been carried out considering different configurations of SCIG. The node at which a DG has to be installed is
identified based on voltage collapse index (VCI), which is a measure of steady-state voltage stability margin. The
computational procedure for studying the voltage profile of RDS without and with DG has been developed. The developed
algorithm has been tested on the 33-bus RDS with 1 MW SCIG integrated at the identified node and results are furnished.
Finally, a configuration of SCIG having star and delta switching arrangements with permanently connected capacitor across
each phase winding of the stator is found to be superior in providing improved system performance over a wide range of
wind velocity. A switching criterion for this type of DG is proposed based on VCI for the improved performance of RDS.

1 Introduction
It is known that a distributed generator (DG) unit with
adequate generation capacity can be directly connected to a
bulk consumer or integrated to the distribution grid of the
utility at an appropriate location. Such integration of DG in
the radial distribution system (RDS) provides benefits like
reduction in transmission and distribution loss,
improvement in voltage profile, power quality and system
reliability to both electricity consumers and utilities [1–3].
On the other hand, DG units may introduce few problems
to the existing protection systems because of their short
circuit current contributions [4]. Hence, identification of
appropriate locations for grid integration of DG units and
determination of their ratings are vital optimisation
problems for the distribution system planners. Several
researchers proposed different methodologies for solving
this problem. Rau and Wan [5] has proposed the Lagrange
function-based approach and meta-heuristics optimisation
methods have been proposed in [4, 6–14]. In [7], the
location of DG units and reactive power sources is
determined based on clustering method and ratings of DG
units are computed using Tabu search algorithm for
different load levels. Genetic Algorithm has been employed
in [8–12] for siting and sizing of DG units. The analysis is
carried out in [8] with only single DG unit of fixed size.
However, placement of multiple DG units is practically
preferred by considering the technical and economical
benefits. Multiple DG placement problems have been
solved using pareto-optimal set of solutions obtained either
by employing non-dominated sorting or ε-constrained
technique using the genetic algorithm [4, 12] and [13].
Clustering method based on voltage or loss sensitivity
index is used in [14] to address multiple DG placement
problems. In all the above investigations, number of nodes
for integration of DG units are either assumed or preset to
compute their ratings using enumerative techniques or
optimisation methods. In order to overcome this, different
methods such as iterative genetic algorithm [15], fuzzy
embedded genetic algorithm [16] and goal programming
approach [17] have been proposed.
Moreover, DG placement for enhancement of voltage
stability of the nodes in a distribution system is attempted
in [18] using continuation power flow (CPF) method. In
case of RDS, the power flow Jacobian is usually
ill-conditioned. This is because of high R/X ratio of
distribution system lines and lack of diagonal dominance of
the system Jacobian. In view of this, use of the Newton
Raphson method and its extension to form a continuation
method may become numerically unstable. By exploiting
the radial nature of distribution systems, an equivalent
method based on voltage collapse index (VCI) is proposed
in [19] for identification of nodes that are susceptible to
voltage collapse and requiring DG integration, which is fast
and computationally less intensive. In this work, a simple
approach of forward and backward sweep algorithms [20] is
used. The voltage collapse margin of the nodes can be
substantially improved with local generation support, and
hence a node with low-voltage collapse margin can be
selected for DG placement.
Since, wind turbine generator system (WTGS) is the most
popular DG technology in India and most part of the world,

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this paper investigates on the enhancement of voltage collapse
margin when a WTGS is connected as DG at the bus with low
or minimum VCI as suggested in [19]. Various techniques by
which further improvement in VCI would be obtained with
respect to induction generator operation are also explored in
this paper. It is well known that the power output of
squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) not only depends
on the slip but also on the voltage of the node at which it is
connected [21]. Moreover, it requires sufficient amount of
reactive power support from the grid. Kumaresan and
Subbiah [22, 23] have proposed a delta–star switching of
stator winding of the induction generator to decrease the
reactive power drawn from grid, which in turn improves the
node voltage at which DG is installed. However, such
delta–star winding SCIG is not popular as it requires special
winding design and specific number of stator and rotor slots.
As a continuation to the technique proposed in [22, 23],
Raja et al., have investigated the possibility of improvement
in the performance of SCIG with star and delta switching
strategies by adding a permanent capacitor across each
phase of three phase stator winding [24] as shown in Fig. 1.
Whenever the machine’s stator winding is switched from
delta to star or vice versa, the connected capacitors are also
switched along with the stator winding. The capacitors have
been selected to maintain the power factor at the stator
terminal close to unity. This mode of operation provides
better performance than that of [23] in terms of reactive
power consumption for the same rating of machine, and
thus improves the node voltage at the point of connection.
In the present work, SCIG with stator winding configuration
proposed in [24] is considered as a DG to be connected at the
identified bus for the enhancement of voltage collapse margin
of the system. The variation in VCI value at the DG installed
bus is observed with respect to change in wind velocity as
well as stator winding configuration. Consequently, a
criterion for delta and star switching in the point of view of
improving the performance of the system is arrived at in
addition to the condition proposed in [24].
This paper is organised as follows: the VCI described in
Section 2, has been employed for identification of DG
Fig. 1 Wind-driven SCIG using star–delta switching with
permanently connected capacitor
A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2 are the stator phase winding terminals and S1–S5 are
anti-parallel thyristor units.
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integration point in the RDS. The placement of proposed
DG type at the suitable bus is discussed in Section
3. Section 4 presents various case studies to validate the
effectiveness of the proposed methodology using 33-bus
RDS. Section 5 provides the inference and conclusion
arrived at from the present study on the determination of
grid integration point and modified operation of SCIG for
enhancement of voltage stability margin under varying
wind velocity.
2 Voltage collapse index
Voltage stability concerns about acceptable voltage levels all
over the system buses. Voltage instability has been classified
into steady state and transient voltage instability according to
the time spectrum of occurrence of the phenomena. A power
system is said to have entered a state of voltage instability
when a disturbance causes a progressive and uncontrollable
decline in voltage [25, 26]. Voltage stability analysis often
requires examination of lot of system states and
contingency scenarios. For this reason, an approach based
on steady-state analysis is more feasible and it can also
provide global insight of the reactive power problems [26].
The voltage stability phenomenon has been well recognised
in distribution systems. A RDS with high resistance to
reactance ratio experiences high power loss and voltage
drop, and hence it may suffer from such voltage collapse.
DG placement for enhancement of voltage stability of the
nodes in distribution system was attempted in the past [18].
When the penetration of DG is high, the generated power of
DG units not only alters power flow in distribution system,
but also in transmission system. As a consequence, the
connection of DG to the grid may influence the stability of
power system, that is angle, frequency and voltage stability
[27–31]. CPF method was utilised in [18] to identify the
grid integration point requiring placement of DG units. In
this method, each iteration of DG placement requires
execution of CPF program at all nodes, which is
computationally intensive for a practical system with large
number of nodes. In this regard, to reduce the
computational burden, a VCI method was suggested in [19]
for identification of nodes that are susceptible to voltage
collapse and requiring DG integration. The computation of
VCI is discussed below.
Fig. 2 shows a typical 15-bus RDS, whose electrical
equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 3.
From Fig. 3
Vn1 − Vn2
Ib = (1)
Rb + jXb
Fig. 2 Typical RDS
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loading conditions of the two-bus equivalent of a test
system are shown in Fig. 4. It can be understood from the
PV curve that at any loading point, two values exist for
|Vn2|, out of which one value corresponds to stable operating
point and other corresponds to an unstable operating point
[18]. However, at one loading point, the solutions of (6)
become equal and that point is called as nose point of the
PV curve. Further, it can be observed from Fig. 4 that the
Fig. 3 Two bus equivalent of Fig. 2 nose point of the PV curve is the loading point at which
VCI = 0. Thus, the VCI computed from load flow results
gives equivalent information that of the CPF method with
∗ less computation and can be utilised for identification of
Pn2 − jQn2 = Vn2 Ib (2)
nodes requiring DG integration.
From (1) and (2)
3 Placement of DG based on VCI
∗


Vn2 Vn1 − Vn2
= Pn2 − jQn2 (3) As the VCI is an indicative measure of proximity to voltage
Rb + jXb collapse point, it can be used to identify the node that needs
DG integration. At any steady-state operating point, VCI for
or all nodes in RDS can be evaluated from the results of load
 2
 flow analysis. A node with minimum value of VCI can be
∗
Vn1 Vn2 − Vn2  = Pn2 Rb + Qn2 Xb chosen as the candidate location for DG integration. In this

 method, as VCI is calculated from the results of load flow
+ j Pn2 Xb − Rb Qn2 (4)
analysis of RDS, the execution of CPF can be avoided.
Equating the real parts in (4) and rearranging, a quadratic
equation in |Vn2| is obtained 3.1 Modelling of DG
 2  
  Based on the basic principle of operation and integration with
V  −V  cos d − d V 
n2

n1 n1
 n2 n2 grid, wind-driven induction generator based DGs are
+ Pn2 Rb + Qn2 Xb = 0 (5) categorised in [15, 16] as Type-I DGs, Type-II DGs and
Type-III DGs, as described below
The solution of the quadratic (5) is (see (6))
For a feasible solution to exist for Vn2  Type-I DGs: these are DGs that supply real power to the
network depending on the availability or demand.
 2 2


V  cos d − d − 4 P R + Q X ≥ 0 (7) Type-II DGs: these are DGs that supply real power to the
n1 n1 n2 n2 b n2 b
network only when adequate reactive power support is
provided by the network.
Equation (7) is a condition that determines the voltage
Type-III DGs: these are Type-II DGs that are compensated
collapse margin of nodes in RDS. Therefore this condition
sufficiently with either static or dynamic local reactive
can be treated as an index termed as VCI, indicating the
power support.
proximity of voltage collapse point.
The power vs voltage (PV) curve acquired by employing
Type-I DGs are doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)
CPF method and VCI computed using (7) for various
based WTGS. Type-II and Type-III DGs are SCIG-based
WTGS without and with sufficient local reactive power
support. Usually the stator winding of SCIG is delta
connected. In order to differentiate the configuration of
SCIG proposed in [24], a new type of DG is introduced and
defined as follows:

Type-IV DGs: these are SCIGs with delta and star switching
of stator terminals along with permanently connected
capacitors as shown in Fig. 1. The performance of Type-IV
DG has been well analysed and explained in [24].

The SCIG based WTGSs (Type-II DGs) are low cost and
simple for grid connected operation. They are very popular
in wind turbines of medium rating that are usually
interconnected in RDS. Moreover, such DGs are prone to
voltage stability problem because of high reactive power
Fig. 4 PV curve and VCI of the two bus equivalent of a typical requirement from the grid at medium and high wind
RDS velocities. Hence, in this paper, the study on performance

 
 
2


  Vn1  cos dn1 − dn2 + Vn1  cos2 dn1 − dn2 − 4 Pn2 Rb + Qn2 Xb
V  = (6)
n2
2

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Fig. 5 Computational procedure for VCI in all buses at a given wind velocity
of distribution network is limited only with the integration of
SCIG-based DG (i.e. Type-II, Type-III and Type-IV).
The steps involved in the performance analysis are shown
as a flowchart in Fig. 5. The 33-bus distribution system [20]
has been considered for analysis of performance of the
system with Type-IV DG integration. The base voltage and
base MVA chosen for entire analysis are 11 kV and 100
MVA, respectively. Different case studies are carried out on
33-bus system without and with a 3-phase, 1 MW, 690 V,
50 Hz SCIG having following equivalent circuit parameters
[32]: R1 = 0.0071, R2 = 0.0063, X1 = 0.2155, X2 = 0.0882,
Rm = 24.5 and Xm = 3.3606 (all are in p.u.) and the results
are discussed in the next section.
4 Case study
4.1 DG placement based on VCI
Using the computed voltage magnitude at each bus by means
of a simple load flow analysis, VCI at all buses are calculated
and indicated in Fig. 6.
It has been noted that bus-17 has poor value of VCI
compared with other buses. Hence, as per the discussion in
Section 3, it is decided that bus-17 would be a suitable
place to locate a DG.
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4.2 Effect of Type- II DG Integration on VCI
With a DG based on SCIG installed at bus-17, VCI at all
buses has been computed under different operating
conditions like (i) with different wind velocity and (ii) with
star and delta setting of stator of SCIG. The comparison of
nodal VCIs of the system without integration of DG and
with star and delta connected SCIG for low (6 m/s) and
high (15 m/s) wind speeds are given in Figs. 7 and 8,
respectively. It is noted that the star setting of stator
winding cannot be used at high wind velocity as the stator
current will exceed its limit [24].
4.3 Effect of Type-III DG on VCI
The effect of Type-III DG, where necessary reactive power is
supplied through shunt capacitor, on nodal VCI has been
studied with star connected DG at a wind speed of 6 m/s
and delta connected DG at a wind speed of 15 m/s. The
results are given in Figs. 9 and 10.
As expected, VCI with shunt capacitor configuration
(Type-III DG) is better than Type-II DG for both low and
high wind speed conditions. It can be clearly understood
from Fig. 11.
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Fig. 6 VCI at all buses without DG integration

Fig. 7 Variation of VCI without DG and with Type-II DG at 6 m/s wind speed

The voltage profiles of the system during low and high
wind velocity are indicated in Figs. 12 and 13, respectively.
Further, the performance analysis is repeated for various
wind velocities ranging from 4 to 15 m/s. VCI with
different types of DG integrated at bus-17 is computed and
plotted in Fig. 14 for better understanding.
The value of VCI improves as the wind speed
increases. However, after a particular wind velocity, the
performance of delta setting is better than that of star
setting. It is very clear from Fig. 14 that this occurs at
8 m/s wind velocity for Type-II DG. With Type-III DG,
the performance of delta setting becomes better than

Fig. 8 Variation of VCI without DG and with Type-II DG at 15 m/s wind speed

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Fig. 9 Variation of VCI without and with DG of star setting at 6 m/s wind speed

Fig. 10 Variation of VCI without and with DG of delta setting at 15 m/s wind speed

Fig. 11 VCI profile at 15 m/s wind velocity

that of star setting beyond 7 m/s. Consequently, the
preferable DG configuration for better performance
during both low and high wind velocities is Type-III
DG with star and delta switching, which is the Type-IV
DG shown in Fig. 1.
5 Switching criteria for Type-IV DG
integrated to RDS
The real power supplied and reactive power drawn by
induction generator vary with the wind speed. In order to

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Fig. 13 Node voltage profile with DG of delta setting at 15 m/s

Fig. 12 Node voltage profile with DG of star setting at 6 m/s wind wind velocity
velocity

obtain the maximum possible reactive power saving, stator
winding of induction generator is switched between star and
delta along with permanently connected fixed capacitor.
The switching from star to delta configuration in SCIG
should be made at appropriate wind speed to obtain the best
performance. The switching criterion suggested in [24] is as
follows
This criterion ensures that the generator delivers increased
real power to the grid and draws reduced reactive power from
the grid. Also it ensures that at least 20% power margin is
made available, so that the generator will operate in a stable
region at times of passing larger wind speed, without
exceeding the 10% permitted load.

Pmy = min Ph , PPF , Pc (8)

where
Pmy is the mechanical power determined for switching
from star to delta configuration;
Pη is the highest mechanical power input at which power
output will be higher in star configuration;
PPF is the highest mechanical power input at which power
factor will be higher in star configuration; and
Pc is the 0.8 times the mechanical input power that
corresponds to 110% rated current in star configuration. Fig. 14 VCI against wind velocity for different types of DGs

Fig. 15 VCI and per phase current against wind velocity for SCIG based DG

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The switching criterion discussed above is well suited for a
SCIG connected to the stiff grid. On the other hand, when
SCIG is connected to radial distribution network, the
switching criterion should also depend on the network
parameters while operating SCIG within stator rated current.
Since VCI is considered to be a measure of performance of
the network, it is proposed to have VCI of the bus at which
SCIG is connected as one of the switching criteria. Hence,
the criterion has been altered to be in terms of wind speed
rather than mechanical power input.
The newly proposed switching criterion is
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2 Fahrioglu, M., Yong, T., Lasseter, R.H., Alvarado, F.L.: ‘Integrating
distributed generation technology into demand management schemes’,
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Usw = min UVCI , Uc (9)
where
Usw is the wind speed determined for switching from star to
delta configuration;
UVCI is the highest wind speed at which VCI of WTGS bus
is higher in star configuration as compared with VCI in delta
configuration; and
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current in star configuration.
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Having VCI as a switching criterion enables better network
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performance of induction machine alone.
6 Conclusion
In this paper, SCIG based DG has been integrated into RDS at
the node with low VCI. The impact of integrating such DG on
steady-state voltage stability of the network has been studied.
It has been shown that adding DG in RDS will improve the
voltage stability margin. Further, a substantial saving in
reactive power can be achieved by operating the SCIG in
delta and star settings at higher and lower wind speed,
respectively. Such reactive power savings in RDS lead to
improvement in VCI and voltage profile. This has been
demonstrated using 33-bus RDS along with different
configurations of wind-driven SCIG. It is revealed from the
case study that the delta and star switching of SCIG with a
permanently connected capacitor across each phase, defined
in this paper as Type-IV DG, gives enhanced performance
in the RDS. A new switching criterion for Type-IV DG has
been proposed based on VCI, considering social benefits
such as better voltage profile, reduced system loss and
reduced reactive power burden on the grid along with better
machine performance. The method described in this paper
for identification of the best candidate node to install a DG
based on VCI can be applied to bigger systems without any
further modifications. Moreover, with proper
communication between the system operator and the DG
operators, the application of the proposed switching
criterion for Type-IV DGs at multiple nodes of a bigger
system can be practiced.
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