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Post-Medieval Archaeology

ISSN: 0079-4236 (Print) 1745-8137 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ypma20

The material culture of the modern world

Mary C. Beaudry & Natascha Mehler

To cite this article: Mary C. Beaudry & Natascha Mehler (2016) The material
culture of the modern world, Post-Medieval Archaeology, 50:1, 108-120, DOI:
10.1080/00794236.2016.1169811

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2016.1169811

Published online: 21 Jul 2016.

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Post-Medieval Archaeology 50/1 (2016), 108–120

The material culture of the modern world

By MARY C. BEAUDRY and NATASCHA MEHLER

SUMMARY: We discuss results of a content analysis of material culture articles in Post-Medieval


Archaeology in the context of the development of historical archaeology as a discipline. We conclude
that the journal remains an important outlet for detailed field reports, but in recent years, influenced
by social and anthropological theories, the discipline has matured and articles have changed from
antiquarian artefact presentations to contextualized material culture studies. Expansion of the journal’s
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temporal frame to include the recent past has so far had little effect, but the journal has benefited from the
broadened international range of articles and the intellectual and theoretical backgrounds they convey.

INTRODUCTION Archaeology is one of many disciplines that


embraces the study of material culture, and because
Post-Medieval Archaeology (PMA) has regularly fea- artefacts are central to archaeological reasoning, many
tured articles that deal with the material culture of archaeologists are comfortable in considering artefacts
the early modern world in addition to the excavation per se as constituting material culture. Other disciplinary
reports and studies of individual sites that make up perspectives may or may not conceive of objects them-
the preponderance of the journal’s contents. Here, selves as the subject of study; indeed, the ‘term material
we provide an overview of what we have defined as culture is defined in different ways depending on the
artefact or material culture studies that have appeared disciplinary context’ in which it is used.2 For example,
in Volumes 1–48 and in the first issue of Volume 49 ‘material geographies’, while variously defined, often
of the journal; our definition refers solely to artefact examine the ‘material capacities’ of objects as mediators
studies, be they studies of individual finds (e.g. an of social relations, while ‘material histories’ emphasize
unusual object), groups or types of finds (a type of how ‘material culture was bound up in how history as a
ceramic ware, a pit group or assemblage, etc.) and spe- socio-historical process was lived’, providing ‘insights
cialist studies of specific types of finds (clay tobacco into past practices and processes’.3 Here we make a minor
pipes, ceramics, architectural materials, etc.). Articles but critical distinction between artefact studies and mate-
that report on excavation of a particular pottery kiln, rial culture studies in acknowledging that for archaeol-
glass furnace, or other production site did not fit this ogists descriptive reports on particular types of artefacts
definition, but we have included excavation reports — artefact studies — can be just as important as, and,
with lengthy discussions of finds in our examination indeed, necessary first steps towards interpretive studies
of the journal’s temporal coverage of the material cul- of finds focusing on cultural analysis — material culture
ture of the modern world, 1500–2015 (see Fig. 1). We studies. It is the latter form of study that we emphasize
also excluded the reports of the Portable Antiquities here because we see such studies as most likely to provide
Scheme, a platform established in 1997 for the public insight into key issues the journal aims to explore, includ-
to report archaeological artefacts found in England ing the transition from medieval to modern, globalization
and Wales, a report on which has appeared in PMA and the spread of capitalism, and the archaeology of the
annually since 2005.1 recent past.

© Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2016 DOI: 10.1080/00794236.2016.1169811

108
Material Culture109
FROM ARTEFACTS TO MATERIAL CULTURE the journal from 1967–2014.8 Only stand-alone arti-
STUDIES cles, notes and short contributions were counted for
this exercise; reports of finds in appendices of, or as
The initial step in our attempt to comprehend the range addenda to, site-report articles were not included. The
of artefact/material culture studies that have appeared rationale for this was to understand what categories of
in the journal was to conduct a basic content analysis, artefacts have been given special attention. Deriving a
first to learn how contributors to PMA have used the count involved not a keyword search of online content
phrase material culture. The term was invoked in the but an initial physical inspection of the tables of con-
journal’s very first issue by Crawford, who wrote that tents of each issue of the first 48 volumes of the journal
‘In short a material culture of clearly medieval char- in order to create a checklist of topical articles devoted
acter continued in Scotland until the 17th century’.4 to material culture, then giving each relevant article
Apart from its use in book reviews, the term did not a quick inspection; the accuracy of the checklist was
make a reappearance until Vol. 7, when it was used by assessed by a subsequent review of the tables of con-
Meiron-Jones, who refers to another scholar’s state- tents online. Table 1 presents the raw results of the con-
ment that the long house in Brittany was an element tent analysis; it shows that of 123 topical articles and
of ‘a recessive material culture’.5 After this rather puz- notes on types of material culture, ceramics (n = 45),
zling attribution of genetic traits to material culture, architectural materials/buildings archaeology (n = 20)
the phrase appears only occasionally, most notably in and clay pipes (n = 15) have been dealt with most fre-
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a research article by Yentsch in which she explores the quently and that throughout the journal’s many issues
changing cultural significance of ceramics using min- there have been numerous ‘one-off’ notes or articles
imum vessel counts from a range of colonial sites in on special finds and seeming curiosities.9 We recognize
the Chesapeake.6 Beginning in 2000, the phrase is used that some categories overlap (e.g. figurines are often
regularly in at least one research article per issue. The ceramic artefacts as, of course, are tiles; tiles could also
increased use coincides with a slight rise in contribu- be considered architectural artefacts) and that it is diffi-
tions to PMA that stress analysis and interpretation over cult to decide how best to categorize them. We focus on
descriptive reportage. This development is in line with specialist studies of objects based on their uses insofar
the general trend in the social sciences and humanities as possible and in this article address ceramic studies,
to value artefacts or objects for their cultural and social clay pipe studies, finds group or assemblage analysis
interpretative potential, as well as with the material and special finds/curiosities.
culture turn of the late 1990s.7 We also wanted to explore whether submissions
The next step in our content analysis involved to the journal tend to focus on artefacts from earlier or
quantifying the number of material culture articles and later in the post-medieval period and how artefacts of
notes or shorter contributions that have appeared in the recent past, that is the 20th and 21st centuries, are

(a) 10 (b) 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
# of Articles

# of Articles

6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,
1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Volume #/Year Volume #/Year

1500-1800 1800-1900 1900-2015 1500-1800 1800-1900 1900-2015

FIG. 1
Breakdown of artefact articles and notes published in PMA, grouped by time periods. For articles and notes with multiple
date ranges (e.g. ceramics from c. 1600–1900), mean values were created. 1a left) Volumes 1–10, 1967–1976; 1b right)
Volumes 40–9 (the latter including only the first issue), 2006–2015. Taken into account are all full-length articles, notes and
reports that discuss artefacts.
110 MARY C. BEAUDRY and NATASCHA MEHLER
TABLE 1
Topical material culture articles and research notes published in Post-Medieval Archaeology Volumes 1–48
Topic # Full-length articles # Notes/shorter contributions
Arms & Armour 1
Beer pump handles 1
Bird whistle 1
Buildings archaeology 20
Cannon 1
Ceramics 31 14
Clay fireback 1
Cloth seals, lead 4
Clothing/textiles 1
Coins 1
Condoms 1
Confinement art 1
Figurines (pipe clay/base metal) 2 1
Fox earth, artificial 1
Glass bottles 5
Gravestones 2
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Horn cores 1
Horticultural urn 1
Irish crosses 1
Millstones 1
Millstone tools 1
Miniature ship 1
Painted cloth 1
Pewterer 1
Pharmacy fittings 1
Pins 1
Pipes 9 6
Ring dials 1
Seals, wax 2
Steel bars 2
Silver 1
Spoons 1
Still worm 1
Tiles 3
Tobacco boxes 1
Vermin trap 1
Wig curlers 1
Window leads 2
Totals 101 22

represented in the volume. Fig. 1 shows that the general searched for relevant keywords. In fact, from the very
focus of the artefact studies published in PMA over beginning articles in PMA have focused on the period
time has not changed much and still concentrates on 1450–1750.10 In 2006, the journal extended its upper
the years up to c. 1700. For this chronological analysis chronological boundary to include the archaeology of
we have decided to contrast the first ten years of the the most recent past. As Fig. 1 shows, it took five years
volume (Vols. 1–10) with the last ten volumes (Vols. and more for the first modern finds analysis to show up
40–9:1) to see whether any changes could be detected. in the journal. As Dixon pointed out in 2011, the sig-
The basis for this was full-length articles, notes and nificant change in what the journal is willing to cover
reports that discuss artefacts. After also browsing the remains largely unnoticed, an observation supported
volumes in-between we saw no changes therein and by the content analysis presented here.11
hence felt that Fig. 1 would summarize the general pic- From its very first issue, buildings archaeology
ture sufficiently. In the first stage, the tables of contents was a key topic covered in the journal, with articles
were searched for relevant entries and in a second stage often written by prominent British architectural his-
the papers were then browsed by keywords. In the case torians such as C.A. Hewett and N.W. Alcock, who
of non-indicative paper headings the papers were also were also active in the Vernacular Architecture Group
Material Culture111
(VAG).12 VAG was founded in 1952, originally to the ‘landscapes, buildings and artefacts of the post-me-
promote the study of historic buildings of the British dieval world illuminate our understanding’ of the trans-
Isles through its journal Vernacular Architecture, but formation of society ‘as a result of the Reformation
now has an expanded remit of vernacular buildings and Renaissance, consumerism, industrialization and
worldwide.13 In this instance, existence of a society globalization’ as well as of ‘the everyday lives of past
and journal devoted to the study of ‘lesser buildings’ communities’.18 Our questions do not include whether
did not result in lack of attention to this topic in PMA we think the journal needs to change or how it should
(but see discussion of clay pipe studies below), and change in future; we acknowledge that it has changed
buildings archaeology remains a key concern of the and seek to elucidate the reasons for and import of such
journal. Green and Dixon discuss PMA’s treatment of changes. We ask whether there have been changes in
historic buildings and built heritage elsewhere in this the nature of what topics are included and in how mate-
issue, but it is worth noting that outside of the UK it is rial culture studies have been approached over time.
rare for upstanding buildings to be treated as archae- To what extent have artefact studies in PMA engaged
ological artefacts or for articles about above-ground with wider debates in the discipline? Can we attribute
architecture to appear in archaeological publications.14 any changes we detect to the growth and maturation of
Our content analysis provided some surprises, the discipline, to recent changes in journal policy that
chief among them the paucity of research articles and include an expansion of its temporal and geographical
notes devoted specifically to glass vessels despite coverage, or to both?19 What have we learned about the
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numerous reports on glass production and glasshouses material culture of the modern world based on what
(and in most such articles, appendices reporting on has appeared in PMA from its inception in 1967 to its
the products of the glasshouses).15 Another type of most recent full volume?
find nearly absent in PMA is weaponry and armour,
although there are many reports on fortifications and
military sites and on ‘arms’ in the sense of heraldic
imagery.16 Ten years ago, Coad pointed out that the SPECIAL FINDS & CURIOSITIES
archaeology of post-medieval warfare and battlefields
was a shortcoming in PMA, despite the richness of PMA has regularly published articles that report on
material at hand.17 Such items are of course mentioned rare items and unusual finds; such pieces range from
in the finds sections of field reports and in summary arti- a short note in Vol. 1 describing a 17th-century buff
cles on pit groups and feature assemblages, but never coat from a museum collection, to vermin traps on
receive the level of attention lavished upon weaponry, Dartmoor, to a very short note on an artificial fox
ammunition, glassware and glass bottles in the pages earth.20 While such pieces are clearly antiquarian in
of the Society for Historical Archaeology’s (SHA) nature, their presence in the journal underscores the
journal Historical Archaeology, which first appeared fact that in its early years, post-medieval archaeology
in 1967. In the US and Canada, glass, especially glass was uncharted territory and, for its practitioners, nearly
bottles, receive a great deal of analytical attention in everything was ‘new’ in the sense of not yet recorded or
archaeological publications because of their value in well known. Many articles report on singular or curious
analysing trade networks as well as how the bottles’ finds, ranging from articles on English lead cloth seals
former contents reflect consumer choice around food found in Serbia and New Spain, to Dutch seals found at
and foodways, beverage alcohol consumption, per- Iroquois sites in New York, to Russian seals found in
sonal care (e.g. hair dyes and hair restorers), health England; two articles focus on marked window leads.21
and hygiene and a host of other topics. Post-medieval These sorts of reports are not as arcane as they may
glass artefacts have regularly been published in the seem: finds of this nature can play an important role in
specialized Journal of Glass Studies, which came into understanding the mechanisms of international trade in
being in 1959, but that is not an explanation for the lack textiles and in dating deposits as well as construction
of publications on armour and weaponry. The Journal and repair of houses.
of Conflict Archaeology first appeared in 2005 and the Some special finds are particularly fascinating
majority of articles published there focus on battle- because they are associated with human bodies and
field sites and methodological issues (see Ferguson and the sex act; prominent among such finds reported in
Scott on war and conflict in this issue) rather than on PMA are the sheepskin condoms from Dudley Castle,
the study of weapons as artefacts. a delftware drinking (or douching) phallus reported
Our goal in reviewing the treatment of material among the finds from Paternoster Square, London, a
culture in the first 48 volumes of the journal (we also glass phallic jug among the ‘rare glass and ceramics’
consider the first issue of Vol. 49) is to examine the from the National Gallery Site, London and a brown
ways in which the treatment of material culture in PMA stoneware phallic jug from Doncaster.22 The phallic
has enlightened us about the modern world in ways that vessels are reported within groups categorized by
fit with the journal’s commitment to coverage of how material (ceramics/glass), or as singular finds, though
112 MARY C. BEAUDRY and NATASCHA MEHLER
Egan contributed to the Paternoster report a compar- sub-assemblages from a specific site or feature; exam-
ative, contextual synthesis of the role such vessels ples include ceramics found in ‘clearance’ deposits and
played throughout Europe in drinking games that were pits throughout England and elsewhere. Many such
a feature of tavern life.23 studies offer straightforward reportage, but others
The treatment of small finds has long been prob- have a somewhat broader interpretive reach or aim to
lematic in historical archaeology and despite the enor- improve methods. Pearce, for instance, offers a com-
mous contributions of scholars like Geoff Egan (who prehensive discussion of the 18th-century ceramics
published extensively in venues other than PMA), they from an inn clearance in Uxbridge, England, describ-
are seldom presented in the journal as other than odd- ing glass and clay pipes in somewhat less detail; she
ities. This is because the European practice applied defines clearance deposits, which involve deliberate
regularly in PMA groups finds according to the material disposal when a property changes hands, versus a
of which they are made and reports on each category cleanup after a household disaster such a flood or fire,
(ceramics, glass, metal, etc.) in appendices or addenda involving involuntary discard and suggests ways to
to field reports — and such reports tend to be data- distinguish one from another. She compares the deposit
rich but short on analysis. Finds have seldom been from the Uxbridge inn with other tavern assemblages
discussed according to the functions they served and in an attempt to ascertain potential patterning that
rarely if ever considered in conjunction with objects would distinguish a tavern deposit from one gener-
made of other materials with which they would have ated by a typical household.26 Killock et al., in dis-
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been used on a regular basis (‘assemblages of prac- cussing ceramic finds from 17th-century Limehouse,
tice’) to accomplish the tasks of everyday life.24 Our London, explore how ceramics from a maritime
review of journal content, however, reveals that while community reflect booty and global and mercantile
‘artefact studies’ remain a mainstay of PMA, ‘material trade.27 Brooks and Rodríguez analyse a group of 19th-
culture studies’, including those of small finds, are on century British ceramics from Barcelona, Venezuela
the increase; we expand upon this observation in our with a basic aim of providing a minimum vessel count
concluding discussion. and a characterization of the sorts of British pottery that
reached households there; they also consider how the
imports fit with our knowledge of international trade
and global connections among elites during this time,
CERAMICS as well as what the ceramic vessel forms tell us about
taste, dining practices and the rise of a transatlantic
Ceramics have received more attention in the journal cosmopolitanism in post-independence Venezuela.28
than any other category of artefact, with a minimum of The last examples have considerably increased our
45 articles and research notes devoted specifically to knowledge about the production and use of ceramics
discussion of ceramics, in addition to numerous articles in the modern world.
that discuss excavations at sites of pottery production Other articles examine specific ware types and
as well as the reports on ceramics in the finds sec- their distribution, including Campbell’s and Talbot’s
tions of field reports. The dominance of ceramic stud- surveys of Welsh ceramics, Hurst and Gaimster’s
ies in PMA is grounded in the fact that the Society of review of Werra ware in Britain, Ireland and North
Post-Medieval Archaeology emerged out of the Post- America and Coleman-Smith et al.’s discussion of
Medieval Ceramics Research Group that was founded Donyatt-type pottery from 17th and 18th-century
in 1964.25 Acknowledging that site report articles on Chesapeake sites.29 The occasional article reports on
excavations of pottery kilns often contain sections that particular ceramic objects such as individual finds of
discuss the wares produced at the sites in question, figurines and ceramic ‘toys’, a whistle, a group of beer
such studies tend to fall within our category of finds pump handles or a delftware ‘Hebrew’ plate.30 A few
reportage/artefact studies, versus material culture stud- articles discuss technical forms of ceramic analysis
ies. Therefore, we focus on topical articles devoted such as ceramic petrology and chemistry, while others
solely to ceramics (other than clay tobacco pipes); we provide valuable information on ceramics as chrono-
thought that such studies might present analyses that, at logical markers.31
the very least, touch upon the major themes the journal PMA has consistently published ceramic studies
seeks to address, in particular globalization, capital- that aim to inform historical archaeologists about the
ism and international trade, as well as the conditions types of ceramics they can expect to encounter on sites
of everyday life in the modern world. Horning and of the modern world, how to identify them and their
Schweickart discuss consumerism elsewhere in this places of production, and how to ascertain their date of
issue, so we do not stress that topic here. manufacture. Articles provide copious illustrations to
The majority of research articles devoted to aid the reader seeking to identify their own finds. What
ceramics recovered from sites other than produc- is more, studies of ceramic assemblages have always
tion workshops report on pottery assemblages or focused on vessel forms, not on sherd counts, and have
Material Culture113
tended to link vessel use to drinking and dining prac- the highly specialized Society for Clay Pipe Research
tices as well as to other functions such as shipping, (SCPR) in 1983 which began publishing its newsletter
victualing and sanitation.32 in that year and its journal in 1988 (the latter is not pub-
lished regularly, however). Clay tobacco pipes remain a
firm component of excavation reports in PMA, but spe-
cialized articles are now published elsewhere, in ven-
CLAY TOBACCO PIPES ues such as the SCPR publications or the BAR series
The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe established
The items of material culture that most closely link by Peter Davey in 1979, which now boasts nineteen
Europe with the Americas, and to some extent also impressive volumes.
Asia and Australia, are those that testify to the use of The parallel existence of a highly specialized
tobacco, chiefly clay tobacco pipes. Clay tobacco pipes periodical such as the SCPR newsletter is not without
produced in places such as Gouda in the Netherlands problems. Specialist material-focused societies were
could be regarded as artefactual symbols of globali- founded to support and encourage in-depth studies
zation, reflecting the cultural impact both the Old and of particular artefact types, but with clay pipes this
New Worlds had on each other. Clay tobacco pipes created a forum solely for specialists, with publica-
were among the first artefacts that were studied in detail tions that were largely read primarily by its members;
when post-medieval archaeology rose in the 1960s; for this resulted in the near-total elimination of clay pipe
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many they remain the key artefact group of post-medi- articles aimed at a broader archaeological audience.
eval archaeology. This is reflected in the journal. In the In fact, the three clay pipe articles published in PMA
first decade of the journal full-length articles analys- since the 1980s, as mentioned above, do not deal with
ing clay tobacco pipes appear in almost every volume. clay pipes found in Britain. In addition, these specialist
Noteworthy is Walker’s paper on statistical methods groups often appear to be so specialized so as to dis-
for dating clay pipe fragments which aimed at introduc- courage newcomers. Something very similar occurred
ing those methods that had been developed in the USA in Germany. The German working group Clay Pipe
in the late 1950s by people such as J.C. Harrington to Research (Arbeitskreis Tonpfeifen) was founded in
a British readership and to demonstrate their value and 1988 and started to publish its own journal Knasterkopf
their limitations.33 Hence we see in the early years of in 1989. As a result, clay pipe finds were published
PMA efforts to introduce processual approaches into solely in Knasterkopf and hardly ever in any other
the practice of post-medieval archaeology — we see archaeological journal. In the long run, the broader
this only with regard to clay pipe studies — and note lack of support for historical archaeology in Germany
that such efforts were profoundly unsuccessful.34 made it impossible for the working group to attract
In the second decade of the journal the number of new members, forcing its dissolution in 2013; clay pipe
specialized clay pipe articles started to decrease, a trend research no longer exists in Germany as a separate
that continues in later volumes. Clay tobacco pipes are specialist field.
still a strong feature in reports on finds assemblages,
and wherever pipes are found they are discussed in
detail; but the articles that focus on clay pipes only
have largely disappeared from the journal since the DISCUSSION
1980s. Since then only three papers were dedicated
to pipes, one discussing clay tobacco pipes found in In concluding, we consider the PMA coverage of
Tunis, another on clay pipes found in the Chesapeake, material culture of the modern world in context of
and one introducing clay tobacco pipes produced in the growth and development of the field of historical
Bavaria.35 archaeology. We can see that coverage of certain topics
In PMA clay tobacco pipes have always been val- and themes has changed over time as the field matured
ued because of their link to a range of countries and and as ever-greater numbers of archaeology students
cultures, although they are seldom discussed in terms elected to forge careers as historical archaeologists and
of trade and exchange or even with regard to prac- received specialized training in historical/post-medie-
tices involved in tobacco smoking.36 Rather, attention val archaeology. The graphs in Fig. 1 indicate that the
has focused on production sites, makers and dates of journal seems weak in its coverage of artefacts of the
manufacture. Only a few specialist clay pipe articles recent past; this is probably because, especially in the
focus solely on British pipes, e.g. pipes produced in UK, the archaeology of the recent past in general has
Plymouth, Broseley or Bristol; others discuss pipe finds only recently gained traction, chiefly through the meet-
from Virginia or Nova Scotia or Dutch pipes found in ings of the Contemporary Historical Archaeology and
England.37 Theory group (CHAT) and the introduction of the new
The decrease in articles devoted to clay tobacco Journal of Contemporary Archaeology. Archaeology
pipes in PMA coincides roughly with the founding of of the recent past, or contemporary archaeology,
114 MARY C. BEAUDRY and NATASCHA MEHLER
is stronger in some countries than in others (e.g. in the journal’s successful efforts to recruit submissions
Germany, where there is a strong focus on sites associ- from scholars outside of the UK and North America,
ated with the Second World War, and in South America, especially contributions from historical archaeologists
where archaeologists explore the material residues of working in Continental Europe; this seems to have
the actions of post-colonial dictatorial regimes).38 The resulted in an infusion of ideas from intellectual tra-
role of contemporary archaeology in PMA is consid- ditions that differ from the one that has underpinned
ered in more detail by McAtackney and Penrose later work published in the journal over its first four decades
in this issue. of existence.
It would of course be of considerable interest to We can point to several recent examples of mate-
explore ways in which the content of PMA reflects rial culture studies in the journal that push past report-
the social realities of post-medieval scholarship today age and description towards theoretically informed
globally and especially in the United Kingdom. But cultural interpretation. In 2005 (Vol. 39), Vionis pub-
it is clear that despite its key and foundational role lished the results of a study of domestic material cul-
initially in British post-medieval archaeology and now ture from the Cyclades. The goal of the study was to
much more widely on a global scale, Post-Medieval use archaeological evidence, texts and other sources
Archaeology, and indeed no individual journal, does to ‘reconstruct everyday rural life in Greece’ in the
not serve as the sole outlet for scholarship in the dis- post-medieval period ‘by focusing on the domestic
cipline nor as the sole arena for debates around the sphere’.41 He situates the domestic sphere within the
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definition and direction of the field. We nevertheless broader landscape, explaining that because so much
are fairly confident that PMA has followed a simi- of daily activities and social life took place out of
lar trajectory to that of comparable journals such as doors, domestic interiors changed little while social
Historical Archaeology or Australasian Historical presentation of self through dress etc. was more sub-
Archaeology, reflecting the growth and maturation ject to changing ‘fashion’; while ‘costume’ took on an
of historical/post-medieval archaeology and the wid- important role in building a national identity for Greece
ening of initial attention to particular nations/regions after its War of Independence (1821–1832), domestic
(e.g. UK, Australia & New Zealand, North America) material culture remained highly traditional through
that over time developed into international and global the 19th century.
coverage.39 Several recent articles move away from site-spe-
The straightforward reportage of artefacts found cific or regional artefact studies to comparative interna-
in PMA’s early volumes and their general lack of inter- tional studies, e.g. Hurst & Gaimster’s survey of Werra
pretation and synthesis was typical for its time and ware ceramics in Britain, Ireland and North America
characteristic of how historical archaeology was prac- and Coleman-Smith et al.’s tracing of English ceramic
tised at that time. Finds were regarded and published products in Virginia and Maryland.42 Such work is key
as curiosities because they were new to many. Only and critical for developing an understanding of the glo-
gradually did we learn more about the materiality of balization of commodity flows in the modern world
the early modern world and only with a better knowl- and the interdependence of local production and inter-
edge have we been able to provide interpretations and national demand for even the seemingly most humble
to synthezise assemblages. Examining the content of of ‘domestic’ objects. Mytum’s comparative analysis
PMA volumes over time shows that the move away of grave memorials from Britain, Ireland and New
from simple reportage has been slow and that articles England explores how such memorials mark ‘global
that address artefacts in historical context or embed changes in social relationships and concepts of mem-
them within a theoretical framework remain relatively ory and the body’ in the modern world; his analysis
rare. The only early exception is Yentsch’s 1991 explo- focuses on the global movement of ideas about death,
ration of cultural continuity and social change in the the body and social display expressed through region-
Chesapeake region in the 17th and 18th centuries ally distinctive styles.43
through a post-processual analysis of table wares and Volume 41 of PMA saw an uptick in articles that
food remains.40 Turning this observation on its head, are rich in data as well as interpretation. A fine example
one can see that PMA remains an important outlet for is de Clercq et al.’s socio-economic interpretation of
detailed field reports, especially of developer-funded material from rescue excavations of garderobe chutes
‘rescue’ projects, and in fact it is the only historical at the castle in Middelburg-in-Flanders (Belgium).
archaeology journal that publishes such reports as a Based upon a thorough analysis of material culture as
matter of course. well as botanical, faunal and parasite evidence, they
In the past decade, there has been a distinct trend conclude that even under military occupation during
towards publication of more interpretive, theoreti- the Spanish–Dutch war (1568–1648), elite residents
cally informed articles as well as inclusion of broader of the castle continued to express their status through
interpretation of the significance of material culture consumption of luxury foods and tablewares, while
in field report articles. This seems to coincide with military officers received special treatment indicative
Material Culture115
of their rank (in particular having individual meals to the colony and the activities that many of them had
prepared for them).44 Gutiérrez examines the signifi- hoped to pursue in the New World. Willemsen’s study
cance of Portuguese ceramics found in Southampton, of gloves, mittens and gauntlets in Western Europe,
England in the light of trade and the meanings such 1300–1700, examines archaeological finds of such
pottery had for its purchasers and users; she concludes items, exploring their history and production as well
that personal contacts were of greater importance in as their uses and meanings, both social and practical.
the acquisition of such wares than anonymous ‘global Their visibility and association with the body and with
flows’ of goods and that Portuguese ceramics, com- gesture gave them special import; they were valued
pared to other products shipped from that country, as gifts and served as tokens of friendship and loyalty
were of little economic significance.45 Her observations and as symbols of many things, including freemasonry
have intriguing implications for our understanding and even bribery.
both of consumerism and the mechanisms of capitalist Along with other recent contributions to the jour-
exchange in the modern world. nal these studies have enhanced our understanding of
Another example of this trend towards material key processes of the modern world such as colonialism
culture studies includes Sikes’ analysis of 17th-century and globalization (for example through Schreg’s com-
clay tobacco pipes produced in Virginia suggesting that parison of native ceramic traditions in colonial Panama
the star motifs adorning the pipes constitute a form of and the influence of African and European ceramic
dialogue across ethnic boundaries between Europeans traditions and the adaptation process);49 and European
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and Natives who smoked them. Similarly, Parker’s crit- mercantilism and global capitalism (through Nordin’s
ical analysis of archaeological evidence and written outline of the cultural meaning of silver in Sweden,
sources explores the ways in which French immigrants provided with a global context).50 Through detailed
in 17th- and 18th-century London expressed their iden- case studies, comparative analyses, and wide-ranging
tity through domestic material culture; and Wilson surveys we have learned about the effects that these
challenges the very notion of an 18th-century English processes had on consumerism (through Schweickart’s
‘consumer society’, offering a critique informed by comparative outline of the consumption of ceramics
Marxist thought and actor-network theory.46 in 18th-century Virginia and Scottish households,
We should mention another recent feature of showing that commodification influenced consump-
the journal that has impacted its coverage of material tion behaviour);51 on delicate aspects of everyday life
culture studies: the Geoff Egan Memorial Lecture. (through Gaimster et al.’s survey on the history and
Established to honour our cherished colleague after his archaeology of condoms)52; and on identity and the dif-
death in late 2010, ‘the annual Geoff Egan Memorial ficulties of tracing this in the material record (through
Lecture showcases current research in post-medieval Parker’s analysis of London domestic material culture
and historical archaeology, and celebrates the life of and the lack of detectable features that would help to
former President of the Society for Post-Medieval express identity of French immigrants).53 Beyond that,
Archaeology, Geoff Egan’.47 The lecture is delivered the increased internationality of articles and the recent
by an invited speaker each December and published opening of the journal to embrace also the archaeology
in PMA; thus far the Egan lectures from 2011, 2012 of the most recent past has made PMA an important
and 2013 have appeared in print.48 The speakers share pillar not only for the development of material culture
Egan’s commitment to excellence in material culture studies but also the discipline as a whole.
research and situate their presentations within current
interests and debates in the field. Gaimster provides
a wide-ranging analysis of iconographic sources,
chiefly paintings of the Dutch Golden Age, as sources ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
of information about domestic material culture; he
offers observations on the meanings the works had We thank Alasdair Brooks, editor of Post-Medieval
in the 17th century and uses archaeological evidence Archaeology, for inviting us to contribute to the 50th
to measure the ways in which the art presents realis- anniversary issue of the journal and for generously
tic depictions of everyday life. There are conflicts as providing us with advice and research assistance. We
well as complementarity between the two sources, he also thank two anonymous reviewers for constructive
concludes. Such works were not created with archae- comments on how to improve upon our initial draft.
ological analogies in mind, and hence archaeologists
benefit from close contextual understanding of the
works of art and their intended functions. Straube pre-
sents some of the surprising and remarkable finds from NOTES
17th-century James Fort in Virginia, offering explana-
tions for their discovery at the frontier outpost based   1 Egan 2005.
on choices and preferences of individual adventurers   2 Gerritsen & Riello 2015a, 2.
116 MARY C. BEAUDRY and NATASCHA MEHLER
  3 Cook & Tolia-Kelly 2010; Hicks & Beaudry 2010a, 2; 30
e.g. Beaudry 1989; Mytum 1978; Pearce 1998; Willmott
Stahl 2010, 151. & Davies 2004 (the plate, likely made at Lambeth, bears
  4 Crawford 1967, 89. a Hebrew inscription).
  5 Meirion-Jones 1973, 17. 31
Noël Hume 1968; Vince 2001; White 2012.
  6 Yentsch 1991. 32
e.g. Killock et al. 2003; Jarrett & Thompson 2012.
  7 Hicks 2010, 28; Hicks & Beaudry, 2010a, 2–3. In the 33
Walker 1967, 90.
past decade, important works on material culture studies 34
See e.g. Belcher & Jarrett 1971.
and their place in archaeology, anthropology and history 35
Tunis: Wood 1999; Chesapeake: Sikes 2008; Bavaria:
were published, such as Tilley et al. 2006 and Hicks & Mehler 2009.
Beaudry, 2010a. 36
Mehler 2009 is an exception.
  8 For Table 1, we restricted consideration to the first 48 37
Plymouth: Oswald 1969; Broseley: Walker 1976;
volumes of the journal because the count was made prior Bristol: Price et al. 1984; Williamsburg: Noël Hume
to the publication of Vol. 49:1 and because it seemed 1970; Nova Scotia: Walker 1975; Dutch pipes in England:
inappropriate once that issue appeared to treat it as if it Atkinson & Oswald 1972.
were an entire volume. We do, however, discuss items 38
See e.g. Funari et al. 2010; Theune 2014; Mehler 2015.
from Vol. 49:1 in our examination of recent developments 39
See Schacht 2010 for a content analysis of Australasian
in the journal. Historical Archaeology. To our knowledge no similar
  9 Given that the number of articles in each issue of the analysis exists for Historical Archaeology.
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journal is dependent on a number of factors (e.g. number 40


Yentsch 1991, esp. 33.
of articles ready for publication, length of articles in each 41
Vionis 2005, 174–5.
issue/page length restrictions per issue, etc.) we felt that 42
Coleman-Smith et al. 2005; Hurst & Gaimster 2005.
calculating overall percentages of artefact/material culture 43
Mytum 2006.
articles versus those on other topics dealt with over the 44
De Clercq et al. 2007.
journal’s history would not prove particularly helpful. 45
Gutiérrez 2007.
10
Butler 1967, 1. 46
Sikes 2008; Wilson 2008; Parker 2013.
11
Dixon 2011, 313. 47
Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2015.
12
e.g. Hewett 1969; Alcock 1975. 48
Gaimster 2012; Straube 2013; Willemsen 2015.
13
Vernacular Architecture Group 2015. 49
Schreg 2010.
14
A notable exception is Simmons et al. 1993. 50
Nordin 2012.
15
Glass bottles: Talbot 1974; Gibson & Evans 1985; 51
Schweickart 2014.
Jeffries & Major 2015 (wine bottle seals); glassware: 52
Gaimster et al. 1996.
Willmott 2001; Ferreira 2005; Telfer et al. 2006. 53
Parker 2013.
16
Arms and armor: Straube 2006; heraldic arms: e.g. Noël
Hume 1970; Robinson, 1999.
17
Coad 2005. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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SUMMARIES IN FRENCH, GERMAN, ITALIAN AND SPANISH

RÉSUMÉ blieb, hat die Zeitschrift deutlich von den vermehrten


La culture matérielle du monde moderne internationalen Beiträgen sowie den dazugehörigen
Nous discutons de l’analyse de contenu de la culture intellektuellen und theoretischen Ansätzen profitiert.
matérielle traitée dans des articles parus dans PMA,
dans le contexte du développement de l'archéologie RIASSUNTI
historique en tant que discipline. Nous concluons La cultura materiale del mondo moderno
que le journal reste un moyen de diffusion important Discutiamo i risultati dell’analisi del contenuto degli
pour des rapports de terrain détaillés. Cependant, ces articoli sulla cultura materiale pubblicati in Post-
dernières années, influencée par les théories sociales Medieval Archaeology, contestualmente allo sviluppo
et anthropologiques, la discipline a mûri et les articles dell’archeologia storica come disciplina. Giungiamo
ont alors évolué, passant de présentations d'artefacts alla conclusione che la rivista resta un importante
anciens à des études contextualisées de la culture vetrina per dettagliate relazioni dei lavori sul campo,
matérielle. L'agrandissement du cadre temporel de la ma negli ultimi anni, grazie all’influenza delle teorie
revue pour prendre en compte le passé récent n'a pour sociali e antropologiche, la disciplina è maturata e
l'instant pas eu trop d'impact, mais le journal a béné- gli articoli sono cambiati, passando dall’essere pre-
ficié d'un accroissement du nombre d'articles inter- sentazioni di reperti considerati di antiquariato a studi
nationaux et des contextes intellectuels et théoriques contestualizzati di cultura materiale. L’ampliamento
qu'ils impliquent. dell’ambito cronologico della rivista, fino ad includere
il passato più recente, ha finora avuto scarsi risultati,
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ma vi sono stati benefici dall’ampliamento internazi-
Die Sachkultur der neuzeitlichen Welt onale nella provenienza degli articoli, e dall’apporto
In diesem Beitrag diskutieren wir die Ergebnisse intellettuale e teorico che questo comporta.
einer Inhaltsanalyse von Sachkultur-Artikeln der
Zeitschrift „Post-Medieval Archaeology“ im Kontext RESUMEN
der Entwicklung des Faches Historische Archäologie. La cultura material del mundo moderno
Wir kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Zeitschrift ein Este artículo presenta los resultados de un análisis de
wichtiges Medium für detaillierte Grabungsberichte contenido de los artículos que sobre cultura material se
ist, in den vergangenen 15 Jahren allerdings unter han publicado en Post-Medieval Archaeology dentro
dem Einfluss von Theorien aus Sozialwissenschaft del desarrollo de la arqueología histórica como disci-
und Anthropologie deutlich gereift ist. Seitdem haben plina. Llegamos a la conclusión de que la revista sigue
sich Beiträge von eher antiquarischen Objektvorlagen siendo un medio importante donde publicar informes
hin zu kontextualisierten Sachkulturstudien entwick- de campo detallados, pero se nota que la disciplina ha
elt. Während allerdings die Ausweitung der zeitli- ido madurado en los últimos años bajo la influencia de
chen Obergrenze der Zeitschrift bis hin zur jüngsten las teorías sociales y antropológicas, y los artículos han
Vergangenheit bis heute mehr oder weniger wirkungslos pasado de presentar hallazgos materiales a incluir estudios
120 MARY C. BEAUDRY and NATASCHA MEHLER
de cultura material más contextualizados. La expansión pero la revista se ha beneficiado de la gama más amplia
del marco temporal de la revista, que ahora incluye el de artículos internacionales y de los antecedentes intelec-
pasado reciente, ha tenido hasta ahora poca repercusión, tuales y teóricos que éstos transmiten.

Department of Archaeology, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215-1406, USA

[beaudry@bu.edu]
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