ALTERNATING CURRENT

with the coil at time t = 0 and t at time t = t are given by


0 = N A.B = N A B cos 0 = N A B and

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Here, voltage was considered changing with time as per sin t. Both the voltage and the current
can be considered to be changing as per cos t. It is not necessary that the voltage and current
should change as above. There are also other ways in which both can change periodically with
time.

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The equation for series L-C-R circuit is

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 Z L = j L, Z C = - j  C,
X L = L, X C = 1  C.

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Different Cases

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OF forms an angle - 2 with the real axis indicating that the current leads the voltage by
2 as shown in the above figures. Further OF = 1 C = l Z l. So the equation for current
can be written as

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The impedance Z = j L - j C = j X L - j XC is represented by the point G in the complex plane
as shown in the figure. l Z l = L - 1 C = X L – XC

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The L – C – R series circuit is said to be in resonance when the r.m.s. value of the current
becomes maximum for a particular frequency, 0, of the voltage source.

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To tune a known frequency source, like a T.V. or a radio, one has to select the right value
of the inductor or the capacitor. Resonance is obtained only when both L and C are present
because at the time of resonance they cancel reactance of each other. Hence, resonance
never occurs in case of R-L or R-C circuit.

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Use of Phasor in an A. C. Circuit
An A. C. Circuit containing only resistor:
In an A. C. circuit containing only a resistor, the phase difference between the voltage and current
is zero ( = 0 ). Here, current is drawn along the X-direction and as = 0, voltage is also drawn
in the same direction as shown in the figure.

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VR = m R, VL = m X L and VC = m X C
V 2 =  m
2
( X L - X C ) 2 + m2 R2

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At time t =  0, the charge on the capacitor again becomes maximum but with reverse
polarity and the current in the inductor becomes zero. This phenomenon of charge oscillating
between the capacitor and inductor in a periodic manner is known as L-C oscillations.

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