S W A HI L I G RA M M A R

A ND

V OC A B U L A RY

DR AW N UP B Y

M RS F . . BU RT

L ON DO N
S O C IE T Y F OR P RO M OT IN G C HRI S TIAN KN OWLEDG E
N O RT HU MB ERLAND AV EN UE W
, . C .

19 10
 P IHNT F “ RY

I
W IL L AM P Lfl ‘V l S
-
A ND SO V S I M IT ED,
I
'

LO N DO N I! EC C L ES .
 PREF A C E

T HIS littl e work i s a n a tte m pt to a d ap t th e B erlitz

m e thod of l e ar ni n g m odern E u rop e a n l a n gu a g e s to th e
n ee d s of th e s tud e n t of S wa hili its a im i s to en a ble the
l ea rn er to acqui re a w o rki n g k n o wle d ge of th e l an gu a ge
w ithout l a bo r iou s res ear c h o r g rea t fe a t s of m em or y .

Gr amm a ti ca l r ul es o cc upy a s ubo r di n a t e pl ac e : th ey a re

i n trodu c ed i n c iden tally a n d a re n o t to b e r e g a r d ed a s a
s epa ra te s ubj e c t of s tudy : th e e a r ra th er th a n th e ey e i s
, ,

th e o r ga n to b e p r ess ed i n to th e se r vi c e Wo r d s a re .

arra n ged in s ubj e c t group s in o rd er th a t by th e n a tu ra l

-

a ss o c i a tion of id ea s th e s tud e n t ma y h elp hi m s elf to l ea rn

,

S wa hili m u c h a s a c hild pi ck s up its m oth er to n gu e T h e .

e xer c i s e s s hould if po ss ibl e b e re it er a t e d a n d am pli fi e d

, ,

w ith th e a id of a n a tiv e t eac her u n til th e e a r i s tho r oughly

,

accu s to m e d to th e s ou n d s a n d th e m i n d tra i ne d to follo w

th e c o n s tru c tion s .T hi s m ethod if ca refully pu rsu ed , ,

s hould s oo n l ea d to tec hn i ca l accu r acy .

T h e s t a n d a r d of S wa hili a dopt ed i s th a t set by th e

Rev W E T a ylor M A to who se v a lu a bl e w o rk s th e
. . .
, . .
,

w r iter is g rea tly i n d e bt ed He h a s ki n dly fu rni sh e d th e

.

Syll a b a r y a n d P ar t I of th e w o rk
. .

A E B . . .

B OU RNE END P A RSONAGE ,

Boxmoo n,
19 1 0 .
 T A BLE OF C ON T ENT S
P A RT I

INT RODUCT TON A ND A RTIC LE ON PB ONBT IC S

P A RT II.

TWENT Y ON E
-
S T UD IES I N T HE F A M IL I A B L A NGUA GE or D AILY
L IF E, C o NsIST I NG o r

(a ) V OCAB U LA RY
( b) EX ERCI S ES FOR READI NG A ND T RA NSLA T ING ( i ) S WA B rLr
(ii) E NGLI SH
(c) G ERMA N E G RAM M AT ICA L N OT ES
( d) G BA DED S T U DI ES l N S WA HI LI G B A m i AB
K EY T O T HE Exm c rsrzs
T AB LE or M ONEY WEIGHT S
, ,
A ND M EA SURES
S P EC IM EN S or A
S W HI LI L ET T ER WRIT I NG
-

A
S W HILI C A LEND A R
T ABLE o r S YNONY M S
T A B LE o r Ho n o m ms

P A RT II I

V OC ABULARY A
S W HILI ENGLISH
-
 PA RT I

I NT RO D U C T I O N

SW A HILI i s a m e mb er of th e B a n tu fam ily of A fr i can

l a n gu a ges fou n d in th e re gion a n d to th e s outh of th e , ,

E q u a to r a n d a ll p a rt aki n g of c er ta i n r e ma r ka bl e fea ture s

,

p e c u li ar to thi s fa m ily alo n e of w hi c h th e m os t s tr ikin g ,

i s th a t a l l obj e c t s in th e k n o wn u n iv er s e a re divid e d i nto

,
‘

cl as se s whi ch n o t o n ly m a rk th e n ou n s but a l s o a ll th e
, ,

adj ec tiv es p ron oun s a n d v er b s c onn e c te d with th e m

, , ..

T hi s is e ff e c ted by m e an s of th e c l a ss i fi er pre fix w hi c h
di ff ers acc or din g to th e c l as s of th e n ou n a n d w hether it
‘

is s i n gul ar o r plu ra l B e s id e s thi s th e N om in a tiv e o r

.
,

S u bj e c tiv e Pr e fi x e s a n d th e O bj ec tiv e I nfix es a re thr o wn ,

toge ther w ith t en s e p a r ti cl e s i nto on e wor d w ith th e v er b

s te m ; s o th a t o ne w ord ma y for m a c o m pl ete a nd
lu m i n ou s s en ten ce .

T h e c on v en i en ce s of thi s s y s te m w ill b e s een fro m a

s tudy of th e Rev W E T a y lo r s Gr ou n d work s h eet
. . .
’
.

S wa hili h a s th e a dditio na l a dv an t a ges a bov e oth er s

of th e s e l an gu a ge s fi rs t th a t it h a s b een enri ched a nd
,

div ers i fi e d by th e i n flue n c e of A ra bi c Hi n du s ta n i a n d to

‘

, ,

a s lighter ex te nt of Pers i a n a n d Po rtugu es e a nd a l s o by a

,

wr itt en po e ti ca l a n d r eligiou s lit er a tu re e xten din g ov er

a lo n g period .

T h e S wa h ili l a n gu a ge i s b ro a dly divid ed i n to three

ma i n D i a l e c t Group s : -

T HE SOUT HERN ;
T HE NoBm ERN ;
T HE C ENT RAL .

( ) T h
a e So uthern i n c lud es Ki U n guj a th e Z a n z iba ri -

, ,

in whi c h th e la bou rs of B i s hop S te ere a n d th e U M C A . . . .

h a v e be e n di r e c t ed to p r odu c i n g th e exi s ti n g v ers ion of

th e B ibl e
’ '
K i P e m b a s pok en o n P e rn b a th e E me ra ld
.
-
, ,

I s l e fr o m whi c h c o m es a m oi ety of th e clove s upply :

‘

,
8 S WA HI LI G RA MM A R

Ki Mri ma o n th e S outhern Mr i ma o r
-

, M a i nl a nd “
,

oppos ite a nd to th e s outh of Za n z ib ar .

( )
b T h e Norther n co m p r ise s Ri Am u th e s peec h of -

Lam u o r Am u a nd its n eigh b ou rhood ; Ri P ate th e Pa l e -

d i a l ec t ; Ri Gu n y a th e b r ogu e of th e N or th er n I sl an d ers
-

cal le d W w Gu ny a o r by th e Ar a bs B aju n i : Xi ti kuu is

, ,
- -

th e M a i nl an d v ari ety of thi s b rogu e ( Ti kuu c o n n ec te d -

with n ti k uu’
M a i n l an d )
’
- -
.
,

() T
c h e Centr a l T h e o n ly m e m be r of i m por ta n c e in
.

thi s group , is th e M o m b a sa o r Ki M vi ta , but thi s s p ee c h -

i s tak en a s th e s tan dar d f o r s o m e di s ta n c e alon g th e c o a s t

N a n d S of M o m ba s a I s lan d , a n d in a n d am o n g th e
. .

dis t ri c ts o n th e c o nfin es of th e other gr oup s .

T ABLES SH O WING T HE I NT ER RELA T IO N S or T HE C ENT RA L

-

WIT H T HE SO UT HERN A ND NO RT HERN GROU PS or

S W AHILI D IA LEcT s .

T o be s tud ied a s occa sio n r e uires .

q
T A BL E I s how s h o w n ea rly th e C en tra l Group is rel a ted
.

to th e South ern a n d in w ha t r e s pe c t s th e N o rth e rn

,

Group s tan d s in contrast to th e form er two .

(a ) Li teral Cha nges

Southern Centra l
. N orthern . .

Ce reb ra l T (in so m e Ce rebra l l CH ( Baj uni )

'‘
.

M ri ma R)
I
SE (in
P emba ’
FY )
2 DH ( Baj u ni )
W V ( fre u e n t)q
M refix
) N (p re
fix ,
fre q uent)
VI p re fix) ZI ( p re
fix )
YU ( p refix ) p fi
U ( re x )

(b ) Gra mma ti ca l Cha nges

R el a tive ffi x e s v a ri R el a tive suf fix es va ri
su All l pt Lo
c a sses exce
o us a c c o rd i ng
, to o u s acco rd in g to , c a tive re l a ti ve su fii x
c l ass a nd num be r c l a ss a nd nu m b e r 0 (s ing a nd pl ur
)
. .

T he sufiix pe rfect T h e su ffix perfect T h e s uffi x perfect in -

qui te obsolete s el d om used exc ep t ful l use

in poetry
 IN T RO D UC T IO N 9

(c) V erbal Ch anges

h ow ? ( suflix ) -

j e, h o w? ( s ufiix ) iy e l how? (no t a

su flix)
h ivi, th us , e tc .
,
hi vi th us , ,
e tc . hiy a u , th us ,
etc .

T A BLE II sho ws o n th e other h a n d s o m e of th e a fiin itie s

.

th e C en tra l Group po s s e s s e s w ith th e N o rth ern

di al e c t s .

S o uthern . Centra l . N or th er n .

CH D ent a l T D en t a l T
NJ D en ta l N D D e n ta l N D
nina ku pend a ni ( a nd na wa pend a , I l or e y o u na wa pend a , 1 lo ve
se vera l oth e r m ore (p l ur . obj ) .

o r les s ba rba ro us ”

Z r forms) I l ove
.
,

yo u ( p l u r Obj ) . .

T A BLE III thir d T a ble is ca pa bl e of be i n g c o n s tru c te d

.
-
A
of poi n ts wh ere i n e ach gr oup di ff ers fr o m th e oth e r s .

One c hi e f word m a y b e c ite d a s a n exam pl e

S outhern . Centra l . N orthern .

ninalmj a , I a m coming na a , j I a m coming niy a o, 1 a m coming

T A BLE IV —Ce n tra l d ifi ers W here No rth ern a n d S outh e rn

'

.
,

a gree to th e a dva n ta ge of th e M o m b a s a Group

, .

S ou ther n . Centra l . N orther n .

A r th
.
( ku z a ni), A r ih (ku th a ui),
.
1 A r th ( k u z a ni),
.

dh (ra m a z a ni) , d h d ha ni ) .
-

, d h z a ni ), -

dl I (z a mbi ), dh ( d h a m b i), dh ( z a m bi ) ,
fre q u en tly a re pro a re p ron ou nc ed as s o m e ti mes
no u nc ed l ik e Z in A ra bi c no u n ced lik e Z
Ar . th (se l asa ) is Ar th ( th a l a th a )
. is A r th ( th e l a th a or
.

p ronou nc ed S, s o me al wa y s p ro n o un ce d se 1 is p
ro n o u nc e d
times . TH (ex p ce t in su -
8 ( o cca s iona lly) .

b u tu
) .

a ke (poss p ron ) . .
-
a kwe (p oss . p on )
r .
-
ak e ( pos s . p on )
r .

A c co rd in gly , in S a nd N S wa hili
1
. . wa ke , f ema l e ( pl ) , is
indis tin gu is h a b l e fro m wa ke, h is (pl of . I) , th e i nconveni ence of
whi c h may b e ima gined .
10 S WAHIL I G RAM M A R

T he a bov e T abl es dem o ns tra te th e tru tl

th a t M o m ba sa i s l in gu i s ti cally th e Gen
w ell a s g eog ra phi ca lly . T h ey al s o s ho w
s pea ki n g in for m th e M o m b a sa di a l e c t r
,

th e S outh ern di a l e c t g roup th a n th e N o r t

i s n e arer th e N or th e rn in th e i m por ta n t
n es s of vo ca bul a ry , c o m p r e ss io n a n d fi e
,

th e S outh e rn in th e g rea t er di s ti n c tn e ss a
p refi xe s . T h e T a bl es w ill p re p a re th e
w ith th e oth e r g r oups of th e l a n gu a ge a s
 PHON ET I C S

T HE S wa h ili s ou nd s a re c a p a bl e of b e i n g r ep r esen t e d by
m e an s of t wenty fou r of th e l e tte r s of th e Ro m a n A lph a
-

b e t, s i n gly o r in c o m bi n a tio n , s uppl em e n t e d by th e u s e

o f th ree d i a cr iti c a l ma rk s , a nd , w h e re n e ce s s a r y , by th e

u se Of a n i nv ert ed c o mm a to re pres en t th e A ra bi c a in‘

.

Qa nd a: a re no t u s e d in writin g S wa hili C is n o t u s ed .

a lo n e It s s oft s ou n d is r ep resen te d by s a n d it s h a rd
“

s ou n d by k .

I NST RU CT IO NS PHONET IC A L ExERCISES

ON T HE .

We be gi n with th e s i m pl er s ou nd s a n d p a ss gra du a lly

to th e m o re di ffi c ult t aki n g e a ch a s it c o m es eac h to b e
, ,

p rac ti sed with th e n a tiv e t e a ch er .

V OWE L S .

Of s i ngl e s ou nd s fi rs t ta k e th e V owel s , whi c h s hould

b e pr ac ti s ed by th e m s e lv e s f o r a t l ea s t o n e whol e d a y ,

a n d s hould b e r e h e a r s e d b e fo r e oth er wo rk d a ily f o r th e

fi rs t th ree we ek s in order to ge t ea r a n d voi c e we an e d

,

fro m th e E n gli sh r i n g T hi s is m o s t i m po r ta n t A fter

. .

th a t, o ne s hould go over th e m c er ta i n ly on ce weekly f or

thr ee m o n th s a n d ev en th en th ey should b e oc ca s ion al ly
,

r un ov er w ith th e t ea c h er s o th a t a n
y r el a p se in to a fal s e
,

p ro n u n c i a tio n o r acc e n t s hould b e c orrec t e d di re c tly it i s

Ob s er v e d. S u c h rel a p s e thou gh to b e gu ard e d a ga i n s t
, ,

w ill s eldo m o ccu r if th e vo we l s a re o n ce f o r a l l well fi xe d

,
”
in th e “
l an gu a ge c en t re s of th e br a i n by din t of ,

as s iduou s p r ac ti c e a t th e b egi nn i n g of th e lo n g ta sk of
p er fe c ti n g on es elf in thi s l an gu a ge .

I n Swa hili th e vo wel s a re re p re se n te d by th e

o rdi nar y fi ve l etters a , e ,
0 u S wa hili vo wel s ou n d s
,
-

, .
12 S WA HI LI GRA MM A R

a re di s tin gui s h ed by th ei r p u rity a n d a re nev er in ,

di s ti n c tly s lu rred no r do the y in th e M o m b asa dia l ec t

,
”
for m di phtho ng s a s in E ngli s h s pe e c h I n s tan ce th e
, .

E n gli s h fi n a l syll a bl e s ey a y y w hi c h a re a t l eas t u s u ally

, , ,

p ro nou n ce d e xa c tly alike Nor a re th e S wa hili vo we l s

.

a ff ec te d to th e s am e d egr ee a s th e E n gli s h by th e pres e nce

of c e r tai n co nso n an t s He n ce the ir pu re a nd u n erri ng
.

p ro nu n ci a tio n is a ma tt er o f th e gre a te s t i m port an ce a nd ,

in o u r s tudy m u s t ta k e p re c ed e n c e of e v erythi n g el s e .

I n th e vo we l s a n d w ith s u cce edi n g s ou n ds s tudi ed

, ,

o n e s hould exe rc i s e o n e s elf a s follo ws : L et th e te ac h er

sa
y eac h vo wel e tc ten times over the n follo w hi m w i th
, .
,

you r b es t pos s ibl e i m ita tion once wh en he s hould im ,

”
m edi a tely cM e in w ith th e c o rre c t s oun d o n ce aga i n ,

in o rd er th a t you ma y c o rre c t by th e ea r a ny err or (A .

fr i e n d w il l no doubt b e a t h a n d to e xpl a i n hi s duty to

th e te ac h er )
. T hi s p ro ce ss s hould b e gon e th ro u gh o nc e
a ga i n
, a fter whi c h h e n ee d o nly s a n d wi c h o ne utt er
a n ce of you r o wn with two of hi s ; a fte r ten o r t wen ty of
s u c h s and wi ch e d r ep e titio ns you may b e c o n s id ere d to
,

h a v e don e e n ough f or th e o cca s io n a n d c a n go o n with ,

s om e thin g e ls e .

N OT E — T h e l ear n er be g in nin g th e s e e xer c i s es w ill

.

p rob ably b e q u ite unconscious of th e d is ti n c tion s mar k ed ,

whi c h are n ev erth e l ess k een ly felt by th e sens itiv e ea rs

of th e n a tives .

A p ron ou n c ed s o m e wh a t as in E n gli s h f a r .

E a s th e p ure s ou n d in eh l (v e ry s hor t m ore ,

for ward ) ; p erh a p s n earer s till i s th e e in ,

F ren ch .

I a s ee in f eet .

0 a s o in l o ( 0 repres en ts a l s o another s ou n d
.

s o m ewh a t a s as in toe p ron ou n c e d shortly a n d

,

w ithout th e seco nd h a lf of th e E ngli s h s ou nd ) .

U a s oo in f ood .

N OT E — English fa ults a re s u ch a s th ese

A n r s ou n d a ft er a S wa hili a .

A n i m pu re cc s ou n d i n s te a d of th e S wa hili e
A n oo a t th e c lo se of th e o ; as Nooo
 PHO NET I C S 13

Exercise 1 T h e vo wel s to b e go ne th rough s i n gly a s

.

a l rea dy di re c ted T h en , t aki n g th e m in o rd er d oub l e

ea c h vo wel thu s : a —a , e—e i— i, 0—0 , u—u , a n d s e e
,

,
th a t eac h m em be r of th e p a i r i s p ron ou n c ed di s ti n c tly (a s
by th e teach er) with th e a cc en t or s tre s s o n th e fo rm er of
th e two (Ii—a e tc ) T h en trip l e th e vo wel s a nd a s be fore
l a y th e s tress o n th e l a s t but o ne of th e gr oup s a —
.
,

a a , . .
-

e tc .

NOT E —T hi s th e l a s t syll a bl e but o n e i s the na tura l

, ,

p la ce f or the a ccent in a S wa hili word : th e obj ec t of th e

l a tt e r v a ri a tio n s i s to s e c u r e th e pu r ity of th e u n a ccente d
sylla bl e s D o n o t d rop th e voi ce o n th e la s t syll a bl e
. .

Exercise A ga i n go th rough th e vowel s s i n gly a s

2 .
-

be fo re T h en try in or d er th e f ol l o wing c o m bi na tio n s

. .

If be t ween th e two vo wel s you h ea r a w o r a 3] s ou n d see ,

you i m it a t e th e t each er ; f o r i n s ta n c e if h e p ro n ou n c e
i a iya o r o—a o wa
—
,
”
, F o r b e t w een c erta i n vo wel s
.

o c c u rri n g togeth er s u c h a c ons o n an ta l s ou n d often ar i ses

, ,

though th eo re ti ca lly it i s n o t r equi red .

e— a a —i
o — a a — u
i -
e i— o
e —o i— u
e— u —u
o

Exercise 3 .
—
Rep ea t
E xer c i s e 2 a n d then go th rough ,

th e follo wi n g a s a te s t ex er c i se s ayi n g th e contras ted pa irs

,

to gether wi th th e t ea ch er a s b e fo re .

Pai r 1 . a —u .

Pa i r 2 .

Pa ir 3 . e— e .

T h es e p res en t res em bla n c es in s ou nd whi c h i t i s ,

e x ce e di n gly e a s y f o r th e E n gli s h l e a rn er to c o n fu s e a nd

a s se v e ra l of th e m a re of v er y c o mm o n o ccurren c e in th e
l an gu a ge it i s well to gu ar d a g a i n s t a n h abitu a l m i s
pronu n cia tion—so v er y ea s ily pi cked u p —fro m th e outse t
,

a n d to te s t in thi s wa
y th e effe c t of th e p reviou s exer c i s e s
”
m cl arifyi ng th e voi ce .
14 S WA HILI G RA MM A R

Exercise —T h e follo wi ng ac tu a l Swa hil i wor ds co n

4 .

s i s t en ti r ely of vo wel s .

e u, a i l (o h of a d m i ra tio n) ca , na , aoa , a ua , ace, a ue, ,

a oae, uuao, uua e, a uua e, u nna o a uae, a uua o, a iuae , .

T h e m ea n i n g s of th es e w o rd s a re q uite u nn e cess ary to

b e l ear n t a t th e p r e se n t s t a ge a n d if giv en w ould only ,

c on fus e .

N O T E —Ju s t as 0 h a s two s ou nd s o n e Op en a n d ,

“
fo rw ar d in th e m outh a n d th e other c lo s e a n d high ,
”
a s in th e e x am pl e s giv e n a bov e of a nd 1 “
( to e 0 !
“

re s pe c tiv e l y ) s o th e oth er vo wel s h a v e e ac h a n o p e n a n d

,

a clo s e s ou n d Howe v er as th es e di s ti n c tion s a r e no t s o

.
,

i m po rta n t in th e i r p ra c ti ca l u se as th ey a re in s o m e n e igh
b o u r ing l a n gu a g e s a n d a s th e c lo s e a n d th e op en s ou nd s
,

of th e vo wel s a re u n v a ry in g in th e w ord s in wh i c h th e y
o cc u r it h a s be en thought s u ffic i e n t a t th i s s ta ge to
,

r em a r k th a t of a l l th e fi v e th e s ou n d whi c h i s th e m o s t
, ,

i m po rt a n t li n gui s ti ca lly i s th e o in it s c on tra s t s a nd i t is ,

th a t o n e whi ch s hould b e mas ter e d to b egi n w ith .

Exercise 5 — Prac tis e p ron ou n c i n g w it h th e teach er

.

”
thi s s er i es of fi v e vowe l s with a cat c h in th e voi ce “

be fo re ea ch
’ ’ ’
a e I O u

The pres en ts wh a t is call ed in A r a bi c a h am z a

re .

It en t er s i n to c er ta i n i n t erj e c tion al s oun d s co mm on in

th e l a n gu a ge .

’
w ith s t res s o n th e fi rs t a
’
a s t r on gly s p ok en
’
a . . , ,

m ean s N o !
a a a i s y e t s t ro n g er th e s t r e s s a s be fore o n th e
’ ’ ’
.
,

l a s t a but o ne a n d m e an s N ot a t a ll I
’

ee, g en tly su s ta i n ed —
,

a wo m a n s w or d f o r
’ ’
Y es ! ,

C ONSONA NT S .

W e will c o mm en t on tho s e o nly th a t see m to req ui re

n oti c e .

W h as two s ou nd s
1 T h e o r din ar y E n gl is h s oun d wh en it foll o ws o n
. ,

a n oth er c ons on an t .

2 T h e l etter wh e n i t s ta n d s al one be fo re t
.
,h e vo wel ,
 PHO NET ICS 15

h as so m e thi n g of a v sou n d w hi c h is howev er m ore w

,

th an

NO TE — T hi s l e tter is lia bl e to m is p ronu n ci a tion by

so m e Ea s t A fri ca n s n ot S wa hili s a s i f it were th e , ,

o rdinary w in E n gli s h .

Y h a s it s E n gli s h s ou nd It i s n o t written be t wee n .

i a nd a .

Exercis e 6 — Pro n ou n ce w ith th e t each er th e followi n g

.

w o r ds n e gl e c ti n g f o r th e p r es en t th ei r m ea nin g
,

W a y a y ao y a wa
, , ,
w ay a wa a , u w a y e wa y e , wewe ,
,
y
yeye w a o wa wa o y a u a , ya
w a u a , wa u a y o , wa wa y a wa y a ,
, , ,
I
wa wa y a wa y ao , w ao wa u a we wa o , I we w e we wa u a wa .

H
( ) In poo S wa h il il a nd
r l e tt e r h i s f a r fr om “

h a vi n g los t it s i m por t a n ce—i n d eed Sw a hili wi thout its ,

h sou n d s w ould b e li k e th e p l a y of Ham l e t w ithout th e

,

Pr i n ce of D en mar k
e l e tter in S wa hili is u s u ally p ron ou n c e d e xactly

81) T h
a t t a t poin t of th e l ary n x wh er e th e ca t ch in th e
thr o a t a bo ve m en tio n ed t a k es pl ac e—though thi s ma y
” -

b e n e gl e c te d by th e be gi nn er .

T h e l e tte r w h en it r epres en t s th e A rabi c , h

( )
in pro pe r n am es a n d in certa i n oth er word s d erived fr o m
'

th e A ra bi c s i m il ar ly co r re s pon d s in its fo rma tion to th e

,

a n d ca n b e p r ac ti s ed a fter th e m o re
sou n d C) im
(
,

po r ta n t sou nd s am on g th e A rabi c c o n s o n an ts ( See .

h a s pi ra te b e lo n gi n g to th e as pi ra te d co n
( ) T “
Q
3 e

s on an t s d ra w s it s b re a th n o t fr o m th e C h e s t a s doe s th e ,

or di na ry h but fr o m th e b rea th th a t h a s bee n a l ready

p as se d th r ough th e wi n dpip e a nd s to r ed up in the mo u th
a n d thi s wil l a l s o b e t re a t e d of in it s pl ac e .

Exercise 7 Ha , h e, hi , h o, h u .
-
.

Ha y a h awa h ay a h ayawi h ao wa u a h a wa h a wau i

, , , , ,

huyu a wiwa huyu h a wiwi huyu a wa wia huyu h a wa wii

, , , ,

hawa wa wiwa ha wa h a wa wiwi huu wa wa a huu h a u wa i

, , , ,

y a y a h ay a wao h a o ii hii wa w a y a wa y a we we yeye

, , .
, ,

h a wa iwa i wawa h a wa , ( H aa l i s a v ery s t r o n g .

’

n e g a tiv e ) .
 16 S W AHILI G RA M M A R

( )
M A n oth er v e ry c o mm o n an d m o s t i m p o r ta n t
c on s on an t p ro nou n ce d with th e lip s l ightly p re ss e d
toge th er whil e th e l aryn x p rodu c es s ou n d whi c h p a ss e s
,

thr ough th e n os e .

( 1 ) Wh en th e” lip s a re k e pt tog e th er thi s s ou n d i s

ca ll e d So n a n t m a s it fo rm s a syll a bl e of i ts elf w ithou t
re qui ri n g a vo we l a n d is th e re fo re n o t s t r i c tly s p ea ki ng
,

a cons on a n t a t a ll (c o n s on an t m e an i n g a l ette r o nly to ,

b e s ou nd e d with th e h e lp of a T hi s i s a v er y
freq u en t fo r m of m a nd wh ere n ece ssa ry to di s ti n gu i sh it , ,

i s to b e written m ’
.

A v ari e ty of th e so n an t m i s th a t
( 2) B l ende d with b ; it will b e t rea te d of in its
pl ace .

e n m,
( )
3 O p a co n s ona n t pr oper i s p rodu ce d by th e ,

lip s Op en i n g no t as in E nglis h a t th e c en tre of th e upp er

,

l ip w hi c h is s lightly ra i s ed but r a th e r by gr adu a l ly

, ,

d ra wi n g do wn th e whol e of th e lower lip fro m th e

c orn ers th e voi ce o r s oun d fro m th e l aryn x be i n g s u s
,

ta in ed e venly a n d g en tly fro m th e be gin n i n g of b ri n ng

°

th e lip s in to po s ition a n d n o t s n a pp e d a s in E n gli s

—
Exercise 8 Ma , me, mi, m o , m u , m .
1 ’
.

Wh en thi s e xer ci se s hall h av e be en thoroughl y

dig e s te d a n d a ss i m il a te d s a y in a bout a fo rtn ight fro m ,

th e ti m e of c o mm en c i n g it th e p r o n un ci a tion of th e se ,

s yl l a bl es s hould b e m ad e o n ce o r t wi ce in th e o rdin a ry
E n gli s h w ay a n d th e e xt rao r di n ary co n tra s t th a t rea lly
,

e x i s t s b e t ween th a t a n d th e A fr i ca n pr o n u nc i a ti o n w ill

be co m e a p p aren t .

Ha m h am u h am o h a m m u u i m m emu u a h a u m i ’
’ ’

, , , , , ,

mama m i m i m e e m ee h a yawi m ema h awi m wema

, , , , ,

mau a h ay a m wa wa u a h a wa m u we wa we a mu o a h a mu o i
, , , , , ,

h a o m u wa u a o m a m a e m a m a y o h a mu u mi a u mia h a u mi
, , , , , ,

h a u mii a u m ie h am W aa m u h m
’ ’
.
, , ,

( )
B P r o n ou n ce d w ith t h e s am e m ov e m en t of th e

lip s a s m but th e s ou n d i s n o t a llo wed to escape

thr ough th e n o s e o nly upo n th e o p en i n g of th e lips
, ,

1
T hi s is reall y a c ontrac tion f or mu, ”
th e vowel suppressed be i ng
a l wa y s u .
18 S WA HI LI GRA MMA R

(D) D hold s th e sam e rel ation to n a s b to m

it i s p ron ou n c e d fro m th e s am e poi n t a s n a n d with th e
to ngu e in th e sa m e po s ition It th er e fo re di ff e rs fro m .

E n gli s h d in b ei n g p ron ou nc ed fu rth er ba c k o n th e

p al a te fro m th e t ee th T h e voi c e m u s t b e u tt er e d fro m
.

th e th r o a t e xa c tly a t th e ti m e th e to n gu e i s b r ought i n to
po s itio n a n d n o t a s in E n gli s h d j us t af ter th a t i n s ta n t
, , ,
.

E xercis e 1 1 —Da , d e, di , d o, d u l
. .

’
D a d a d e d e D odo Da d a a n en a e na e n na n i ? a nen a e n i
, , ,

m w a n a y o n i D ed e m dudu huyu wa m u o n a ? n i m d u d e w a
, ,

n in i ? Y a D o do n i y a m a m a e ? m d im u huu u m ea o n i wa
ba b a m id om o y a o D i m in ene m n o d a da w a n a h a wa
,
’

, ,

w a n id on a do n a -
.

D en ta l d will b e fu rth er n o ti c ed l a te r a n d th e ,

bl en d s of both .

e n a tiv e l fo rm ed o n th e p a l a te a n d fro n t
( ) ( )
L 1 T h
t ee th by th e bl a d e a nd poi n t of th e to n gu e ( th e E n gli s h
,

l b ei n g for m e d c hi efly by th e p oint of th e to n gu e b e hi n d

th e fr o n t t ee th ) th e to n gu e b e i n g con vex a n d no t co nca ve
,

a s in E n gli s h l .

( )
2 T h e A r a bi c I o n th e oth e r h a n d tho u gh p r o n ou n c e d ,

wi th th e c o n v e x to n gue i s more d enta l th a n th e E n gli s h

, ,

bu t n ee d n o t b e p rac ti s e d .

Exercise 1 2 La , l s, li , l o, l u
.
-
.

—
N O T E In two o r th ree wo rd s a dou b l e 1 o ccu rs
.
“ ”
,

a n d th es e a re a l l of A ra bi c d e r iv a tio n a n d in w hi c h th e ,

fi rs t l of th e ll c a n oft e n b e t r a c ed to a n origin a l n tli ey -

a re A ll a hu Go d ill a a n d it s d eriva tive s excep t b ut i lli

, , , , ,

in d er tha t ;
or kill a or kull a every , .

Lal a l ele In ama lulu u l il i lilo hilo alilo na lo h a l iwi

,
-

, , , , ,

n n a n i a liy e l a l a ? li n i n li n i ? n a a l a l e l a l a n i m a l a l o n i ,
.

Han a m a li a liyo n ayo n i y a M ol a (a n am e f o r Go d )

, .

R
( ) ( ) 1 A s ou n d fo rm e d by tril l ing th e r im of th e
c on ca v e but w ell e x ten d e d fron t of th e to n gu e Be i ng .

t r ill e d it s t a n d s in c on tr a s t to th e E n gli s h s oun d but is ,

e n ti rely d i ff er e n t fro m th e F r e n c h a nd Ge rma n s ou n d s .

Pra c tise th ese sounds in th e same way as those ab ove .

 PHO N ET IC S 19

(2) T h e A rabi c r i s m u ch m o re s trongly t r ill e d th a n

th e S w a hili but nee d n o t b e p rac ti s e d in th es e exe rc i s es
,
.

S wa hili r a n d l a re often c o n fou nd e d by s o m e n a tive s ,

e s pe c i a lly by Z an z ib a r i s .

Exercise 1 3 — Ra , re, ri, ro, t u . .

Ba ra ba h ari Ra b a i h er i m a ra h a b a ri m a b a h ar ia
, , , , ,

wa h a r ib u , m a rere n i m oro ro m i na ra n i m iem a Ra ba i , .

na Rib e, u i h e r i Ra b a i n i h e r i Rib e ? Ra bi (a n ame f o r

W
,

Go d
e a re now
a ga i n to t ak e up th e n a s al o r n s ou nd s .

T ese a re v e ry fre qu e n t i n d ee d in th e l a n gu a ge in
h
th e m ec h a n i s m of w hi c h n pl a y s a di s ti n gui s h e d p a r t ,

a s will b e m o r e pl a i n f u 1 th e r o n wh e n we co m e to th e

n u m ei o u s a s piI a tes a n d bl e nd s w hi c h th a t l e tte r fo r m s

with oth er c o n s o n a n t s T h e two c o n s o n a n ts w e a re n o w
to di s cu s s — a lthough e ac h i s r e p res en t ed o wi n g to th e
.

, ,

e xig e n c i e s of th e Ro m a n a lph a b e t by t wo l ett e r s a pi e c e , ,

—a re quit e s i m pl e s ou nd s a n d n o t co m p oun d e d of n a nd ,

th e oth er c o ns o n a n t w hi c h follo ws it T hi s fa c t m u s t b e .

g ra s p e d to be gi n w ith s o th a t th e ey e i s n ot a llo we d to
,

m i sl e a d th e c a r a s w ould a l m o s t c ert a i n ly o c c u r if th e
,

wa rn in g is n o t a tte n d e d to fr o m th e fi rs t to re g a rd th e m
as n o t c o m pou nd s but s i m pl e s ou n d s
, , .

NY P ron ou n ce d with th e ba ck of th e to ngu e a ga i n s t

.

th e p a l a t e th e poi n t b e i n g a l l th e whil e k e pt w ell

,

do wn ; a n a s a l s ou n d co rres pon di n g to th e S p a n i s h D ,

a n d no t a t a ll to b e c o n fou n d e d w ith ni .

E xerc se i 14 .
—
N ya , nye, nyi, nyc , nyu '
.

Y a nya n ya n ya n y u ni n yam a ny o ny o a u n y o ny 1 1 (cry

, , , , , ,

f hyaena ) n y a li n y u m a y e n u n y o a n i m ny o e huyu
’
o , , , ,

n y a n y a h a n y o i m n y o n y o e n y u n i h u yu uyu n i a n o n y o
’
, y ,

l e wa n ya ny a h a nyol ewi y a n in y ea mu uy u n i wa n y a ny as
, , , .

”
s n a s a li s e d n a s in En g
( N )
’
G i s i n ge r r 1 n er
g to
Exercise 1 5 —Pr ac ti s e
. .
, ,

b e c o n t ra s t ed w ith n g in fi n ger . .

pr on ou n c i n g th e for m e r a s i f wr it te n si ng er, ri ng er ; -
’
-
’

’ ’
th e n reve rs e thu s ng or si, ng er ri NOT E : F u 1 th eI
, ,
- -
.

e xe r c i s e s b e lo w in c o nn ec tio n wit h th e bl en d n
, g (th e
s ou n d I n fi n g er) .
20 S W A HILI G RA M M A R

V O IC E A ND B REA T H C oN SON ANTs —In e v ery l a n gu a g e .

m o s t of th e con son a n t s a re divi s i b l e i n to th es e two cl a ss es

Exercis e 1 6 —(a ) U t ter a lou dly whis pe re d hiss , thu s ,
.

8 88
.
( )
b D o thi s a g a i n , o nl y du r i n g th e his s, a n d in th e

m iddl e of it prac ti se bri n gi n g you r voi c e s udd en ly i n to

,

pl a y a nd in a m o m e n t you will fi n d th a t th e cons o na nt

,

h a s a lte red a n d you h a v e c h a n ge d u n a war es f ro m th e ass

,

to a c on t in uou s ez z s ou n d ; thu s sssz z z T h e di ff er en ce .

th ere fore be t we en 8 a n d 2: d ep en ds u po n th e voi ce

ac c o m p a nyi n g th e sou n d o r n o t ; 8 acco r di n gly i s c al l e d a
b rea th c o n s o n an t a n d z a voi ce co n s on a n t (c ) No w do
, .

th e sam e with f f f (ef f f ) On b ri n gi n g th e voi ce to be a r

.

you fi n d you rs e lf be gi nn i n g to sa y we (e vvv) (d ) Re vers e .

th e a bov e s toppi n g th e voice a cc o m p an im en t in th e

,

m iddle of sa yi n g th e z z z (csee) a nd are (ever a n d you wi ll

h av e a g a in th e b r ea th sou nd s sss f f f u r th e r c o rr e , .

s po n d en c es ca n b e t ra c e d in th e Syll a ba ry a ft e r th a t we ,

h a ve s to pp ed to e xam i n e fi rs t a f e w p a ir s of s i m pl e , ,

c o n s on a n t s ; a n d s ec ondly co ns o n an t s in co m bi n a tio n
, ,

wi th N a nd th e s t ran g e eff ec t it h a s upon th em

, .

( CH and J ) T h e s e a re p r odu c e d v er y s i m ply w ith

.

th e b ac k of th e ton gu e a g a i n s t th e p a l a te m a ki n g a s oft ,

v elv e ty s ou n d whi c h s o m e v ai nl y try to i m it a te by sa yi n g

,

th e m a s i f ty d y Exercise 1 7 —j a , j e j i, j o j u ; c h a ,
, . .
, ,

ch e, c hu ; j a na , j u z i , c h ema , j em a , c h um a , j u a c h u a ,
.

e wh a t r e s e m bl e th e p a i r c h a n d j in
( K and G
) S o m .

th e i r ch a rac te r a n d m e thod of pr odu c tion N OT E : B e war e .

of ut te ring c h o r k w ith th e En gli s h s tress o r you m a y ,

s eem to a s pi ra te th em a n d so pos s ibly say s om ethi n g ,

quite di fferen t fr o m wh a t you i n te nd ed (See th e t abl e of .

HOM ONY M S ) Exercise 1 8 Ka , ke, ki, kc, ku ; ga , ge, gi,

. .
-

o
g , g u .J ee, U n guj a w aj a S l J l ; m m , .

( , )
D T . F ro m p r e v iou s p r ac ti ce
(p 1 8 ) thi s p a i r w ill .

c om e e a s ily th e t c orres po ndi n g to th e d a s s to th e 2

, .

Exercis e 1 9 — Ta te, e tc d a d a t a ta d ed e, t et e ; d od o ,
,

.
, .
,

tote ; d udu tutu e m toni , , .

r co n t ras te d with th e p re ced i n g in th a t

( D ,
T ) A. pa i
th e utte ra n c e i s fro m a poi n t f or wa rd of th e E n gli s h
s ou nd th e tip of th e to n gu e be in g la id c lo s e a g ai ns t th e
,

b a c k of th e up pe r fro n t t ee th (op A r d a l a nd te) . . .

 P HO NET ICS 21

Exercise 20 .
—D a
ta ta ; tete ; d ia , d ua
, d e, e tc .
; ta ,
ta, e tc .
, .

C o ntra sts : tua mto wa ko mt oni ; mti h uu u tue na ti ni .

Namtuma ku tu m a ; na tumia a tuma ch o .

C O M PO U NDS N ; BLENDS AN D A SPI RA T ES T h e rul e

or .
-

is th a t with voice c on s o n a n t s N fo rm s bl e nd s but with , ,

bre a th co ns on a n t s a spi r a te s thu s : B l en d s m b m v , nj

, , , ,
’ ' ' ' '
n
g nz
,
A s
. pi ra te s c h p k t t I n th e b l e nd s n
, g m b , , , , .
, ,

we h a v e th e h a r d (E ngli sh ) s ou nd s of g b a n d s i m il a rly
’

, ,
'
th e s oft s ou n d s of Oh a nd j in c h a n d nj b e c o m e h ar d a s
”
E ngli s h oh a nd j whil e d in n d h a s a s t ra n ge cerebra l
sou n d lik e a r oll e d r N b efo re v b e co m es m v ; b efo re 8
.

a n d f it is s i m ply a b so rb e d a n d di s a pp e a r s N ote th a t .

th e a s pi r a t es a re p ro n ou n ce d w ith th e s upply of b r ea th
l a dy
a re in th e m outh ,
a nd n o t fr o m th e ch e st .

E xer cise 21 —(a ) Pr a c ti s e mb é , nd a, nga, 11 2 51 a s S i ngl e

. .

s ylla bl e s e g n o t a s if em ba , but a s mb a
, . .
(b ) Go th ro u gh .

th e w hol e fi v e vo wel s w ith mb — a s mb a mb e, mb i, e tc , , .

n d w ith nz , ng nj , nd , nd
()0 A
'
d
( ) P r ac ti s e s i m il a rly , .

a n d go th rough th e vo we l s a l s o w it h
’ ’
t a,
'
t e, t i , t o
r ac ti s e th e Ho m o ny m s
(
' '
s ee e n d of
' '
t , p , ch , a n d k ()
e P .

book ) w ith you r t each er (f ) Go thr ough th e Sylla b a ry , .

a nd
ge t you r t ea ch er to fi t e ac h syll a bl e a s f a r a s po ss ibl e
with a m ean i n g , o r fi n d it in a livi n g wor d 1
“
.

T h a t d i ffi cu l t i nt erj ectio n M ng Wpc d esc ribe d in A fri c a n

1 “ ’

A pho ri sm s § 3 96 will fo rm a n ex c ell en t voca l gy mna sti c ; a nd so

, ,
will th e c li c k as se n ti ve use d by wo men a nd p rod uc e d by d ra win g
”
, ,

d o wn th e b a c k of th e tongue from th e soft p a l a te a t th e sa me ti me

tha t with a ra pid j erk th e chi n is th rown i nto th e a ir—
, , th e lip s ,

mea n whil e be i ng k ep t well c lo sed

,
.
22 SWA HIIJ GRA M M A R

S W A HI L I SY LLA BA RY
 S Y LLA B ARY

A RA BIC SO U N DS OCC AS IO N A LLY US ED T O

,
BE

W IT H A RA BS F RO M A RA BIA .
24 S W AHILI GRAMM A R

PART II

Th ere i s no . i c l e p rop er in Swahili neither d e fi n ite ia

art ,

d efi nit e n or p a r titiv e
, .

Th e Swa hili Verb ha s no s p eci a l i nterro g a ti ve Form Th e .

di ff erence bet ween sta tement a nd q u esti on is ma d e

sol ely by th e voi ce .

ST U DY
I
S a l a mw — Gr eeti ng s
J a mbo ! Ho w a re yo u nd uguy o yo ur b roth er (o r s i s t e r) , .

G oo d d a y ! j ee or (genera lly p rec ed e s a

J a mbo ! W e ll G oo d d a y
. q ues tion) .

E u j a mb o ! A re yo b wa na sir gen tl e ma n ma s tc r , , ,

d o y o u d o ? A re y ou be tt e r ? lord .

Si j a mbo I a m we ll [ th a nk yo u ]
. b lb i . m ad a m l a d y mi stress , , .

I a m be tte r . b wa na wang u m y ma ste r d ea r sir , , .

U h a li ( iii ) ga ni l
. A re y o u bib iya ngu my mi stress d e a r , ,

feeli ng wel l ? ma d a m .

N i h a li nj ema I am q u ite well mimi I me

.
, , .

[ th a nk y o u] . wewe tho u th ee , , .

Y u h a li ga n i l Ho w is h e ? Is y ey e b e h im sh e h er , , , , .

h e q u i te we ll ? us a n d with , ,
.

Y u h a li nj ema He is q u i te well ga ni ! wh a t whi c h ?

‘
?
.

[ th ank y o u] . na mi a nd I with m e , , .

Ha j a mbo l Is h e (o r sh e) wel l nawe a nd thou with th e e

'

, , .

o r better ? Ho w is h e ? na e a nd h e (o r s h e) with h im
, ,

Ha j a mbo He (o r sh e) is wel l o r
.
(or h e r) .

bette r. na am y es (c l a ssi c a l ) , .

Sa b a lkh eri ! G ood mo rni ng ! nd iyo y es ( ge ne ra l ) ,

M sa a l kh eri ! G oo d e veni ng ! l a no (c l a ss i ca l )
, .

Kwa h eri ! G ood b y e ! -

G o in s iyo n o ( genera l ) , .

h a p pi ness . sa na v e ry q u it e i nd eed a grea t

, , , ,

Kwa h erini G o (y e) in d ea l too m u ch , .

h a ppin ess . mwa na c hil d so n d a u ght er , , .

Ah a sa nta ! T h a nk y o u ! Y o u h a v e mwa na y o yo ur chil d , .

d o ne well ! T his is good news ! Ma rah a b a ! T h a nk y o u i t is well , .

n d ugu broth er si s ter , . ema good -

, .

N OT E —I n th e Ex erc i ses s q uare b ra c k ets d enote th at th e

word th ey enc lose is to b e l e ft u nt ra nsl a te d
N OT E —R om a n N umera l s pl a c ed a fte r a no u n i nd i ca te th e c l a ss it
.

belongs to A ra bi c N u me ra l s p reced i ng a word re fer to a footn ote

. .
 26 S WAHI LI GRAMMAR

C L A SS ll . C a ss
r I II .

Irra tic

MT ’ U
or or
Sen ti nt Cl
e ass . Spec i Cles ass .

S ing . Pl u r. S ing l ur . P . S ing . Pl u r.

M ( M u)
’
Na M’ ( Mu) Ml N

T p ica l m tu ' ’
wa t ’ u mt! m i ti nyu mb a nyumb a
can pe son pe opl e
r t ree t rees house houses
man m en

ica l md og o wa d e g o m ref u miref u k ub

'
wa k ub
'
wa
Arg ec tive s hort littl e
s m ll
,

a
, ta ll high
long
, , grea t , b ig, la rg e

In l ud es only
c N o t im an B oth an i ma tes
n o un whi ch s a te s W i d e . a nd in a n i
r e p re s e n t sp ea d i ng
r ma te s . Mo st
pe rs o n s, s o m e e x te n 8 i v e an i m l s a nd a
o
w rd s of
f or thi ngs g , c . f ruits C o m .

e ign r g noi i mo to , mto , m o n nouns of

a nd er a v b l m ko no fo eign o i gi n
r r .

o
n un s d en o t I n thi s c l a ss
ing agen t . n o un b gi n s e

N a mes a nd ni ng with c h ,
o of ny
n uns a k p t t (um
, : ,

oth e cl ss
r a ,
l e s fo eign)
s r

re pre se nti n g as pi ra t ed
thus—c h k
a re
persons ta k e ,
'
,
’
,

p t "t
l !
th e a g re e ,
m en t s 13 o
C la ss I .
 S T UD Y I 27

C O NC O R D S

C LA SS VI C LA S S V II . Cu es VIII. C L A SS IX. Cu es X
.

ti v T im
.

I ti
rra o na l . Loca es a nd e.

Loca ti T
ve i i
e rm na t o n -
Nl .

S ing . P l ur . S ing . Pl u r.

(J i) Ml U Ny u Pa Ku
o r d “ s u ffi x or -
ni s u fiix
y b
(n um a ) 4 “ Pa ( y umba ) u i kwa
n -

ub a ya a t o r by th e to o tow d s th e
r ar

(ho use) (ho use)

mij it'u l ny a z l pa h a li k uf a
'
j lt u uz
o itioned ti t pl a ce to d h
.

il l -
c nd s r ng s ri ng s a 1e , d ea t ,

person persons s o me wh ere yi ng

_

u d og o d

ny o ng e ml nyo ng e
m ea n , wea k

A bnorma l th i ngs
28 S WAHIL I G RAMM AR

ST U D Y II

Wa tumist —
S erv a n t s

m tu
’ '
p erso n some bod y
m a n, , . k u j a , to co me
-
.

m toto
’
boy c hil d ( boy o r gi rl ) ,
. ku fa ny a , to d o , to ma k e
-
.

’
maji ( v wa t e r
. . kw end a , to go
-
.

m oto fir e h ea t ,
. ku p a ta , to ge t, to h a
-
ve to , be
k it u
’
thing s ubsta nc e , , a bl e .

s o me thi ng a nythi ng , . ku l a la
-
to s l ee p ( pri ma rily to
, ,

nd aa h u nger fa mi ne , . l ie d o wn to go to b e d ) , .

p esa pi ee . ku nu nua to b uy to p u rc h se
-

, ,
a .

z a mu t urn wa t c h , . k u l et a to bring
-

, .

l
ma fu ta ( v oil f a t .
, . k u ta ka to wa n t to re q ui re
-

, ,
.

ta a l a mp . ku ny a ma z a to b e q u i e t s il e nt
-

, , .

k elel e
'
n oi s e . k u wez a to b e a bl e to
-
n , ,
ca .
”

k engel e
'

b e ll . k u ru d i to c o me ba c k re t urn
-

, , ,

ka z i wo rk t as k e mp loy , ,
pu nish .

me n t . ku sa h a u to forge t
-

, .

sa b uni so a p . k u tengez a to p re p a re to a rra nge

-

, , ,

ngu o c l o th c loth e s , . s e t in rea d ine ss .

c h a k ul a food brea d a mea l , , . b a l o no t y e t

r , .

ki ta mb aa d us t e r to we l ra g h a if ai it wo n t d o
’
.
, , .
,

mwenz i c o m p a n ion fe llo w , , sa sa , no w .

e q ua l . sa ss hivi j ust no w a t o nce , ,

ku t un ika to s er v e to b e in
-

, ,
d i re c tly .

s e rvi c e .
pia a ls o too as we ll a l togeth e r
, , .
, ,
k u s ikia to h ea r to fe e l
-

, , . tu o nly j us t
, , .

k u tez a ma to look to look a t

-

, , . tena a ga in a nd
, as we ll , ,

k u t wae to ta k e
-

, . bes i d es a l so more ov er , , .

ku o ga to ba th e
-

, . b asi e nou gh th a t will d o th e n !

, ,
k u na wa -

(mik ono) to wa sh , upesi q u i c k q u i c kly fas t

, , , .

( h a nd s ) . k wa by mea ns of f o r fro m by
, , , , ,

ku f ua to was h ( lit b ea t ) c loth e s

-

, . . with to , .

k u o sh a to wa s h to c l ea ns e v iz a r i we ll v ery well good

!
-

, , , ,

( thi ngs) . vy en a ni ce ly be a u t ifully , .

ku l a to ea t
~
, . h a ya Co me a lo ng ! N o w th e n !
ku i sha fi ni sh
-

, . A l l r i gh t 1 Here
kish a ukish a ,
wh e n y ou h ave ,
lini ! wh e n a of
'
-
, .

fi nis hed ) th en .

S ee G ene ra l N ot es on N o u ns, n ote 2, S t ud y XX I .

 S TUD Y n 29

Rea d an d T ra nsla te
’
M to to ,
L e te maji N aam B ibi n ta l e ta s a s a
2
nd o o .
2
.
, ,
3

hivi Haya u pesi ! Wa sikia ? Na s ikia B ibi T wa ta k a

. , ,
.

c h a kula s asa V y e ma B ibi tu ta l e ta u pesi J e e B ibi

.
3
, ,
.
, .

W a sikia n d a a "
Ny a m a z a m to to fa n ya k a z i tu Ha y s
4
, ,
.
,

m m l [ ] maj i
5 ?
B ibi n imel e ta c h a kul a J
,
ee to t o u e e ta n a
.
, ,
6
M e a g
w n z n u
3
a l il e ta B ibi B a s i sa s a wa we z a k we nd a
,
.

k(u )o ga Ru d i u pes i N diyo B ibi

.
6
M wen z a n gu a ta k a
.
, .

maji 7 ya
m ote n a s a bu i n Vy e m a
3
a ta pa ta M wa f a ny a .
,
.

k el el e s an a wa to to ! T wa ta ka (ku )l al a
'
,
B ibi n a t ak a .
,

p es a n ip a t a k u n u nu a ch akul a Hay a ba s i twa a p e s a .

,
.

E nd a u pesi A h a sa n ta B i bi !
.
,

T ra nsl a te
Ha v e you b rought [th e] l am p b o y N ot y e t M a a m ’
, ? , ,

m y fe llo w [ s er van t h a s go
8
to buy oil Wh en will ne .
9

e w ill c o m e b ac k di r ec tly
’
h e c o m e b ack ? Ma a m , .

Ha v e you w as hed [ you r] cloth es ? Y e s M a a m I h a v e

’

, ,

wa s h e d [ th e m ] D i d you w as h (a n d ) th e d u s ter ? N o
.
,

M a a m I for got [ it ] C a n you br i n g [s o m e ] wate r ? Y es

’

,
.
,

M a am I c a n M y fello w [ s erv a n t ] h a s c o me n o w M a am
’
, .
,
’
,

i t is (m ) h is (ya kwe) tu rn to s er v e V e ry well l e t h im

1°
’

.
,

b ri ng [ th e] food the n we wan t to ea t B e qui e t boy , .

, ,

u m a k e to o m u c h n oi se it wo n t do e ry w e ll M a a m
’

y o V , .
,
’
,

I w ill b e q u i et n o w B r i n g [th e ] la m p qu ickly we wan t

.
,

to look a t s o m e thi n g T h a t w il l do you ca n go no w .

, .

N d oo i mpera tive of kuj a Lete i m p era tive of ku leta T h e se . .

a re th e only two ir reg u l ar i m p e ra tiv e s in S wa hili A l l oth e rs re t a i n .

th e fi na l vo we l of th e s t e m e g sh ika hol d ! sa meh e forgi ve ! n ul l ,

. .
, , ,
re t urn ! tub a re p en t ! ,
3
T h e obj e c tiv e p a rti cl e ma y b e o mi tt ed in fa mili a r l a ngu a ge .

4
Ya ko ( yo u r) un d ers too d .

5
C onj un c tion s a re u se d m o re freely in S wa hili th a n in Engli sh .

C o n tra c tion of m wenz i wa ngu ( my fe llo w co mpa nion) F o r

6 “ ”
-
.

c o n t ra c te d su ffi xe s se e S t u d y X V I
-

7
Lit wa t e r of h ea t ti e hot wa t e r o r wa t e r j us t from th e fi re
.
”
, . .

S e e S t u d y X I f o r va ri a bl e p reposition of ” o r fro m
. .

3
K wend a to go kwish a to fi n i h a nd a l l mono syll a bi c verbs
, , ,
s ,

re t a i n th e h a of th e in fi n in c e rt a i n t enses Vid e S t ud y V I
. .
.

9
T h e in t erroga tive lik e oth e r a d verb s follows th e verb in
, ,

S wa hili .

1°
A d j ectives usual ly follo w th e i r su bsta ntives .
30 S WAHIL I G R AMMA R
‘

3 B

a a
.
n ?
8 na
3 :
.

A N
 S T UD Y 11

O C 0 C

Ga v- 4 01 20

m .

5
o
x s 3
u
m
u fi ?
m
a a e
.

E
E : mx

—
a
S m
o
F a
o
? e
fi S Sxa
E
.
H
S s m
E
d ? a
r
a
mA N e
.

.
32 S WA H mI GRm Mm
3 8
3
5 e 5
:
2
.
3
8 a
N
e
w
n
o :
.

s “
h a
a
$:
u
s
s
a
e
a
s 5 3
2 o
s .
3 n 9
“

S
5 w
a
3 8
s 2
: : :

a
n
$
0
d
9
m
a 5
m o J
.

o 6
8
a n .

.
6 u wm
0
fi z n a :
.

z
.

S s
m m 5 E
E m
z
m o
w W
o z 3 P
S w fi
5
a
o n fi g S
.

c 8 5 6 u
o
e
n a 9 .
o
.

&
m
fi o
m
a
$
9
5 8 w a
o
w
m
s
o
0 ? 5 w o
m z a :

i 0 fl F a u N

S 3
d
.
s
c 2
o
3 4 m
.

o
.

o . N
k . c o
3 w
o a z
e8 Qc
a S 3
a 8 <
M
8A Z .

2 w z O 2
l 8 H
.

« : £
3 8
5 é fi H
8
N c
5 .

s s
w m Q 8
6 5 o
.

N
a
c o
e
Z 8
.
n a O
E
a 8 S 2 s :
O 9
5
N 5
8

9
3

m m
. .
34 S WAHI LI G RA M M A R

1
Rea d a nd T ra ns la te

J ee , m wa li m u a m ekuj a ? B a d e , B ibi , y u aj a s a s a ,

n am u on a
2
n d ia n i B wan a j um b o ! J am bo B ibi M ie to
.
,
’
l e te viti B wan a , k e ti A h a s a n ta , B ibi , n im ek e ti Sa s a
.
’
3
. .

na tak a k a l a m u n a k a ra ta si Ha y a , B wa n a , ta f a d h a l i s h ik a.

k a l am u Wa tak a n ia n d ike m i m i ? N a am , B ibi , j a r ib u

.
4

ku a n d ika s a s a Jee u m ek w is h a 5 a n d ik a ? Ndiyo , m wa

.

l i m u , n im ek wish a B a s i , s as a n a tak a u so m e N i so me
4
. .

c huo g a n i ? S o ma c huo c h a k wa n z a
6
S oma m a n eno . .

U k ish a , n am bi a maan a y a k we
7 8 9 1°
Y a k we l ea Naa m , .

m wa li m u , y a n el ea s an a W aju a maan a y ak we 9
. N aj a a .

V y em a B ibi , s o ma ten a U ki ah s , en d el e z a m an e no . So m a .

s a n a n i a te k u s ik ia
p T am k a v
y e m a m a n eno uj 1 f u n z e
.

k u s o m a v iz u r i .

p
T h e Engli sh c u sto m of su p re ss ing titl es in th e c o nve rsa tion of
q
e ua ls wo u l d a pp e a r a bru pt a n d d i sc ou rt e o u s if a tt em pt e d in S wa hili .

2
ui
-
s ufiixe d to n ou ns d en ot es lo ca tive ca se, a nd ma y b e
p
v a riou sly t ra n sl a te d by th e repo sitio ns by , a t, to, within, on, of , f ro m,
e tc . S ee T a bl e of Co nco rde .

3
Most S wa hili v erbs of postu re rea lly s ignify th e t a ki n g u p of a
position, e g ku k etz to sit o n th e grou n d He nc e th e pe rfec t t e nse
. .
' ’

( nimek eti )
’
I h a ve t a k e n u p a o sition (I a m sea ted ), a nd th e p
Presen t T e ns e (na k eti) I a m in th e a c t o r h a bit of ( sitting) a nd so ,
’

in thi s c a se , h a s co me to m ea n I d well , o r st a y .

4
Here th e S wa hili co nst ruc tion a na ly z es m ore logi ca lly th a n th e
En gli s h me to writ e
”
.

5
Af t er a n a u x ilia ry, th e Infi n ku of th e p ri nc ip a l verb is .

q
fre u ently omitt ed .

S ee n ot e 7 , S t u d y II .

7
C on t ra c tio n of n ia mb ia All obj ec tive a rti cl es rece d ing
. p p
q
i mp era tiv es, re u i re th e fi na l a of th e s t em ( eith e r ri ma ry o r p
d e riv a tive) to c h a n ge to e, ex cept wh en th e 1 s t e rs s i ng o b i p . . .

p
p a rti c l e rec e d es, in whi c h c a se th e fi na l a is re t a i ned E g Nipel eka , . . .

N ipe l ek a ni, Nipe l ek e a , b u t M pel ek e , Tupel eke, W a pe l ek e e .

S e e G e n era l N ot es o n N o u ns, n ot e 2, S t u d y XX I
3 ”
.

9
k
Ya we (no t ya o, a lthough i t refers to word s) N B — P osse ssive . . .

a dj ec tives, h avi n g re fe rence to i na ni ma t e obj ec ts , never t a k e a l ura l p

form
—
.

1°
L it A r e they c l e ar to yo u ?
. ma a na h a s no si ng .
 S T U D Y 111 35

T r a nsl a te

Why 1 s [th e] te ac h e r l a te to d a y Pe rh a p s h e 1 8 ill

- 11
.

N o ! He i s c o mi n g n o w Good m orn i n g t eac h e r a re

.
-

, ,

you fee li n g well ? Quit e well th a nk you [,D o

] s it .

d o wn 12
. Giv e m e a book pl e a se B ibi a n d you t a k e a
, , ,

book a n d re a d No w put th e book o n [ th e ] ta bl e a n d

.
13

li s ten I w ill a s k you qu es tio n s V e ry good ! A n d I

. .

w ill try to a n s wer T h a t will d o n o w y ou h a v e a n s were d

.
,

w ell . I a m v ery pl e a se d D o you wa nt ink ? Y e s ( I

.

w a n t ) a n d a p e nc il (a l so ) T h e p u pil i s t ryi n g to s p e a k
.

th e S wa hili l an gu a g e (l ugha ya X i He c a n
r ea d e ] l e tte rs Wh e n did h e b e gi n ? I t a ught hi m
[ th .

[ ]
t h e fi rs t li n e y e s t e r d a y .

T h e P res In d ie of k u wez a , to b e a b l e, c onj uga te d n ega tiv e ly ,

. .

t
s a nd s f o r
“
I a m sic k , e tc T o e x pre ss th e p ri mary mea ni ng
.

I a m no t a bl e ,
”
e tc , th e N e g F ut is f re uen tly u sed
. . . q
sita wez a ,
”

e tc .

‘2
S e e note 7 ( p .

13
S ee N ot e 2 .
 36 S WAHI LI GRAMMAR

TAB L E OF P ER S O NAL PR O NO UNS —W II H '‘

S EPA RA BLE P a o uo mvs (those th a t can

Cl ass I .

mimi, I or me no, th a t sa m e iyo th a t sa me kich o t h a t

, ,

wewe, t ho u or th e e ( tree ) ( hou s e) sa me ( thing)

y ey e , he or h im, sh e
or h er
swu w1 , we or u s iy o, th o se z iz o, th ose
nywinywi, e or y o u sa me ( t re es) sa me (ho us e s) sa me ( thi ngs)
y
wa o, the y o r th e m

mi, I o r me o, it (th e y o, it (th e ch o , i t (th e

we, th e n o r th e e t ree ) house) thi ng)
y e, 0, he or hi m, sh e
or h er
swi, we o r us y o, th e y ( th e so , t h ey ( th e vy o, th ey ( th e
ny wi , ye or you t rees ) ho uses) thi ngs )
0, th e y or th em
Other se pa rabl e pro nouns a re na n i ? ( wh o ?) and ni ni ! ( wh a t —both
ind eel in
oth er) T h e l a tter th re e
c o nj un c tive p ro no un —A n d
.

By pre fi xing na to th e a bbrevi a ted form , we get th e

thi ng)
B y pre fi xing nd i we obta in th e Emp h a ti c
I NSEPA RA B LE PRON OU NS (those bo und
Class I .
Cl ass II
. Cl ass III
. Cl a ss IV .

ni, n
’
,
I u, w, it ( tre e) I , y, i t (house) ki , ch , it
u, w, tho u ( thi n g)
a, y u , h e or sh e

tu , tw, we i ,
y , they xi , 1, th ey vi ,
v y , th ey

mu , mw, m ( t re es) ( houses) ( th i ngs)

’
, yo u
we , w, th e y
ni, 11 , me u, w, i t ( t ree) i y i t (house)
, ,
k l, ch , it
k th ee ( th i ng)
o

k u , k w, ,

mu , mw, m ’
, h im or

h er
tu, tw, us i , y , them t i, 8, them Vi. VY: th em
wa w y o u
, , ( t re es) (ho use s) ( thi ngs)
we , w, th e m

bbrevi a ted form of m m (wha t ca n b e su fiixed to a ny

ui , th e
’ ’

—T h e obj ec tive infix immed ia te lyy reced es th e ste m of th e verb

-
a

N on
— p
.

N or a Th e mu (3 rd pers sing o bj is used .

PRONOllfl NAL PR EF I XES A N D INF IX ES .

t
s a nd a lone as i nd e pe nd ent wo rd s) .

Cl a ss V . Cla s V I
s . Cl ass VI I . Cla VIII
ss . Cl ass IX . Cl ass X
.

l il o, t h a t lil o t h a t , no, t h a t pa po th a t kuk o th a t

, ,

sa me ( wo rd ) sa me ( mo n sa m e (s t ri ng) sa m e ( pl ac e ) sa me (d ire c
s te r) j us t tio n) j us t
“ “

th ere th ere
ya yo those ,
iy o, those z is o those
,

sa me ( word s) sa m e ( mo n sa me
s te rs ) (s tri ngs)

10 , it ( th e 10 , it ( th e o, it ( th e po , i t (th e i t ( th e
word ) mo nste r) s t ri ng) p l ac e) d yi ng or
d irec tion)

y o, th e y (th e yo th ey (th e , to , th e y (th e

wo rd s) mo ns t ers ) st ri ngs )

a bl e —mweny ewe (hi mse lf) mwenyi ( h avi ng p ossessi ng) mwengine ( a noth er
, , , ,

a re d e c li na bl e ( s ee p .

I a nd me ( na mi) a nd h e with h er (na e) ; a nd it (th e word ) (na lo) ; with i t ( th e

, ,

( na ch o) e tc ,

Prese n t of th e V e rb T o B e S e e Stud y X IV . .

u p in th e c o ns truc tion of th e v e rb ) .

C la V ss . C lass V I . Cl ass V II . Cl ass VIII . C lass IX . Cl a ss X

.

li , 1, it l i , l , it (mon u, w, it pa , p , it ku , kw, it
( word ) t )
s er (stri ng) ( p l a c e) (d yi ng)

ya , y th ey ,
I, y , th e y xi , 2, th e y
( word s) (m onste rs) (s t ri ngs)

li , 1, it li, l , it( mon u, w, it pa , p, it ku , kw, it

( word ) t )
s er ( stri ng) ( pl a ce ) ( d yi ng)

y a , y , th e m i, y , th em xi , 2, th em
( word s) ( mons te rs) (strings)

v er b as a n i nse pa ra bl e p a rtic l e W a f a nya ni i W ha t are you d oi ng ?

.

I t is genera l ly e x presse d as we ll as th e no un in th e objec tive cas e .

b e f ore th e vo wels o a nd u and so metimes bef ore a , .

38 s wa mm G RA MM A R

ST UDY IV

Nyumb a ni —I n th e hou s e
ml ango d oo r, entra nce . ku -
sugua , poli sh c l ea n to rub , , .

nf nnguo k ey . kn sa n to c l ea n c l ea n se
-

, , .

k
n um bi h a ll . ku taf uta to look f or sea rc h
-

, , .

rosh a ni b a l c o ny . ku ita to ca ll
-

, .

d araj a s ta i rs s te p s ( of stone ) ku sihi to b es ee c h p ra y (perem

p
-

,
.
, ,

d irish a wind o w . tory) .

c h umba bed roo m room , . ku teka to l au gh to mock a t

-

, , ,

s m il e
ghal a sto re roo m -
. .

sa k af u fla t ston e roof o r ku lia to c ry wee p

-

, , .

p a v ement kn ng oj a to wa it to wa i t f or
hou se—
-
.
, , .

d ar i top roof , . a ! oh !
u p p er s tore y n d e o u t o uts i d e
’
orof a .
, , .

p riva t e room n d a ni in i n s i d e
’
s eb ul e . , , .

cou rty a rd t ini d own be lo w

’
na .
, , .

b a raz a vera nd a h .
j un u p u p sta irs over a bove
, , , , ,

kiz ingil i d oo r ste p -

. a ga i n s t .

mk aka ma t wa pi ! wh ere
‘
.

z u li a c a rp e t . kid ogo (a d v) a littl e ra th er , , .

hi c o m irror . waz i ( in d ec l a dj a n d . .

p a ka
’
c at . op en aj a r c l ea r , , .

ku angalia to rega rd to be hol d

-

, , , silru d a y t wenty fou r hou rs ,

-
.

to vi s it to b e ca re fu l
,
. nsika n i ght .

ku p anda to go u p c o me u p
-

, , , ml a na d a y ti me mid d a y -

,
-
.

c li mb . kncha d a wn su nri se , .

k u shu ka to c ome d o wn go d o wn
-

, ,
. ku twa s u ns e t .

ku fu nga to s h u t c los e
-

, , . mta na k utwa (o r kutwa ) a l l d a y ,

ku f nngna to u nd o o p en
-

, ,
. long .

ku toka to go o u t to c o m e fro m
-

, , , nsiku knoh a (o r k uch a ) al l ni gh t ,

l eave (s it u a tion) co me ou t ,
. long .

ku ngi a to go in c om e in c ome
-

, , , tel e mu c h man y pl en ty a lot of

, , , , .

o n ( of ra i n s e tc ) , . p a nya'
ra t .

k u pea
-

,ku f y a gia -
to h a idh ur u n ever mi n d it d oes
, ,

s we e p . no t ma tt er .
 S T UD Y IV 39

Rea d a nd Tra nsla te

F u ngu a d i ri s h a , na ta k a ku tez a m a n d e N ao n a w a t u ’ ’
.

tel e n d ia n i, tu f un ge m l a n go u pes i U f u n gu o u w a pi ? .

Uko j uu E nd a da r ini k aa n ga l ie Wa t u 1 wa m ek wish a

.
'
.

k wend a s as a , j ee n if un gu e ml a n go ? Ndiyo , fu n gu a , 2

ki s h a pea da r aj a n a n a , n a m ab a ra z a pi a Na tak a m kek a .

k u wek a kiz in gitini N goj a kidogo u ta pa wa .

3
Yuko .

'
w a pi p a k a Pak a a n a tok a s as a hivi A n a k w en d a wa pi .

La b u n d a a na k wen d a k u ta f u ta p an y a M wite , n a tak a a l e

’
.

'
c h a kul a a s ik ia n d a a u s iku ku ch a a l if a n y a k el e l e J ee , .

m to to u m esu g u a kioo ? N aam , bibi , n im esu gu a pi a n a .

m ad ir is h a J se w e we u l ik wen d a wa pi ?
. Na l iku wa
sa ka f un i n ik il ia M bo n a u lil ia ? 4
. M a a n a na 1ita k a ku to ka
’
n d e , i a ki n i na liitwa Haid h u ru ! .

T ra ns l a te
C om e do wn
I p ra y you a t o n c e You r s i s ter i s
, , .

looki n g f o r y o u W h ere i s sh e ? Sh e i s in th e p riv a t e

.

r oo m T ell h er to co m e (p res s ubj ) i n to th e ha ll

. T he . . .

be droom s w an t s wee pi n g (pa ss in f ) a n d [th e] s to re roo m . .

-

al s o I s th e d oor of th e uppe r s to rey Op en ? N o it i s

.
-

,
5
s hut O p en [it] th e n T h e boy wa n ts to c o m e i n s id e
. . .

V ery well l et hi m co m e i ns id e a n d go down b elo w (s ub

, .

T h e t eac her h a s l au gh ed a ll d a y Why did h e .

l a ugh ? A s k hi m He s a y s h e s a w a r a t lookin g (p ar t
. .

t en s e ) in th e m i rro r A re th er e (wa ko ) man y

ra ts in th e hou s e ? Y es th ere a re v ery ma n y , .

1
T heof th e a u xili a ry v erb kwisha ( to fi nis h ) is a favour i te
u se ,

wa y of e x p re ssi n g a n e mph a ti c pe rfe c t I t ma y b e t ra n sl a te d .

a lr ea d y b u t is m o re often o mitt e d a ltoge th e r in Engli sh T hi s

“ ”
,

verb s sha h as a n i di oma tic pe rfe c t m u c h us ed

.

n sh a , I ha ve fi nishe d tnnsh a , we h a ve fi m sh ed
‘

.
,

u nsh a , mnsh a ,
h a n us h a i nsh a e tc
a ns ,
wa ns h e i nsh a y a ns h a e tc
, , .
, , , .

2
S ee n ote 3 S t ud y I I , .

3
S e e not e 5 S t u d y I , .

4
Ma ana ( p rim a rily) mea n ing ca u se e tc b u th as come to se rve a s , , .
,

a c onj un c tion (beca us e tha t is wh y) a nd ma y s t a nd a t be in n in

, g g or ,

e nd of c l a us e .

5
P e rf T ense of Pa ssive See nex t S t u d y
. . .
40 S WAHILI GR AMMA R

w
o
w
:
o
m
m
m8
0
6 $ E z
3 s a 3
“

2 5 m
2 8 s o
m
5
3 e s
: 3 n
m 3
a
m a h
.
.

2
3 ? o z
a e
.

8
9 E os m
5 mfi 5
be 8 u

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e o
m 8
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m5 6 : :
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:
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: m
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b
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o 0
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8 8
b 3
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.
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fi k
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.
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o m
v
42 S WAHI LI GRA MM A R

n
S o 3
u
m . 3 «
s3
. 83
.
n
S 5
.

o
a
: m 8
2
3 “ 3 m 92
3 8 e 3
: a :
. s s .
u
a
8t e s n
s e
m .
e o
.
a
3 S
e
3
9 “
m a
9 a
.

S
s

: :

.
a
3 s
2 ? “

9 .
8
3 8 9
: n
s 3 .
o d
:
3
.

8o $
o

9
m
s 3 q
3 0
.

“ a .
: 5
N 3 3 3
n
.

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8 N
u
s
“
B o
: e
S
 S T UD Y V 43

N OT E —T h v b l e er a suff ix es p o ho mo , , ,
ma y b e s ufl ixed to al l
th ese pe sons a nd t ens es
r , a l so i nt erro ga tive ly a nd nega tive ly , a s

Pers . S ing .

l Np ,
. i o I a m here .

2 U me k u wa ko ,
. t hou ha st been there .

3 uk ,. Y o he o r she i s ther e, h e o r sh e exists .

3 uko . is i t ( the ma t, mkeka ) th er e

3 h a k ipo ,
. it ( th e mirror , kioo ) is no t here .

1 tuk iwa mo,

. if we a re in it, if we h a ve to d o with it .

2 m ta k u wa mo , ye will b e in i t
’
. .

3 . wa l iku wapo ,
th ey were h ere .

ST U D Y V
M ez a ni— A t th e ta bl e
ngu o y a mez a t a bl e cloth . kunwa to d ink , r .

kiji ko s poon . kutoa , to pu t o u t give (o u t) ta k e , ,

u ma fork . o u t to off e r , .

sa hani pl a t e d i sh , . kuwek a to pu t pu t a wa y k eep

, , , ,

a ppoi n t
kis ah a ni pu t off
2
s a uc er .
, .

kikomb e c up . kupa ku a to d i s h u p , .

bil a uri gl a ss, tumbl er . ka p a sh a moto to wa r m u p , .

sinia t ra y . k a poa moto to ge t c ol d , .

sa nd u ku pbo a rd
b o x, cu . k ua ta to l eave l ea ve off to give
, , ,

ka wa d i sh c ove r ( pl a it e d )
-
. up .

cha i tea . k u kund a , to fol d .

ka h a wa cof fee . k uku nd ua , to u nfol d .

su ka ri s u ga r . k a mi z a ,to swa llow .

mka t e b rea d loa f c a k e to c h e w e a t

‘

, ,
. k u ta tuna , , .

a sa li ho ney sy r u p ,
. k nond a , to t a ste try to tempt , , .

ta y a ri rea d y in re a d i n e ss
, ,
.
3
k upiga , to be a t s trik e , .

k ua nd ika to set in o rd er ( t a bl e ) thi rs t

'

,
. k iu .

ku ond ok a to go a wa y to ge t u p
, , , s a wa sa wa eve n s t ra i ght,pro , ,

to l eave . p e rly .

k uond oa to t a k e a wa y re m ove
, ,
. k abi sa a ltoge th er e nti rely q uit e
, , , .

S e e of, S t u d y X I
1 ”
.

2
Xi c omm on di mi n u tiv e p re fix S ee not e 5 , S t ud y X V III . .

Piga p
” i c a a bl e of v a r io us m e a ni n s a cco r i n
d g to th e no un
—g
s
i t is c ou pl e d with k upiga ms ta ri , to d ra w a li ne ; ' k upiga k engel e, '

to ring a bell ; k upiga ch a pa , to p ri n t ; ku piga el el e, to ma e a ’

k k
k
noi s e ; k upiga t e e , to ki c k ; k upig a fund o , to tie a k n ot ; knpiga
'

ma got i, to k ne e l ; k npiga p a si , to i ron : k upiga mbi nj a , to whi s tl e ;

'

kupiga
'
k
ura , to ca st lot s k upiga yowe, to s ho ut o u t in fe a r, e tc .
44 S W AHI LI GRA MM A R

J uma , boy me i ! wh o ?
’
s na . nan
ba rid i c ol d , coo l . hivi th us l ik e this
, .

sa il , c lea n . as ub uhi mo rnin g thi s morni ng

, , .

t a ka t a ka t a ka
’

,
' '
d i rt. ha pa h ere , .

kwa mba th a t , wh eth er as ta mu s weet ni ce s wee t nes s

, , ,
.

if if , . kumwa y a to s pill to po u r a wa y, ,
.

l aki ni, b ut . ku mwa ika to b e s pilt , .

kweli truth true ind eed , , . k a tik a in i nto o n a mong etc

, , , , ,
.

Rea d a nd T r a nsla te

N d o n i tu k a k e ti mez a n i ch a i ita l etwa sa s a hiv i N guo '

, .

y a m e z a s i s a fi m bo n a ? N as ik ia k wam ba Ju ma a l im wa y a
,

k a h a wa h a pa a s u b u h i M w i te Ju ma Ju ma ! w a itwa . . .

N aam bibi n n a k uj a 4
u l in ita ? ,
’
N d iyo n na k wita N i ,
‘ ’
.

k weli u l im wa y a k ah aw a k a tik a n g u o y a m ez a l ee ?
S i k weli bibi K a h a wa im e mwa ika l a kini s i m i m i ! .
,

l l n a ni b a s i ? La bud a u i p a k a n a l imu o n a c h u m ba n i
’ '
5 ‘
.
,

P a k a a wez a ku m wa y a k ah a wa ?
’
A wez a a kis ik ia kiu ,

na
6
ku ta k a kunwa Hay a ba s i o n d ok a sa s a M wa m b ie .
, .

A li a l ete s uk ari n a m k ate na a s a li V iko w a p i vi sa .

h an i ? Vi m o sa n d u ku n i wa l isa h a u ku viweka m e z a n i ,
.

V il e te pu e s i c h a i i ta p o a m oto 7
Imek w is h a ku wa ba r i d i
, .

k a bi s a ; h a if a i wa to to ku ch el ewa hi vi Sa sa n a tak a , , .

v i iko na v iko m b e
j .

-
tamu , tup u j tiv es are ca pa bl e of a n
, tun gu , a nd oth er a d ec
a d ve rbi a l use in whi c h case th ere is no co nc ord
, .

T h e una voi d a bl e us e of th e fa mili a r p ro no un th ee a nd tho u “ “

to p erso ns of a ll ra nks a nd a ges is as mu c h to b e regre tte d as th e

e x c l us iv e u se in En glis h of th e pol it e fo rm y ou .

N c op u l a c o nt ra c t e d
’
ui
5 “ “
.

Na (a nd ) ca nnot c o nn e c t two fi nit e v erbs I n th e P as t Ind ie .

S ubj a nd I mpe r th e s u bo rd in a t e t e n se with ka i ntrod u ces th e “

.
,
.
,

a nd a nd obvi a te s th e d i ffi c u lty In a l l oth er ca s es .

,

verb mu s t b e pu t in th e I nfin it e whi c h th en be a rs th e force of th e ,

t ense a nd mood of th e p receding v erb N ei th er will us connec t .

“ ”

two ad j ec tive s I f we wi sh to p redicate two o r more q u a liti es of o ne

.

s u bs t an tiv e th e se c o nd o r l as t ( whi c h e v er follo ws th e m ust b e “

, na
c o nvert e d in to a n a bs t ra c t noun Ex Mt u h nyu ui mwema us
’
. .

np0 10 .

7
See n ote 1 Stud y IV , .
 S T UD Y v 45

T ra nsla te

G l a d pl a t a re w a n t ed f o r th e t a bl e p e opl e
8
s s e s a n e s ,

a re co m i n g f o r 9 m id d a
y m e a l h e r e to d a y -
S ha ll I br i n g -
.

s poo n s a n d fork s too ? Y es I w an t to se t th e t abl e n o w ,

in re a di n e ss Will th ey d r i nk wa ter ? Y es th ey w ill

.
,

d r i n k w at er if it i s cl ea n T ake a t ra y a n d di s h up th e
1°
.

f ood th en r in g th e b ell to c a ll th e p e opl e

, You h av e .

for gotte n to pu t th e di s h c ov e r s 1 1 ov er th e di s hes T e l l -

.

th e c ook to wa rm up l Q‘ y es te rd a y s fo wl
’
T ry to fold th e .

c loth p rope rly C a n y o u s e t th e t a bl e n i cely if th e c loth

.

is n o t c l e a n N o ! i t w ill n o t do W e ta s t ed th e ho n e y .

a n d w e fou n d it sw e e t e c hild s w a llo we d s om e thi n g

[ ] T h .

a nd h e s a id It i s s uga r
,
I f i t wa s s uga r h e wou ld
13
.

h a v e s m iled but n o w h e i s cry in g Let u s go a w a y h e

, .
,

w ill l e av e o ff If a c hild cr i es h e will n o t get (hap a ti)

.

cak e (loa f of s weetn e ss ) .

EXPLA N A T ION or DIFFERENCE BET WEEN S T RO NG V ERB

T o B e A ND S IM PLE C OPULA

l . Th e s tr o n i s th a t whi c h a flirm s n o t
g verb
“
to b e ,

th e pe c uli a r q u a lity o r id e n tity of th e thi n g o r thi n g s ,

pe rso n o r per so n s but th e pl a ce th e c i rcu m s tan c e s ta te

, , , ,

or s u rrou n d in gs in whi c h it o r th e y h a ppe n o r a re

, , ,

d es i red to b e di ff eri n g a c c ordi n g to n u m b er a n d p e rs o n

, ,

ten se a nd m ood a s s e en a bov e ,

.

2 (a ) T h e wea k verb to b e o r simp le cop ul a (ni

. is “

a re — s am e f or a ll c l a ss e s
or ) is c on fi ned to th e p resen t
t e ns e of th e I ndi ca tive a nd d i ff er s o n ly fro m th e s tron g ,

v e rb in th e thi rd per s o ns of tha t t e nse It i s u sed wh e n .

3
V e rb mu s t ta k e co nco rd s of cl iii to whi c h both nouns be long . . .

B u t s e e n ot e 2 S t ud y X II ,
.

9 T ra ns mea l of mid d a y a nd so in a l l ca ses wh ere o ne su b

.
“ -
,

s ta ntive is u se d to q u a lify a n oth e r .

W P
a rti c ipi a l te ns e .

S e e note o n Ad verbi a l P re pos itions S t ud y XX , .

‘2 T h e re is no po ss e ss iv e form in S wa hili S ee note 9 . .

T h e i mpe rso n a l i t wh en no t referri ng to a ny s tore m entioned

‘3 “ -

no u n is t ra nsl a te d by th e p ronomi na l i ( a s in c l iii ) a nd its “

. .
,

c o rre l a tives .
46 S WAHI LI G RAM M AR

o ne wa n tsto a ffi rm of a thin g o r thi n g s p ers on o r pers on s , ,

” ”
th a t it o r th e y i s o r a re of a cer t a i n qu a lity (no t
“ “

i n volvi n g th e s ta te o r po s ition in whi c h i t (or th ey )

h a p p en to b e) o r to i l en tif y two titl e s o r n o u ns
F ula n i n i m wema , s o a n d s o is good .

W e y i u i wa n gi , thi e v e s a re many .

W a l imu wa n gu n i Al i n a m y tea c h ers a re A l i a n d

‘

A b u d ul l a , A bd all a h .

( b) T h e Nega tive S imp le Cop ula is Si (h e , sh e , o r it ) “

is
”
n o t,
(th ey
) a re n o t 5
E s F u l a n i s i m we m a
.
, so a nd so i s goo d
n ot .

W e v i s i wa n gi , thi e v e s a r e no t m a n y .

W a l imu w a ngu s i A li n a m y t ea ch ers a re n o t A l l a nd

A b u dul l a, A bd a ll a h .

Si k w eli i s it n o t t ru e
N i k weli , it i s t ru e .

PA SSIV E V ERRs
Pa ss iv e s tem s a re fo rm ed
1 B y i n se r ti n g w b e fo re fi na l vo wel in v er b s
. en d i ng
in a , o r ea

Er K u f un gwa,
. to be s hut .

T u ta el ewa , we s h a ll b e en lightened .

2 .B y addi n g wa to v e r bs en di n g in i o r e .

Ere . Ku rud iwa ,

to b e p u n i s h ed .

A l isa m eh ewa , h e was fo r give n .

By i ns erti n g l iw o r l ew b e t we en th e fi na l vowel s of
3 .

th e s te m wh e n it e n d s in ia ea o r na , .

Ex K u oa ,
. to marry to wed ,
.

K u o l ewa , to b e m a r ri e d (sa id
th e b rid e ) .

K u f ua , to wa s h .

K u f ul iwa, to b e wa sh ed .

K u kimb ia , to ru n a wa y .

K u kimb il iwa , to b e p u rs u ed .
 S T U D Y v1 47

Kuti a to p ut in mak es ku tiwa a n d k u til iwa K u ua

, , . .
,

to kil l ma k e s ku uwawa
,
.

4 V er b s e n di n g in a c h a n ge th e a i nto i a n d a dd wa
.
, .

Ere Kutubu to rep ent k u tu b iwa ; k u s h u ku r u to give

.
, , ,

tha nks ; k u sh u k u riwa e x c e pt k usa h a u to f o rget whi c h , , ,

mak es ku sa h a u l iwa .

M o n o sylla bi c v er bs a re m o s tly i rr e gul ar

Kul a to ea t h uliwa to be ea ten ; kup a to give k u
, , , , ,

p ewa a n d k u pawa ; kuj a to come k uj iwa kufa to d ie , , .

, ,

k u fiwa .

P as s iv e s ubju n c tive i s form ed a s follo ws

N ir udiwe , th a t I m a y b e pu n i sh e d .

K if ul iwe , th at it ( c l iv ) ma y . . be
wa s he d .

Pa ss iv e ne g a tiv e i s fo rm e d thu s
Sif u n gwi, I am n ot bou nd .

Ha sa meh eW I , h e is n o t fo r giv e n .

ST U D Y VI
M ekoni -
In th e kit c h en
m pishi
’
cook . mun yu lt sa .

m tuz i
’
s tew . pi l ipili p epp er .

k uni
'
fi re wood . s ok o ma rk e t .

1
kib iriti bo x of ma t c h es . maivu a s h es .

k isu k nife . m a s hiz i s oot s mu ts bl a c k s , , .

su f uria sa u ce p a n . ma ka a c oa l s embe rs , .

mwik o s poon ( l a rge ) . wa l i c oo k e d ri ce .

mb uz i co c oa nu t gra t er fowl
'
-
. k nk u .

na z i c o c o a nu t
-
. mboga v egeta bl e .

y
n a ma mea t flesh game , , ,
ka pi ka to c ook (boil o r stew)
, .

an im l a . k uk a nga to f ry
’

, .

A s i ngl e m a tc h (sel d om u sed ) kij iti a sma ll pi ec e of wood

1
, .

Mb oga is a l so a p pli ed in a wi d er sense to a ny re li sh o r s au ce

2

( mea t fi s h , th a t is ea t en with th e p l a i n boil ed ri ce or I nd i a n

,

c o rn porri d ge Kiteweo a n oth er ge ne ri c t erm f o r th e s a me thi n g

. .

Boga ( pl ma boga ) a pu mp kin mu s t no t b e c on fu sed with mbo ga

.
, .
”
 48 S W AHI LI G RA M M A R

ku oka to ba k e
, . k uy aika , to me lt .

k utok osa to boil ( t ra ns ) ku k a ta to c ut

'

, .
, .

ku tok ota to boil ( i n tra ns )

, . ku oz a to ro t
, .

ka chemka to boil , kufinika to c over , .

kntoma to toas t b ra n d
, b u rn , ,
n koko c ru s t o n po t .

p ri c k . ch ung n s ma ll c ooki ng pot -

.

ka wa ka to b urn , to b urn n yung u c ook in g pot -

.

up . mtung i wa t er pot -
.

ku wash a , to li ght , ki n d l e . ka nd a riny a k e ttl e .

k utek etea , to ca t c h fi re . birika c is t e rn t ro ugh , .

k nteketez a , to b u rn, c o nsu m e moshi s mok e .

kukuna to gra te to s c ra t c h
, , . ma z i wa m ilk .

k u tind a to kill (a ni ma l s)
, . ta ngu , s inc e .

k u tia to p ut in
, . ma ku sud i p ur po se , on pu r
kuk oroga to s ti r , . po se .

k a nngua to b e sca l d ed s co rch ed

, , . k a t ik a in, in to,
, fro m , e tc .
k u temb e a to wa lk a bo u t ta k e a
, , b a ad a e, h a l a fu a fte rwa rd s ,

wa lk . p resen tly l a t er , .

kuf urika to boil ov er to overflo w

, , . kuond oa to ta k e a wa y , .

Rea d a nd Tr a nsla te

M pi s hi a m oto M bo na h uku wa sh a
l i s ab a n k u wa sh a .

we we b a i ? S ik p a k u i maa na m pishi a na k wen d a

'
3
s u a t n ,

k u n un u a s ok o n i Ha id h u r u wa we z a ku tind a k uku uk a m
.
'

we ek t a y a r i 4
Yuko wa pi k uku ? Yuko u a n i y u a te mb ea
.
’
.

J ee a ta ta k wa k wa eh a ku l a c h a m ta n a ? N a a m a ta ta k wa .

N ip a kib iriti ta f a d h a l i mo to h a u wa ki T ia ma fu ta kidog o ,

‘
.
,

u ta wa k a u pe s i S io ni m a fut a l a bud a y a m ek wish a

. La , .
,

h a y a k u is h a 5
y a m o gh a l a n i Na l iy a o na j a n a J e e w a
, . .

toko s a n y a m a ? L a n a ik a n ga U m e pika n a w a li pia ? ,

'
.

S iku pik a N ip a ki s u n ik a te m boga

. M bog a z imeo z a '
. .

Ha z iku o z a l nuj u i k itu we we A n ga l ia m a z i wa y a f u rika

,
'
.
, .

Ond o a s u f u ria m oto n i M a z i wa y a m en gia m a s hi z i (s e e .

n ot e 9 S tudy X V
,
Ha id h u r u .

T ra nsl a te

Ha v e you put s alt p e pp e r in th e s te w ? Y e s a a nd ,

li ttle b u t I did n o t put [ a ny ] in th e v e ge ta bl e s Do n o t

, .

s tir th e m ilk with a k nife s tir [ it] with a s poo n L ook , .

,

3
V id e not e 4 S t u d y IV , .

S e e n ot e 5 S t u d y I , .

3
T h e p re pos ition (i n) is fre q uently d upli ca te d be i ng e x p ressed ,

both in th e verb o r verba l sufiix a nd in th e loca tive ca se of th e no un .

50 S W AHILI G RA MMA R

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r- i ei co
52 S WAHIL I GRAMM A R

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 S T UD Y v11 53

ST U D Y V II
llfj mi (ii .
)—I n th e to wn
Ngomo fort . ku toroka , to run a wa y .

gerez a p rison . ku tii, to obe y .

f orod h a cus to m house -

. k ua ta h a m , to re ease , l to free .

a ku ta wa l l . kun ya to fa ll (as of ra i n)
, .

i ngo a te lmtunz a to ta k e care (of) to wa tc h

B g ,

kuk osa to miss to fa il tra nsgre ss

,
.

Ji we s to ne .
, , , .

nvnmbi sma l l fi ne d us t . k uk u ta to m eet to c ome ac ross

'

, , ,

vumbd ( v ) l itte r l arge d us t

.
, . to mee t with to find , .

t ope (iii
'
mud . . ku kut ana to m ee t
'
as~
,
mva a ra in . se mbl e .

upepo (vii ) wind . . Af u dha li It is be tter , .

j ua s un . kwa a t th e ho use of
, ch ez to .

mpa gaz i porte r ca r i er , r . k wetu a t o u r ho use or ho me

, ,

mb iu p o l ama tion
r c ( li t . ch ez nou s
”
in o ur co unt ry , .

b u ff a lo horn) . kwenu a t your house or home

, ,

ma sikini poo r ma n begga r , . in yo u r co un t ry .

mtumwa sl a v e . kwao a t th ei r ho use o r home in

, ,

mna ngwana free born ma n ,

th ei r c ountry .

gen tl ema n .
gari ca rria ge wa ggo n trol ly , , .

mwa na mums ma l e (b o y o r k a nd o a si d e a pa rt o n o r b y or to
'

, , ,

o n e si d e .

mv am mks . fema l e (gi rl or fula ni so a nd so s uc h a o ne , ,

wo ma n) . so me o ne .

mt n mums ma n ( ad ult ) wal a n e ith er no r (or)

’
.
, , .

mt u mks wo ma n ( a d ult ) kesho to morro w

'
-
.
, .

mums h us ba nd , ma n . mwivi ( i thi e f ( pl wevi) . . .

mks wife . kos h o kut wa d a y a fter to morro w ,

-
.

ka pi ta to p ass cross over sur

, , ,
l
r goma ( iii
r d a nce d ru m .
, .

p ass e x c e l
, . p ingu
'
fett er ch a rm . .

kntua ta to follo w , . h i va li uvnli sh a d e ,

kuf ua ta na to go in co mp a ny o r , s h ad o w .

fil e to acco mpa ny
, . mtoro r una wa y sl a v e t ru a nt , .

s imil l a ! l am il e i ma k e wa y -
ka l i fi erce st rong c rue l
, , , .

kua nguka to fa ll to fa ll d own , , . h um (pl mah uru) free .

, .

k ui b a to s tea l
, .
-
k uu c hi e f ma i n
, , .

ka cho ka to b e tired , . z a ma ni ti me ; (also use d ad

kua mkua to gree t to spea k to , , . ve rb ia l l y ; forme rl y so me ti me ,

knpiga na t o fi ght , . a go ) .

Ni h eri I t is be tt er ( fol by
, . k ij a na young c hil d chil d , .

k ufi ka to a rri ve rea ch l e a d to
, , , . mwana mums boy l a d , ,
.

kuvuma to blow roa r , , . kike girl l ass , , .

Rea d a nd T ra ns la te
Ha y a twend e n d e tuka temb ee kidogo T wend e uvu ’
.

l i n i ba s i h a pa ju a u i k a li M i m i n a ta k a k wen d a n go
, .

m en i tu pite k wa n d ia g an i ? S ij ui nd i a m i m i l a kini
, ,
‘
Kupiga ngoma z to b ea t a dr um ; kutez a ngoma z to d a nce.
54 S WA HILI GRA M M A R

ful an i a l ina mb ia k wam b a nd i a k uu y a fi ka ngo m en i

l '
.

Lan go l a mj i l iliku wa po h ap a z aman i n asikia Labud a u i

k weli s ik u wa po S ikiz a n i n asikia k e l ele wa pa ga z i wa pi
, .
,
'
,

g an a ! A f u d ha l i u s ien d e ( or u se nd e) k u a n galia wa ko wa t u ,
'

tel e n a uvu m bi tel e K is h a m v ua y a tak a ku n y a u i h eri

2
.
,

tu ru d i n y um b a n i La ! T u s ingie b ad o m v u a h a 1J 1 u pepo
.
, ,

w a v u m a sa n a T we n d e f orod han i bas i tu k aa n ga l ie ma g a ri

. .

S u m il e s u mil e ! g a r i l aj a u pes i o nd ok a n d ia n i
, T u nz a ! , .

liko j i we h a p a l in aa ngu ka ukutan i , M wa li m u yu ko .

m m s iki i — ee tu m wa mku e ? N aam tu m

y u a se a n a a n j
w a m ku e—u i m t u m we ma
,

V ij a na wa tu f u a ta wa mb ie
’
.
,

was ij e M tu m wa a k ito roka twa m wita m to ro

. .

T r a ns l a te
O nly m en wa nt ed , th ey a re b ea ti n g th e d ru m to
a1 o

ca ll 3 th em T h e wo m en a re ti red , th ey cann ot go
. .

Pe rh a p s they will follo w a fte rward s ? N o , they h a v e

m i sse d th e troll ey, th ey w ill s ta y a t ho m e n o w N ev er
4

—
.

m i nd , th ey ca n go to m orro w m o rn i n g Will th e y no t b e .

l a te ? Y es, th ey will b e r a th er l a te , but th e m en will

w a it [f o r th e m] P eo pl e a re a ss e m bli ng a t o u r hou se , wha t
.

a re th ey looki n g f o r ? IVe a re told th a t th ey a re poo r ,

th ey wa t b r e a d It i s be tter to give th e m (kuwap a )

n
5
.

b rea d th a t th ey ma y n o t s t eal If th e y s tea l they will

, .

b e put in p ri s o n T h e re i s (z ilco ) m u c h m ud a n d d ir t
.

h ere l et u s p a ss to o ne s id e Will you b e a bl e to r ea c h

, .

ho m e th e d ay a fter to m or ro w ? Y e s we s h a ll b e a bl e -

, .

[ ]
to if w e do n o t m ee t [ w ith ] w i n d o r 1 a in T h ey i ss u e d .

a
p1 oc l a ma tion ( bea t th e bu ffa lo ho r n ) a t th e ga te thi s
m o rn i n g to sa y th a t s l a v e s w h o obe y th e i 1 6 mas ter s
( wa na z a o) w ill b e se t free
b 7
.

1
T h e i in ni is freq uen tl y el i d ed .

2
T a ke use d a s an a u x ili a ry s ta nd s f o r is go ing to
, is on th e , ,

p oi nt of
”
.

3
S ee note 1 S t u d y X IV ,
S ee not e 3 S t ud y III
.
‘
, .

F o r br e a d i n th e wi d e se nse u se ch a k ul a E ur op ea n brea d
5 ” ”
.

is a n u n kn o wn l u x u ry to th e si mpl e na tive .

“
Bwana a nd bibi ta ke p l ura l s in both c l iii a nd c l V S ee . . . .

not e 1 S tu d y V III
, .

T h e tec h ni ca l e x pres s io n is kuatika h um us in g the Qua s i

7 “
,
P ass ive f o r th e Pa sive S ee Stud y X V II s
. .
STUDY VII
-
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N
56 S W AHILI GRAMM A R

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 S WAHIL I GRAM M A R

HA V E, T HE VERB “
To
”

kuwa na , to h a v e .

ku tokuwa na , n o t to h a v e .

T h e v er b To Ha ve i s fo rm ed fro m th e v e rb To B e by
”
s ubjoi n i n g th e wo rd na (with) to th e St ro ng V e r b in
“

a ll p ers o ns a n d ten s e s po s itive a n d n e ga tiv e , .

Ear— N i na , o r n na , I h a v e ; s i na , I h a v e n o t ; uta
’

kuwa na , thou wilt h av e wasiwe na , th a t th ey may n o t

.

h ave .

NOT E I — I n th e p r es en t t en s e o nly do e s th e
. na
“

fo rm o n e wor d with th e v erb s t e m .

N O TE II — O cca s ion a lly th e v er b T o Ha ve h a s to tran s

.

l a t e th e (E n gli s h ) v er b T o B e Wh e re w e s a y there is .
, ,

there a re th e S wa hili s s a y there h a s there ha ve

,
th e ,

pl ace e tc has (in it s u c h a n d s u c h

. F or
i n s ta n c e— Ha pa p a na wa t w tel e Here th ere a re m a n y
, ,
’
. .
,

p eopl e lit T hi s (pl ace) h a s p eopl e pl en ty Ku na u pepo

, . .

m wi ngi l eo I s th ere (do es th ere ex i s t ) m u c h wi n d to

d a y ? Ha pa na mka t e T here i s n o b rea d (h ere) Ha ku na
. . . .

kul mb a , T h ere is no s i n gi ng .

NOT E III T hi s v e rb h a s a n idio ma ti c i n v ers ion of

.
-

s ubjJ e c t a n d obj ec t W h e 1 ea s in E n gli s h we s ay —

. Sa l eh e
”
b a a th e m (the keys) in S wahili we ge t z i n a Sa l eh e
,

( f u ngu o ) th ey h av e Sal eh e l V id e Ps a l m xx xvi 9 ;

,
.

L uk e i i 14 . .

ST UD Y VI II
M ’
ta na Rafikiye—A m an a nd hi s fr i en d
Ra fiki fri end . nd ugu mks it
s s er,
jina n a me . c o usi n .

h a h a ri i i ngs
n e ws , td . j amaa fa mily , o i y
s c et ,
te
mgeni gue s t vi s ito r s tra nger
, , . l a tiv e .

b a ba fa th er . kin a b ib i, wo men folk , l a d i es .

ma ma moth er . kina b wa na , men folk, ge ntl e men .

nd ugu mums b roth er ,

‘
mj omb a u nc l e ( moth er s
’

o i
c us n. brother) .

Mj omb a is a s l o a n up co untry t erm f or a

-
S wa hili .
 S TU D Y 1 1 11 59

t ( fa th er s kuz ua , to
i n v e nt
’
sh angaz i a un .

it ) e xc use me ; pa rd on !

i
s s er . kunra d hi
mgonj wa s c i k pe rso n . d o n o t b e o ff end ed .

ugon j wa s i c kn ess . insh a ll a pl ease G od

, .

Rod i ? M a y I co me in ? 0
18 a ny AI h a md u lil l a hi P ra i se G o d , ,

o ne th ere tha nk Go d .

Rodi ! C o me in ! -
eny ewe se l f th e o wne r
,
-

, .

Ka ribu ! B e we l co m e ! a fia h ea lth .

S i ta reh e I D on t d is t u rb yo u rself ! o t e a l l whol e

’ '
-

, , .

( lit res t ta k e you r e a se h a ta eve n till u ntil so t h a t a s

“ ”
.
, .
, , , , ,

kuk arib ish a to we l c ome , . far as .

kuk umb uk a to re m e mber , . a n, or

kuona n a to see o ne a noth er to
, ,
el a , i11a
b u t, e x c e t
, p .

m ee t -

gonj wa , il l , s i c k .

ka penda to love to l ike to b e

, , ,
sik z o te, a l wa y s
u .

fo nd o f .
pa sipo , wh ere th ere is n o t, ex
kutukia to h a te , . ce pt
witho u t
,
.

? wh a t ?
k utukua to ca rry ta k e , , .
-

j e ! h o w ( a fte r ve rb) .

kupe l eka to send co nve y c on , , ,

-
ni ! wh a t ? ( a fte r v e rb)
‘
.

d uc t ta k e, . h a pa na b ud i , no d o u bt , witho u t
ku mb a to p ra y to b e g to a sk d ou bt p roba bly
p
, , , , .

or . b a rua l e tte r m issive , .

k utosh a , o b e e no ug t h to
, s uf fi ce . z a id i ,m o re besi d es furth e r
, , ,

kusalimu , o sa l u te , t s end co mp li es pe c ia lly .

men ts .
j a wa bu ( v a ns wer . .

kupiga hod i, to k n oc k a t th e d oo r . siku hiz i no wa d a y s, .

ku b isha hod i , to knoc k a t th e A ti ! look th e y sa y se e ! I , ,

d oo r . sa y !
kuz ungumz a , kusumulia , to t a l k , Ul a y a , Eu ro pe .

to c o nverse . b isik oti bis c uits .

kuj iz ungumz a , to a muse o neself , nimil eti l em ona d e .

by ta lking, etc .

Rea d a nd Tra nsla te

1
Ra fiki wa b a b a anak u a j ku tu a n ga l ia , m k arib ish e .

Na m j u a , s i m ge n i K a ribu B wan a , pita n d a n i Si ta r eh e

’
.
, ,

P a terna l u nc l es a nd ma terna l a unts a re re c kone d so nea r of k in

a s to b e a ki nd of se n io r o r j u n ior pa re n t acc o rd i ng to th e p ro genito r s
’

o rigina l pos ition in h is fa m ily .

Ex Ba b a ng u mk ubwa my fa th er s e l d er broth e r
’
.
, .

Bab a ngu md ogo my fa th er s yo u nger broth er

’
, .

Ma ma ng u mkubwa m y mother s e l d e r s is te r
’
, .

Ma ma ngu md og o my moth er s yo unge r si st er ’

, .

Bafiki lik e mos t othe r se n ti e nt no un s (wh eth e r re fe rri ng to pe rso ns

,

o r a n i ma l s) in ir ra tiona l c la ss e s t a k es c o nc o rd s of both its o wn c l as s ,

a nd c l i . A s a rul e pos sess iv e a d j e c tiv es foll o w th e i rra tio na l c l as

.
, s,

a nd oth e r ad j e c tives c l i Eat Ra fiki yangu h uy u mwema ; ng ombe ’

. . .

z a ng u h a wa wa wili T h e verb a l mos t inva ri a bly foll o ws c l i

. . .
60 S WAHIL I G RAMM A R

bibi u sio n d o k e
, N n a k uj a kul et a h a b a ri tu
. Ha b a ri '
.

g an i ? W a t u wo te h a waja mb o ? Wo te h a waj a mb o a h a
’ ’ ’
,

san ta Ha b a r i n i y a a fia tu
. T en a b a ba n a mama w aku .

sa li m u s a n a wa a ka b ab a r i y a k wen u Huku h akuj a mb o

t ,
2
. .

T wa ta ka h a b a ri y a huko a u to k a k o K we tu i meku ny a .

m y na sa n a h a ta wa t u w o te wa f ura h i M aa n a m v u a
,
' ’
.

y a l e ta v y a k u l a te l e K we li b wa na 11 a ta o m bo k wa m b a
, , ,

ifi k e h a p a pi a Ins h a ll a ita kuj a

. M to to ! L e te b isiko ti .

n a n im il e ti k w a b wa n a m en i
g Ho d i ! Hod i ! K aribu .

nd an i Ki n a b wan a k e tin i Ha m j a mb o ? Ha tuj a mb o

.
,
'
.
’
,

a l b am du l il l a h i W a g e n i h awa wa to ka U l ay a wa n al eta
.
,

b a ru a k wa m wa li m u M wite m to to y ule m wan a m u m e .

a pe l e k e ba r u a hii u e s i
p A ti l m t o to e n d a n a b a r u a k w a .
,

m wa li m u A b ud ul l a a ta ku pa j awa b u mw en y e we M wa , .

i1r1u a z u ngu mz a n a mj o m b a wa k we (his) n a sh an gaz i

]al{ we .

T ra ns la te
So m e i s k n o cki n g a t th e doo r tell hi m to co m e in
o ne .

It i s en ough to s ay wel co m e —
,
4
h e will e n t er without
doubt 5
. Wh a t i s your n am e ? You d o n o t k n o w m e .

I a m a s tra n ger to you P a rd o n m e I am c o m e to b e g .

,

( s ome
) ri ce I am ill , If you a re ill you ca n n ot e a t ri c e
.
,
.

It i s be t te r [ f o r you ] to dri nk m ilk T a k e th es e pic s a n d

6
.

b u y (s o m e ) m ilk T h a n k you l a dy I do n o t l ike m ilk I

.
, , ,

will buy a c up of co ff ee T h ere a re (wa ke ) man y s i c k

‘

p e r s o ns in th e to wn n o wa d a y s Y es but for m e rly there .

,

w r b r other h a s c o m e w h a t do es h e
( th ey
)? e re m o re You .
,

w an t He wan ts to m e e t wi t h you He will wa i t u n til

to—
.
.

m o rr o w if y o u a re n o t a bl e to s pea k w ith hi m n o w .

7
Le t hi m wa it th en h e is al wa ys co m i n g He sa y s hi s
, .

( )
z a hme r e l a tiv e s h a te him a nd h a v e i n v e n te d

( ) hi m
8
so m e thi g n neno a g a i n s t
2 “
Ha kuj a mb o lit It (pl a cxa or direc tion) has noth ing th e
,
”
.

ma tter W e a re a l l well h ere

”
.

3
W h ere yo u c ome from ”
F o r R el a tive P a rti cl es se e S t ud y X I .
, .

S ee note 1 3 S t ud y V , .

5
T ra ns Your na me is wh o ?
. F or P o sse ss ive Adj ectives see
Stud y I X .

Vid e note 4 S tu d y III , .

7
Here p re fix c o nj unc ti on us with elid ed vo we l “
. .

8
See note on Ad verbi a l P re p os iti ons Stud y XX , .
 S T UD Y V III

h
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—
s
: 5 fi
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: 8 2 a s E
o a n 5 5 3 Q
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n m 5 3 8 s
s V 9 M A H

8 3 e 2 8 Q
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5 3
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o o a 6 6
a fi 5
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3 a 6 : :
fi s 5 m s
5
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6 o
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6 s s
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9 8 s s S s : m
5
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fi n flk
“
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s
3 g c
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£
8

5
. .
.
u
d 5 E EE b
o h “ m a
ww
“ .
W
5 fi
Efi a E 2:
a g m a o
a
? i g s 5 5 a a fi g h 5
s ma
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.

w
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°

0 . a s 001 4 05 94 0 3 fl t/i fi- flé i flq !
8
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m 5w
6 a
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62 SWA HI LI GRAMM A R

. . . . . .
I
I V V I I
I
I
X
I I V I
I
V I
V
 ST UD Y 63

S T U DY IX

Nguo na Map a mbo—Dr e s s a nd O rn am ent s

kil emb a
.
turba n . ka ny ola to b e conc ei te d
,
.

k anz u t unic k upima to m e as ur e

'
-
.
, .

joho overc oa t kupimiwa to b e m e as ur e d for, .

kiz ib a o wa l stco a t, j a ck e t , kupo tea ( intr an s on ly ) to b e lo s t .

, ,

blous e . to go as tray to e rr ,
.

ki koi loin cloth -

. kuf aa to s uit to b e fit for to
, , ,

surual e trous er s . be com e to b e prope r or righ t

, ,

koti coat . to do .

rin d a s k ir t . k upumuz ika to r est , .

10 80 l a rge han dk e rch i e f . kuaz ima to l e nd to borro w

, , .

mandil i s mall han d k e rchi e f . k upa sa to b e n e ce ssa ry to b e

, ,

h a t cap h e lm e t hov e to mus t ”

k ofia , , .
,
.

mwa vul i umbrel la . mf uko pock et bag , .

f ula na v es t . ki a ta boot s hoe s andal , , .

msh ipi be lt gir d l e fi sh ing , , msh oni tailor .

l in e . ki f ung o butto n s tud , .

ki l amb i colour e d cloth . b a k ora wal ki ng stick -

.

mtambo mach i n e . ma ra sh i ( v s c ent p e rfum e

.
, .

mkuf u chain . h a riri si l k .

kuv aa to wea r
, . p amba
'
cotton .

ku vika to dr ess cloth e ( tr )

, , ka tani lin e n .

ku vu a to tak e ofi undr ess wool

‘

, , . sufi .

kumil iki to pos se ss to o wn p et e ring

’

, , . .

knra rua to t e ar , . ma rid ad i fin e ly dr e ssed , .

k ura ruka to b e torn , .

j ira ni n eighbou r .

k ush ona to sew to s titch to

, , ,
mbali far away di stan t
, ,
.

make . j i eni e v e nin g in th e ,

kush onewa to b e sewn for to , ,

e v e ning .

hav e mad e for o ne . dunia th e e arth th e world , .

kuj ipa mb a to a dorn on eself , .

Read a nd Tra n
s la te

K iz ib a o c h a n gu c h a ta ka ku sh o n wa kipel ek e kwa ,

m sh o n i k a tik a n d i a k uu M sh o n i yul e h a sh o ni v y e m a
'
. .

L a bud a a k ia z im a m t a m bo a ta we z a Nita m w a m b ia K a nz u . .

y a ko in a r ar uk a , y a ku pa sa k u iv u a N ta f a n y aj e ? s iwe z i
1
.

ku v aa k a nz u y a ba b a T wa a k a n z u y a n gu , ita ku f a a . .

A h asa n ta , ra fi k i y a n gu , ita n if aa sa na K weli , p as ipe .

K a pasa 1mpl y ing moral obligation is only u se d imp e r sonall y

, ,

of sen ti ent be ings Ya nipasa ( it be hov es m e) etc B ut we can

”
,
“
, .

na pa swa ( I am oblige d) or ya pasa yo ( thin gs which a re

“ ” “ ’’
sa y
nece ssary ) .
 64 S WA HILI GRA M M AR

m t u h a waz i ku k eti d unia ni

'
M a n d ili ya n gu ina po
’
ra fi ki .

tea .La ! h a iku po tea m to to huyu a n a io n a a s ub u h i h a p a

,

b a ra z a ni Na f u ra h i sa na
. M a a n a , m a m a 2 a h n ipa z a m a n i
. .

M a ri n da y a wa te te wa na wa ke a ta k a k u f ul iwa , wa u l iz e
k wa m ba wa mekwish a 3 nu n u a s a u n i 4 B a wa k e sa sa w a b .

n a wa k e , w a m ek we n d a k u tem b ea m i n i J e e , wa m ek we n d a
j
m ba li ? S ij a i 5
wa l ik ok wend a , n ta m pel e ka j ira ni huyu
'

a wa ta f u te .

T ra nsla te
’ 6
T h e po r te rs tu rba n s a re l es t , th e y sa y th a t thi e v es
c a me [ in th e ] e v e n i n g a nd ( th ey ) s tol e th em I f th e y fi nd .

thos e thi eves th ey will bea t th em , a n d pu t th e m in (M ira )

fe t te rs I t is n o t good to s tea l L et u s d ress ( h er ) thi s
. .

li ttl e girl [ w i th ] a l a rg e ha n dk e rc hi e f, it is e nough Sh e .

w ill n o t fe e l c old , th e s u n is s tro n g [ in th e] d a yti me .

Wh e r e w il l s h e sl ee p [ a t] night ? Sh e will s lee p wi th

7
m y s i s te rs (nd ugu z a ngu wa ke), th e y w ill t a k e ca re [of]
h er . O ur n ei ghbour h as bee n m eas ure d for [ a n ] ov e rcoa t ,
h e w ill be v e ry c on ce it e d W h e re is your u m bre lla ? I
.

l e ft i t in th e ha ll , pl ea se br i n g it F or gi v e m e , I forgo t .

to bri n g your silk be lt a n d your b a g Your t ea c h e r ca me .

to b e g [ for ] my shoe s y es te rda y, bu t I wa s n o t a bl e to gi v e

[ th e m to ] h im N e v e r m i.n d , h e will s ta y a t ho m e
8
a n d
r est .

2
v erb kupa on ly ta k es th e ind ir ec t obj ecti ve particl e
The ,

wh i ch mu st a l way s b e conjuga te d with it .

3
S ee note 5 S tudy II I , .

Verbs freq u ently pr ec ed e th ei r subj ec ts .

5
K0
” “
r elativ e pa rt i cl e of pl ac e See S tudy X I . .

A r e l ost sta te h e nce u se of pe rf te n se

3 ”
, . .

T h e posse ssi v e and d emonstrat iv e pr e ced e th e qua li fy ing a nd

num eral adj ect i ve —bo th fol low th e noun F or concords see note 1 .
, ,

S tudy V III .

8
S e e note 6 S tu dy V , .
66 S W A HILI G RA MM A R

ST UDY X

.—
'

S oho ni ( ) At
v th e M a rk e t
ma i gg s e . h u ch et s , to pi ck up (of so lid
ii ( la k uku) '
e gg bodi es ) .

banana . ku z c a to gath er u p to s coop up

, , .

kia z i s we e t potato . ka sa li a to re main to b e l e ft

, , .

chungwa (s e e p . ku z oea to b e u se d or accu stom ed

,

d afu young cocoa nut -

. to .

ndi ma li m e . k u tez a to play to dance, , .

m a muny e v ege table marro w . kuh isa b u k uh a sib u to coun t , , ,

uj a k a s p i nach . calculat e reckon , .

ta ng o pumpk in . U nguja Z a n z ibar , .

sa maki fi sh . Mz ungu E urop e an W h ite man , , .

ng omb e
’
cattl e co w bu ll , , . sa ramal a ( v ca rp e nt er . .

mbuz i goa t . ta tili ( v poun d ( lb .

sh eep b ei ( iii bargain tra d e

’
k ond oo . .
, .

unga flou r . ghali d ear e xp en si ve

, , .

kitunguu on ion . ra hisi ch e ap e a s y

, , .

t ende
'
dat es . p esa ng api or ny inga pi ? h o w
mtel e rice (u ncook ed ) . much
d obi we sh erman . ki asi ga n i l wha t pric e ? ‘

k uu z a to se ll
, . kikapu gra ss ba sk et .

k ulipa t o pay ( for)

, . ka s nku parro t .

k ugu sa to touch , . ha sara l o ss .

ku d a nga ny a to ch e a t d e c e iv e , , . faid a (i ii gain profit .

, .

ku pa tik a na to b e obtainabl e to , ,
fujo ( v confu sion muddle , .

b e found .
-
ngi much m any
, , .

k usumb ua to annoy te a se
, , ,
ngapi 1 h o w much h o w many ?
.
,

troubl e worry ,
~ n g1 u e oth e r , .

k uk a sirik a to b e angry ,
. j uz i day be for e y es t e rday a day
, ,

k ushind a na to di spu te con t end or two ago th e oth e r day

‘

, , , , .

compet e . h a ki ( iii righ t righ teo u snc ss , ,

k u sh ind ana b ei t o ba rgai n , . ju stice hon esty , .

k uh a siri to l o s e in a barga i n
, . fun d i ( v a rtiz a n e xp ert , .

Rea d a nd T r a ns la te

Wa z u n gu
wa pe n d a s a n a m a c hu n g wa , s iku z o t e wa j a
'

sokon i k u y a nu n u a Y a u z waj e m a c h u n g wa y a Un guj a .

Y a u z wa gh a li , m oj a p e sa t a tu m oj a p e sa
1 ’
s iku hi z i ?

S yllabl es, words , and

1 phra ses a re fr e q u e n tly r ed u plica te d with
varyi ng signifi ca nce h e re — to giv e th e d ist ributiv e sen se T hr ee pice ,

e ach S e e S t udy X X I
”
. .
 S T UD Y X 67 .

t a tu ; maa n a hay a pa tika n i m a n gi Ra fi k i z e ta wa l ita f uta

’
.

m bu z i ku m nun u a was im wo n e W a n gel im f a n y an i mbu z i

2
, .
,

h a wa n a 3 pa ku m w eka ? K w el i h a wa na pa h a l i wa ngel i ,

m ti nd a kwa c k a k u l a ha pa na h u d i M bu z i a na n y a m a
o sh a w
.

a t u w a ngi n kim nu n u a ra h isi y u n a

’
n y ingi k
'

4
y a u t ,

fa i d a sa na A ti ! b wa na wa taka n di z i ? Pe sa n ga pi n di z i
.

z a ko ? Nne p esa bwa n a A ! siwe z i k u n un u a n di z i h i z o

.
,

T u pite k wa m a s iki n i yu l e a u z a v it u v i n gi
'
z ina o z a . ,

m a d a fu t en d e via z i m a mu m u ny e m a ta n go n d imu h a ta
'

, , , , ,

v itu n u u n a m to l e
g M uu l iz e a u
j
z a e
. m te l e ki as i ga n i , ,
’
ra tili ? Us im gu se n g om be yul e n i m k a l i sa na , .

T r a ns l a te

T h e fi sh m a rke t is n o t f a r a wa y, w ill you go a n d v i s i t

-

i t ? Y es , but I h a v e n o t pa id [ f o r ] thi s flou r T ha t flo u r .

is d e a r , l e t u s go to a n oth er m a n T ha t m a n is
5
u se d to .

c h ea t Eu r op e a n s Y ou a re (h a v e) right , h e is a thi e f
. .

T h e d a y be fo r e y es t er d a y h e di spute d with m e a bout (j uu

y )
a a p a r rot H e w a n te d m u c h m o n e y ( m a n y pi c e , but
.
)
I kn ew th a t h e ( th a t p arrot ) wa s ill , a n d be sid es h e coul d
n o t s pe a k a w or d So (b as i) I pi c k ed up m y b as k e t a n d
.

l e ft hi m He wa s v e ry a n gry , a n d no w if I p as s by h e
.

a l w a y s doe s s o m e thi n g
( n e no
) to a n n oy m e W h a t is a l l .

thi s c o n fu sion a bout (c o n fu s ion this a l l its m ea ni n g is

w h a t ? ) T hi s poo r w om a n h as m e t w ith lo s s—a ll h e r e ggs
,

h a v e fa ll en down , a nd s h e (na e ) ca n n ot g a th e r th e m up .

Was he r m en a n d ca rpe n te rs a n d a ll a rtiz a n s a re foun d a t

th e M a rk e t .

2
P r es S ubj N e g is
. much u se d to r e pla c e th e P a s t I nd i e N e g
. . . .

wh e n a n ad vers ativ e se n s e is r e quir e d but ( th e y ) d id not or but , ,

( th e y ) we r e not
”
.

3
P a ha l i und e rs tood i s a place of (or for ) to pu t h i m )
, . . .

See no te on Adj ectiv e s S tudy V III ,

.

”
5
Le . h as be com e acc us tom ed P e rf T en se . .
 68 S WA HILI GRAMM A R

N U M ERAL A D J EC T IV ES
Nu m e r a l s ta k e th e c l a s s c onc o r d s of th e ir -
n ou n s . C l a ss I II .

is h ere gi ve n ; for oth ers see S tudy X V III .

moja o ne (hou se)

, nan e eight , kum i na t ano fif teen '
,

mbili two (ho uses) ,

tis ia k e nda 1 n ine
, , kumi na s ita sixteen ,
‘

t atu three
'

, kumi ten ,
l
k umi n a sabaa ‘ seve ntee n ,

n nc f o u r
,
kumi na moj a eleven , kumi na n an e e ig ,

t ano fi re
'

,
kumi na mbili t wel ve , kum i na k e nda or kumi na
ti ia ninetee n
ss
‘
,

kum i n a t at u thirteen
'

,
is hirin i l t wenty
,

kumi na nnc f o u rteen ,

ish irini n a moj a t menty o ne ,
-

S O ME A DJ EC T I V ES O F QU A N T I T Y
S . m wingi much or ,
m winga pi ?
ho w much ? wot
’
e,
2
the who le (ma n)
gr ea t ote we
3
s ,

I ’
. wangi man y ,
wa nga pi ? ho w m a ny
wot
'
e,

m wingi m u h m win ga pi ho w m uch wot e , the who le (tree)

'

( S c
II
.
,

mingi ma n y minga pi ? h ow ma ny yot e ( trees)

'
a ll
l P .
, ,

ny ing i m u ch n y in ga p i ( ngapi ) ho w yot e the wh l e o (ho use)

'
?
S .
, ,

m uc h
n y ingi, ma ny n y inga pi ? how ma ny '
P . z ot c , a ll ( houses)
kingi m u ch k inga pi ho w muc h chot e the wh ole (thing)
'
?
S .
,

vingi m a ny v in ga p i ho w ma ny v y o t e , a l l (th in s
’
P .
, g)
j n gi m uc h 3 1ngapi ? how m uc h lot e , th e whol e (na me)
'
'

S .
,

P . mangi ma n y , mangapi ho w ma ny yot e a ll (names)

'

j l ngi m uc h 31ngapi h ow m uch lot e the who le (mo nster )

'
S . .
,

I ’
. mingi ma n y ,
m inga pi ? ho w ma ny y ot e a l l (monster s)
'

S . u ngi ( m wingi) . u n ga pi ( mwinga pi) ? ho w wot e the whole (str in g)

’
,

m u ch m uc h
n y ingi ma n y n y inga pi ? h ow ma ny ot e a l l (strings)
'
P . , z ,

V III . S . pangi m uc h
, pa nga pi ? h o w much pot e the whol e (pla ce)
'
,

IX S kungi m uch k u nga pi ? h ow much kot e a l l (dying)

'
. .
, ,

(kot e kot e on a ll sid es

' ’

, ,

ever ywhere)

X . P . m wingi ma ny ,
m u n g a pi or m winga pi ?
mot e [ in] a ll’
a ces), ,

ho w ma ny 1? a ll o ver insi (a l l
a b ou t in ever
y d i rec ,

tion)
in al l cla ss es
S am e .

T h e conjunction pia ma y b e pr efi xed or su ifi xed to all of th e se forms of

ot e
-
makin g al l or th e whol e of it th e m u s e tc W h e n prece d ing it
’

, , , , .
,

forms o ne word ; if comb in e d with wot e (3 rd pe rs plur th e w is e lid ed '

. .

' 79

piao t e
T he as p i rate h r e e d i sa ppe ar s a f te r th e sibilant ,
“
s
 S T U D Y XI 69

ST U D Y X I

Duka ni ( ) —
vIn . a s hop
b ia sh a ra trad e . k u ki mb ia , to run a way ( from ) .

m wenyi duka sh o k e e p e r . ku pa sua , to t e ar , s pl it , chop .

b id h aa m e rchan ise . kuga wa ny a , to divid e , d i s tribut e .

dh a h a b u gold . msuma ri nail , tack .

fedha s ilv e r mon e y , . ma rud uf u t wil ca co l li

pauni s ov e r e ign pound ,
.
( thick ) .

r ea l e riali
, dollar ( 2 Rs ) . ma rik a ni unbl e ach ed calico .

rupia rup ee ( l s 4 d ) . . b a f uta common nain sook .

rob o o a quar te r (of a dol lar uz i wire thr e ad s tring , , .

N e w) ala ma m ark s ign s pot , , .

nu su ( 111 hal f (nu surup1a

. d en i d e bt .

i rupee) . m wenyi deni cr ed itor .

t hum a ni ( iii an ei ghth (doll ar) . , md eni (i ) d ebtor . .

groat anna s
_
4 . ui by ( of th e ag e n t)
, .

ana ann a mz ee old man .

ka s urob o o thr e e quart e rs (of any

,
-
mwongo liar .

thing ) lit l e ss a quart er

, . . uwongo l ie fal se hood , .

miz a ni ( iii ba lanc e s cal es

.
, . bur e u seless fr ee in vain to no
, , , ,

ma we y a miz ani weight s , . purpo se gratis for nothing , , .

sh uh uli ( iii bus in ess occupation

.
,
. n amna sort kind s p e cim e n , , .

ain a cla ss kind sp eci es , , .

-
bay a b a d , .

ku wia to b e cre ditor to

, .
-
z uri b e aut i ful nic e pre tty
, , , .

ku wiwa u i to b e i n d ebt to , . mkono hand or cubit

kuda i to clai m to su e
, , .
( 18
ku v un d a to br e ak , chang e . shuka four hand s .

k uv und ik a to b e brok e n br e ak
, , dot i e igh t hand s .

abl e . g unia sa c k .

k a iez a to tax to fi ne to exact

, . ,
. chuma iron .

ku th a ni to think to su ppose to
, , , shaba brass .

pre s um e . situr i co ppe r .

ku fikiri k uta f a ka ri to co n sid er

, , ,
-
chach e f ew a littl e som e
, , , .

r efl ect . kot i coa t jack et ,

Rea d a nd T r a nsla te

M wen yi d uk a huyo A k ivu nd a ru pia

'
n i m t u a s iy e h a ki .

a wa pa wa t u pe sa
1 mz
’ ’
m b y
a a A ti l e e , th u m u n i, s iku .

hi z i in a pesa n yi n ga pi ? T h u m u n i, m to to , ui p esa ku m i n a
s i ta a u a n a nn e Z a m a n i n a l ipa ta p esa ku m i n a sa b a a k wa
.

1
T h is, wi th mtu mia , ma ma , b a ba , e tc , mu st not b e con sid e r ed as .

d isr espectful a mod e of a ddr ess a s th e English eq uiv al en t woul d b e .

70 S WA HILI G RA M MA R

th u m u ni S itha ni k wa m b a
p e sa hi z o z ot e k wa ’
. u l ipa ta
th u m u n i l a bud a u m es a h a u
,
2
F ul a n i a niwia r ea l e m bili
.

n a m i s i n a 3 c h a k u ml i a ; Na l imu o n a j uz i h a m wa mb ia
p ,

Ngoj a kidogo K we li u ma s iki n i w e we ui h eri wen d e u ka

.
,

fa ny e ka z i pa h al i u pa te fed h a F ul a n i h a ta n goj a s a n a . .

K w a m b a n a l iku wa n a n u s u ru pia ningel inu n u a ma rika no

kidogo k u sh o ne wa koti Nu s u rupi a h a itos h i k wa koti.
-

u ta ta ka z a idi l a b u d a k wa rob oo t a tu a u r eal e k as u ro b o o '

w a ta k u pa ko ti n dogo sa n a N a nli z e m wen y e we . Ho d i .

n d a ni ! Ho d i k a r ibu ! T up e m iko n o m i n e y a m a ra d u f u
b w a n a y a fa a k wa ko ti n diyo
,
? Y a fa a s a n a m wa n a n gu n i
4
, ,

'
j
n gu o n em a y a tok a U l a ya N a we we m we ny e we h u ta ki
, .

k itu Na ta k a m i s a m ar i n a m a g un ia n a u z i wa sh a b a .

T ra nsl a te

I t is good thi n g to tra d e ( to m a k e tra d e is well ) i t

a ,

b ri n g s m u c h profit I f you b e gi n w ith o n e so v e r eig n you

.

w ill ge t two b e fo r e m a n y d a y s
5
Bu t you m u s t r e fl e c t a nd
.

c a l c ul a t e a gr ea t d e a l w h e n you buy your m er c h a ndi se .

A n d m ore ov e r you m u s t n o t (to ) h a v e fal se sca l e s (s ca l es

, ,

of fa l se hood ) or p eopl e will su e you [ a n d ] (a ga i n ) th e y

,

w ill r un a wa y fro m you [ a n d ] ( th e y ) w ill sa y He is a ,

“

”
b a d m a n do n o t l e t u s buy from h im (h is di r ec tio n )
, A
good m a n c a n n ot d e c e iv e h is n eighbours Y ou (pl ) a re . .

in d e bt to th a t s hopk e e p e r — y ou bought of h im four y a rd s

( eight h a n d s ) of n a i n s oo k y est erd a y a n d (tr n e ith e r ) you .

h a v e n o t p a id h im I t is n o t you r bu si n ess w h y do you

.
,

a n n oy u s fo r n othi n g ? We s h a ll pa y h im to m o rr o w -
.

Gold a n d c opp e r a re no t br e a k a bl e I ron is a good thi n g . .

A d e bto r is n o t a l wa y s a li a r C h Op thi s fir e wood .

T h a t k i n d of cloth w ill n o t do f o r a tu n i c i t is s po tt e d ,

(ina a la ma a l a ma ) -
.

2
T o tran sl at e i n to Englis h id i om th e s ent e n ce m u st b e inv e rt e d .

3
K it u und e rs tood
’
F or Old Engl i sh u se of pr e pos ition b e fore
.

Infinitiv e se e L uk e vii 24 . .

S ee C ontrac e d S uffi x e s , S tudy X VI

t .

5
T ran s lat e , A f e w day s h enc e , ” i e B a ad a ya . .
 ST U D Y XI

S PECI M EN A D J EC T I V ES , Er e .

CLA SS
_ VA I A
R BL E Pa s ro s rrro s f
or .

S mwema good ( ma n)
. m baya b a d ( ma n)
,
’
, wa of (ma n)
,

P we ma , goo d (men)
. wabaya b a d (men) , wa of ( men)
,

S m wema goo d (tree) mbaya b a d (tr ee)

, , w a of (tr ee)
,

P mis ma good (tr ees ),

mib a y a ba d (tr ees ) ,
ya of (tr ees)
,

S nj em a go o d ( ho use)
,
mba ya b a d (ho use) , ya of (ho use )
,

P nj e ma good (hou ses)

,
mbaya ba d (hou ses) ,
z a of (ho uses)
,

S ch ema good (thing) ,

kiba ya b a d (thing) , cha of (th ing) ,

P v y e m a go od (th in gs)
, vib a y a b a d (th in gs) , vya of (things) ,

S . j e ma good (na me)

,
b a y a b ad (na me) ,
'

l a of (na me)
,

P m ema good (na mes)

,
maba ya ba d (na mes) ,
ya of (na mes)
,

S [ j e ma ] good (mon ste r )

,
h a ya ba d (mo nster ) ,
1a of (mo n ster)
,

P [ miema ] good (monste rs) mib a y a ba d (monster s)

, , l a of (monster s)
,

S we ma m we ma good
,
ubaya mba ya b a d
, , , wa of (str ing)
,

(string or condition ) (str ing or co nd ition)

P nj e ma go od ( s tr ings)
,
mbaya ba d (str ings) , z a, o f (strin gs)
S . p ema good (pl a ce)
,
pabaya b a d (p la ce) , pa of (p lac e)
,

k wema good (d yin g or kubay e ba d (d ying or

, ,
‘

k wa of ( dea th) ,

d irection) d irection)
P . m wema good (p la ces) mbaya ba d (pla ces)
, , mwa , (of p laces)

REL A T I V E P RO NOUNS

T h e r e is p a ra bl e Re l a ti v e Pr on ou n in S wa hili
no se T he .

v a ri a bl e r el a tiv e p a rti c l e s gi v en b e low whi c h ru n th i ou gh a l l ,

'

th e c l a sse s a re bou n d up in th e c o n st ru c tio n of th e v er b ju s t a s

th e pe rs on a l p a r ti c l es a r e—som e t en ses pr e ferr i n g th em as su ffi xes
, ,

s o m e a s in fi xe s T h e V e r bs .T o Be and T o Ha v e ”
whi c h “
,

h a v e n o v e rb s te m p rop er in th e P re s en t T e n s e borro w th e
-

p a rti cl e of th e Hi stori c a l P a s t T e n se to t a c k th e r e l a tiv e o n to ,

so m a ki n g a liye , h e wh o is a liy e na , h e wh o ha s, T h e Pres e n t .

Ne ga ti v e of T o Ha ve ta k es th e c om m on n e ga ti v e pa 1 ticl e s i
a s a s t em on w hi c h to fi x th e r e l a tiv e an d by a ddi n g ha wa to ,

thi s w e obt a i n th e Pr e s e n t (an d Pas t ) N e g a tive of th e V e rb

”
T o Be .

1
Th is al way s agrees with th e noun that pre ced es i t .
 72 S WA HILI G RAM MA R

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 74 S W A HIL I GRA M M A R

1
m a wil i ma wil i (in two s), e l a ki twa na u so na
2 ’
tu n a y o 3

k an w a na tumb o na moyo tu n a v y o v imoj a v im oj a tu u

1 2 3

(singly ) U n a vy an d a v in ga pi ? N na v y a n d a kumi
'
. .

U n a v i d e l e v inga pi N na v id o l e ish irin i Ul im i h a u na

'
.

m f u pa M en o na k u c h a n a m if u pa n i v it u v igu m u l a ki n i
.
’

n go v i na nl imi na m a l a v u na kilimi n a m a ka a k aa u i
M t u m w en yi s hi n g o n gum u h a f s i Ngov i y a
’
v y o ro r o . .

m u il i na m a gu u ya ta k a o sh w a , l akin i m tu h u n a wa
w ’

(4w il l w as h
) m ikon o n a u se (his ) F u l a n i gu u l a k we .

la m u um a Sikio ha l ipiti ki twa

. Ub o n go w a b ina d a m u .

n io u io wen yi akili , m u wil i n d io u l io na n gu v u ,

d 5
l 5

moyo n a m ish ipa n d iyo 5 il iy o na d a mu Ny wel e z a .

w a n a wa ke z a ia k a ku ia n wa k wa k i ta n a .

T r a ns l a te
S t re t c h o u t you r h an d [ o n ] thi s s id e T e ll him to .

s h o w m e hi s f oot I t is t h e n os e whi c h s m el l s od ou rs
.

[ a nd ] it i s th e ton gu e w hi ch t a s te s [ t h e ] sw ee tne ss o f
( ) oo d F ol d [ you r] h an d s , c hil d r en , a n d s ta n d
y a f .

pr ope r ly I t is [ my] u v ul a whi c h t r ou b l e s m e it need s to

.
,

b e c ut I mu s t go to th e d oc to r (d a kita ri)
, Go d A lmighty .

cr ea t e d m an a n d ga v e him i n t e llig en c e a n d s tr en gth .

M e n s h av e wom en d o n ot s h a v e , He s ho we d u s th e .

li v e r ki d ne y s a n d r i b s o f th e s h ee p whi c h wa s s ol d i n
,
2

th e m a rk e t y e s t e r d a y B rea th c om e s f r om t h e c h e s t
. .

T h e thi e v e s i nj u r e d [ h is ] t h r o a t a n d b a ck Her s ki n .

i s s m ooth My r ight h a n d hu rts m e [ b ut my ] l e f t h as

.

n othi n g th e m a tt e r w it h it (t ran sl a t e it h as n ot a “

I t i s hi s h ee l s w hi c h w ill s u ff e r f r o m (kwa ) tho s e sho es .

Obj ec tiv e p r on ou n s w ith t h e V er b T o Ha v e a re e xp re ss ed b y

rel a tiv e s u ffi xe s i nstea d o f by t h e o rd ina ry infi x Tuna y o w e h a v e
, .

t h e m ( n ou n s i n C I ii a nd . .

W h en o ne a dj ec tiv e v erb a dv erb o r p re pos ition q ua l i fi e s o r

2
, , ,

re f ers to t w o o r mo re s ubs t a n tiv e s o f di ff eren t c l ass es it m a y eit h er ,

a ree w it h t h e l a s t o f th e s e s ub s ta n tiv e s o r ta k e t h e co n c o r d s o f
g
c l i v as h ere
. . .

S ee n ote 1 S tud y X
3
, .

T h i s ne u te r v er b ca n o n l y be u s e d t r a n s itiv e l y o f p a i n to th e
t

obj ec t s o w n p e rso n Wh en i n fli c te d b y a n ot h er u miz a is u se d

’
. .

S i nce t h e re l a tiv e p a r ti c le w it h t h e v erb T o Ha v e

”
5
is e m
p lo y ed a s a n obj ec tiv e th e rel a tiv e sen se is obta i ne d i n t h i s i n di rec t
,

it is it w hi c h is h avin g or it is it w hic h is w it h
”
wa y ,
” “
.
76 S WA HILI GRA MM A R

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 S T UD Y mm 77

ST U DY X III

M tom P wa ni On a nd
’
th e ri v e r by th e shor e
'

na -

bah ar i oc ea n , se a . knvua , to fish .

mwa na maji ba h a r ia kusa firi t o tra vel , to start , to s ail

, .

sailor se aman
, . k ntweka , to hoi s t (sa i l , l oad ) .

mto ri ve r . k utu a , to furl ( sa i l ), t o put do wn

wimbi wav e .
( lo ad ) .

ma shua boat . kins kil ind i d ep th ,

ka sia oar . d ee p s ea .

sh u a ri ca l m . ka mba cord lin e (of coir)

.
,
.

tan ga sa il ng a mbu th e oppo sit e shore

’
. .

nan ga a nc ho r ki si wa i sl and
‘
. .

j a h az i ship craft v esse l , ,

. mwamba rock .

mtnmb wi canoe . a z io fis h trap -

.

c hombo u ten sil v essel bo at , , ,

land e arth , .

d ho w . Ki s auni F r e re T o wn , .

( Ia n dho w . M swa hil i a S wah ili .

abiri a pa ssenger . M warabu an Arab .

ch eti tick et pa ssport , . M uhin d i an Ind i an .

n au l i fare . M a skati M uscat , .

sh eh ena cargo . Amu L amu , .

m eli mail s team e r -

. d ha r u b a storm .

mvuvi fi s h erman . na h odh a captain skipp e r , .

uka mb a a rop e ( pla i t e d ) . mlingot i mast '

.

ku vu ta to pull d ra w ( ro w)
, , . banda ri l anding pl ace har -

kuvu ka to cro ss ove r

, . bour .

kuz a ma to s ink to b e dro wn ed

, , . dira m ari n er s compa ss ’
.

kuz ami sh a to dro wn (tra ns )

, . sukani rudd e r h elm , .

kucgel ea to s wi m ,
. ka ribu (na y a ) n ear s oon cl ose , , , ,

k upa ki a to ship ca rgo

, . by n earl y , .

k u tnpa to th ro w thr o w a way

, , .
-
kavu dry , .

kutemb ea b a h a rini or maj ini to , , ny a vu net .

go for a ro w .
-
pil i th e othe r th e second
a , , .

ku po k ea to r e ce i v e
, . kubwa big gr ea t
-
, , .

maj i y aj a a tid e is com ing in do go littl e smal l

—
-
.
, , , .

maj i y a pwa tid e is ebbi ng , . tupi short , .

ku f a to die
, . r ef u l on g
-

,
.

Rea d a nd T r a ns l a te

Ba h a ri n i k ub wa , h a pa n a k itu ku f ungach o
'
Yul e ’
.

m z ee a l iku wa ba h a ri a z a m a n i , a ka sa fi ri h a ta M a sk a ti
'

na v isiwa v a
y m b a l i M ito y a n t
’
i hii s i m ik u b wa . .

Kisz wa m ,
’ ’

an ti p- c oun t ry n am e for M omba sa .

78 S W A HILI GRAMM A R

Mas hu a y a M wa ra bu itu pe l eka y o

a uyuK is a u n i n diyo
V u ta n i m a ka sia , wa to to , m a ji y a pwa , tungelifi ka
’
s ik u z o te .

M m
’
m bu el a h m k i m i i i ni tu a e
'
2
ng a ,
a u v u ta u v uv
p
.

ny a v u U p e po u i m wi n gi , n i h eri t utu e ta n g a
. M aj a h a z i .

y a W a s wa hili
3
h u fi k a M a l i nd i n a A m u n a U n guj a il l a

h a y a fi ki U l a y a M tum b wi h a u n a n a n g a wa l a s uk a n i wa l a
.

d ira . A ta k a esa fi ri k a tik a m e li y a m pa sa k u toa n a uli .

W a h in d i wa ke wa pi l e o ? Wa n a v u ka ba n d a r i n i k u pa k ia
s h eh e n a k a tik a d a u l a o C hom bo kilieh o o n d ok a h a p a
.

ju z i kil ipigwa ui d ha r ub a , m a a b iria wa n gi wa l iz a m a

b a h ar in i wa siwez e ku o gel ea
4
Pen yi wi mbi na m il a ngo .

i p a po .

T r a nsla te

T h e fi h e r me s go (hwend a ) e v e r y d a y to look for fi sh

n 2
in th e t ra p if th e y fi n d th e m th e y a re pl ea s ed A ca pt a i n .

whom ou r fri en d s k n e w bou n d h is c hild to th e m as t w ith

a re p e th a t h e m ight n o t b e dro wn ed T h e littl e
5
.

E u rop ea n a t th e (ku l e
) C u s to m Hou s e 1 8 th e o n e
6
( b e i t is)

wh o r ec e iv es th e ti c k e t s fro m tho se wh o J ou r ne y by (in a )

d ho w .C 1 o ss ov e r [ to ] th e oth e r s hore, th e tid e i s
c o m i n g in He wh o does n o t fi sh w ith a li n e , fi sh es with
.

a n et T h e y l e ft th a t poor m a n wh o wa s n e a r ly dyi n g
.
7
.

Y ou a re tir e d a l re a dy [ a n d ] (wa la ) we a re n o t in s ight of

(h a v e n o t s ee n )
( )
dry l a n d y e t H oi s t th e s a il
[ a nd ] l e t
.

u s go to d e e p wa te r , w e sh a ll n o t fi n d wa v e s o r roc ks it is ,
8
( tlz er e is a
) c a l m W h e n .th e sa ilo r s a r e wa n t e d
(F ut ) .

you w ill n o t fi n d th em o n th e s hor e O ur bo a t is s hort .

a nd
[ ou r ] e a r s a r e lo n g .

A f e w noun s nd in g na tural l y m ui do not take th e l ocat iv e

e

t erm ination —p wani j ieni miz a ni

'

, rosh a ni , .

2
T h e p ronom inal pa rti cl e mus t agr ee with th e p rono u n an te c ed e n t
in n umbe r and pe rson .

3
Hufika ca n go or ofte n go a s oppo sed to ya fika
_
“
,
“ ”

th e y a re going S ee S tudy XI V
. .

S e e no te 2 S tudy X ,
.

5
T h e v erb pa ts is ofte n us ed as an au xilia ry Asipa tq .

kuxama asiz a me = .

S e e S tudy X IV .

7
See not e on Ad ve rbi al P re po si t i on s S tu dy XX , .

Vid e ve rb T o Have S tud y V II

3 ”
.
,
 S T UDY X III 79

M O RE A B O U T RELA T I VES

T h e rebe i n g no obj ec ti v e r el a tiv e p a r ti c l e in S wa hili ,

th e p e rs o n a l obj e c tiv e in fix is u s e d a n d th e re l a ti v e m a d e ,

to a gree in n u m be r a n d p erso n with thi s i ns te a d of w ith

th e n o m i n a ti v e

a tu f un gao , we wh om h e binds . wanif ungae, 1 whom they b ind .

a wa f u nga o , ye or th ey wh om he wa ku f ungae, tho u whom they

b ind .

a kif u nga eh o , it (the th ing) wh ich waz if un ga z o, they (the ho uses)

which they b ind .

niu f u n gao , it (the tr ee) wh ich I u lif un ga lo i t ( th e wor d or th i ng)

.

which thou b ind es t .

a l io wa ta k a , they whom he wa nted . wa l iyempa , he to whom they ga me .

Wh en th erefore th e s ubj ec t a n d obj e c t a r e a l ik e

, ,
in
n u m be r th e s e n te n ce m a y b e a r a doubl e m ea n i n g
,

a n if unga e,h e who b in d s me or I whom h e b ind s .

a m f u n gae, he wh o bi nd s h im or he who m he bi nd s
’
.

wa tu f ungao , they who bi nd u s or we whom they b ind .

m wa f u ngao , ye who b ind th em or they whom ye b ind

’
.

F or th e of a r el a tiv e w ith oth er tha n th e fou r

u se .

t e n ses g iven o n p 7 5 a n d to a v oid a m biguity g e n e r a lly

.
, ,

the re e x i st s in S wa hili a c on v en i en t r el a ti v e s tem o n to

w hi c h th e v a ryi n g s u ffi x e s of n ou n s a n d pr o n ou ns ca n b e
a tta c h ed amb a ; thi s i m m e di a t ely p r e ce d e s th e v e rb
w
.

C LA S S

m im i amba e sif u ngi I who d o not f a st ,

.

wewe amba e h uk wen d a you who d id no t go , .

y ey e amba e h aj a itwa h e who ha s not y et been ca l led

, .

P . s wis wi amba e tu nge lipe nd a we wh o wo ul d ha ve l iked , .

n y winy wi ambae m l iku wa k o y e wh o we r e the r e

’
, .

wao ambae wakal i kulima they wh o a re stil l cu lt iva t in g , .

u o a mb ao h a u ta k a twa tha t sa m e (tr ee

) which wil l no t be
‘ '

cu t .

i yo a mb a yo itak a twa these sa me (tr ees) which will be cu t

'
, .

z iz e a mb a z o ni mba ya thes e sa me (hou ses) wh ich a re ba d

, .

ki eh o a mb aeh o c h a tu su m b ua , tha t s a me (thing) wh ich

a n no y s us .

v ivy o a mb a vy o h a vik u f a a , these sa me (things) which d id

no t su i t .
 80 S W A HIL I GRA MM A R

C L A SS
S . lil o a mba l o h a l ita a nguk a tha t , sa m e (word ) which will not
j a il .

P . y a yo a mb a y o y a ngeta k wa , these sa me ( wo rds ) which woul d

b e wa nted .

no a m a e si b
tha t sa me (str ing) wh ich is no t rotten
mb ovu, .

papo a mb a po pa pc nd cz a that sa me ( p lace) which p lea ses , .

kuko ambako wal ikimb ia th a t sa me (d ir ectio n) wh ithe r ,

t hey fled .

P . mumo a mb a mo tul ij ifi ta these sa me ( pl a ces) wherein we h id ,

c u rse l r es .

ST UDY X I V

S ha mb a ni—I n th e pl a n ta tion or fi e ld
sh amba v e g eta bl e garden . t
ku k auk a , o dry up , be c om e d ry .

busta ni flo we r gard en . kun y a u ka , to with e r, s hrive l .

udenge s oil e arth mou l d , , . t

k uteka , o d ra w wate r .

mtanga 8 sa nd p l l i gh t .
, . li
ku n d a , to guard , k ee p wa c h t .

e arth . ku tund a , to pluck, gath e r .

m ti ’
tr ee pl an t , . o di g t .

nya si ( vi i grass . . ku tema , to c u t do wn , o fe t ll .

j a ni l eaf . ku vuj a , to eak l .

na flo wer 1a wa rid i rose ) -

,
. k uj en ga , o buil d t .

ki sima we ll . kumea , to grow, t h rive .

u doo buck e t . mwib a ( pl miba ), thorn . .

tun d a fruit . k und e

’
bea n s .

j embe h oe . tu ta ra ised b ed for ve ge

mwitu ( ii fore st j ungl e , . tabl es .

shoka a xe . kwa nini ? wh y what for ?

b and s . hut . mk ul ima
’
agr cultur s , h us i it
kiba n da l ittl e b u t . ba ndman farm e r , .

mmea crop . mb ey u see d gra in , .

si afu soldie r ants t embe a gra in ( Adj a

'
. .

tungu s mall ant s . li ttle a f e w)

, .

sh ins root . mpa nz i sewe r .

-
biti gr ee n fresh ra w unri pe
, , , , . ma vuno ( v . harv es t .

b iv u ri pe matur e k wekwe wee d s

'
-
. .
, ,

kulima to h oe to cul t ivate to

, , , m agug u ( v . tangl e und e r ,

cle ar grou nd . gro wth .

kung oa to root ou t uproot

’

, , . mwemb e ( 1L ) mango tr ee , .

ku pa nd a to so w plant , , . embe man go .

ku vuna to reap , . mbuy u baobab tree .

kuz a a kuvy aa to be ar to y ie ld
, , , . mtomok o cus t a rd appl e tr ee -
.
82 S W A HILI G RA MMA R

ba s i is ipok u wa
8
m ich u ngwa [ tn] Naa m l N a .

m ch un gwa h a tu itak i, m aa n a m a tu n d a ya k we h a y a f a i
i 9

kitu K wa n i n i
.
? M a chu ng wa n l iy oy a l a h a p a ju z i
’ ‘

y a l iku wa m a ta m u sa na La bud a , l a ki n i m iti ya k w e

’

h a ik u m ea huku y a l e m a z uri y a l iway o y a tok a Unguj a

, .

U s itek e m aj i k wa n d o o iv uj ay o .

T ra nsl a te

F a rm er s wh o s o w b a d s ee d w ill n o t r ea p a good h a rv es t . .

T h e o wn e r of (mwe nyi) thi s g a rd e n a l wa y s gi v e s u s

o m b a u ti f u l flo we r s T h r e a r e n o t m a n y f r uit s in
[ s e
] e e .

thi s c ou n t r y (th e r e a re) o nly m a n go e s a n d gu a v a s a n d

1°

pi ne a ppl es a nd b a na n a s— th a t is a l l
-
B u t th ere a re
oth e rs b e sid es—li m e s c o co a n ut s ora n g e s t a m a ri nd s
,
-

, , ,

c u s t a rd a ppl es
-
a nd l e mon s you fo rgo t th e s e
, Ou r .

n e ighbour s h a v e n o t y e t du g a w e ll in th e i r pl a n ta tio n ,

th ey a re s till b uildi n g a hu t Y ou r p a th is b ro a d ou t s is
.
,

n ar r o w T h e j u n gl e whi c h wa s h e r e h a s a l l b e e n c u t
.

d o wn w ith a h a t c he t T h e gra ss a n d th e c re p s a re a l l dri e d

.

u
p
11
w ith th e hot (fi e rc e ) s u n e v en th e u n d e rg row th a nd
,

l e a ves a n d tho rn s a s well C ut th a t roo t w ith [ you r] h oe

. .

I t is no t th e se we r a lon e w h o k n o ws th a t thi s s oil is b a d .

T h ese fr uit s a r e n o t fi t for e a ti ng (p a ss th e y a re

q u i te g re e n O n ly o n e is rip e
. .

8
T h e impe r sonal use of th e N e ga ti v e P art ic i p i a l T en s e of th e
v erb T o Be for e xpr essin g except , with th e exceptio n of , b ut, h a s
‘ ”

mad e th e word practically a pr eposition .

9
S e e not e 9 , S tudy III .

1“
T u and pia g e n e rally s ta nd a t th e e nd of a phra se or se nte nc e
—
.

U se “
k wa , th e i n str um e n ta l pr e po si tion n ev e r u s which
“ ”

m ean s t ogeth er with .

 S T UD Y X IV 83

2
:
.

s a
m
mh
.

m $ z
fi a
~
z
d a m
r
n a
A
a
a 7 fi e .

m
.

o .

6 a
a a
o
m E
a
5
g
e
? 9 a d
m
a
s > :
?
? d
A mm
. .

w
w
m
fi
u

a
m
z
ffl
n
m ,

—
“
m
a
. 2
;
l
.

fi fl

z e M
fl
A
fl

a c i te
84 S WA HILI G RAM M A R

im
'

v- co

o
m
z $ o

z 5 d
e 3 m
o
a n

s ? 3 .
a
o
a
N ; N
b
a q
o
o

.
s
a a
a a
w www d a
c
n ? m ; a n
8 a z :
a $ B .

2 s 5 a

m
5 w w
8 E n
: a 3
w 5 e aw
.

8 so

n
m
.

9 8 n a n
5 a .

a
w ?”
e
s
?
q
.

n
m
:
.
e
E
o
mH m
. . .

N
 S T UD Y X IV 85

n S
o

s
A
»

2
?
.

i S $
V a
s 6 a 2
3 3 n3 s
.

N :
w w w :
e e e e e o
: : : : x : a
a a a a
2Q
5
. .
“
. s “ “
3
9
2

5 E m
m m
.
m
8 8
.

0 .

8
5 o
.

8 38 3 m m
M “
m
.
r
9
9 O
2
8 N
z
6 m m m m m t E m 6
S
fl A
. .

u
u
> 9
: : br H :
o

d
3
3 a a
s s a s
c g .: 2 s s :
a a a a a a
a a a a 3 a .
86 S WA HILI GRA MM A R

S T U DY X V

S af a rini
( )
i ii —O u . a J our ne y

ki ongoni gu i d e l ead e r , . kuwik a , to c re w ( of a cock ) .

mny a p a ra
’
h e ad man (of k upiga (bunduk , to s hoot, i
caravan ) . to fi re .

m sa firi t rav ell er . kuinua , to if l t .

mkub wa ch ie f big man , . k u ka z a , to n te n sify i .

mia mi a el d e r v eteran ,
ku ka z a m wendo , to quick en pac e .

( porte r ) . kusima mia , to s upe rvi se, ov e rse e .

mka lima ni i n te rpret e r . ku s emea ku te ta na , to s co d l .

a sik a ri police man soldier , . reprimand .

j a mud a ri co rpora l . ndi a ny eupe wa y is clear , .

h ema t e nt . ndia imelmf a path is ov e rgro wn , .

maigo load burd en ,

. kil l a kul l a ev e ry e ach
, , ,

b era mu flag bann er , . a lf aj iri da wn daybre ak , .

k om e
'
s mall flag . mj ing
a s impl e ton gr e e nhorn , ,

k ambi
'
camp . no vme .

p osho
'
ration s food mon ey ,
-

. si rih a li th e g ov e rn m e n t .

k ata
’
pad or h ead cus h i on -
ta arishi mail b eare r mail -

for load s . runn er .

b oma s tockad e pali sad e , , kitete ki toma

, gourd wat er ,

fe nce . bottl e .

h uruma pity compas sion , , ng uvu str e ngth force , .

m e rcy . shimo hol e pit , .

mbono ca s tor oi l pl ant -

. msh a re arro w .

k upig a I ago to camp ,

. uta upindi bo w .

kung oa k om e to star t th e day s

’ '

,
’
mwen d o journ ey distan ce , ,

march . gai t .

ku vun d a k a mbi to br ea k up '

,
n ga o s hi e ld .

camp . j imbi jogoi ,

cock .

ku terek ez a to hal t and re fr e sh , . mz i nga cannon .

kuf a siri k ugeuz a to tran slat e

, , . bu nduki gun mu sk e t rifl e , , .

k uv umil i a to endure to be ar to , , ,
b a stol a pi s tol .

put up wi th . mku ki s pe ar .

kuta ngamka to ta k e coura g e to , , rungu club kn obk erry , .

b e e ncourag ed to b e ch ee rful , . mta imb o cro wba r .

ku a mk a to a wak e to wak e u p
, , .
-
z i to h ea vy
, .

ku a msh a to wak e n m no very exc eedingl y

’

, .
, , .
 S T UD Y xv 87

Rea d a nd Tra nsla te

VVa pa ga z i h a wa ta ki ku tuk u a m i z igo , was em a ni m iz ito .

Wa s ipo itu ku a h a wa pa ti po sho b a s i Wa mb ie S i m b a l i .

tue nd a ko l e o , wa ta k a po fi ka wa ta pu m uz ik a M n y a p a ra
'
.

n i m k a li m n o , h a na h u ru ma s iku z o t e h u te ta n a wa t u
' ’ '
.
,

T e n a a su b u h i kio n go z i a l ik o sa n d i a , tu k a po tea m w itu n i .

T u l ipo k u wa mo m l e tu l io n a n a n a wa s a fi ri w en g i ne a m b a e
’

kill a m m oj a a l itu ku a b era mu n a bu n d uki M ku b wa w a .

mj i u l e y u aj a ku z u ngu m z a n a m k a l im a n i w e tu a m b a e
pe ke e a wez a k u f a sir'i m a n en o y a k w e Huyu m z e e a p e n d a .

k u sikia h a b a ri y a p wa n i A ta k a tu ka e h a p a s iku n y ingi,

.

tu pige r a ge k a b s a n a k uj en ga h e m a z e tu
i
L a ! S ip a .

p en d i , ten a m aj i y a m ek wish a v ito m a n i m wa a sik a r i,

na
j a m u d a r i a se m a k w a m b a h a w a tav u m il ia tu k i n goj a .

W a n g o e k o me b a si , s a sa hi v i , tu o n d o k e : tu meter ek ez a ,
’'

a tos h a , m tumia
y .

T r a nsla te
T he p e opl e of th e s e c ou n tri e s a l wa y s build fe nce s to
( ice . e as e )
1
th e ir v ill a g es T h e y fight
. w ith bo w s and

a rr o ws s p e a rs a n d c lubs
, [ a n d ] e a c h o n e ca r ri e s a shi e l d .

A lthough we a re tire d we m u s t b re a k up ca mp to m orro w

,
-

w h en th e c o c k e ro ws (pa r tiC p t en se ) ; t e ll th a t si m pl e
z
.

fe llow to w a k e u s [ a t] d a yb re a k W he n th e gov e r nm e n t .

m a il m a n c o m es (fut ) th e s oldi e rs w ill fi re a ca n no n

-

, .

T hi s p a th is ove r g r o w n w e h a d be tter go b a c k
, I f you .

a r e bitten
3
b y a s oldi e r a n t it w ill p a i n (you will su ff e r
,

p a i n ) ; but th e sm a ll a n t s do n o t hurt [ o ne ] A s t ro n g .

m a n (ma n h a v i n g s t r e n gth ) ca n lift a c ro wb a r T he .

w o m e n s h e a d p a d s fell i n to a hol e Our por te r s would

’
-
.

h a v e b een c h e e r ful if we h a d n o t qui c k e n ed th e p a c e .

D o n o t s c old th e m o n ly s up e rvi s e (th e m )

, T e ll th e m i f .

th e y g e t c as tor oil fro m th ese pl a n t s th ey will be a bl e to ,

s e ll it wh e n th e y r e tu r n to th e c o a s t .

S ee no te 4 S tudy X IV
, .

3
T hi s is one of th e f e w i n s ta n ce s wh ere th e v e rba l pr efix e s of a
se nt i e n t nc un pr e fe r th e con c ord s of th e c l a ss it be long s to by its

f or m rath e r th an of th e o ne it be longs to by its m ean ing .

3
By r e fe rring to th e age nt a f te r a pa ssiv e is al way s r end ere d
, ,
 S WA HI LI GRAM MA R

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 90 S WA HI LI GRA M M A R

Rea d a nd Tra nsla te

M wa k a huu {h a k u k u ny a m wa k a sa na , l a kin i m c h eo n a
2

v ul i il iku wa n ee ma , a l h a md u l il l a h i J u maa pil i ya faa .

-

wa t u wa pu m z ik e , n a s iku s i ta wa f a n y e k a z i M bon a
'
.

m v u a y a k a wia ? M aj i r a y a m a s ik a b a d e ; l a bud a k e s h o
a n ia , m bi n gu l eo ku twa z i n a m a win gu ma win u
3
y a t g g
-

( clou d y), m vu e h a i n a bu d i k a ribu ita ku ny a

‘
U siku wa .

J u ma a (i e Thu rsd a y night) wa t u w a l iru d i k u sh in d a

. .
’

k wa o J o m vu (a t J o mvu) s a a ta n o z a u siku
5
M we z i .

s iku h iz i w a n g a r a ku c h a Ha po k a l e k u l ik u wa ki z a
’
.

d u n ia ni ki s h a M wen y ie z i M ugu a l iu m b a m u a n ga , kuk a wa

,

n uru kull a m a h a li M w ez i u ta a n d a ma (ther e wil l b e new

.

moon) j u m aa ij ay o (it which comes next) wa k a l i wa j u a

ku twa , n d ipo w a s h e nz i wa ta k a po pa ta D a fas i y a k u te z a ‘

n go ma z ao M w a k a u l io pita k asi ka z i ilivu ma k wa n gu v u ,

.

l a ki n i ku s i kidogo tu Ni sa a n g a pi s a sa ? N i s a a n ne z a
.

m l a n a , F ul a n i a m ilik i saa y a fe d ha na mk u f u wa d h a h a b u .

T r a nsl a te

The ig n of ra i n is c lou d s T wo d e ca d es h a v e go ne by
s .

s i n c e w h e n h e di e d our fa th e r
s i nc e our fa th e r di e d
( tr .
) .

W h e r e h a ve you b een m y c hild a l l thi s ti me (m ud a )

, ,

I did n o t go a ny wh e r e (p a ha li) I s t a y e d j u s t h e r e (p ap a ,

1
T he impe rsonal pronominal s ku and pa a re m uch u se d
“ “

i n ste ad of th e prop e r s ubj ectiv e particl”es and ma y b e tran sla ted , ,

T he re (is or wa s i s not or wa s no t) e tc T h e se cond ”

, ku, th e .
“

charac te ris tic infi x of th e P ast Neg Ind an d not th e Inf ku of th e . . .

monos yllabic kunya S ee S tudy V I

. .

3
T h is t e r m is freq uent l y applie d to th e gr ea t ra in s t h em se lv es .

3
An in stan ce of redupl ication lessen ing th e force of a word See .

S tudy XX I .

N igh ts tak e th e na me of th e d a y th a t foll o ws and no t of th e one

that preced es .

3
S wah ili ti m e li ke J ewi sh is r eckon e d from sunri se to s un se t
, ,

( 6 p m ) a nd from sun set to s unri se ( 6 a m ) Henc e noon is th e 6 th

, .

hour of th e d a y (saa sit a z a mta na ) a nd midnigh t is th e 6 th hour of

,

th e night .
 S TUD Y XV I 91

h ap a ) .Y our m oth e r c a ll e d you two [ o r ] “ three ti me s ,

did you no t h ea r ? I h ea rd n othi n g I wa s 7 a sl ee p ! O n ce

‘

u pon a ti me a l a rge s ta r a pp ea re d in th e he av e ns Peo pl e .

of old follo we d it a n d i t b eca m e the i r (tr to th e m ) guid e

, . .

In th es e c ou n tri e s th e s u n s e t s [ a t] s ix o c lo c k [ in th e ]
’

e v en i n g ; n th e ] m o rn i n g it b e gi n s to d a wn If (lcwa cha )
[ i
[ ] fi ve o lo k N x t S u n d a y th e y w ill c o m e s t i l l e a rh er
’
at c c e .

r will e xc ee d to c o m e ea rly G ood p opl d

( t .
) e e a re e c rea s .

ing in th e world T h e sky is c ov ere d w ith c loud s (tr

. .

a m i n e h as c o m e i n to th e
c loud s a r e s pr ea d ou t
) F 9
.

c ou n t r y Go d h a s f o r e v e r giv e n (a dd e d ) gr a c e a n d
.

s tr e n gth to
(kwa ) His p e opl e .

T h e S wahi l is
fond o f o mitting th e conj unction or both
’

6
a re ,
wh e n it conn ect s word s and se nt enc e s .

7
S inc e th e me infi x in v e rb s of po stur e (se e n ote 3 S tudy III ) ,
.

is u se d for tim e pr ese nt p ast t i m e can only b e e xpressed by intro

,

d u c ing th e pa s t t ens e of th e v e rb T o Be ”
b efore it makin g i t a ,

com pound v erb .

3 “
Kwa cha ”
ku a ch a ( th e im per sona l pronom i nal w1 th th e P r e s .

I nd ie of a mono syllabic v erb)

. W e can sa y J ua l e twa or lita
.
“ “

kutwa but cannot mak e Jua th e subj ect of th e v erb ku cha

,
” “
.

9
W i th th e v e rb ng ia u sed in its wid e se n se th er e is an in
” “
, ,

v ers ion o f s ubj e ct and obj ect W h e re a s in Engli sh we sa y An

.
“

e pi d e mic h a s com e i nto th e to wn in S wah il i it is T h e to wn h a s

,

com into an e pid em i c

e Mj i una ngia mara d h i ( cf L uk e xxi
”
. .

F or anoth er of th ese inversion s see note on V erb T o Have , ,

S tudy V II .
92 S WA HI LI GRAM M A R
 S T UD Y X VI

S OME O T HER C ONT RA C T I O NS

” ”
T h e v e rb pre fi xes ha, hi , hu o trac te d res p ec tive ly
a re c n
” ”
fro m nika , niki, ui ku by the follo win g pro ce ss

n ta , a n d
’
In th e sa m e wa y th e fu tu re p re fi x i
n ta be co m e s
fi na l ly t’

S i m il a rly , m b wa ni wa
nda m ya
F or full exp l a na tion s ee p . 20, A fri ca n A phori s m s .

S O ME I N V A RI A BLE A DJ EC T I VES A ND QU A S I
ADJ EOT I V ES

T h e follo wi ng a dj e c ti v e s c a n not b e u sed di re c tly to qu a li fy a

n ou n T h e y m ay b e e m ploy e d w i th th e r el a ti v e v er b
. T o Be, o r
a s a d v e r bi a l s to th e s t ro n g v e r b s , or s ub s ta n tiv ely follo wi n g th e

pre po si tio n of -
a
)
alive l ivi ng
h a i, , ni am alive
h a i, I mtu a li y e h ai a l iving man
,

tamu swee t nice

, , u tamu th i s por
uj i h uu ,
uj i nl io ta mu swee t por ,

ridg e is s wee t ridg e

sa fi , cl e an pure , yu 83 11 h e is cl e an
,
k itu kilich o sa fi a cl ean
'

thing
ka ribu n ear [ soon ]
, wa [ po ] ka ribu th ey , a re maji y a l iy o karibu wa t e r ,

n ear which is n e ar
mb a li , far far a way
, y u [ ko)mb a li sa sa , h e is mij i y a mba l i di stant
.
,

f a r a way no w to wn s
n Ie ,
I ou ts id e mlikwend a nd e , y e went mt u wa n d e an ou tsid e r
’ ’
,

outs ide
n da n i in sid e
’
, u E
k o j nd a ni !
‘
a re you in mambo y a nda ni int ernal ,

id e ?s a ff airs
[ y uj pi i ( va n ) wh i ch ? ui ipi ! wh i ch (hou se) is ui z ipi ? wh i ch ( hou se s )
it ? a re th e y ? (a n d so on
thr o ugh a l l the cla sses )
mate (l it . e y es) a wake
, yu ma te , h e is a wak e h ul a l a ma te h e al way s
,

s l e e p s wi th his e y es ope n
tupu—
t upu n ak ed , a l iki mb ia tupu tup u, -
he
ran a way n a k e d
94 S WA HILI G RA M M AR

C O MP A RI SON o r A DJ EC T IX
LES

S wa hi li h a s n o d e g ree s of co mpa ri son . a re

v a ri ou s ways of c om p a ri n g
( 1 ) Byon tra s ti n g o ne s ta te me n t with a n oth er
c .

wewe m md ogo , yeye ni mk ubw a is e quiva l e n t to He is

bigg er th a n you .

( )
2 B y th e u se of th e v e rb s kush ind a . a nd ka pita (to
s urp a ss , to e xc e l ) a l so th e v erb
, ku z id i, to i n cr ea se
S a li m ana msh ind a Ha misi S a li m is s tr o n g e r th a n Ha
kwa nguvu , l akini Ha med m i s i but Ha m e d is th e
,

a na wa sh ind a w o t e ,
’
s tro n ge s t of a l l .

Wa o ni w ang i ka pi ta T h ey a re m ore n u m e rou s

SW iSW i, th a n we a re .

Mw a ka j a na wa toto w a l i
. L a s t y ea r th e c hild re n wer e
k uwa we ma , mw aka h uu
. good thi s y ea r the y a re
,

wana z id i, e ven b e tt e r .

( 3 ) B y th e d v erb z a i d i m ore a n d th e r el a ti v e
a
“
, ,
”
kul iko, th a n (lit wh e re th e re.

Nyumba h i l ui ndogo , h u
. T hi s hou s e is s ma ll th a t is ,

a i ndogo z a i d i , s ma l l e r .

Ma to ya k o ni ma z ur i ka liko Y our e ye s a re m or e bea u ti

ya ngu , ‘
ful th a n m i n e .

”
e tt er
(4 ) T h e i n d ec li nabl e a dj e c ti v e s h e ri ( b ) a nd
“

h ora (be s t ) a re u se d r e s p e c ti v e ly with

. a c o m p a ra ti v e

a n d s up e rl a tiv e forc e .

Ni h e ri we nd e , I t is be tt er (or we ll ) for
you to go .

Bor a a fia , T h e m o s t i m po r ta n t thi n g
is h ea lth .
 S T UD Y X V I

0 0 .
0
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mm mw mN mN m
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H
> P
: H
 96 S WA HI I G RA M M A R h
S T UD Y X V II
B a r a ni—U p -
ou n try
c

b a ra i n terior of c oun try . k utumia to us e , , to mak e use of

z i wa l a k e pond ,
. to e mp l oy .

mountain . k uta f nna tumb aku , to c h e w (to

kil ima hil l . bacco ) .

j ito la maj i s pr i n g source k unusa tumb a ku , to ak e s nu fl t '

. .
,

k ij u to s tre am . kuvat a tumb a ku , to smok e .

mkondo ( ii ) wa maj i curr e nt .

, , sh a r ti, sh a ra ti ( fol by .

s tre am . mu s t
of n e c ess ity
,
.

f umb i ravin e n ull ah , .

pamoj a n a toge th e r with , .

g eng e c l ifi pr e ci pic e
'

,
. k wa n ini ! what for wh y ?
‘

n ti ya ta mb a ra re pl a in
’
, . mpi ngo e bony tr e e .

ki sh aka patch of j ungl e . taif a ( iii nation tribe .

,
.

nguu p eak of h ill . k a oil a tribe clan , .

uma nd e d e w moi st ure , . shaur i pa l av e r cou nse l pl a n , ,

kung e m i s t ha z e , . a dvice .

kiko pipe . a l uif f oe e n emy , .

s abur i pati e nce . vi ta ( pl wa r

. .

h a tari d ang e r . k on d o
’
quarr el stri fe , .

mkoma branch e d pal m . mf a ume king chi e f , .

k uk wea to climb to a s ce nd
, ,
. mta wi s orc e r e r wi z ard wi tc h , ,

k uter em k a to d e sc e nd go do wn doctor
’
, , . .

k uu a to k i l l
, . gari la moshi tra in .

ku b ub uj ik a to wel l u p bubbl e , , . sitesh eni rail way stat i on .

k u tiririka to flo w to trickl e, , . mish eni mi ssion s tat ion .

k amimina to pour ( tran s ) ,

. daraja bridg e .

k uz ni a to hind e r pr ev e nt
, , . t umb a k a to b acco .

kug euk a to chang e to t urn (tr

, ,
. mab in d i ( pl mai z e Indian .
,

geuz a ) . corn .

kupa tana , to agree to , be r econ m ta ma mil le t K a ffi r corn , .

cil ed . mpun ga ric e (a s it gro ws) .

ku ong oz a , o l e ad , t to guid e . nga nu wh e at .

k uka taa , to r efu se mpir ii ) rub b e r tr ee india

rula bé
,
. .

r .

Rea d a nd T r a ns la te
M sa fi ri m asiki n i aj a po ku wa m f a u m e
ni End ae ba ra .

s h a r ti a w e n a s a buri ; h a in i bu d i a ta k u ta h a ta r i n a n i a
’

m b o m a gu mu , l ab u d u a ta p a t a h a s a ra pia S iku hi z i k u sa i .

fi ri s i ka m a z a m a n i S a sa ku n a g a r i l a m os hi l ik u pe l ek a l o
—
.

k flima n i, f u m b in i, gen gen i, a u n ti ya

’
1 kull
a u pen da po

1 K ull a upend apo any wh e r e (i e any p la ce) you l ik e T hi s . . .

conv en ie nt mod e of re pr e se ntin g a noun by its relative particl e is

much u se d Ex Kill s u ta ka ch o e ve ry( thin g ) you wan t ; yo t e u se
. . .
,
’

mayo a l l ( th e word s ) you sa y ; tumesikia lilil otend eka we hav e

, ,

h ea rd of (th e a ff air) th at h as h a ppe n ed .

98 S WA HI LI GR AMMA R

DERI V A T I V E F O RM S O F T HE V ERB
1 . Th e Ca u sa ti ve T h e s i m pl e v e r b , a n d so m e of th e
.

follo win g v e rb for m s , m a y b ec o m e c a u sa tiv e by c ha n gin g

th e t e r mi n a tion i n to sh a , z a , sa , ya , nya o r vya - - - - - -
..

( )
a s h a K
-
u
pas ha
(f r o m .k a pa t a
),
to c a u se to ge t
k u so m es ha (from ku so m a ) to ca u se to r ea d (h e n c e to t e a c h )
k u f un d z ska (fr om k u f u n z a ) to c a u se to l ea r n (h e n c e to
’

te a c h ) k u ny os ha (from k uny ok a ) to c a u s e to be s tr a i ght

k u rusha (from k u r a k a ) to ca u s c to fly (h en ce to thro w)
'
.

( )
b z a M -
o s t v e r b s w hos e s te m s en d in two vo we l s
..

for m thei r ca u sa tiv e s in z a K u ka ta z a , to prohibit (from -

.

ku k a taa ), to ca u s e to r e fu se ku k we z a (from k u k we a ) to
r a i se nu a wa y ;
k u toz a to ta x, to
fi n e ) ; kn pu n gu z a ( fr om k u pu n gu a ) to di m i n i sh
( tr a ns
) k u sa h a u z a , to m a k e for g e t .

( c) sa K ’
uta k as a fr o m k uta k a ta to c l ea n se ; ku n usa
-

( .

)
ro m ku n u k a ) to t a k e s n u ff
( f .

(d ) ya K u po nya ( fro m k npo n a ) to ca u s e to e sca pe

-
.

m u o na to w a r n i s to ca u se
o r g e t ou t of ; ku e nga
( fro k ) ( . .

to s ee ) ; k u ka nya (fr o m kuka n a ) to forbid (i s to ca u se to . .

r e fu s e or d e n y ) .

( )
e nya K u f u n a n a fr o m k u f u n a to h a v e ba gg a g e ,
-

g y ( .
g ) (
miz igo ) ti e d U p ku ga wa nya ( from ku ga wa ) to h a v e
d ivid e d up .

(f) vy a K u n a vy a (from ku na wa ) to c a u se (h a n d s) to
-
.

b e w as h e d te (to wa s h s om e o ne s h a n d s or fa ce or fee t)
’
. .
, ,

k u l evya (fro m kul e wa ) to m a k e (s om e o ne ) dru nk ; k uj u vya

ro m ku u a m a k e k n o wn
( f j ) to
Non a —A v erb m a y h a v e two ca u sa tiv e form s wi th
.

d i ffe r e n t m ea n i n g s Ex k u a pa to s we a r ; ku ap is ha to
. .
, ,

a djur e to a d m i ni s te r a n o a th ; ku a iz a to s wea r a t to
, p , ,

c ur se

Nor a —F r equ e n tly th e ca u sa tiv e id ea w ould n o t oc cur

.

to a n En gl is h m i n d whi c h would e m ploy a d ifleren t v e rb

‘

a l tog e th e r Em k u pa nd is ha (to ca u se to cl i m b) s ta n d s for

. .

to r a i se to pro m ot e , .
 S T UD Y Xvn 99

2 The Ne ute r
.
( l o ca ll e d R e sul ta nt or Q u a s
a si P as s ive ) -

u s ed (i ) W h en a s ta t e re s ulti n g fro m a n ac tio n is c o ns id e r e d

no t n ec e ss a rily i mplyi n g a n a ge n t ; ( ii ) w h e n w e d esir e
to p redi ca t e o f a s ubs ta n ti v e tha t i t is c a p a bl e of r e ce ivi n g
a giv e n a c tio n T erm in a tio n s ika , ika na (fol low i n g a n
.
=

a t o r u in th e s te m ) eka e k a na (follo wi n g a n e or 0 in
'

, , , , . , ,

th e s te m ) ; uka u ka na (follo wi n g a pe n ulti ma t e u in a

,

t r i syll a bi c s t e m ) ; Ex .

( )
a K u a tika na
p to b e obta i n a bl e ; k u pi g
,
ik a to b e ,

be a t a bl e ; k u v u nd ika to be c o m e b r ok en to b e brea k a bl e , , .

”
(b) K u tend eka to b e do a bl e to b e do ne to h a v e
“
, , ,

h a pp e ne d k u kOs eka na to b e m i ss i n g a bse n t , , .

u ra r uka to b e to r n or te a r a bl e ; k u f u m uka na to
( )
0 K , ,

b e s ep a ra te d br o k e n up ; k u z u mb ukana to b e fou nd to
, , ,

c o me to light .

Non a — T h e s tud e n t m u s t di s ti n gui s h b e t we e n Ne ute rs

a nd Rec ip r o ca l s with a na t e r m i na tio n s ; a ls o b e t we e n-

Ne ut e r s a n d T ra n s iti v es w ith ika te rmi na tio n s I n eac h -

. .

c a se th e s e n se w i l l d ec id e E x Kuona naf to see . .

ea c h oth e r kuoneka na to b e v i s ibl e ; kufita ma na

to b e hidd en ; kupika to c ook ; ku z ika
(t r a ns ) to bury ; kufitika , to b e c on c ea l a bl e ;
kua ngika (t ra n s ) to h a n g up ; ku a l ika (t ra n s ) to i n v it e ;
, ,

kua l ika to cra c k or S plit ; ku simika to

e r ec t to s et u p
, .

3 Th e A ppli e d o r Pr e p osi tio na l h a s fo u r u s e s : (1) T o

.

s up pl y th e s i m pl e v e rb w ith a p re po s itio na l m ea n i n g
”
( II )
T o e xpre s s c o mpl e t e n es s (w ith th e w o r d m ba li ( g
r i h t
s u ffi xe d ; ( III o a tt a c h to th e v e r b a n e w m ea n i n g
a wa
y) ) ) T .

( )
I V T o lo c a li z e a c t i o n I t i s fo r m e d by i n se r ti n g i
(a fte r
.

a n a t o r a p r e c e di ng i n th e root ) o r 8 (a ft e r a n e o r 0
'

, , , , ,

p r ecedi n g in th e root ) b efo re th e fi na l v o we l of th e s te m , .

Exa mp l es of Use I .

u pa tia ( fro m k u a ta ) to p ro c ur e f o r so m e o ne ) ;
( )
a K p ( ,

k upitia (fr o m k u pita ) to p a s s b y ; ku a n gu kia (fr o m ,

k u a n gu k a ) to fa ll do wn to a t o r befo r e (s o m e o ne or
, , ,

s o m e thi n g
) .

(b ) K u nen ea (fro m k u n en a ) to S pe a k a ga ins t; kuo ,

m b e a (from k u o mb a ) to pra y f o r , .
 100 S WA HILI G RA MM A R

() W
0 h en th e s te m e n ds in two v o wel s th e l e tt e r I is ,

i nserte d b e for e th e pre po s ition a l v owel for th e sa k e of

e upho n y E m K u z u il ia (fro m ku z nia ) to pre v e n t by ;
. .
,

ku pas u l ia (from k u pa s u a ) to s plit with k u tem b el ea (fro m

. ,

k u te mb ea ) to wa lk a bo ut k u ng o l ea (fro m ku ng oa ) to
’ ’
.
, ,

root u p wi th or f o r .

e s a m e rul e hold s w h e n a C a u sa ti v e b e c o me s a
( )
d T h
Pre po s ition a l Ex ku a n gu shia to c a u se to fa ll do wn to ;
. .
,

k u s o m e sh ea to ca u s e to r e a d from k uj a l iz ia (fro m kuj a a )

, .
,

to c a u s e to fil l up with .

Exa mp l es o
f Use 1 1 .

( )e K u tu ia , or k u tu il ia m b a li , to thro w righ t a wa y ;
p p
k u is h il ia (or ku po tel ea ) mb a li , to b e go n e ou t of r e a c h
a ltog e th e r , to b e lo s t for e v e r ; K u u l ia m b a l i , to kill off .

out of sight T h e p r epo sition a l syll a bl e lia is oc ca sio n

.

a lly s e p a r a t e d fro m th e v e rb a n d m a d e a n i n d ep e n d e n t
word .See Ps a l m s ii 3 , l xxx ii i 4 (Ed . . .

Exa mp l es f Use I I I o ,

(f ) S o m e v e r b s r e dupli c a t e th e t e r m i na tio n to i m p a rt

a d itf e r en t m e a n i n g fr o m th a t c o n v e y e d by th e s i m p l e
p repo si tio na l fo rm : Ex K u piga to b e a t ku pigia to .
, ,

be a t for or w ith ku pigil ia to c o n solid a t e a floor or roo f ,

by a sp e c i a l pro c e ss of h a m m eri n g p e c uli a r to th e S wa hili s .

K u a ta to l ea v e ; ku a ti a , to l e a v e to o r for ; k u a til ia to
, ,

forgi v e to r emi t K we nd a to go ; k wen d ea to go to (a

, .
, ,

p e rso n ) ; k wen d el ea to go on to m a k e p r ogr e ss Kn pe nd s

, , .
,

to lo v e ; ku pe nd el ea , to fa v our .

Nor a — S om e v e rb s h a v e two pr e pos i tio na l for m s

whi c h c a n b e u se d in t e r ch a n gea bly Ex K uj a to c o m e . .
, ,

m a k e s k uj i a or kuj il ia kufa to di e m a k e s ku fia or k u filia , ,

k u fika m a k e s ku fi kia or k u fikil ia .

Exa mp l es of Use I V .

(g) L i m i a h a p a ,
c ultiv a t e her e ; imeishia huko i t
,

fi ni sh e d o ff th er e .

4 . Th e Re cipro ca l .
—T r a n sitiv e v e rb s a r e m a d e r ec ipro
c al by ddi n g na a -
to th e root in tra n si ti v e v e rbs by a ddi n g
,

-
na to th e ir pre po s i tio n a l form Ex K u sa id ia to h elp ; . .
,

k u sa id ia na to h e lp e a c h oth e r : k us h ika to hold

, ku shi ,
 S WAHILI G RA MM A R

T A B LE OF DERI V A T I V E F O RM S O F V ERBS
T he follo wi n g i l lu s tra te th e va n ou s forms a v e rb ma y a ss ume
S imple . Ca usa tive a pp lied .

kufunga , to tie , b i n d , faste n , s hut , e tc . k uf nnga ny ia , to c ause to bind wit h .

k uf ungishia , to cau se to tie for .

kuf ungiz ia , to besi e g e with .

P a ssive . P a ssi ve a p p lied .

kufnng w a, to
bound be . kuf ungiwa, k uf ungil i wa , to b e c
'
lo se d to .

Ca usa t ive . N euter ap

p l ied .

k uf ung sh a ku f u ga ny a to c a use to b ind

i n , , to c l ose ( of itse lf) to
. k uf ungikia , .

kuf ungi z a t o be si ege to pe n

, ,
.

Reci proca l a pp lied

kuf ungania to b e ti ed toge th e r with , .

N eu ter Reflexive a p l z ed
'

. .

k uf ungik a , to b e s h u ta b l e , to shut of k ujif ungia to tie onese f to ,

i tself
P r epo sitiona l . S ub tracti ve a pp l ied .

kuf ungia , ku fun gilia , t o shu t for or with . kuf ungul ia , to un tie f o 1 .

Red up l icated a pp lied .

ff or
k u u ngia -
fun gia to , tie h ere and th e re
.

Reci roc a l . Ca usa ti ve p a ssive .

kuf ungana , to b in e ach oth er . kuf ungish wa , to b e mad e to fa st to ,

be
c ut o ff by th e t id e .

N e ute rroca l rec ip . S u b tr active a pp lied as sive .

knf ungama na to b e ti ed tog e th e r

,
. ku f ungul iwa , to b e o pe n e to .

N eu ter r eciproc a l a p l ied

kuf ungamania to b e boun dtog eth e r by
.

.
,

Refl exive . Red up l ica ted p a ss i ve .

k uj if unga to bi nd on e sel f
,
. kuf un gwa f nngwa to b e ti e d h er e
-

, a nd
th e r e .

S u b tr a ctive . S ub tra ctive neu ter a pp lied .

kuf ungua , to unti e un fas t en op en

, , . knf ungukia , to op e n ( of i tse l f) .

S ub tr ac ti ve r eflexi ve .

k uf nng a f unga ,
-
to tie h ere and th ere . k uj if ungua , to unti e on ese l f, to r e l ie v e
on e se lf .

S ub tr ac tive t r
neu e . S ub tra ct i ve r eflexi ve a pp l ied .

kuf nnguk a , to b e op e n a bl e to ope n , kuj if ungul ia , to ope n for on e s el f .

( of itsel f) .
cau sa tive S u b tr ac t ive .

k uf ungu sh a to c au se to Op e n , .

S ub tr a ct i ve r eci proc a l Ca us ati ve r eciproca l . .

kuf unguliana k uf ungu a na to Op en to ku f u

,
nga manish a to b ind by co n trac t
, , .

e ach oth e r .

C a u sa tive neu ter

kuf u
.

ngiz ika to b e bes ie g ed , .

 S T UD Y X V I II 1 03

S T UD Y XV I I I
N ga me —Be t
a s s, A nim a ls
mwinda hunte r sport sman , . kupa rnz a , to b e rough .

mtuka z i be are r port e r ,

. kupel el ez a , to spy out , to e xamin e
simba l ion . cl os el y .

kibok o '
h ippopo t amu s . b e ta duck .

ndovu e le phant . mbuni o strich .

'
t ui leopard . mwewe ki t e .

flsi ( v: h y ze na j a ckal , . ndiwa dove pig eon , .

nga mia ( ii i ca m el . . k anga

’
guin ea fo wl -
.

p un d a (ii i ass donk e y

'
.
, . h a wa wing .

f ara si hor se . mkia ta il .

ny umb n mul e . p opo

'
bat butterfly , .

nya ti buff alo . kipa nde a pi e ce a s l i ce , .

kif aru ta rn rh i noce ro s . p ol e p ol e sl o wly gen tly slo w

’ '

, , ,

p u n d a mil ia ( iii ) z ebra gait

'
. . .

k ongo ni
'
h a ar teb ee st . a nga ( iii air a tmo sph er e .
, .

ga z e ll e nguwe nguru we ( iii pig

’
p aa .
, .

giraff e ki tungul e (i v rabbit

'
t ia . . .

m bwa dog t umb iri ( iii monk e y

’ '
. . .

m b weh a
’
f ox . k ima
'
bl a ck face d monk e y -
.

ma kaa ( v . d wel ling l ai r d en , , . nyani a pe .

kundi flock h erd cro wd , , . nyoka s nak e se rpe n t , .

mdudu in sect v e rmi n , . s atu py thon .

k obe'
tortoise . n gwena ma mb a c roc o
p emb e
'
horn tusk i vory , , , dil e .

corn e r mb nruk enge mon itor

’
.

kuwinda to hunt to c ha se to
, , , l iz ard .

s ta lk k un gun i bug
’
. .

knngur uma t o roar to thun d er , , . kirob oto flea .

ku ta mb aa to cree p to cra wl t andu ce ntip ed e

'
.
, , .

k uf a na na na to r e sembl e to b e
. , , j ongoo mil liped e .

like . s corpion .

kuf any a kh of u to b e afra id , . wall l iz a rd .

kuti sha to frigh te n to te rrify

, , . m iwa ’
an ts whi te .

ku tokea to appe ar to t urn up to m bu m osquito

’
, , , .

happe n . ny uni n d eg e (z ha r ) bi rd ’
.

ku piga mbi o to run ,

. we apon arms , .

kns ong ea to approa ch t o dra w, , ri sa s i l ead ba l l ( cannon ) ,

,
n ea r . bul le t .

kush eta to bruise to crus h

, , . ki oh o ( iv kh of u (iii fe ar . .
,

knh a rib u to s po il , . dr ead .

kura ka to j ump to spri ng

, , . b a ad a ya after (of ti m e) , .

ku pu ruka to fly to fly a way , , . b a a d ae afte r wards afte r it

, , .

kusi ta hili to des erve to b e, , bil e without e xcept by

, , .

worthy of . ma r a i mm e dia te ly
, .
1 04 S WA HILI G RA MM A R

Rea d a nd T r a nsla te

M win d aj i a l ik we n d a
ba r a ku wi nd a nya m a wa ku b wa 1

k a ma s i mb a na n d ovu n a n ya ti n a k if a r u Alia n d ika

, .

m a wr itten a r eemen t with

( w r o te on , i e a
. d e .
g ) wa pa ga z i
m ia wa kik a m ba k u f ua ta n a n a e A l ituk u a fa ra s i wa wi’l i .

n a n yu m bu wa ta n o Nd ia ni a l ipiga t ia mm oj a k o n go n i
’ ’
.
,

w a t a tu n a p a a wa n e illi a wa pa tie c h a kul a w a t u wa k w e

' ’
.

Da a d a y a m wen do w a s iku s ita s h a ra w a l ifikil ia m a h a l i

p e n yi t u mb iri n a n y a n i w a n gi W a l ipok u wa w a kite z a m a
’
.

n y a m a h a o ji n s i wa r uk a v o m iti h a ta m iti w a l is i kia s i m b a

'

y ,

k u n gu r um a k a ribu n a o W o te w a l if a n y a k h o f u is ipo k u
'
2
.

w a m win d aj i m we n y e w e a m ba e a l ituk u a b a n d uk i k ub wa
'

ki z u n gu m a k u su d i a p a t e k u i a n y a m a wa k a l i
(of)
3
a p g
'

y
n a m n a hii A l ipOs o n gea k a r ibu k u pel el ez a s i m b a m h o
’
’

.
,

a l ito k e a
2
m b el e ya k we M a r a a k a l ek ez a bu n d uki y a k w e
.
,

a ka m i a r i sa s i m b a v u n i a k a a n gu k a a k a f a pa l e p a l e
4 ‘

pg
-

, .

L ak in i w en gin e wa wil i s i m b a wa n m e w a l io a n d a m a n a e
w a l ipo sikia kuli a wa k we wa k a to k a m bio m witu n i Ha po
k 5
,
.

”
T he ui -
l
of th e oca ve is o cca s on a ly omit ed o giv e a ti i l t t
gene r a l and in d efi n ite s en se a s oppo se d to a par icular and s pecia t l
forc e which th e l ocative t ermination conv ey s .

2
S ee Adv e rbial P r e pos itions, S tudy XX .

3
l
T h e syllab e ki h a s various u ses
—
(a ) Di minut ive P r efi x Kibweta , littl e box ; ki d ud e, a l i e hing ttl t
a nd N a t io na l it y P r e x—Kisa wa h fli,
.

b
( ) L a ng g
u a e fi th e S wahili
l anguag e ; Kima sa i, th e M a s ai language ; K ng s t on , th e Englis h i
language ; Vis z i vy a Kiz ungu , Europ ean pota toes ; W a pa ga z i wa
t
Kita it a , T ai a po rt e r s
—
.

( c) D es cr ipti ve or S o rt a nd K ind P refix Nguo z a kif a ume ,

“ “

royal garm ents (i s of a kingl y sort) ; m wen d o wa kiume, manl y

. .

gait ; m ambo y a kik e, fe minin e matt e rs ; m a n ano yo ki to o, ch ldi sh t i

l angua ge ; kinsonso, fac e do wn ward s ; k if ulif uli, in e ag e r h a s e ; t
kinga lingal i, pron e , yin g fla t on th e back l .

( d ) T h e chara cte ri stic particl e of sin gu ar noun s in th e fourth l

cl as s .

4
T h e r e a re two way s of mak n g an e mpha ic d e mon s ra ive i t t t
a r dup l i c t in — Ex yul e yu e, that sa m e man ; p a l e p a e l l
( ) yB e a g ( ) .
,

l
tha t sam e ( p ac e) or on that s pot , etc
—
.

(b ) B y p refi xi ng the pr o nom ina l p artic le Ex y e yul e, tha v ery . t

sam e man ; pa pal e (or pa pal e p a l e), th at v e ry sam e pl a c e, e tc .

5
T h e conco rd s of “
ma h a li, have a t ime a s wel l as a pl ac e
”

si gn i ficanc e .
106 S WA HI LI GRA M M AR

N U M ERA LS

Cl a ss 1 . Cl as s 11
. Cl a ss 111 . Cl as s IV . Cl a ss V .

P . mamoj a
v iwil i m a wil i
matatu
vita tu
vin e man e
v itano matano
S am e throughou t a l l C la sse s .

S am e th roughou t all C la sses .

11 8 11 0 v ina ne manan e
S am e throughout a l l C la s s es .

S am e throughout a l l C la sse s .

nu kum i na kum i 11 a

kum i n a nn e

k um i na kum i n a
t an o
'

S am e throughout all C la ss e s .

S am e throughout al l C la sse s .

kum i na nan e kum i n a kum i na

vina n e man a n e
S am e throughou t al l C la sse s .

S am e throughout all C la sse s .

isl l irini 11 3 . a is h irina 11 a

moja , e tc . e tc moj a etc
.
, .
 S T UDY X VIII

C A RD INA LS

Cl ass VI . Cl a ss V II . Cl ass VII I . Cl ass II . Cl as s X

. t
I n c o un ing

um j ( to k a moj a [ mu moj a ]
'

S .
j o a p a rno a
“

P . mmoj a ge th e r s tra 1gh t

on
pa wil i k u wil i [ mu wil i] pil i
pa ta tu kutu tu [ mutatu] t atu
’

pan e kun e [ mun e ] n ne

’
or a n
patano kutano [ mutano] tano
S am e throughout a l l C la sses .

S am e throughout all C las se s

mi nan e panan e k u na ne mu na ne ] na n e
S am e throughout all C las se s .

S am e throughout al l C las ses .

kumi na kum i na
pa m oj a k a moja
ku mi na kumi na
pa wili k u wil i
kumi na kumi na
pa ta tu k u ta tu
kumi na kum i na
pan e kun e
kum i n a kum i na
patano kutano
S am e throughout a l l C lass es .

S am e throughout al l C la s se s .

k umi n a kum i n a
panan e k u na n e
S am e throughout all C la s se s .

S am e throughout al l C l a sse s .

ishir ini na is h irini na

pa moj a
 SWAHILI GRAM M AR

N UM ERA L S —(cont in d)
ue

O d in
r a l s. S wah a l l A r b i N umb r
a c e s.

l s t, ( w)a k wan z a 3 0, th a l a thini

2u d , ( w)a pili 40 . a ru b a ini
3 rd , (w)a tatu 4 2, a rub a in i na mbi l i
4 th , ( w)a ne 5 0, k h a ms ini
5 th , ( w)a tano 6 0, s itini
tith , ( w)a sita 7 0, sa b u ini

7 th , ( w)a sabaa 8 0, th a ma nini

s th , ( w)a nan e 9 0, tisiin i
J th ,
‘
( w)a ti s ia or 1 00, mia
( w)a k e nda 1 20, mia wa ish ir ini
1 0 th , ( w)a k umi 1 0 a shara ,
15 0, mia u kh a ms in i
1 1th , ( w) a kumi na moja 1 1 h id aa sh a ra
, 17 0, mia na sa b u ini
1 2th , ( w)a kum i na mbili 1 2 th ina as h a ra
, 200, m ite ni, m iate ui, or
1 3 th , ( w)a kumi n a t atu 1 3 th a lita ash a ra
'

,
mi a mbil i
1 4th , ( w)a kumi na nne 1 4 a rub aa ta a s h a ra
, 5 00, kham sa m ia or mia
( w) a kumi 11 a tano 1 5 , kh a msita as h a ra t ano
’
1 5 th ,
l 6 th , ( w)a kum i n a s ita 16 s itaa s h a ra
,
1 000, al fu
1 7 th , ( w)a kum i na sabaa 1 7 , s a b a a taas h a ra 2000 , a l f e ni or a l uf e ni

1 8 th , ( w)a kum i na n an e 1 8 th a mintaa sha ra

,

l 9 th , ( w)a kumi n a tis ia 1 9 tisa a ta a sh a ra

,

20 th , ( w)a ish irini 20, ish iri ni

l t, ( w)a ish irini n a 21 , wa h e d i wa ishirini once (a t o nce) mara moja ,

moja , e tc . t wice mara mbil i

,

t h ri ce mara t atu
,
'

f our t im es mara nne e tc

—T h in i tial l tt r , .
,

N or m e e e 3
, th ul u th i
of th e pre pos it i on vari es mbili k as u ro b oo
12
with th e cla ss of th e F or oth e r frac tiou se
s e
n oun tha t th e ordina l
p 69
qualifies . .

th ird ly , tatu , e tc .
1 10 swAHILI GRA M M A R

d esturi , d a situri (iii ) . cus tom , mpumb a vu fee l id i ot stup i d , , .

fa shion . ja sb o h eat pe rs piration , .

ma shaka (v . affl iction s , ka dh a wa ka d ha var i ous oth e r

’

, ,
.

t rouble . tupu e mpty

-
, .

b inti ( iii daugh ter

. . tupu tupu nak e d -

. .

t aj iri ( v ri ch man
. . sa b a b u cause .

msa id ia ( i h elp e r . . k wa sah aba be cau se , .

u pu mb a vu fool ishn ess , p ol e ch ee r u p i I h 0 pe you wil l

'

folly . s oon b e be tte r .

Rea d a nd T r a ns la te
B wa na , m t u huyu a n a u g u a s an a , m u wil i w ot e u naf ur a
' '
.

M wa mb ie aj e b a s i n im w a nga l ie J a m bo m z e e , u h a l i g a ni . .

M i m i u i m go nj wa B wa n a , m go nj wa s a n a 1 P o l e m a s iki n i . .

M n gu a ta ku po z a m a ra d hi y a ko u l iy o n a yo , u po e M i mi .

u i ta b ib u tu u , a po z a e w a t u u i Y e y e M we n e w e
' '
y A ni .

m go nj wa s a n a B wa n a , s ij u i m a r a d h i h a y a k a m a n ta po n a ,
s ita o n a
p N y a k a y a ko y a pa ta min ga pi b a b a ? M y a k a
.

y a n gu y a pa ta k h a m s in i n a ta n o l a bud a , bw a n a I n sh a a l l a h .

u ta po n a B a s i k a a h a p a k w e tu s iku c h a eh e nl a l e kit a
.
'
,

n d a ni . T u ta ku pa d a wa illi u pa te u s in giz i, ki sh a b aa d a e
n ia ou a h uj a m b o , u ta kwe nd a 2
z a ko n y u mb a n i k wa ko .

A h a s a n ta B wa n a , a h a sa n ta , n ta k a a
’
Ntaj a r ib u k u tul iz a .

m oyo w a n gu U n a n i n i m to to we ?
’
A ! N n a m a sh a k a
’
3
.

m a n gi, k w a n z a n n a fu n z a m a gu nn i , pili n a to m wa n i m w iba

’

k id o l en i M a s h ak a y a ko si m a z ito s a n a m to to , y a tao n d ok a
.

k a r ibu na tha n i Nd oc huku k wa n g u n iku to e f un z a n a

.

m wiba pia , n e n o dogo hili l a f a n y ika m a ra m oj a B wa n a , .

d a k ita r i, wa itwa ui kipo f u h u yu A se m a a u m w a s a n a n i

4
.

m a to t a n gu a l ipo k wen d a k wa yul e m ga ng a w a ki n yik a .

N i u pu m b a v u w a k we ba s i n a l imu o ny a a sien d e W a g a n g a , .

w a l e h a waj u i lo lot e is ipo k u wa k u d h u ru w a t u n a ku w a

' '

M wa b ie a k e ti , t ak uj a s a sa hi v i , wa ko
m
’ ’ 5
d a n ga n y a .

1
E ty m ologi ca ll y th e word
p ol e
”
cannot be ar th e m ean ing put “

u pon it h e re ; it i s ra th e r th e ton e that con v e y s it .

A v ery common e l l ip si s T h e omitt e d word nd 1 a (way s) is .

,

n e v e r in se rt e d .

3
F am iliar abbreviation of wewe .

4
T ran sla t e by Acti ve Voice .

5 “
T h ey a re th e r e for th e re a re
”
Ka ne or pa ns mi gh t
“ ” “
. .

b e us ed but conv e y a mor e g en era l and l ess d e fin ite se n se

, .
 S T UD Y xrx 11 1

w en gine wa ningoj ea o , we n yi u ko m a na sa fur a na mti na

ma ra d hi ka d h a wa ka d h a
6 ’
.

T r a ns la te
T hi s is a Go v e r nm en t hospi ta l wh e re whit e p e opl e a re
n urs ed B l a c k p e opl e go to th e M i ss ion Hos pit a l whi c h
.
,

is (il iyolto) o n th e is l a n d T h e r e (hu ko ) m e di c i n e is gi v en

.

d a ily (kill a siku) to e v ery o n e wh o c o mes , w hoe v e r h e

m ay b e T ho se wh o a r e ill r e c e i v e m e di c a l tre a t m e n t
.

u a ngwa
( g
h ) a n d a re c a r e d f o r B es id e s thi s
(z a id i
.
y a

ha ya ma mb o ) th e do c to rs tr a i n (huf u nd is lz a ) i n t e llig e n t
h a v i n g i n t e llig en c e you n g m e n in ] thi s w or k of m er c y
( ) [ .

T h es e h e lpers w a s h s or e s, di sp en s e (hu toa ) m e di c i n e t a k e ,

out (ng o a ) t ee th , a nd b an d a g e (funga ) w ou n d s T hos e

’
.

wh o h a v e cold s , c ough s c h e s t c o m pl a i n ts , r h eu m a ti s m ,
,

c a ta rrh a n d fe v e r li v e
[ ]
i n o n e hou se , s ma llpo x p a ti e n ts

( h a vi n g s p ) [ in ] a n ot h e r (hou se ) a n d thos e wh o a re
. .
,

s u ff e ri n g fro m (wa uguo) boil s (or ) a b s ce sses (o r) th e , ,

itch , (o r) big sores, or y a ws li v e [in ] a thi r d (hou se ) .

T h e d a u ght e r of (tr h is d a ught e r ) th e l a m e r i c h ma n

.

c a m e y e s t erd a y w ith a m a lig na n t boil ; to d a y it c a m e to

a h ea d a n d th e doc to r l a nc e d it M u c h pu s c a m e a wa y.

(to ka ) T h e s e two du m b m e n h a v e fe v e r Gi v e th e m
. .

e a c h (kil l a mt u ) fi v e d r op s of thi s dru g of to u )

’
se ( toa
( ) ca

p ers pi ra tion , a nd t el l th em to go ho m e a n d j go to b e d
(l a l a ) I t is th e c u stom h e r e th a t e v er y o ne w h o wa nt s
m e di c i n e m u s t b r i n g a bo ttl e—e m pty a n d c l ea n ! W h y
.

do you n o t k ee p s till ? Beca u se you hu r t m y s ore pl a ce

8
.

M y a dopt e d (wa kunil ea ) m oth er h a s (fee ls ) p a i n s a l l o v e r

h e r body ; sh e c oughs a n d s n e e z e s c o n ti n u a lly Do n o t .

go i n to th a t hou s e l es t you 9
ge t c hi c k en -

po x .

6
and many oth e r Arabic words do not fol lo w th e S wahi l i
T hi s
rul e of accentuating th e p enultimat e .

A favourite expr ess ion f or b r ing is kuja na (to co me with ) .

3
W h e n tra n si tive v e rb s e xpr ess an acti on that a f fe ct s a man s ’

pe rs on or be ing th e i d ea of po ss ession is conv ey ed by in se rting th e

,

personal obj e ctive infi x in th e v erb e xcludin g th e posse ss ive adj e ctive
,

from th e se n te n ce Ex Umenika ny aga gnu you have t rodd e n on me

. .
,

( th e foot) ; i”takuumiz a kitwa it wil l h urt you (th e h ea d )

, .

L es t is tran s la te d by th e N e ga tive S ubj unct i v e of kuja

9 “ ” “

u sed a s an auxiliary fol lowed by th e te n se of th e principal v er b .

1 12 S W A HI LI G RAM M A R

A D V ERBS A ND A DV ERBI A L PHRA S ES

A d ve rb s g e n e r a lly follo w th e word s th e y m odify b e ,

the y v erbs a dj e c tive s or oth e r a dv erb s Pu re a dver b s

e s p e c i a l l y of m a n n e r—a re n o t v e r y n u me rou s
.
, ,

but th e y ,

c a n b e e x t e m pori z e d to a n a l m o s t u nl i m i te d e x t e n t by

p re fi x n g i th e p re po s itio n kwa to both n ou ns a n d in fi n i

tiv es of v e rb s . Ex k wa . furah a j oyf u lly ; k wa ku l ek a
, ,

l a ughingly .

A DV ERBS or T 111 1:

s a s a no w
,
. nei ku wa manan e m idnight (l i t ,
.

s a sa h ivi h ivis a sa no w a t o nce

, , . 2
h ata sa sa u nt il no w eve n no w , , . k wan z a first fi rstl y b ef ore (i n
, , ,

mara moja once a t o nce th e fi rst in sta nc e)

'

, , . .

mara mb il i t wice etc , , . m wi s ho la s t la stl y

, , .

mara ny ingi of ten ,

. katika ti in the m idd l e, .

mara k wa mara ti me af ter time , , ba do no t yet stil l a s yet

, , ,
.

f rom t ime to t ime a ga in a nd b a d e kidogo soon p resen t y

'

, , ,

a ga in b a a d a e p und e la ter on i n a f ew
'
.
, ,

mara ( prec ed e s v erb) immed i , min u tes .

a t ely . mbe l e bef or e fi r st ea r lie r

, , , .

t en a a ga in (not
, a ny mo r e , . b a a d a e af te r wa rds l a te r
, , .

karibu nea r soon la tel y not l ong

, , , , hata u nt il e ven
, , .

a go .
pa l epa l e tha t ver y mo m ent (pa st )
,
.

l eo , to d a y -
. p und e j u st no w a little while a go
'

, ,
.

j ana y este rda y

,
. p i nd i when in a l ittle wh ile
'

, ,
.

j u z i d a y bef ore yeste rd a y

, . papo k wa papo m oment l y ,

j u z i ju z i the other d a y
-

, . m oment .

k esho to morro w ,
-
. p a po hapo immed ia tely ,
.

k e s h o kut wa d a y af ter to mo rro w

-

,
-
. hapo kal e l ong a go a l o ng t ime , ,

mtondo th ree da y s hence , . a go .

ny u ma af ter la t er , , . h a tim a , h a tima e , fi na l l y , i n th e

mape ma ea rl y , . e nd .

a s u b u h i in the mo rn ing , . z amani , f orm er l y .

as u b uhi yak we th e next mor nin g , , mpaka until . .

o n the f ol l owing mo r ning . s iku hi z i now a d a ys ,

- -
.

as u b u h i s ana ea r ly in th e morn in s ik u z ot e , a lwa y s

'

g , . .

a l f aj iri a t d a wn a t da y br ea k
, , . killa s iku d a ily , , e ve ry d a y, r egu
a th u h u ri a t noo n , . l a rl y .

m ta na in th e d a ytime
, . siku k wa si ku , no w a nd a ga in ,
a l as i ri in th e af te rnoon
, . tf u l ly .

ji e ni in the even ing a t d usk

, , . s i 11 h ata siku , d a y b y d a y d a y ,

u s ik u a t ni ht i n th e ni ht af ter d a y, f ro m one d a y to
g ,
g , .

n eiku sana la te a t n ight , . a noth er .

1 14 S WA HILI G R AMMA R

A nvna ss os M A NNER A ND DEGREE

h i vi vil e h ivy o vivy o th us so

, , , , , . vy e pe si, ea s il y .

v i le vi le j ust so j us t the sa me
, , . sh ari l ne ces sa r ily
,
.

v ivy o h ivy o p r ecisely the s a me , . mb al imb a l i sepa rate ly , .

kama a s s uc h as , , . waz i p la inl y c lea r l y ob vio usl y

, , ,
.

v yo
-
vy0 a s . ao .
, . . . sa wa ( adj and adv r igh t . .
,

kama vyo . . . s tra ight le vel eq ua l , , .

j in s i vy o or how s a wa sa wa proper l y , .

tn on ly simp ly ( al way s at th e
, .

kama as e nd of a p h rase ) .

kad iri ya v y o , ac cord ing a s k weli ( may prec ed e v erb ) tru ly , ,

as so . r eal l y .

v ye ma , wel l , n icel y . k wa k we l i thoroughl y , .

ka d h a li k a , in like ma nne r . h a ra ka q u ickl y hu rr ie d l y

, ,
.

v iz uri, bea u t if ul l y, n icel y .

g h a f ul a sudd en l y a b r up tl y
, , .

v ib a y a , b a d l y, il l . sa n a ve ry very m uch thoro ugh l y

, , , .

b a re to no p urp ose f reely f or

, , , m no excee dingl y a gr ea t dea l
’

, , .

no th ing . haba a little very little

, , .

u pas i qu ickly r a p idl y

, , . ki dogo a little rather ,
.

npa nd e on one sid e crooke d l y p und e a l ittl e

’
, , .
, .

p o l e p ol e slo wly gentl y

' '
, , . ki dogo kidogo by degrees -

, .

ta ra tib n, ca r e a ll y . hata kidogo not even a l ittle not , ,

k wa ku sikiti M sorrow f u l ly a ny .
k wa maj o nz i, s a dl y . zaidi more , .

R s a n re f u , length wi se . kabi sa a l togethe r entir el y not

, , ,
a t
k wa upan a , b r ea dth wi se . a ll .

k wa b id ii, enth us ia st ica ll y , ene r kam we not a t a ll never , , .

getica l l y . h al is i exa ctly p ec isel y genuinel y

, ,
r , .

k wa n guvu , b y f orce .
pek ey a k we by himse lf ,
.

v y e n gine , d ifier en tl y . yayo k wa y a yo a l l over a gai n , .

N OT E —T h e di ff e r en t
mu st not b e confound ed u se s of kwel i .

Ea M t u wa kweli ( a dj ) a t rue j us t ma n ; mtu kwa k weli

’
.
, ,

trul y (i n tr a lh ) a ma n ; a lim sif u kwa k weli h e d id ind eed p r a ise

h im or he p ra ise d him th or ou gh l y .

N OT E —H l isi can b e u s e d a dj e ctiv ely to m e an a thorough

“
. a .

Em N i bahari a hal is i h e is a thorough sa ilo r

.
, .
 S T UD Y XX 1 15

S T UD Y XX

M a d a r a sa —S c hool
mkufunz i te acher . k ud arisi, o hold a c a ss t l .

mz a z i parent . k uhishimu, o honour, to r e s p e ct t .

ma f uu z o ma f un d ish o (v . kua mru , to co m mand .

t eaching in s truction , kukub a Ii, to r ece ive , o acc ep t t ,

l iwal i nat ive governor (also to agr e e to to allow , .

wal i ) . ku f ul iz a to go on to pe r se v e r e
, , ,

dara sa cla ss . to pr ecipi tat e .

h ikima wi sdom . ku toa ko sa to blam e r e proach , , .

k ukumu authority com , h u sifa to prai se , .

mand . ku onea to oppr e ss to il l treat

, ,
-
.

ma arif a ( v kno wledg e. . k uj umlish a to add ( addit ion ) , .

am ri
’
an ord er a command , . ku punguz a to s ubtract , .

h ishima honour resp ect , . k uz idish a to mu l tipl y , .

h a ti hand writ ing docu , kumaliz a t o compl e t e to fini s h , , .

m ent . kukua to gro w (appl i es on l y to

,

h isab u su m ca l cu l ation , . an i ma l kingdom ) .

rah ama ni ma p chart , . kun an a u wong o to l ie to tell , ,

kib ao s lat e (orig i nal ly of l ies .

wood ) ku piga k ofi to cl ap hand s

kupiga k oti to b o x on th e e ars
.
, .

mb a o board s form s ’
.
, , .

ko sa fau l t m ist a k e tran s , ,

. k usikitika to b e s orry , .

greesion kuimb a to sing

k a shinda to win t o con qu er to
.
.
,

chuo ch a ma i n a r egi ste r j .

, , ,

j iogr a fi a g eogra phy . be at .

u sh ind ani ukaidi (z b a r)

’
kuta ka na to us e in sulting ,

obs tinacy . langua g e to abu se ,

.

kiburi prid e . kn ona hay a to fee l a sham e d , .

h a sir a anger indi gnat ion , . k u ta ngul ia to b e ah e ad of to . ,

k inand a mus ica l in strum e n t tak e th e l ead to pre ce d e , .

( p i ano harmonium organ )

, , . k utukiz a to irritat e di spl ea se
, , ,

tok aa l ime . o fi e nd
'

fi mb o can e s tick ,
.
-
kaidi ob s tin at e s tubborn
, , .

th a wa b u pri z e re ward ,
.
-
z ima whol e e ntir e
, , .

tuz o con solation pri z e . boda ri strong cl e ve r capabl e

, , , .

z a wa d i pr ese nt gift , .
-
tukutu mi schi e vou s fid getty
, , .

kupe l eka ch uoni to send to efl o rt e nd e avour

'

, j itih a d i , .

s chool . b id ii z e al pain s nuth a , ,

k uj itahid i to e nd e avour
,
. s ia s m .

ka tanya b idii to tak e pain s , . i l ima l earn ng , i doc trin e ,

k uhitimu to fini s h e ducation

,
. tudy
s , kno wl edg e .

ku arif u to inform (by l e tt e r )

,
. adabu polite n ess , good
k ua giz a to giv e in s truction s
,
mann er s .

to . chaki chal k .
1 16 S WA HI LI GRAM M A R

ka wa id a etiq u ette cu sto m , , wivu e nvy .

”
th e corre c t thing un writt e n waz iwaz i p
“
, , vio u sl y .

l aw. wimbo hymn , ong

s .

b akishish i a gratu i ty dol e , . ma shind a no (v .

,
c ompe titi on ,

aibu s ham e d is gra c e, . ra ce .

h a ya s e n se of sham e , mbio r u nn i ng , gre at

mod esty . rap idi ty .

msa ma h a forgiv e n e ss . ma tukano (v , . i n s ults v ulgar ,

haja r eques t d es ire n ee d , , . in s ulting l an guag e .

dar aja promotion honour , , th ama ni pric e valu e ,

.

pre ferm ent d e gr ee ord er

, ,
. si ta pra i se comm e nda t ion , .

u vivu idl en ess la z in ess , ,

ma penz i ( v love will
.
, , .

s loth l e ave pe r
— r uh u sa rukh sa
.
, ,

v ivu id l e l a z y
, , . mi ssion .

Rea d a nd Tra ns l a te

M wa n a u ml ea v y o , n d iv y o a k u a v y o M wa li m u m m oj a
w a k ihi n di a n a a n z a (Op ened ) s k u li k a tik a mj i w a ka l e
illi ku f u n d ish a k i z u n gu , Wa n a f u nz i wa k we h a wa f u
n z wi h a l i w a l a h is a b u A m ea n d ik a v ij a n a ish ir in i n a v i
.

n a k a tik a c huo c h a m aji n a el a n as ikia h a wa f u l iz i kuj a

kill a siku n a e m w eny ewe h an a h u ku m u j uu y a o C h u o ni
, .

m we tu s wis wi (a t o ur s choo l ) twa f u n z wa k uj u ml ish a ,

k u pu n gu z a , k u z id ish a n a k u ga wa ny a T u na ra h a m a ni .

u kut a n i , tu a te k u el e wa h a b a ri y a u l im we n gu tu u k e tio
p
il imu hii y a itwa j io gra fi a T e n a tu n a v ib a o n a pe s el i
—
.

n a k a l a m u i 1 a m b a o m w eu s i n a c h a ki
’
v y o t e v i as a v y o
p .

M ku f u n z i w e tu u i h o d a ri k wa k u piga kin a n d a — a tn im b is h a
n yi mbo n z u r i kill a n a m n a S iku k uu y a k u to l ea th a wa b u
'
.

tu ta z iim b a m be l e y a w a z u n gu wo t e n a ku ndi z i m a l a
’

wa t u K u ta ku w a n a m a sh in d a n o s iku il e —k ill a m to to ku
’
.

s h in d a n a n a w en z iwe k wa k u piga m bio n a k u ruk a 11 a

’

m a m b o m en gin e W e nyi ku sh in d a h u pa wa z a wa d i na
.

tu z o , wa t u w o te wa k ipiga k o fi Y a wa pa s a wa z a z i wo te
’ ' '
.

k u w a l eta wa to to wa o c h u o n i m w etu U s h in d a ni n a u v ivu .

n a m a tu k a n o h a y a ku b a l iwi k a bi sa S h ar ti kill a m tu
’
.

af a n e b id ii kwen d el ea m be l e
y .
1 18 S WA HILI GRAM M A R

F re qu en tly p r e po s i tio n is u se d w i th two

th e sa m e

e n ti r e ly oppo s it e m ea n i n g s ea c h b e i n g i m p a rt e d to i t ,

by th e v e rb w i th w hi c h i t is e m ploye d Ex . .

A m e to k a k a tik a n yu mb a , he ca me out of the house .

A m en gia k a tik a n yu m ba , h e went i nto the ho us e .

Na l ito ka kwa m w a l i m u , 1 c a me ou t of the tea cher s

’

[ house] .

Na l in gia k wa m wa li m u , 1 went into the tea cher s

'

[ o us e]
h .

A DV ERBIA L PREPO SITI ONS

T h es e for m e d by c om b in i n g in on e phr a s e a n
a re

a dv e r b a n d th e va ri a bl e p r e po s itio n a
( )
of P ro n ou n s -
.

follo wi n g th e se r equir e to b e in th e po ssess iv e ca s e Ex . .

m be l e y a n gu b efor e me .

n y u m a ya k w e b ehind him .

k in y u m e c h a ko a ga inst you .

j uu y a, up on , o ver a ga insto
a b ve, , , ya af te r ( time)
b aa d a , .

a b ou t , with r ega rd to . k ando ya by by the

'

, , side o f ,

tini ya u nder u nder nea th

, ,
. besid e .

mbe l e ya (or z a ) in f ront of , , k ando k ando ya on both sides of

' '

, ,

b ef or e ( tim e an d p lac e) . rou nd a bo ut .

n yu ma ya behind af ter ( tim e

, , karibu ya nea r nea r to nea r ly
, , ,
.

and pl ac e) . ka ti ya d u r ing
, .

ndani ya i nsid e of in
, ,
. kat i kati ya in the m idd le or ,
n d e ya o ut s id e of ou t of
, , . m id s t of .

kabla ya b ef or e ( tim e)
,
. k inyu me c h a a ga inst contra ry to , ,
.

k wa aj ili ya f or the s a ke of
,
. upand e wa o n the s id e of
, .

k wa s a b a b u ya becau se of o n , ,
z ai d i ya be sid e in a dd ition to
, , .

a ccou nt of . ma h al i pa in l ieu of i n p l a ce of
, , ,

bada la ya i ns tea d of i n excha n ge

, ,
i nstea d of .

f or . mf a no wa l ike sim ila r to

, , .

O cc as ional ly na (with ) is s ubs tit u te d for (y)a .

na , m b a li na , p am o a j na . T h es e a re followe d
obj ec ti v e no t th e po ssessi v e pron ou n . Ear .

m b a li n a s wi
f ar wa y fr om a s
a .

k a r ibu nae n ea r him .

pa m o ja use together with them .

 1 19
'

S T UD Y XX

C ON J UNC T I ONS

v erb t e nse s h a v e a c onj u n c ti v e fo rc e Ex

S e v er a l . .

e S ubo r di n a t e T e n s e s of th e I n di c a ti v e I m p e ra
( )
1 T h
”
,

ti ve a n d S ubju nc ti ve w ith ha (a nd ) U ka f a ny a (a nd
,
“
.

a nd tha t y o u
y o u m ade
) k a f au e
y ( a nd ma ke
) y (
u ka f a n e , ,

ma y ma ke) .

a n a if he
( ) T h P a r ti c ipi a l w ith ki ( )
if A ki f “
2 e y .
,

ma kes .

”
( ) T h e Ne g a ti v e P a r ti c ipi a l with si o
( if t)
“
3 p no .

W a s ipo f a n y a , if th ey d o no t d o [ it] .

”
E should A l hou h T e n s e with
“
( )H
4 T h e
“
v e n or t g
N a o f a n a , a l though o r eve n sh ou l d I d o
a o
g p ij “p y.

”
.

T hough T e n s e w ith or nga wa

“
( ) T h “
5 e nga .

T u nga f a n y a o r i n ga wa twa f a n y a , tho ugh we d o .

O th er c onju nc tion s n ot bou n d up v erb s a re

in
na , and but ( th is combin ed wit h th e
,
pronominal s uffix of a noun
pre c eding it in fac t or though t m eans al so m f a u me na e
a ke nd a th e king went a lso ) , .

pia a l so too (s tand s at th e e nd of a phras e or se nte nc e )

, ,
.

i n provid e d that if so b e that if onl y so l ong a s ( s tand s a t th e end

, , , ,

of a phrase or sent ence) .

l a kin i b ut ( see not e s ubjoin ed )

, .

wa l a kini but
il l a el a but ( exc ept )—not strongl y adv er s ativ e
, .

, , .

tena again more ov e r furth e rmor e be sid es

, , , , .

bali but rat h e r but rath e r

, , , .

ba si th e refor e th en ne w so
, , , , .

nd ipo sa th e r e for e and so that is h o w i t wa s

, , , .

kwamba ka ma ka n a kwamba that wh eth e r if

, , , , , .

ya kwamba ya kuwa that , , .

i lli il l i k wamba i n ord e r that to th e i nt e n t that so t hat

, , , , .

an a n, a n or e ith e r or , , .

wal a nor n e ith e r , nor , .

pa moj a na haya n ev erth e l e ss not with standing , , .

kisha th en , .

kwa ku wa k wa ma a na y a kwa sab a b u ya kwan i maa n a for be ca m e

, , , , , ,

for as much a s th e r ea son b e ing , .

hata and ev e n , , .

k wa ajili ya hayo wh e r e fore , .

k wen d a ( followed by k a t en se) suppo si ng that may b e that

' ”
, , .

i sipoku wa ho wbe it but , , .

mitha li na ( u s uppo sin g (y o u we r e t o ( followed by

1 20 S WA HILI GRAM M AR

NO T E on
“
AND A ND
“
B ur
”
“
Nab e a rs both m ea n i n gs In u s i ng thi s
. . word its
origin a l forc e should b e k e pt in m i n d w hi c h is ,
not t ha t
”
of th e c onjun c tio n a n d bu t of th e p re po s itio n ,
w ith .

I t m ea n s a n d a s a c o nju n c tiv e p a rti cl e

J um a m k evve , J uma a nd
( with) his wife
‘

na or .

I t m ea n s bu t as a c o n t ra s tiv e p a r ti c l e

J u ma m z u ri s u r a z a k w e ,
ni J uma is ha nd some a s to his
m ke we u i m ov o , cou ntena nce, b u t his wife is
’
na

u gly .

No r a —He r e “
l a k ini ( b u t) w ould b e qu it e out of
pl a ce .

N a is u se d to i n tr odu c e a s ubj u n c ti v e phr a se

tu o mb e , l et u s p ra y W h en i t p re c ede s a v o we l th e
. a

m a y b e e lide d to for m o ne w o rd Ex Naj e for na aj e . . . .

I ll a , el a , but . T he root -
m ea n i n g e xc e pt mu s t b e
bor n e in m i n d .

Wa t u '
w o te w a m ek uj a , i l l a
’
Every bod y ca me, but you d id
w e we b ukuj a , no t co me .

J u m a u i m z u ri, e l a m k ewe Juma is ha ndso me, b u t his

8 1 m z u r i, wife is no t .

Lakini, bu t . T hi s is l wa y s u s e d by wa y of q u a li
a

f y in g wh a t h a s be e n s t a t e d in th e p r e v io u s s e n t e n c e o r ,

w h a t is i mpli e d by it
Jum a ui m z u r i, l a ki n i ni J uma is ha nd s ome, b ut he is
ki we t e , a cri
pp l e .

Ul in a m b ia y a J u ma , l a k ini Yo u to l d me a b ou t J u ma b ut ,

y a m k ewe h u k u na m b ia , no t a bou t h is wife .

Isipokuwa , but . T he of thi s is m u ch th e

u se sa m e
as ill a with an e xt e nsion of m e a ni n g .
1 22 S WA HI LI GRA M M A R

k u ta wa l a , to rule to r eign to , ,
Ushi rik a uta ka tif u Hol y
control to gov e rn
, . C ommun i on .

k u f a rij i to comfort
, . a si l i origin , roo t , s ourc e ,

k usal i b iwa to b e cruc i fie d

, . natur e .

kutubu ( kaj ul a ) to r ep e nt
, , . utuku f u gl ory .

imani faith b e li e f creed , , , hid i

sh a a witn ess .

goodn e ss . Ra m adha ni M uhamm edan

sa daka rel i gio us off e ring , F ast .

s acrific e alm s , . ma wa z o thou ght s .

ibada wors hip serv i ce , . s an a ma idol imag e pic ture , , .

wok of u salvation d el iv e r ,
l a a na cur se .

an ce . ki apo oath .

u k omb oz i r e d e mption . a n a sa worl dl y pl e a s ures .

t ama a d e sir e pass ion lu st , , . aj a b u wond e r s urprise , .

un y eny ekevu humility . kif o ma uti ( v d e ath .

,

I slam M uh a mmed a nism ,

mortal ity .

Is lam . k aburi grave tomb ,

.

rah a r est ea se l uxury , , . m a it i d e ad pe r s on .

u ongof u conv e rs ion . kuz imu h ell th e cold gra v e , .

ni a mind h e art di spos ition , , . a h era . had es th e world to ,

n a f usi s el f p e rson soul com e

'

, , , .

s pir itua l be ing . a d ha b u puni shm e nt torture , .

wh o s pirit soul , . ma m f uk u ( v prohi b i tion

.
,

toz i a t ear . forbidd e n thing s .

m a i sha ( v . li fe exist enc e , , d h amb i ( iii and s in. .

l ife time .

Rea d a nd T r a nsl a te

D i ni y ak we li n diyo itu o n go z a y o k wa M ugu n a ku tu

f a r ij i roho T wa a m in i k wa m b a M m a s ih ia n diy o m we ny i
,

ku wa n a yo d i n i biyo M u is il a m u h u m wita M u a se ra .
,

k a fi r i ; l a ki n i pa moj a n a h a y a h u se m a K a fi ri a ku ta s e s i I
,

M u is il a m u a s iy e ku f a a ; m a a n a aj a po s hik a n a sa na n a
2
,

d i n i y a k we 3
y ey e n a k u d hara u w en yi d i n i ny e ngine
Si is be tt e r than T h is is a com mo n el lip s i s in b y e word s .
-

and prov e rbs and see m s to s tan d for [ Giv e me]

,
and not ,
2
Re ciprocal v erbs a re u s ually follo we d b y na ( with ) r e mindin g
u s of th e fr e qu en t Engli s h pre fix ( or in fi x) con ( co m wi th “
.

Equival e nt s for re ciprocal s may rea d i y b e found in words of thi s .

c a t e gory Ex Piga na to co mbat ; shin d ana to cont e nd to comp e t e

. .
, , , ,

to conflict ; sh ika na to b e conn e ct ed ; pa tana to b e r e concil ed to , , ,

con se nt to mak e a contra ct ; j ad il ia na to contradict ; ga nd ama na to

, , ,

cong e al e tc ,
.

T his ins e r tion of th e s eparabl e pronoun in addition to th e

pos ses s iv e mak es th e ph rase corres pond e xactly to th e Engli sh His ,

o wn r e l i gion
”
.
 S T UD Y xxx 1 23

wo te , h ao n i v ib a y a k a m we ku wa tu mia ma ka fi ri, a kij io na

’

ku f a id i wa n a o tu M uu m b a wa m bi ngu na n t i n a v y o te ’ ’
.

v il iv m o
y n d iy e M we ny ie z i M ngu A l iy e tu ko mb o a , . .

k wa k u tu fil ia m sa l a b a n i ni mwa n a we pe k e s , B wa n a w e tu
,

J es u M a sihi , a m b ae u i M wo ko z i wa w a l im w en gu w o te
'
.

k u tu ta wa l a n a f u s i u i Ye ye Roho
'
A f un z a e n ia z etu n a
M ta ka tif u , a a b u d iwa en a ku tu k u z wa pa m oj a n a Ba b a n a
M wa n a K a tik a k a ni sa l a M a s ihi ku na d a r aj a t a tu '
.

m a b ish 0 pu , m a k a s isi n a m a sh e mas i K a z i y a o w o te n i

'
.

k u h u b iri inj il i n a k u lish a ku n di l a M n gu Ku ndi hilo .

n diyo j a m a a b a r iki w a w m in if u wo te
’
M a s ihi a l i
—
a aa
y .

w ek a s a ka ra m e n ti m bili k wa wa f u a s i wa k w e M a b a pu tiz i
n a K a ra mu y a B wa n a , biyo
y a itwa n a yo Ush irika Uta
ka tif u .K a tik a c hu o c h a B ibli a ku na ta u re ti, vy u o v y a
m a n a b ii, z a b u ri, mith a l i, inj ili, m a te n do y a m itum e, n a
V y u o hivi vy o t e v y a m sh u
’
n y ara k a k a d h a w a k a d h a
’ ’
.

b u d i a J es u M as ihi ku wa n d iy e M wa n a we A liy e J uu
Sa n a ; wa n a f un z i w a k we na o wa l im ku b a l i w a k itiwa h a
kika k wa i sh a ra z a kw e z o te a l iz o ten d a m be l e y ao m u da
'

w a ku wa mo u l im we ngu n i I ll a n en o k u u k u pita yo t e
.
' ’

n iku l e k u f nf u ka k wa k w e m a n ti n i k wa a a b u kul ik o m wo
j
n y es h a wa z i ku wa m sh in d i h a li s i j uu k if n a a b era
’
y a o
n a n guvu z o t e z a k u z im u .

T r a nsl a te
Ma n life time is short a nd ( tena ) h is thought s a re
’
s

e v il . S a yi n g (In f ) pr a y e r s will n o t t a k e a wa y s in ,

n e ith e r will bo wi n g (l n f ) do w n to idols c l e a n s e th e s oul

. .

M uh a m m e d a n s s a y th er e a re fi v e thi n g s n ec e ss ar y to
s a l v a tio n : T o p ra y to gi v e tith e s f or a l m s to w it n es s to
, ,

M uh a m m e d by r e c iti n g th e c re e d to fa s t [ in ] Ra m a d h a n i
, ,

a n d to go to M e cca . T h e Ne w T e s t a m en t t eac h es u s th a t
we a re n o t s a v e d by good w ork s n o r by te a rs of r e p e n t
,

a n c e ; but by fa ith in th e L ord Je s us C hri s t wh o di e d f o r

our sa k e a nd o ff ered His body a s (kuwa ) a sa c rifi c e to

Go d for th e S i n s of th e whol e w orld T h e y wh o be li e v e
.

[ ]
in H im h a v e th e i r n a tur e c h a n g e d u euz wa asil i by
( g
h )
th e Hol y Spiri t so th a t th e y lov e (wa ka
, th e thi n g s
whi c h th e y form e rly h a te d a n d h a te tho se whi c h th ey
,
1 24 S WA HI LI G RA M M A R

lov e d in th e fir s t i ns ta n c e T h e M uh a m m e d a n re li gion is
.

Eas y W a y ; th e r e as o n be i n g tha t tho s e

”
ca ll e d th e
“

wh o follow it a re n o t r e qui r e d to giv e u p worldly pl ea

s ur es o r th e lu s t s of th e fl e s h If a ma n be co m e s a .

M uh a m m e d a n s i ns s u ch a s hypoc ri s y a n d d e c e i t a re n o t
,

forbidd e n to h im He w ho do es righ te ou sn e s s is bl e ss ed
.
,

h e wh o b re a k s th e l a w of God is c u r se d T h e wri ti n gs .

w hi c h a re a cc e pte d a n d b eli e v e d by M uh a m m e d a n c o n
v e r ts a r e c a ll e d th e Ko ra n a book c o n t a i n i n g (chengi)

In c h a pt e r s four S ix se v en a n d fo r ty—
,

1 1 4 c h a p ter s .
,
e i ght ,

th e d o c tri n e of d ev il s a n d a n g e l s is se t fo r th A ll th e .

fa ithful m ee t in th e M o squ e e v e ry F ri d a y wh e n th e ,

I ma m u p r ea c h es to th e m T h e S wa hili s s a y
. Giv e ,
,
“

”
th a n ks [f o r] wh a t you h a v e a n d a g a i n “
T h e tortu r e
, ,

of th e gra ve th e d e a d m a n k no ws .

I NT ERJ EC T I ONS
Em otio n is so mu c h e xpr e sse d
by g es tur e in S wa hili
th a t I n t e rj ec tion s a re a t a di sc ou n t Pa rti c ul a rly is thi s .
‘

tr u e of th e m or e e du c a t e d c l a sses T h e follo wi n g a re a .

f e w I n t erj ec tion s in co mm on u s e

11 ! oh ! h ebu ! ( h web u ) p l ease do ! Won t ,

’

a -
s ! no ! you ?
a h a sa nta thank you ! it is well !
! howe th e re th e n !
ai ! oh ! ( of pain ) . kumb e ! wha t ! be hold !
a ka ! what n e xt ! ng a wa ( fol lowed by N eg .

at i ! I sa y ! look ! you kno w ! oh that !

b as i ! s top that wil l do ! e nough . l s iti oh that ! would to G od
c ha pu c hapu ! l ook s harp ! h urry lau kwa mba ! ( fol lo wed by Pr es .

ul oh that !
ewi t l a l l ri gh t ! v ery good ( gr e at surpri se )
’
‘
lo ! .

s e wall ah ! y es by God ! , ng oj a k wanz a ! wait a m inut e

ewe ! co ! 0 ! hall oa ! h i ! ol e wan gu ! ala s ! wo e is me !
ha ra ka ! h a s te ! ha s te n ! sa ! y e s ! h e re I am !
’

h a ya ! ge t on ! co me along ! sa l a l a ! pl a gu e upo n you

hay a ba si ! th e re no w ! th er e ! sumil e ! ma k e wa y ! mov e !
hi ma mak e h aste
1
S ee p . African Aphori sms .
 S W A HIL I G RA M M A R

T HE F O RMA T I ON O F V ERBAL NO UNS

ou n s m a y b e fo r m e d
V e rba l n
1 F ro m pri ma ry v erb ste ms, a c ti v e o r p a ssiv e
. .

(a ) By s i m ply prefi xing a so na n t m (mu or mW ) to d e n o t e

’
a
a g e n t a n d by
p r e fi x in g 11
( W or m W ) to fo r m a n a b s tra c t Ex . .

mrithi he ir i nh eri tor

, h a ri t h i to inh e rit
, urithi i nh e rita n ce
, ,

mtunga h e ph e rd s kutunga to h e rd to t e nd
, , (utungaj i) sh e ph e rding ,

muh itaj i n ee dy p e r son

, kuhi taj i to wan t
, uhitaj i wan t ,

mwen d a a goe r , k wenda to go , mwe nd( o) , ga it goi n ,

conduct
mtumwa , slav e ka tum wa , to b e s ent utu mwa , sl av e ry
mu onewa , oppr e sse d pe r kuonewa , to b e oppr e sse d
so n
muwez a , o ne wh o is abl e kuwez a , to b e able u wez a (a wez o), po we
( Go d )

( b ) B y th e sa me proc e ss as a bo v e w ith , th e p a rti c l e “

ji
su t
fi xed Ex . .

mwimb aj i, S ing e r ku imba to sing

, ( wimbo) , song hymn ,

muomb aj i, b e ggar ka omb a to b e g

, u omb aj i beggin g b e , ,

muuaj 1 , murd e r e r kuna to ki ll

, murd er
mtend aj i, d eer kuteu d a to do , ( te ndo) action ,

mwind aj i, h un te r ku wi nd a to hunt , (uind a ) hunti ng ,

()c By th e sa m e pro ces s bov e w ith th e p a rti cl e “ f u

as a
”
su ifi xe d , a nd o cca s io na l c ha ng e or el i s io n of te rm i n
“
vu an
vo wel
md an ga ny if u, d ec eive r ku d a nga ny a , to d e ceiv e ud a nganyif u , d c c c ptio
d ece it
mu a minif u , beli e v e r kua mini , to b eli e ve ua mini f u , faith fuln es s
mu ongofu , conv e rt ku ongo a , to l e ad to con , uongof u , conv e rs ion
ver t
m h a rib if u,
’
d es troy er kub uri h u , to d estroy , uh arib if u, d eS tI uc tiO]
'

corru pt corruption
mpotevu , prodig al ku pote a , to be l os t or
wa s t e d was te
ml egevu , d e sul to ry pe rson ku l egea , to b e sl ack , l oose ul egevu , d es ul torin e ss
ml ek ev u, uprigh t p e rson kul ek ea , to b e s tra ight , lkv
a e o a, u pri ghtn ess
prigh t
u

mtulivu , p e rs on wh o su b ku tulia to b e qui e t cal m

m ite to dis ciplin e
mta ka tif u h oly p er son
sa in t
, , , u tul ivu , s u b missio n,
q uie
re signe d n ess
, ,
ku ta k a ta t o b e cl eanse d
, u ta ka ti u, f h o l iness , p uri t
,
pur e
 S T UD Y XXI

(d ) By th e sa m e pro c ess a s a bo v e a nd a c h a n ge of fi n a l vo ws
w i th a n oc c a s io na l soft eni n g of fi na l c o nso n a n ts Em . .

mwivi thi e f
, kuib a to th ie v e , wivi (wiz i) th e ft ,

msh oni tai lor s eam s tress ka shon a to se w u sh oni se wing n ee d ] ,

wor],
, , ,

muy a ng a nyi , robber kuny a ng a nya , to rob robb e ry

u uy a ng a ny i,
’ ’ ’

mpenz i, lov e r , lov ed o ne

‘

ku p end a , to ov e l upenz i ( ma penz i) lov e ,

mpa nz i, s o wc r ku pa n d a , to so w upa nz i so wing ,

ml inz i, k e e p e r , g uard kulin d a , to k ee p , guard ul inz i, pro tec tio n , k c epi1

mfus si , follo we r , d is ci pl e k uf ua ta , to fol o w l n ina si d iscipl e ship
,

n a f e w i n s ta nc es ti en t n ou n s fo r m e d by re fi xin
( e
) I se n are p
ki to th e v er b
ki ny oz i, a bar b e r ku ny oa , o shav et uny oz i, shaving
kiongoz i, a l e ad e r ku ong oz a , to l ead u ongoz i l e ad e r s h i p
,

kipeta , blind perso n ku potuk a , o b e blind t upof u b l indn ess

, spo il ,

s igh t

kiz ushi , upstart i ntrud er

,
ka z uka to come to
, th e
s ur f ace to happ e n
,

2 . Fro m ca u sati ve st e ms by th e sa m e pro c e ss and a c h a ng e

fi na l vo wel . Ex .

mz a mish i, b a pti z e r to cau se to go

k uz a mish a , u z a mish i, bap ti sm
und er wat e r
mua nd ish i, wri t er , s cribe ku a nd ish a (ku a nd ikish a ) , ua nd ishi , wri ting
to cau se to write
ma a sh i ma so n kua sha to ca u se to ua shi ma sonry ,
build e r build ( ma s on ry )
mpi shi cook , kupish a to cau se to cook upish i cook ery ,

mtumrsh i, se rvan t ku tumish a to cau se to u tumi sh i s e rvic e

, ,
s e rv e
mz ishi , u nd ertak e r kuz ish a to pr epar e for uz ish i burial
, ,

buria l
mtoz i, ex actor ku toz a to e xact ( cau se to u tcz i exaction
, ,
give out)
mwok oz i, sa v iour ku ok oz a to cau s e to s av e ( wok of u ) sal vation
, ,

ml ez i, nurs e , r ea r e r kul ez a ( l ) to cau se to u l ez i nur s ing r e aring

, , ,

bring up
muomb ez i, m ediator k uomb ez a to cau se to u omb ez i int erc ession
, ,

int e rced e
mpend ez i , o ne wh o pl ea ses kupend ez a to pl e a se upend ez i favour pl ea si
, , ,

( cau se to l ov e)
msima miz i, ove rsee r ku sima miz a to cau se to u sima miz i s te wa rds h il
, ,

ov e r see
ml evi , drunkard kul ev [ y ]a to in toxicat e
, ul ev i drunk e nn e ss ,

mponyi , d e l i v e r er ku pony a to d e l i v er ( cause

, d el iv eran ce
to esca pe )
1 28 S W A HILI GRAM M A R

3 . Fr om pr e posi tiona l stems, by th e sa m e proc e ss

mtetea, a cha mpion espouser t
k utetea , o figh for t
mu s a sa a r eprov e r, ku nenea , to S pe ak o , o sc o d t t l
mta ngaz ia , o ne wh o publi s h es to ku tangaz ia , to pub i sh o l t
a g iv e r
l
n ic es , k utol ea , to giv e o t
mtengez ea a provi d er , t
k utengez ea , o prov d e or pr e pa r e i
tor

4 . Fro m r e cipro ca l ste ms (a b s tra c t or c oll ec tiv e n ou ns

w i th th e p re fi x ma
ma ona no, a m eeting ku ch e n s to , see o ne anoth er to,

m ee t
makut ano , a cro wd t
kuku t a na , o com e toge th e r
' '

ma ga wa ny ika no, se para tion , di vi k uga wa nyika na , to b e se para te d

s ion from e ach oth e r
ma pa tano, agree m ent kupa ta na to a gr ee
,

ma pa tanish o, aton e m en t kupa ta nish a ( cau s .

re co ncil e
maa ga n o, cov e nan t kua ga ua to cov enan t
,

ma pend a no, mut u a l lov e k upend a na to l ov e each oth e r

,

ma shind a no, cont ent ion , e mul a kushind ana to con te nd ,

tion
maimb iz a no , antiphonal s inging t
kuimb iz a na , o s ing to e ach oth e r
maj ib iz a no, ca tech is m t
kuj ibiz a na , o an swe r ea c h oth e r

5 . S ome pa ssi ve verba l nou ns ch a n g e th e fi na l a to e

mtam e apo stl e (or s en t o ne)

, kutumwa , o b e se nt t
mshind e conqu e red one , kushi nd wa , to b e co nque re d
m teul e chose n one , kuteuli wa or kuta uli wa , to be
ch os e n or e l ect e d
kiumb e , crea t e d o ne kuumb wa to b e cr ea ted
,

Co mmo n no uns , c o n c re t e a n d a b s tr a c t , m ay be form ed

fro m ver bs by prefi xing s o n a n t m , ki, ma , o r n (W b e fore
’

a v o we l )

m samah a , forgi ve n es s
’
ku sameh e, o forgiv e t
m sa d a , h el p
’
kusa idi a , to h e lp
m sangao , a s to nis hm e n t
’
knea ngaa , to b e pas on s h e d t i
m sal a pray ing mat
’
, ku sal i , to pray
kinoo gri nds ton e
, ku noa , to gr nd , to sh a rpe n i
kivuko for d cross ing , , ka vuka to cro ss ( wat er)
,

kifiniko l id cov e ring , ,

ka h uika to cover
,

kiigiz o pat te rn copy

, , kui giz a to copy to imi ta te
, ,

maomb i pray ers , ka omb a to pray

,
130 S W A HILI GRA M M A R

m a tuta oil , ma u ti d eath

.
, .

maj i wat e r
, maj ira tim e
.
, .

ma z iwa milk , maj onz i gri e f .

, .

m a ra sh i p e rfum e , majute r e pe n t ance .

, .

ma nuk a to p e rfum ed oi ntm en t mara d hi s ickn ess

' “

, .
, .

ma penz i l ov e wi l l , ma rid ha wa abundanc e

, .
, .

m ai sh a life , maj a a l iwa e nablin g (d i vin el y

maz oea habit cu s tom u se
.
,

, b es to wed ) , , . .

ma sh iz i s oot , mali prope rty (al so i n c l 1 1 1

.
, .

maana m ea ning r ea son ca u se ma ny ez i abhorr e nc e di sgu s t

'
'

, , , .
, ,
.

ma nuf aa profit , ma t e s aliva .

, .

matuki o h a tr ed , maml a ka au tho rity power .

, , .

”
Vit a ( cl iv wa r is a n i n sta nce of this in anoth er cl a ss
. .
,
.

3 . T he tud en t w sil l obs e r v e th a t n ou n s b e gi nn i n g

w ith an a s pi ra t e d c o ns on a n t b e lo n g u su a l ly to c l iii or . .

cl vii. . T h e follo wi n g though be a rin g a rese m bl a n c e ,

to n ou n s of cl iv a re n o e xc eption to th e rul e
. .
,

k iu ( yan gu ) (my ) thir st :

'
k ima (wa n gu ) (my )
, , black
ch umvi (h ii) ( th i s) salt
'
monk e y s , . .

ch a ga (z e ta ) ( our ) sto r e hou ses

'
-

, .

kind a ( youn g b i rd or a nimal ) h a s a ma plura l (c l .

Se v e r a l l s
‘

4 . ou n s n a re in two
,
or m ore c a ses w i th
v a ri a tion s of m ea n i ng
'

mkono (cl . a rm, hand (of l ango ( cl . lar ge door ga te , ,

bod y)
ml ango (cl . 1L ), door ku ta ( cl hi gh wall.

u kuta ( c l wa l l k apu (c l larg e bask et

'
. .

kika pu ( cl . sm al l ba sk e t many a si (cl gra ss weed s .

,

nny a si ( cl . blad e of gra ss ma d h amb i (cl individual .

dh amh i ( pl .
'

cl . s in (co l l e c s in s
tive l y ) goma (cl big drum .

n goma ( cl danc e drum .

,
j emb e (cl h oe .

kij emb e ( cl pocke t knife . ma pe sa ( cl smal l change .

p es a ( cl pi ee . ma wingu ( cl v cloud s . .

mb in gu (cl vii h eave n . . kiti (cl iv s tool chair (of

. .
,

mti ( cl tre e wood.

, wood )
c lmngwa ( cl orang es . ma chungwa ( cl l a rge .

kono ( cl a rm ( of riv er cr e e k
.
, , oran g es
e tc .
)
 S T UD Y XX I 13 1
‘ ‘
'

5 . Se n ti e n t ou ns m a y b e fou n d in
n al l th e
l
c ass s e ta ki ng th e re sp ec tiv e plur a l s of tho se l
c as s es .

Ex .

C LAss I I .

mtetea , a laying h en mitetea

C LASS II I .

mb ari relati ve ki n s ma n
, ,

p epo e vil sp i rit

'
,

k al a io h numen
'

C LAs s IV .

kib arua , day abo ure r l '

vih ara s
ki p nngu, ospre y
'

kium b e, mor ta c r eature l

kirob oto , flea , sw f mai it l runn er
-

C LA SS V .

Ma y ah ud i
asi, rebe l
t aj iri rich ,

sh ekh e chi e f el d er, ,

ma kuh a ni

C LA SS V I .

'

j ana , big l ad
C LA SS V I I .

a titit i uta wa tewa poul try l i

, ce (u sed collecti vel y )
,

i nva ri a bl e rul e c a n b e gi ve n for th e c o nc ord s of

No
oth e r pa rt s of sp eec h u se d to qu a li f y s u c h n ou ns ; th ese ,

s o m e ti m e s fol lo w c l i (e g ma l a ika w a l e wa ta ka tif u)

. . . . .
,
”
a n d s o m e ti me s th e i rra ti o na l c l a ss to whi c h th e wo r d
“

b elo n gs (Ex J imb i h il i dawikaf s a na ) O th e rs a ga i n

'
’

. .

”
r equi re s o me se n ti en t a n d so me irr a tion a l c o nc o r d s
( E x N d
. ugu z a ngu wa ta tu wana kuj a Waj oliz e w a l im .

w ona Kij a na kike h uyu a kwita) S ee n ot e 1 S tudy V III

.
,
. .
, .

"
P roba b ly so ca l l ed from a ch itj o r ti ck et o f id e n ti ficatio n
' '

;
u a
.
13 2 S WA HI LI GRA M M A R

T RANSLAT I ONS OF T HE EXERC I SES

S T UD Y I
T h e m a s te r m i s tr ess I a n d m y m as t er Y ou
a nd th e . .

a n d your c hild I a n d you a n d b e My m i s tre ss a n d

. .

xo u r s i s te r Good d a y ! (v e ry ) g
. g ood d a
y ! G ood m o r ni ng .

Ho w a r e you , S ii ? (Quit e ) we ll (th a n k you ) A re you .

fe eli n g w ell ? I a m quit e well ( th a n k you ) A n d a re .

y o u q u it e w e ll ? I a m v ery w ell ( th a nk you ) A re you .

b e tte r ? I a m b e tter, th a n k you M a d a m h o w a r e you ? .

,

( Qu ite) w e ll (th a nk you ) A n d a r e you a l l right ? I a m .

a l l r i ght ( th a n k you
) I s your broth e r be tte r ? . H e is
b e tt er , M a d a m A n d h o w is you r so n fee li n g ? He is
.

v e r y well i n d ee d T his is good n e ws ! Good e v e n i ng ,

.

S ir. Good b y e M a d a m-

Good by e !
,
.
-

Sa b a l kh er i ! J a m b o , b ib i l Sl J a m b o , b wa n a ! U h a li
ga n i ? N i h a li njema Hu j a m bo , b wa n a ? S ij a m b o ,
.

a h a sa n ta ? B wa n a w a n gu h aj a m b o ? Haj a m b o s a na .

B ib iy a n gu n a e h aj a m b o ?
Haj a mb o l Nd u gu y o y u h a l i
g a n i ? Y u h a li nj e m a s a na Nd u guy o (m w a n a mke ) y u .

h a li g a n i ? A h a sa n ta , B wa na , y u h a li nj e ma Y ey e na .

w e we n a m i m i B wa n a w a n gu . B ib iy a n gu Nd u gu y o . . .

M s a a l kh e ri, b wa n a M saa l kh er i, bibi Na a m ! La ! K wa

. .

h erini .

S T U D Y II

w Y es M a a m I wi ll
’
Boy , co me ( o m e ) . a te r B r i ng s .
, ,

bri n g s om e)
dire c tly
( C o m e a lo n g (b e) qui ck ! D o .

you h ea r I h e a r M a a m W e w a n t food n ow V e ry
r
.
,
’
. .

w e ll M a a m w e will b r i n g it q u i c kly A re you hu n gry

’
.
, , ,

M a a m ? Be qui e t boy ju s t do (your ) work No w th e n

’

, , . ,

M a a m I h a ve brought ( th e) food
’

, Ha ve you brought .
1 34 s WA mLi G RA M M AR

nawe twaa chuo Sa sa we ka c huo m e z e ni u ka

u ka so m e . .

s ik iz e Ta k nu l iz a mas n a li
. V y ema (B wa na ) n a m i n i ta
.

j a ri b u k uj ib u B a si sasa.
, u m ej ib u v iz u ri N a f u ra h i .

s a na J ee, wa ta k a w i no ? N diyo n a ta ka , n a pen isel i pia

. .

M wa n a f u n z i aj a rib u k u s em a lug b a y a kisa wa h il i A wez a .

k u so m a h a ru f u A li a n z a li n i ? Na lim f u nd ish a m sta ri wa

.

k wan z a j a n a .

S T UD Y IV
O p e n th e wi n do w I wa n t to look out I see a lot of
, .

p eopl e in th e s tree t l e t u s shu t th e door qui ckly Wh e re

, .

is th e k e y ? I t is u ps t a i rs Go a nd look o n th e roo f . .

T h e p eopl e a re gon e n o w sh a l l I op e n th e door ? Y e s , ,

op en (it ) th en s we e p th e s t e p s a n d th e c ourty a rd a l s o
'

, , ,

th e v era n d a h s I wan t a m a t to pu t on th e door s te p

.
-
.

W a i t a li ttl e (whil e ) you will ge t ( it) W h e r e is the

, .

W
.

ca t ? T h e ca t h a s ju s t (no w ) go n e out h e r e is s h e .

go n e ? P e rh a p s sh e is gon e to look f or a ra t C a ll h e r I .
,

w a n t h er to e a t (h er) food ; sh e is hu n gry A ll n ight .

lon g sh e wa s m a ki n g a n oi s e Boy ha ve you po li sh e d .

,

th e looki ng gl a ss ? Y e s M a a m a n d I c l e a n e d th e
-

,
’
,
.

wi n do ws a s well W he r e h a v e you bee n ? I was o n th e

.

roof c ryi ng Wh y did you c ry ? Beca u s e I wa n t e d to

, .

go out but I wa s ca ll e d (i e wa n t ed by e m pl oy e r ) O h ! . . .

n e ve r m i n d

S huk a , n ak u sihit sa sa hivi Nd u gu y o a ku ta f u ta Y u .

‘
.

k o wa pi ? Y uko seb u l en i M wa m b ie aj e u ku mb ini . .

V y u mb a v ya ta ka k u pewa , n a gh a l a pia J cc , ml a n go
wa o ro f a u wa z i ? L a ! U m e f un gw a Uf ungu e , ba s i
'

. .

M to to aa ta ka ku n gia n d a n i V y e ma , a n gi e n d a n i a ka
w
.

s huk e ti n i M a li m u a m e tek a m ta na ku twa

. M bo n a .
‘

a l ite k a ? M u ul iz e A se m a a l im wo n a p a n ya a k ite z a m a
'
’

.
,

k io oni Wa ko p a ny a tel e n yu mb a n i ? Wa ko tel e sa n a

.
’
.

S T UD Y V
:
C o me l e t u s sit d o wn a t th e t a bl e tea wi l l b e
a nd .
_
,

br ought dire c tly T h e ta bl ec loth is n o t c l ea n ; wh y (is

.

tha t) ? I h ea r th a t J u m a s pilt som e c o ff e e h e r e thi s

 K EY T O EX ERC IS ES 1 35

m or ni ng C a ll J u ma l J u ma
. Y ou a re ca l led Y es, .

Ma a m , h e re I a m (lit I a m co m e ) did you c a ll me

’
.
,

Y es, I did c al l y o u Is it tru e ( th a t ) you s pil t c off ee o n

.

th e t a bl ec loth to d a y I t is n o t tru e, M a a m Co fi ee was

'
’
-

s pil t ; bu t I did n ot do i t
( lit n o t I W h o w a s ( lit
. .

”
is ) it th e n Perh a ps it wa s th e ca t I sa w h er in th e .

roo m C a n a ca t spill c o ff ee ? Sh e ca n if sh e is thi rsty

.

a nd w a n ts to d r in k T h a t wi ll do , go a w a y n o w
. T el l .

A li to bri n g s uga r a n d b rea d a n d hon ey W h e r e a re th e .

sa u c e r s ? T h e y a re in th e c upbo ard , th e y f o rge t to put

th em on th e ta bl e B rin g th e m qui ckly , th e te a wi ll b e
.

c old . I t is a b s olu te ly cold a lr ea dy I t w i l l n o t do , boys , .

to b e l a te lik e this N o w I wan t s poon s a nd c up s

. .

B il a u ri n a sa h a n i z a ta k wa m e z a ni, wa t u wa j a k ul a
’

c h a k u l a c h a m ta na h a p a l eo Jee , nil e te v ij iko n a u m a

.

pia ? N di yo n a ta ka k ua n d ika m e z a ta y a ri sa sa J ee , .

wa ta k u nwa m aji ? N diyo , w a ta ku n wa m a ji y a k iwa sa fi .

T waa s i nia u ka pa k u e c h a kul a , ki s h a pig a k e n ge l e k u

’
,

wa ita w a t u U m esa h a u ku wek a k a wa juu y a sa h a n i

’
. .

M wa m b ie m pis hi a pas h e m o te k u ku wa j a na
’
J a rib u .

ku ku n d a n guo y a m e z a sa wa sa wa W a wez a ku a n d ika .

m e z a v iz u ri n guo ik iwa s i sa fi ? La ! h a if a i l T u l io n d a
asa li tuk a io n a ta m u M to to a l im iz a k i tu a ka se ma , Ni
.
'

s uk a r i K wa m b a il ik u wa s uka r i a n gel itek a , l a ki ni sasa

.

a li a
. T u o n d o k e , a ta a ta M to to a kil ia h a ta pa ta m k a te
.

S T UDY V I

T he ook fo rgot to light th e fi re W h y did you not

c .

do i t the n ? I h a d n o fi r ew ood th a t is wh y : th e cook ,

h as go n e to buy (so m e) in th e m a rk e t Nev e r min d you .

,

c a n kill th e fo wl in r e a di n e ss W h e r e is th e fo w l ? I t is
.

in th e c our tya rd w al ki n g a bout W ill it be wa n ted f o r .

th e mid d a y m ea l ? Y es it will b e wa n ted Gi v e m e a

-

, .

b o x of m a tc h es pl ea s e th e fir e w o n t lig ht P ut a li ttl e
’
.
, ,

o il in i t wil l burn up qui ckly

,
I do n ot see (a ny ) o il .
,

p erh a p s i t is finis h e d No ! i t is n o t fi n i sh e d i t is in th e
. ,

s tore roo m I sa w i t yeste rd a y A re y o u boili n g th e

. .
13 6 S W A HILI GRA M M A R

m ea t ? fryi n g i t Ha v e you cook ed ri c e a s

No ! I am .

w el l ? I h a v e n ot cook ed a ny Giv e m e a kn ife to c u t .

up th e v e g e ta bl es T h e v e g e ta bl e s ar e rot te n T h ey ar e
. .

n o t rotten you do n o t kn o w a n ythi n g ( a t a ll a bout i t )

,
.

L ook th e m ilk is boili n g o v er

,
T a k e th e sa u c e p a n o ff .

th e fi re Soot h a s got i n to th e m ilk I t do es n o t m a tt e r

. . .

Jee m u n yu na pilipili m tuz in i ? Ndiyo kido

u n a tia ,

go ; l ak ini sik u tia k a tik a m bog a U s ik o r o ge m a z i wa .

k wa ki s u , k o ro ga kwa kijiko T ez a m a , u m e tek e te z a .

n guo, h u ku o n a m oto ? L a ! Sik u o n a k i tu J ee , m to to

'
.

a n ak u n a n a z i ? Ba d e , a tak u n a ki s h a M pi shi a m e tuk ua .

m buz i J e e wa pika k wa m a k aa ? La ! T wa pik a k wa

w
.
,

k u n i T ukita ka kuok a twa fi n ik a su f u r ia k a m ak aa y a

’
.

m oto M b o n a m to to h a ku on d o a m a iv u ? L a bud a a li sa
.
‘

h au . M aji y a ch emk a , j ee k a n d a r iny a ita y a ika ? La !

Naj u a h a ita y a ik a I l if a ny wa m a ku s udi k u pika m aji
. .

Na ona m o shi y a tok a d irish a n i .

S T UD Y V I I

C om e a lon g l e t littl e wa l k Le t us go
,
us go out for a .

in th e sh a d e th en h er e th e s u n is v e ry ho t I wa n t to go
, .

to th e F or t whi c h road sh a ll we t a k e ? I do n o t k no w
,

th e wa y but s o m e on e told m e th a t th e M a i n S t r e e t l ea d s
,

to th e F or t I a m told (o r I hea r ) th a t th e Ga t e of th e
.

C ity s tood (was ) h ere for m erly Per h a p s i t is t ru e I w a s .

,

n o t th e re L i s te n ! I h ea r a n oi s e th e port e rs a r e fi gh t
. ,

ing . Y ou h a d b e tte r n o t go to look th er e a r e a lot of ,

pe opl e a nd a lot of d u s t (A nd ) th en it is goi n g to ra i n .

. ,

we h a d b e tt e r r e turn ho me No do no t l e t u s go in y e t .
,

th e r a i n is n o t c o m i n g th e wi n d is blo wi n g too m u ch , .

L et u s go to th e C u s tom ho use th en a n d s ee th e troll i e s -

.

M a k e wa y ! M a k e wa y ! A trolly is c o m i n g a t g r ea t
s p e e d m o v e out of th e roa d
, T a k e ca re th e r e is a s to n e .
,

h ere it h a s fa ll en from th e wa ll T h er e is th e tea ch e r

h e is ta lki n g to a poo r ma n —sh a ll we ( go a nd ) s pe a k to
.
,

h im ? Y es l e t u s s pea k to h im h e is a good ma n
, So m e , .

c hildre n are follo win g u s : t e ll th e m n o t to c o m e If a .

s l a v e ru n s a w a y we c a l l h im a run a wa y (or r e n e g a d e ) .
138 S WA HI LI GRAM M A R
'

Hu m J u i n i m ge n i k wen u Niwia 1 a d h i n n a
’ ’
n na n i .
, .
,

kuj a ku e m ba wa li ni m go nj wa mi m i U kiwa m gon jwa

, . ,

h u wez i kul a wa li Af ud ha l i u n w e m az i wa
. T w aa .

p esa hi z i uk a n un u e m a z i wa A h a s a n ta B ibi sipen di

, .
, ,

m a z i wa t a n u nu a kiko mbe c h a k a h a wa
,
'
Wa ko wa go nj wa .

te l e mJ in i s iku hi z i N diyo l a ki n i z a m a n i wal iku wa

.
,

z a id i
. Nd u guy o a na kuj a a tak a ni ? A ta ka k u o n a na na we
,
.

A ta n goj a h a ta k e s ho u s ipo wez a k u s em a n a e sa s a Na

’
.

g j
n o e ba s i
y u aj a s ik u z o t e
, A se m a k wa m b a J a m aa z a k we
'
.

wa m ta ki a ten a wa na z u a n e n o juu y a k we
’
.
,

S T UD Y IX

M y wa i s t c oa t wa n t s s tit c hi n g T a k e it to th e t a ilor .

in th e M a i n S tre e t T h a t t a ilo r do es n o t s e w well

. .

Perh a p s if h e borrows a m a c hi n e h e c ou ld do it I will .

t ell h im Y our tu ni c is to rn you m u s t t a ke i t o ff

.
, .

W h a t s h a ll I do ? I ca nn ot wea r my fa th er s tu ni c ’
.

T a k e m i n e (tu n i c ) i t will do for yo u

, T h a n k you m y .
,

fri e nd i t will do n i c e ly T r uly without a fri en d a m a n

, .
,

c a nn ot li v e i n th e w o r ld I h a v e l os t m y h a nd k ei chie f
. .

No ! I t i s n o t los t thi s c hild fou n d i t thi s m o rn i n g h er e

,

on th e v e ra n d a h I a m v ery gl a d bec a u s e my m oth e r

.

’
ga v e it to m e s o m e ti m e a go T h e gi rl s skirts yva n t .

w a s hi n g as k th em if th ey h a v e bo ught s o m e soa p T he .

gi rl s a re n o t h e re no w th ey a re go n e for a wa l k in th e
,

to wn A re th e y go ne f a r ? I do n o t kn o w w h er e th e y
.

we n t . I w ill s e n d thi s n e ighbour to look for th e m .

V il e mb a v y a wa pa ga z i v ina po tea , w a sema k wa m ba

w ev i w a l ik uj a J l o n i wa ka v iib a W a k iwa o n a wa l e we v i .

wa ta wa piga n a k q atia p i n gu S i v y em a k u ib a
’
. .

T u m v ik e l es o kij a n a kik e huyu , y a to s h a Ha tao na .

b a ri d i , ju a n i k a li m ta n a A ta l a l a wa pi n eiku ? A ta l a l a
.

n a n dugu z a n g u wa k e w a o wa ta m tu n z a J ir a ni y e tu
’
.
,

a m e pim iwa joho , a tan y c ta s a na M wa v u l i wa ke uko .

wa pi ? N n au ata u k u m b in i, ta f a d ha l i ul e t e N isa m eh e ,
’
.

n a l isa h a u kul e ta m sh i i wa k o wa h a r iri n a m f uk o w a k o

p .
 '

KEY no EX ERCISES
‘

13 9

Mwa li mu w e nu a l ik uj a k uo mb a v ia tu v y a n gu j a n a l a k in i ,

s ik u we z a ku m p a Ha id hu ru a ta k e ti n y u m b a ni n a i k u
.
,
’

pu mu z ik a .

S T UD Y X

Eu r opea ns v e ry fo n d of ora n g es th ey a re a l wa ys
a re ,

c om i n g to th e m a rk e t to buy th e m Ho w a r e th e ,
.

Z a n z iba r ora n g es so ld n o wa d a y s ? T hey a re (sold )

’

dea r three pi ee ea c h for thi s reaso n th ey a r e no t e a s y

, , ,

to ob ta i n (m a n y) O ur fri en d s we re lookin g for a go a t

.

to pu rc h as e but th e y did n ot se e o n e W ha t would they

,
.

h a v e don e w ith a g oa t ? the y h a v e n o pl a c e to put i t .

( Q uit e
) t ru e th e y h a ve n o pl a ce ; proba bly th e y would
,

h a v e kill e d i t f o r food A go a t h a s a lot of m ea t (on i t )

.
,

s u ffi c i e n t f o r m a ny p e rs o ns I f you buy i t c h ea p i t is .

v e ry p r ofita bl e Look sir ! do you wan t som e ba na nas ?

.
,

Ho w m u c h a r e your b a n a n as ? F our f o r a pi ee s ir ,
.

O h ! I ca n t buy those ba na n as th e y a re r ott e n

’
L et , .

u s go to tha t poo r m a n h e is se lli n g m a n y thi n gs ,

you ng c oc oa n u ts d a tes s wee t pota to es v e ge ta ble

, , ,

m a rr o ws pu m pki n s l im es a n d e v e n o n io ns a n d r i ce
, ,
a

, .

A s k h im h o w h e se lls th e r i c e ; w ha t price p e r pou n d ?

Do n t tou c h tha t b ull h e is v e r y fi e r ce
’
.
,

Soko y a m ba l 1, J e e u ta k we n d a k u 1 a nga l ia ?
sa m a ki si

Ndiyo , l a ki n i s iku l ipa u n ga h u u U n ga u l e n i gh a li , . .

twe nd e k wa m t u m we ngin e M t u yul e a m ez o ea k nda

' ’
.

a W az u ngu U na h a ki n i m wiv i
. a i al ish i .
.
.

n a m i juu y a k a s uku Y ey e al ita ka pe sa n y in gi, .

l a k ini m i m i n a l ij u a k w a m b a yu l e k a s uku a lik u wa m go

nj wa na ten a h a k u we z a k us e m a n en o
, Bas i n ika tnk ua .

kik a pu c ha n gu , n ika m u a ta Alik as irika sa n a , na sa sa , .

’
n ikipita , s ik u z o t e a fa n ya n e n o ku n is u m b u a F ujo hili .

lo t e m a a n a y ak we u n i n i ? M wa na mk e huyu m a s iki n i
' ’

a na a ta h a sa ra — m a i y a k w e yo te y a n a a ngu k a na e h a we z i
'

p
kuy a z o a M a d obi na m as a ra ma l a n a m a f u nd i wo t e ’
‘

. ,

h u pa tika na soko ni .
14 0 S WA HILI G RAM MA R

S T UD Y XI

T ha t hopk ee p er is a di s ho n e s t m a n (m a n wh o h a s
s
n o t ho n e s ty ) I f h e c h a n ge s a rup e e h e gi v e s (p e opl e )
.

b a d pi ee L ook h ere old fe llow a grea t is we i t h h o w

.
, ,

m u c h (h a s h o w m a n y pi ee ) n o wa d a y s ? A gre a t (m y ) ,

c hi ld is s i x t e en pi ee or fou r a n n a s
, S om e ti m e a go I
, .

got s e v en t een pi e e for a gr ea t I do no t thi nk you got .

a l l tho s e pi e e f or a gr e a t ; p e rh a p s you h a v e forgotte n .

I o we so a nd so two doll a rs a nd I h a v e n othi n g to pa y

- -

h im . I sa w h im th e oth er d a y a n d I s a id to h im Wa i t , ,
”
a littl e Y ou a re i n d ee d poor ; you h a d b e tt er go a n d
.

work s om e wh e re th a t you m a y ea rn (ge t) s om e m on e y ;

s o— a n d so w ill n o t wa i t lon g
-
I f I h a d h a lf a rupee I .

w ould h a v e bought a littl e u n bl e a c h e d c a li c o (a n d ) ha v e

( h ad
) a c o a t m a d e for m e H a lf a rup e e is n o t e n ough for
.

a c oa t you wil l wa n t m or e ; p erh a p s f o r a rup ee a nd a

,

h a lf o r thre e qu a rte rs of a doll a r th ey w ill l et you h a ve

,
-

a v e ry s m a ll c oa t A sk th e o wn e r of th e shop )
. Is a ny .

o n e th e r e ? C om e in wel c om e ! G iv e u s four h a n d s of
,

t will ca li c o s ir T ha t wil l d o for a c oa t W l l l i t n o t ?

, .
,

I t will do quit e w ell m y boy ; i t is good cloth i t c om es , ,

f r om Europ e A n d you yours elf do y o u wa n t so m e thi ng ?

.
,

I wa n t s om e n a il s a nd so m e s a c k s a nd so m e br a s s w i re .

K u f a n y a b ia sh a ra n i v y em a , y a l e ta fa i d a n y in gi .

U kia nz a n a p a u n i m oj a u ta pa ta m bili b a a d a y a siku c h a c h e .

La k in i y a ku pa sa kufikiri n a k u h a sib u s a n a u nu nu a po
b id h a a y a ko Na te na y a ku pa sa k u tok u wa na m i z a n i y a
.

uwo n go , a u wa t u w a ta ku d a i, ten a w a ta k u k im b ia , w a ta
’

”
N i m t u mb a y a , tu s in u nu e k wa k we Mt u
'
s em a ,
“ '
.

m wem a h a wez i k u d a nga n y a j ira n i z a kwe Wa wiwa n i

—
.

mw e n yi d uk a yul e ul in u nu a k wa kwe m iko n o m i n a n e

b a f u ta j a n a , wa l a h u k u m l ipa S i sh u h u l i y a ko ,
y a .

m bo na wa tu su mb u a bu re ? T u ta ml ipa k esho Dh a h a b u .

n a s if u ri h a z iv u nd iki C hu ma n i k it u c h e m a M d en i s i
’
. .

'
m wo n go s ik u z o t e Pa su a ku n i hi z i A i na il e y a n guo
. .

h a if a i k wa k an z u , in a a lama a l ama
'
-
.
 1 42 S WA HILI GRAM MA R

T hi s A ra b s boa t 1 8 th e o n e th a t al w a y s
’
a re no t l a r ge .

t a k es u s to F r ere T own Pull h a rd (th e c a rs ), boys , th e

tid e 1 8 goi n g ou t ; we should h a v e r ea c h ed th e oth er s id e
( by n o w), bu t you h a v e n o t bee n r o win g I a m th e .

fis h er m a n wh o thro ws th e n et T h e win d is s tro n g .

c h ; we h a d be tt e r fu r l th e sa il
( m u ) T h e v es s el s of th e
.

S wa h ilis go a s f ar as M a li ndi a n d L a m u a nd Z an z iba r ,

“

but the y do n o t r ea c h to Eu rop e A c a n oe h as n o a n chor , .

n o r a r u dd e r , n o r a c o m p a s s He wh o will tra v el by th e
.

m a il boa t m u s t pa y th e fa r e
-

Wh er e a re th e I n d ia n s to
.

d ay ? T h ey h a v e cros s e d o v e r to th e l a n d i n g p l ac e to -

sh ip a ca rgo in th e ir dho w T h e v e s se l th a t l e ft h ere th e

.

oth e r d a y m et w ith , (lit wa s s tru c k by) a s to rm M a n y

. .

p a sse n gers we re drowned i n th e s ea , no t be i n g a bl e to

s wi m W h e re th e wa v e (bre a k e r) is, ju s t th e r e is th e
.

e n t r a nc e (to th e h a rbo u r ) .

Wa v u v i h wen d a k ill a s iku ku ta f u ta sa m a k i k a tik a

u z io , w a kiwao n a waf ura h i N a h od h a m m oj a , wa l iy e
.

mJ u a ra fik i z etu , a l im f u nga m wa n a we m li n got i n i k w a

'

ka m ba a s ipa te ku z a m a .M z u n gu m dogo kul e F o rod ha n i

n d iy e a o kea e v e ti k wa wa l e wasa fi ri o k a ti k a m a d a u
p ’ y .

V uk a n i ng a m bu y a pili , maj i y aj aa A s iy evu a kw a .

m shipi, a vu a kw a ny a v u W a lim u a ta yul e m a s iki ni

.

a m ba e al ik u wa k a ribu n a kufa U m ek wish a c hok a w a l a

.
,

h a tu ku o n a n ti k a vu b ade T weka n i ta n ga , twe nd e k i

’ ’
.

n a n i ; h a tu tao n a m a wim b i wa l a m i a m ba ,

Wa ta ka po ta k wa m a b a h a ria , h a m ta w a k u ta p wan i M a
’ ’
.

s hu a y etu n i f u pi, te n a ma kasia ui m a re f u .

S T U D Y X IV

O ur b r oth e r s whom you were ca lli n g h a v e gon e to h oe

in th e fi e ld .T h e you n ge r o ne does n o t e ve n k n ow h o w
to pull up w ee d s ; tha t is th e r ea s o n of th e eld er o n e
goi n g tha t h e m a y tea ch h is you n g e r broth er Wh a t .

trees a re the re in your pla n t a tion ? T h e r e a re m a n go

t rees , c ocoa~nu t pal ms , gu a v a tr e es , pl a n tainntree s flli me
 K EY T O EX ERCISES 143

trees ta m a ri n d trees an d ba oba bs—a l l bea r f ruit B es ide s

, .
,

th e re are ca ssa va a n d pi n ea ppl e pl a n t s be a ns a n d be d s of ,

swe e t pota to es V e ry good i n d ee d ! You h a v e e v e ry

.

thing you wan t ; th en exc ept ora n g e t rees Y es a n d, .

,

ora n g e t rees we do n o t wa n t be ca u se th e ir fruit is n o

good Wh y ? T h e o ra n ges whi c h I a te h er e th e oth e r
.

d a y we re v ery sw ee t T h a t m a y be but th e ( th e ir ) t rees

.
,

did n o t grow h er e ; th ese n i ce e a ti n g on e s (whi c h a re

ea te n ) c om e fr om Zan z ib a r Do n ot dr aw wa t e r with a .

bu cke t th a t l e a ks .

W a k u l ima wa pa n d ao mb ey u mb a a h a wa ta v u n a
'

m a vu n o m a z uri M wen yi bu sta n i hii hu tu pa siku z o te

.
’

m a u a ma z uri Ha ku n a m a tun da m a n gi k a tika n ti hii ;

.
’
.

ku n a m a em be n a m a p era n a m a n an a si n a n di z i tu ba s i !
La k in i ku n a m en gi n e z a i d i —n d im u n a n a z i n a m a c hu
-

n g wa n a k waj u n a m a tom ok o n a m a l im a u
’
u l i asa h a u
y ,

h a ya . J ira n i z e t a h a waj a tim b a ki s i m a sh a m b a n i m wa e ,

w a k a li wa kij en ga kiba n d a Nd i a y en u n i p a n a y e tu mi
'
.
,

n y em b a m b a M witu u l iok u wa po h a p a u m e tem wa wo t e

'
.

k wa m n d u .Nyas i n a m im ea yo t e ina ka u ka kwa J u a k a li ’

,

h a ta m a gugu n a m aj a ni n a m iba pia T e m a lil e shi n a .

k wa j em be .Si m pa n z i pek e y a k we aj u a e k wa mba u d on go

huu n i m b a ya M a tun da ha ya h a y a f a i kul iwa n i m abi ti
.
,

k a bi sa M oj a tu n i b iv u
. .

ST UD Y X V

T he po r te rs do n o t wa n t to ca rry th e loa d s they say ,

th e y are h ea v y I f th ey do n o t ca r ry th e m th e y ge t n o
.

food m o ney th en T e ll th em it i s n o t f a r w he r e we a re
.

goin g to d a y w h en th e y a rri v e th e y ( will ) ca n re s t T h e

-

, .

h ea d m a n is v e ry se v e re h e h a s no p i ty ; h e is a l wa ys
,

s c oldi n g th e m en A n d th en a ga i n thi s m or ni n g th e
.

guid e m i sse d th e wa y a n d we got lo s t in th e jun gl e .

W hen we we re in th er e w e c a m e a c ro ss s o m e oth e r
tra v e ll e r s wh o w e r e eac h c a rryi n g a fla g a n d a g un T h e .

Chi e f of th a t v il l a ge 1 S c om i n g to t a lk to o u r i n te r pre t e r ,

wh o 1 s th e on ly o n e a bl e to t ra nsl a te h is l an gu a ge T hi s .
144 S W A HI LI GRA M MA R

old ma n lo v e s to h ea r th e n e ws of th e c o a st He wa n t s .

u s to s ta y h e r e for s o m e d a y s to c a m p out a l toge th e r a n d

,

put up our ten t s No ! I do n o t lik e ( thi s ) pl a ce a n d

.
,

be s id es th e wa t er is fi n i s he d in th e s oldi e rs gou rd s a n d th e ’
,

c or po ra l sa y s th a t th ey w ill n o t put up w ith it w a iti n g ,

m u c h lo n g e r L e t th em s t a r t o n th e m a rc h n o w a t o n ce
.

then a n d g e t o ff we h a v e h a d a h a l t tha t is e n ough my , ,

good fel l o w .

Wa t u w a n t i hi z i h uj en ga m a bo m a m ij in i m wa o
' ' '

Hu piga na k wa n yuta n a m ish a re , m ik u k i n a ru n gu ;

kill a m m oj a h u tu ku a n ga o T u j a po ch o k a y a tupa sa .

k u v u n d a k a mbi k esho J l m b i l iki wi ka ; m w a mb ie yul e

'

mjin ga a tu a m sh e a l if aj ir i T aa r is hi a ta ka po kuj a , a sika ri

.

w a ta piga m z i n g a Nd i a hii im ek u f a , n i h e ri tu ru d i
. .

U kiu m wa ui s i a fu , u ta u m ia ; el a tu n gu h a w a u miz i M t u
’
.

m wen yi n gu v u a wez a k uin u a m ta imb o K a ta z a wa n a

'
.

w a k e z il ia n gu ka s hi m o n i W a pa ga z i we t u wa ngel i
.

ta nga m k a k w a mb a h a tu k uk a z a m we n do U s iwase m ee , .

wa s ima mie tu W a m b ie wa kipa ta m a futa y a mbo n o

.

k a tika m iti hii, wa ta wez a k a y a nz a wa taka po ru d i p wa ni '

.

S T UD Y X V I

T hi s y e a r it did not r a i n m u ch in th e r a i ny s easo n (or

gr e a t ra i n s) b u t th e l esse r a n d l a tt er ra i n s w e r e pl en tiful ,

th a n k God I t is r ight th a t p eopl e should r es t o n Su n da y

.

a n d w ork for six d a y s W h y is th e ra i n l a t e (in c o m i n g) ?

.

I t is n o t y et th e prop e r ti m e fo r th e gr e a t ra i ns ; they
m a y c o m e o n to m orro w th e sk y h a s b e e n v e ry c loudy
-

a l l d ay doubtl es s r a i n w ill s oo n fa ll On T hursd a y

, .

n ight th e p e opl e c a m e b a ck fro m th e i r s ta y a t J o mv u a t

11 pm . T h e m oo n n o w is s hi n i n g a l l n ight
. L o n g a go .

th e re was da rkn ess o n th e ea r th th en Go d A l mighty ,

c re a t e d light a n d th ere was bright n es s e v ery wh e r e T h ere .

w ill be n e w m oon n e x t wee k a t th e ti m e th e s u n s e t s ,

the n th e h ea th e n p e opl e will get a n oppor tu nity f o r the i r

d a n ce s L a s t y ea r th e NE mo nsoon (bl e w) wa s v ery
. .

s t r o n g but th e S E o n ly v e ry s light
, . Wha t ti m e is i t .
146 SWA HILI G RAMMAR
'
'

m ko ndo wa may ka tika z i a lil e kubwa w

a sh a m b an i
‘
m
w
. .

m wa e illi kuti a m aji a k a ti wa ka s ik a s i Ha yo niaj i .

’

h u b u b uj i ka d a i ma 11 a k u m imin ika bure j uu y a ki sh a k a

kil e Wa sh en z i wa k e tio k a n do y a n gu u t a tu h u ta f u n a
.
’ ' ’

tu mb a k u m ta n a ku twa A v u ta e tu m b a k u f s h ar ti a tu m
. ie
kiko IVa lipa ta na ku tuo ngo za m a h a l i p e n yi m ipira n a
' '

m ipi ngo pa moj a n a m iko ma l a kini tu l ipo fi ka mj in i m w a e ; ,

'

T a i f a hii in a n g o m be c h a ch e tu w e ny e we
’

h u k e tia n ti y a ku n g e n a n ma n d e M aji y a tir irik a m l i m a ni .

h a ta n ti y a t a mb a ra re
'
.

ST UD Y X V I II

A s por t s ma n we n t ou n try to h u n t big ga me — su c h

up c -

a s lion s e l e ph a n t s bu ff a lo a n d r hi no c e ro s
, , He wr o te o n .

a hu n d r e d W a k a m b a port e rs to a c c o m p a n y h im He too k ,
.

two hor s e s a n d fi v e m ul e s On th e w a y h e shot o n e .

gira ff e th r ee h a a rteb e e s t a n d four g a z ell es in ord e r to

, ,

p ro cu re food f o r h is m en A fter s i xt e e n d a y s m a rc h th ey
.
’

ca me to a pl a ce a bo u n di n g wi th m o nk ey s a nd a pes .

W hil e th ey w ere wa t c hi n g h o w th e se c r e a tur es ju m p

fr om tr ee to tr e e th e y h ea r d a lio n rea r nea r th e m T h ey
,
.

we re a l l a fra id e xc e p t th e hu n te r hi ms e lf wh o w a s ca r ry
in g a l a rge Eu r op e a n r ifl e f o r th e purpo se of s hooti n g
fi e r ce beas t s of thi s ki n d W h en h e we n t n ea r to e xa mine
'

.
.

a l i o n es s a pp ea r e d in fro n t of him “

He i mm e di a te ly .

l e v e ll e d h is gu n a n d shot a bull e t i n to h er s id e ; sh e
d ropp e d do wn an d d i e d o n th e s po t B u t h er two nia l e .

c o m p a n io n s w h o ac c o m p a n i ed h e r wh e n th e y h ea r d h e r ,

cr
y r a n out of th e ju n gl e
, A t thi s ju nc tu r e h is gu n .

c a rri e r w as s e i z e d w ith frigh t a n d sa yi n g T hi s s or t of , ,

work ter rifi e s h e ra n a wa y ! T h u s th e poo r hu n te r w a s

” ’

l e ft a lon e w ithou t a wea po n T h e lion s l ea p e d o n h im .

,

tor e h im in pi ec e s a n d a te h im I n se c ts whi c h i nh a bi t - ~

p e opl e s hou se s a r e th e s e —m o squitoe s s co r pion s ce n ti

.

’
, ,

p ed e s fl ea s bugs a nd w a l l li z a rd s T h e o ne s tha t re
, ,
.

a pp ea r c o n s tan tly a nd ca u se gr e a t d e s t r u c ti o n of prope r ty

’

a re th e whi te a n ts .
 K EY T O EX ERC IS ES . 147
’
ZS a tu yok a m kub wa a we z a k u sh e ta p un da a u
ni n ,

p un da m ili a mdogo T u i n a ma fi s i h u temb e a tem b e a

'
.
'
-

u sik u mm oj a mm oj a vibe k e h wen d a k wa ku n di

-
M b weh a ,
'
.

'
w a na m a ka o y a o m witu ni el a m b wa h u pen d a k u k e ti
'

n y u mb a n i m wa b wa n a z a o Nyu n i w o t e n a p opo wa n a m a
' '
.

ba wa ; w a pu r uka pu r uk a a n ga mi M a b a ta k a n ga m we we -
.
,
'
,

n a n d iw a w a we z a k u u ru k a bu n i n i n y u n i w a k u b wa
'
.

p m
h a wa pu ru k i N gwe n a h a n a u l im i M b u ru k en ge a n a
’
. .

m kia m re f a hul a m a i Ny a m a y a n gu u w e n a v itu n gu l e

, .

il ik a ta z wa k wa wa t u wa ka l e P a k a n a s i m ba wa n a '
.
’

n di m i z a k u aru z a ol p ol k ob h u m fi sh a m b a l i
’ ’ '

p P e e
y a e .
.

Nya n i n a t u m b ir i k u b wa h u f a n a n a n a wa t u A ta m b a a e
' ' ’
.

k iz a n i a s ita h il i k u pigwa bu n d uki Nga mia n i n y a m a

wa ku b wa wa tu ku ao m i z igo m iz ito —ng a m ia mm oj a a wez a
.

k u tu k u a m z igo wa p em be wa ra til i m ia t a tu u th a m a n in i ' ’

.

S T U DY XIX

thi s m a n is v ery ill h is whol e body is s woll en

Sir , , .

T e ll h im to co m e h er e th e n th a t I m a y e xa m i n e h im , , .

Good m or ni n g m y goo d fe ll o w h o w a re you feel i n g ? I

, ,

a m ill sir v e r y ill i n d ee d

, ,
Po o r fel low c h e e r up ! Go d .
,

w ill h e a l you of th e s i c k n e ss you h a v e a nd you will ge t

be tter I a m o n ly a phys i c i a n He wh o works th e c ur e
. . .

is ( Go d ) Hi m s e lf O h ! but I a m v er y ill sir a n d I do.

, ,

n o t k n o w wh e th e r I s h a ll pull th r ough thi s di s ea se o r

n ot Pl ea se Go d you w ill pu l l th ro u gh Ho w old a re
.
,
' .

you n o w ? M ayb e I a m a bout fif ty fi v e sir Well s ta y -

, . ,

h ere with us a f ew d a y s a n d k ee p in b e d W e will give .

y o u so m e m e di c i n e to m a k e you s l e e p a n d th en p re s en tly
o u w ill fe e l b e tt e r a n d will go ba c k ho m e a ga i n T han k
y .

you sir th a n k you I will s ta y a n d I ll try a n d m ak e

, , ,
’

m y s elf h a ppy (lit c om fo r t o r q u ie t m y h ea r t) W h a t is

'

. .

th e m a tt er with you c hild ? O h ! I h a v e a gr ea t m a n y

t r ou bl es—fi rst of a l l I h a v e jiggers in m y fe et th en I v e
,
’
,

b e en p ri ck e d by a thorn in m y fi n ger You r t r oubl es a re .

n o t v e r y se r iou s m
y c hild ; th e y w ill soo n b e got ov e r
, .
,

I thi n k C o m e h er e to m e a nd l et m e ta k e out both th e

.

jigg ers a n d th e thorn —it s on ly a littl e m a tter i t c a n a l l ’

,
1 48 S WA HILI G RAM M A R

be do ne in mi n ute
a D o c tor ! thi s bli n d m an is ca lli n g
.

y o u. H e s a y s h e h a s s u ff e r e d gre a t p a i n in h is e yes s i n ce
”
h e w e n t to th a t “
Nyik a w it c h do c tor I t is h is o w n
-
.

s tupidi ty th e n , I wa r n e d h im n o t to go T h e se m e di c i n e
.

m en k n ow a b s olut e ly n othi n g u n l e ss it is h o w to i nju re

a n d d e c e iv e p e opl e T e ll h im to s it do wn a n d I will
.

c o me dir e c tly , th e r e a r e oth e rs wh o a re wa iti n g f o r m e

p eopl e with l epro sy a n d a nae m ia a n d ski n di s e a s e a n d

v a riou s oth e r com pl a in t s .

Hii ui A s ipita l i y a S irika l i wa u gu z wa po wa t u w eu pe

'
.

W a t u w e u s i h wen d a A sipital i y a M ish en i iliy o ko

'

ki s i wa n i Huko d a wa h u tol e wa k ill a s iku k w a kill a

.

m t u a j a e a wa e yo te
' '
W a n gn a o h u gan gwa n a ku tun z wa
. .

Z a idi y a h a ya m a d a k ita r i h u f u n d ish a h irimu wen yi a kili ,

k a z i hii y a b uru m a W a sa id ia h a o h u o sh a vid e n d a , h u te a
.

d a wa , h u ng o a m e n o n a k u f u n ga m aj a rah a
’
W a l e we nyi .

b a r i d i , m a k o h oz i, v if u a , b a r i d i y a b is i, m a fua n a ho m a
h u k e ti n yu m b a m oj a , w en yi t e t e n yu m b a y a pili , n a w a l e
’ ’

wa u gu a o m a ipu , a n t a m b a z i, a u p e l e , a u m a do n d a a u
’ '

m bu ba h u k e ti n yu m b a y a t a tu B i n ti y a k we yul e ki w e te
’
.

taj i r i a l ikuj a j a n a n a kiipu tu n gu ; l ee k in a iv a , d a kita ri

a kaki asua
p U sa h a m wi n gi u k a to k a
. Ha wa m a b ub wi w a
.

wili wa n a ho m a Wa p e kill a m t u m a te ne m a ta n o y a h iy o
.
’

d a wa y a k u to a j a sb o , k a wa mb ie wa ru d i n y u m b a n i n a
kul a l a Ni d a situri h a p a , kill a m t u a ta k a e d a wa sh a r ti
'

aj e n a tup a —tupu n a iliy e s a fi

.

K w a n i n i h u tu l ii ? K wa
.

sa b a b u w a n ito n esh a j a r a h a M a m a w a k u n il ea a o n a
.

m a u m i v u m wil in i m o te , a k o h oa n a k u ch e mu a d a i m a
’
.

U singie nyu m ba il e u sij e u k a pa ta t e t e z a maji

’
.

S T U D Y XX

Asyou bri n g up your child so will h e gre w A n ,

.

I n di a n profe ss or h as op e n ed a schoo l in th e O ld T o wn for ,

t ea chi ng En gli sh His pupil s a re n e ith e r ta ught writing

.

n o r su m s He h a s w r itte n do w n th e n a m es of t we n ty
.

four c hild ren in h is regi s t e r but I h ea r th a t th e y d o n o t

,

a tt e n d r e gularly lit d o n o t p e rse ve r e to co m e e v e ry d ay )

( .
1 50 S W A HILI G RA M M A R

ST UD Y XXI
T ru e r eligion I S th e o n e whi c h l e a ds us to God a nd
c o m forts , o ur souls W e b eli e ve tha t it is the C hri s tia n
.

w h o h a s thi s r e ligio n
'
T h e M uh a m m e da n ca l l s th e
.

C hris ti a n u n be li e v e r (or i nfid el ) ; but a t th e sa m e ti me

h e holds (sa ys ) th a t A n u nbe li e ve r wh o sui ts your
,

purpose is b e tte r th an a M uh a m m ed an wh o d oes n o t ”

.

T h e m e a ni ng of thi s is th a t a lthough h e is v e ry te n ac iou s ,

of h is r eli gion a n d d es pi se s al l oth e r r eligio nis ts e xce pt

'

h is o wn h e is n o t a t a ll a bo v e m a ki n g u se of ( th ese se
,

c al l e d u n b e li e ve rs i f h e fi n d s p r ofit in doi n g so T h
) , e .

C r ea to r of h ea v e n a n d e a r th a n d of a l l thi n g s th e r e in is
Go d A l might y He w h o r e d ee me d u s by dyi n g f or u s o n
.

th e C ro s s is His o nly S o n our Lord J es u s C h r i s t w h o is

,
-

, ,

th e Sa v iour of a l l th e i nh a bit a n ts of th e w or ld He wh o .

i n s tru c t s our m in d s a nd con trol s our sp iri tua l b ei n g s is

th e Holy Spirit wh o is wors hippe d a n d glorifi e d tog e th er
,
=

w ith th e F a th e r a n d th e So n In th e C h u rc h of C h r i s t .

th e r e a re thr ee o r ders— bi s hop s pri es t s ( o r p res byte rs ) ,

a nd d ea co n s T h e w ork of the m a l l is to pr e ac h th e
.

go s pe l a n d to feed the flock of God T hi s floc k is th e .

w hol e c o m p a n y of fa ithful p e opl e C hr is t orda i n e d tw o

follo w ers—Ba ptis m a n d th e L ord s
.

s a c r a m e nt s f o r His
’

S uppe r : thi s l a t te r is a l s o ca l l ed th e Holy C omm u n ion

T h e B ibl e c on ta i n s—th e L a w of M os es th e boo k s of th e
.

Pr oph e ts Psa l ms Prov erb s th e Go s p el s th e A c ts of th e

, , , ,

A po s tl es a n d v a r iou s Epi s tl e s A ll th ese book s t es tify to .

J es u s C hri s t th a t He is th e So n of th e M os t High ; His

d isc ipl es a l s o re ce i v e d Him (a s su ch ) b e i n g c o nv i nce d by
a ll th e m ir ac l es He di d in th e ir p r ese n ce w hil e He was in

th e w o rld B u t th e gr ea t es t th ing of al l is His wo n d er ful

.

res u rrec tion from th e d ea d whi c h d em o ns tra ted p l a inl y

’

th a t He is th e com pl e te co n qu e ror ov er d ea th a nd h a d es
‘

a n d al l th e po we rs of h e l l .

M a i s ha y a b in a
'

da m u m a f u pi, te na m a wa z o ya kw e
ni

n i m ao v u Ku sa l i h a k u o n d o i d h a mb i, wa l a kusuj u d ia
.

s an a m u h a k u ta k as i roho W a isil a m u b u nena k wa mba ku n a

.
 K EY T O E X ERCISES 15 1

mam bo ma ta no y a pas a y a k wo wo ko f u —kusa li , k u to a z a k a

k wa s ad ok a , kupi ga sh a h a d a , ku f u n ga Ra m a d ha n i n a k wen da
Ma ka M a a ga no M a py a y a tu f u n dish a k wa m ba h a tu o
.

k ol e wi k wa v ite nd o vy e m a wa l a k wa m a to z i y a toba ; ill a

, .

k wa i ma n i ka tik a Bwa na J es u M a sihi a l iy ek u f a kwa a ji li

k m wili w a k we ku wa s a d a ka k wa M n u
'

y et u,
a a te a n a u
-

g
kwa m ad h a m b i y a u l im wen gu m z i ma W a l e w a mwa
.

m i n io h u ge u z wa as ili ui Roho M ta k a tif u , h a ta w a k a pen d a

ya l e m a m b o a m b a y o z am a n i wa l iy a tukia na k utuk ia ya l e
a m b a o k wa n z a wa l iy apen d a D i n i y a I sl a m h u itwa
y .

“
Nd i a maa n a , wa l e waif u a ta o h a wa ta kwi ku a ta
a na s a z a d u n i a w a l a : ta m a a z a m u wil i M t u a kisil irnu
’
.

kis a wa h l l i m a d h a mb i k a m a u n a fi ki n a u d a nga ny if u S i
m a ru f u k u k wa k we A f a ny a e h a k i h ub a rikiwa , a v u n d a e
’

S h a 1 i a y a Mu gu h u l a a n iwa M a a n d iko y a k ub a l iwa y o n a

‘

”
k u s a d ikiwa 11 1 wa o n go f u wa I s l a m y a itwa K u ruani
c h u o c h e ny i s u ra in i a u a r u b aa ta a s h a ra
. K a tik a ml a n ge
.

wa ne, w a s i ta , wa sa ba a n a wa a ru b a ini n a na n e il imu y a

- -
.

Wa a min if u wo t e
'
m a s h eita n i n a m a l a ik a h u ta n ga z w a
‘
.

h u k u t a nika m sikit in i kill a s iku y a ij u m a a n d ipo a wa

' ’

h u b iripo im a m u W a sa wa h il bu n ena , Sh u ku ru u l iy o
i
‘
“
’

” ”
na y o, n a ten a
-
A d ha b u y a k a buri a ju a ma i ti .
1 52 S WA HI LI GRA MM AR

T A BLES OF M O NEY . W EI GHT S A ND M EA SU RES

C O IN A G E
S il ve r c oi ns . Rup e e . V a lu e 1 6 a n na s or 64 pi ee .

1
Rup e e . 8 32
Rup ee . 4 16

B ro n z e c oi n
;
l Rup ee . 2 8
Pi c e V a lu e i a nn a
. . .

A n A nn a is fou r pi e e P es a n ne n i a nn a m oj a . .

Si x te e n a nn a m a k e o n e rup e e A n n a sitas h a ra , a n .

ku m i n a s i ta , n i rupi a m oj a .

Ro b o o y a z a m a n i n i p e sa th ine n wa th a l a th ini, i a . .

th a l a th in i n a m bili .

”
T h e m ea n i n g of “
ro b o o is , o ne qu a rte r ; thirty two -

pi e e or e igh t a nna s is th e qu a rt e r of a doll a r (T h e old .

rec ko n i n g ) .

Pe sa th a l a th in i n a m bili a u a nn a n a n e u i rob oo y a , ,

ri a l e n i h isa b u y a z a m a n i
, .

Ro b oo rupi a n i p e sa sitash a ra .

T h u mu n i n i p esa sita sh a ra m aa na ui th u m u ni y a , ,

ri a l e i s th e e ighth p a rt of a doll a r
. . . .

T h u m u ni rupi a mi p e sa n a n e i e th e e ighth p ar t of a , . .

rup ee .

M EA NS or M EAS URING C O RN , ET C.

l . Kiba b a whi c h m a y b e divid ed thu s

,

Rob o o kib a b a i a 71 kiba ba , . . .

Nu su kiba b a i e kiba ba , . . .

Kiba ba k a s ir rob o o i s é! kiba ba , . . .

K isa ga i a v ib a b a v iwil i
. . . .

Pi shi , i e v isa ga v iwil i e u

. . v ib a b a vi ne .

J iz il a , t e pi sh i s itin i,
. .
1 54 S W AHILI GRA M M A R
“

SPEC IMENS o r SWA HI LI LETT E RWRI T I NG

-

Letter No 1 . .

I ll a j a n a b i (m pe n z i wa n gu ) sh e ikh (m tuk u f u ), a l i
,

m uk a r a m (m wenyi k u tu k u z wa ) a l i m u k h u ta ra m (a mba e
,
-

a s iy e f a a k u uwa w a ) n dugu y a n gu ; a l i m u a ddi

a l a kh i
( )
‘

w e nyi k u ti m iz a a h a di ) Ha m i s b in S h a ib u b in Ha m i s
( m
w
,

il Kili fi , Sal a m a h u l a h u ta a l a (re h e m a y a M en y ie z i M ugu

a l i e tuk u k a juu y a w a tu ), S a l a m u a l e ik a (a m a n i na i we
y
u u y a ko , W a ra kh a m a tu l a h i wa (n a reh e ma
j ) b a r a k a tu

a M we n y ie z i M n gu n a b a ra k a ), w a he du (b a a d a y a h a y a
y ),

t a n gu s i ku u l iy OS a fi r i h a t a l ee s ita sa p a t a ba r u a y a k o
w a l a S i waj ib u wa ko k a ma h a yo n a wa lio m ba li b u e na n a
k wa b a r u a na b a ru a n i n u s u y a ku o n a n a n a M o m ba sa
ta r eh e y a l ee h a ku n a z i a d a y a kh a b a r i ill a m v u a n y in g i
sa n a n a n yu m b a n y in gi z im e v u n d ika k wa sa b a b u y a

m v u a ka d h a l ika n a p e po j i n gi sa n a n a s iku hi z i ku m e
fa ny a u gu m u sa n a wa v itu m te l e n a kitos e na s wi tu n a
f u ra h i sa n a kwa s a b a b u y a m we z i huu n i m we z i m tu k u f u
w a m a u l id i y a n a b ii s a l a l a kh u a l e h i w a sa l a m a (re h e m a
a M wen iez i M u gu n a iwe k w a k we n a a m a n i , na l ia kh i
y y )
n O ma ri a m e pa ta m to to m wa n a
( n dugu J a n gu
) A l i b i
m u m e n a m w e z i huu u k ish a n im eaz im u k u sa fi ri k we n d a
ko ma sh a m ba s iku m bil i ta tu n a wa tu wot e n y u m b a n i
w a ku s a li m u s a n a n a j a m a a z a ko w ote w a k usa l im u sa n a
t ena n a ta k a j a wa b u y a ba ru a hii y a k u nij u l ish a h a li ya ko
n isa l imia j a m aa huko p ia wot e n a we ta k a b a d h i d a riz a ni
m oj a y a k a n z u n a n u s u d a riz a n i ko fia n a v ik o i v ita tu
m iko ne n i m wa h a m ili li b a r u a ta f u d h a l i n iu z ia ka m a vita
k a v y o mkin i a idh a n a kh a b a ri y a n di a h a t a sa sa h a tuj aj u a
m wi s ho wa k we . Wa sa l a mu Wa k a ta b a h u
. .

M uha mma d b in M aal im b in B wa na Ko mbo b iy ed ihi .

T a rihi A l if u th a l a th a m ia wa a ruba wa ish ir ini, 1 3 24

’
-

Ra bi n, lia wa l i th a mania .
 S W A HILI LET T ERS 1 55

AL HA M DULI LL A HI WAR ADA HU .

I ll a j a na b i a l im u h ib b l ia kr a m a l im u kara m u a l a z iz i
i
'

a l a kh i B wa n a ful a n i b in ful a n i h a d a h u l a h u t a a l a , w a b a d u

n a ku r if u h a l i z e tu nj e m a wa th a m m a n a w e ku wa k a d h a l ika .

a a fi a , n a z a idi a kh a b a I i kh e r i n a li o o n a m tu e j a e huko
y y p
n im e il a z imu n a f u s i y a n gu k u k ua r itu h a li y a n gu 11 a
k u u l iz a h a li y a ko ba s i u siwa te k u n ia rif u h a li y a ko n a m i
k a d h a l ika y a kh a b a ri y a huku n i kh er i h a ku n a ill a n i
m yn a n y in gi m wa k a h u e twa ta raj l ita ku wa kh er i t u n a
f u ra hi sa n a .
-

Ma a na k a tik a m ij i y e t a is ipo k u w a m vu a
h a tu o n i v y e m a n a b a r a k a hu wa c h a ch e te na tu n a pa ta
kh a ba r i y a ku wa U l a y a y a Pa ris im eku wa m v u a n y i n gi
m n e kis h a n ti in a te tem a z in aa n gu k a nyu m ba n y in gi n a
w a tu w a n gi w a lio ku f a wa pa ta w a tu a l if u ta n o b a s i
tu na s ikitika s a n a k u pa ta kha ba ri hi y o l a ki n i n diyo kh e ri
m a a n a ku ll a n en o a l eta l o M n gu n diyo kh e ri . Na we
u s iwa te k u n ia rif u kh a ba ri z a huko up a n d e w a k we n u

h a l a h a la Wasal a m u
. .

W a ka ta b a h u , M ul a A 11 1 b in A b d irrah a m a n b iy ed ihi .

T a rih i ith en a sh a ra B a bii L i a w a l Sa n a ti th a l a t h a

’
-
.

m ia n a a r ub a w a ish irini .
1 56 S WA HILI GRA MM A R

L etter No 3 . .

A LHAMDU LILA HI W HA DA HU .

( A dd resse d to a l a dy ?)
I ll a J i na b i a l im u h ib b a a l a k a ra m a a l imu kh a ra ma a l aa z a
a l a z iz a i n d a n a a l u k h ti fu l a n a bi n ti ful a n i h a d a h u l a h u t a a l a

w a b a a d u n a k u a rif u h a l i z etu n ge m a wa th a m ma n a w e
ku wa k a d h al ika y a a fi a wa z a idi y a kh a b a ri kh e r i n a li
poo na mtu ej a e huko k w e n u n im eJ i l a z im ish a n a f u si y a n gu
k uk uj u z a h a li y a n gu n a ku k u ul iz a h a li y a ko n a huku
mj i n i k wetu tu n a f u ra h i s a n a k wa m v u a ny in gi l a ki n i
m a s iki n i wa n a z id i h a m u s a na m aa n a im e tok a kh a b a ri y a
ku wa m wa k a hu no kodi y a m aju mb a ita on ge z wa bas i
.

m as iki n i w a s ikitik a sa n a m aa n a h a li z a o n i n z ito h a wa na

v it u l a k in i w a ta f a n a e
'
y j h a wa n a J 1 ngin el o l a ku f a n y a
i ken d a i n n o n i ku e m b a M n gu n diyo kh a b a ri n a we u siwa te
k u nia rif u kh a b a ri z a huko up a n d e wa k wen u n a mi
ka d h a l ika W as a l a mu
. .

Nisa l imia wa tu wot e k wa huko wa k u b wa n a wa d e g e

w a n me n a w a k e n a huku w a tu wot e w a k u sa l imu sa l a ma .

n in gi
y Wa s a l a m u
. .

W a k a ta b a h u M ul a A11 1 b in A b d irra h a m a n i b iy e d ih i
, .

T a r ih i ith en a a sh a ra Ra b ii L i a wa l
’
Sa n a ti th a l a th a
.

m ia na a ruba wa ish irini .

1 58 S WA HI LI GRA M M A R

D e ma ni , fa ir wi nd s in A ugu s t a n d Se pte mbe r .

”
T a nga Mbili , v a r i a bl e w i n d s in Se pt e m b e r a nd
’ ‘ “

O c tobe r .

Mal el ej i, se c n o d p eriod of ca l ms b e fore N E . . m o n s oo n

b re a k s .

T he ra i ny s ea so ns a re th ree bu t o nly th e mw a ka ,

is r e a lly d e p en d a bl e T h e y a re : M w a ka ( for m e r or .
“

”
g a t r a i s) in A pri l or M a y , Meb oo ( l e s ser r a i n s )
re n
“

in J uly V u l i ( l a tte r ra i ns) in O c tobe r o r N o v em be r

,
“
.

”
( F or full e r i n for ma tio n see A fr i ca n A pho r i s m s p , .

EX A M PLES O F SYNO NY M S
( D IF F ERENT W ORD S WI T H SIM ILA R M EA N INGS)

N O UN S

n otisi, En gli s h not i ce , su m h ila , guil e , duplicit y .

mon s .
ud a nga ny if u , d e c e ption .

mb iy u , procl amat ion (by t own

cri e r) .

iil a ni, procl amation , publ ic than a thought s d o ubts

, , .

az ima i nt e nt ion s thought s

. , .

ma waz o, th o ugh ts, id ea s , opin ie ns,

ha k unu J udge
0

, r e fl e ction s .

muam2 1 arb i trator ,

.
fi kira con s id e ration thought s
, , .

kad h i mag ist rat e

, .

dh amb i s in.

ko sa fault mis tak e

, , . u dh ia ,troubl e both e r annoy , ,

h a til i crim e iniquity

, , . an ce di ffi cul t y
, .

upo to tu iniquity troubl e d iffi culty pe r

‘

, . ta a b u , , ,

u th a l imu wrong unright e ou sn e ss

, , .
pl e xity .

kua si tran s gress ion r e be llion

, , . m eiba , a fliietieri, calamity .

ithimu guilt guiltin e ss

, ,
. ma te so, s uff e ring s .

ubaya wick e dness badn ess

, , . ma shaka mi s fortune , .

u ovu ma evu e vil badn ess

, , , . dhiki troubl e distre ss
, , .

ukh a in i tr e ason tre ach e ry

, , . b uz u c i gri e f sorro w anxi e ty
, , , .

u k hia na , g u il e, d ec eit
‘

. hamu gri e f sadn ess

, , .

kh atia , fault . maj onz i mourn in g gri e f sadn e ss

, , , .
 S Y NONYM S A N D HO M O N Y MS 15 9

V ERB S
Immiliki , to r ei gn , to gove rn to ,
kush uka , to co me or go do wn to ,

d es ce nd .

kuta wa l a , to r ul e,
'

to gov e rn . kuteremk a, to go or co me do wn ,

to d es c e nd (e as ily ) .

ku wez a , to b e abl e .
(ku)tel ez a to slip or slid e do wn ,
.

ku waki, to b e abl e ( to go to a kukwea to mount to cli mb ( s t e p

, ,

pla ce , by step ) .

kuf iirik i, to s pare tim e for to , kupa n d a to as ce nd to go up

, ,
.

kee p an e ngag em en t
k u ta ka b ad h i to r ece i v e
.

, .

ku po k ea to r e ce iv e to ta k e
kuz iz ima , to or fee l ool or , .
,
b e, , c
damp . kulin da to k ee p to watch
, ,
.

kuf a nya baridi to b e [ spoil ed by ] ,

k utunz a to tak e care of, .

damp to b e mild e wed

,
. kuh if a th i to prese rv e to s pa re to
, , ,

k e e p to d e fe nd
, .

k uweka sa l ama to protect t o

kul kani to thi nk to suppo se to
, , .
p rese rv e
, ,

pres um e
.

.
kn okes to save to d e liv e r
kna z imia to th ink of to i nt e nd
, , . .

, , ,
k npony a to cau se to es cape to
, ,

d el ive r to sav e
ku waz a (Imam ), to ponde r to ,
,

re fl ect . k u taa b is h a to ve x to pe rt urb , ,

.

knfikiri, to con s id er to thin k ,

ku u dh i to t ro ubl e to both e r
, , .

ove r . kus umb ua to annoy to di s tur b , , ,

ku ona , to fee l , to think ,

to to h ara ss .

imagi n e . kute sa to pe rse cu te to mol es t

, , .

A LI ST O F HO M O NY M S
( WORDS HA vING D IF F ERE NT M E A N I N GS W HI H C A RE N E ARLY OR QU IT E
A LI KE IN S OUN D )

k aa , crab ka ta pa ge of book
'

.
, .

ka a , e mbe r .
( k a j i )h a ta to s tia in , .

( k u )ka a , to d well , to sta y . mka te poor man , .

k amba pra wn
'

, . ka wa dis h cove r (of

, 1111 5t
kamba cord (of cocoa nut fibre )
,
-
.

ka nga s pur of coce a nu t pal m

,
s
. d el ay
( ku )ka wa , to .

k a nga gui ne a fo wl
'

,
-
. kit oto small child
, .

( ku)k a n ga to fry , . kitoto narro w s tre e t all ey

,
'

, ,

crooke d path
k ata h ead pad
' .

, ,

ladl e ( th reeq uarte rs Of k ofi a clap ( with th e h and s )

'
'
h a ta , , .

cocoa nut ) -
. kofi flat pa rt of th e h and d o ubl e
, ,

to cu t . . handful .
160 S WA HI LI GRA M M A R

k omb e s h ell
'

, .
(ku )taj a to m en tion , .

komb e (p l ma l arge fi a t dish . . t aj a tr ibute ta x

'
, , .

k ond e fi eld cul ti va te d l and

'

, , .
t a ma s wee p ings rubbish
'

, , ,

kond e (pl ma fist . .

s couring s .

tama end fi nis , , .

k ooti co ur t court of ju stice

, , .

(ku)tama to mov e m i gra te , ,

.

koti ( pl ma coat . .
h us hih a ta ma to con s id e r ,

hold th e ch ee k )
( ku )kua , to gro w
.

( ku )wa , to b e . ta nga a sail , .

kuwa see ing that si nce ,

. ma ta n ga sail s mourn ing fun o ra l , , ,

rit es
k uku fo wl
.
'

(ku) ta ng a to wander
, .

mku) ov e r th e r e , ju st th e re , .

k u k uO .
mta nga s and
k uuku u , o d , worn ou l -
t .
, .

t anu ov en furna ce
’

, ,
.

maz iwa ( no sin g ) ,

m il k .
tan o fi ve , .

maz i wa lak es
ta a l amp
.

, .

maj uto , l arge riv e rs t aa obe di e n ce

'
.
, .

maj ute rep entanc e remorse , ,

. t aa l ong ta il e d fi sh
'

,
-
.

ta tu thr ee
In to r i v e r , .

,
t atu l e av en y ea st ferm en ted
. '

mto cu sh ion p ill o w , , ,

ma t te r
.
, ,
.

mwemb e mango tree ,

-
.
t avu (z a ma gu u) ca l v es (of l egs)
’
, .

wemb e, ra z or .
tavu (pl ma ch eek . .

mt u ,man '
. t awa l ou se
'

, .

mtu tamari s k, tree growm g kuta wa to b e in secl usi on , .

in mangrov e swamp s
( ku ) t ch a to dra w ( wat e r
.

, ,

n d oc pail buck et , , .
ma teka captiv es booty ,
’
.

nd oo ! com e ! ( irr i mp of kuj a ) . . .

kul eka to laugh to smil e , ,

nt a ,
'
wa x ( ku ) t ema to cl ear fores t to spi t , , .

(ku )tema to c u t a s und e r to

.

nt a ,
'
point e nd , ,

s la sh to h e w to cut Off
.
,
, , .

arth ground
nt 1 , e l a nd
, ,
( ka )t eng a to al i gh t to pe rch
.

nt i ea r rin gs
'
,
, , .

to s e para t e
.

nti a chart
,
( ku )tenga , .

t en ga sea mon st er
'
,
-
.

p aa , ga z el l e
'

t et e sma l l po x
'

pa a , roofing
-

, .

t et e spark s
' ’

(ku )paa , to as ce nd
, .

(ku)tetea to figh t fo r to , ,

( k u)piga k ofi , to clap hand s champion

'
.
.

( ku )piga k ofi , to b o x th e e ar s to wal k la me to halt , ,

( i e with . . th e op e n h a nd ) .
to totte r to cackl e ( h en) , .

p ia , a te p t eo sli ng ca tapult
' '
. , , .

l well al l t eo si ev es winno win g trays

'

pia , a so , as , .
, ,
.
1 62 S WAHILI GRAM MA R

PA RT III
S W A HIL I ENGL I SH V O C A BU LA RY
-

L IS T O F ABBREV IAT IO N S
for adj ect ive . p l for pl ural . .

adv . adverb . poss posses sive . .

appd . appli e d . pre p pre pos ition . .

cf . compare . pron .

comp t . compreh e n si ve . re f r e fl ex i v e. .

conj . conjunction . re f pron

. re fe r en ce pronoun
. .

co ntrn . contrac tion . rel rel at iv e . .

cop . copula . se p s e parabl e . .

ctr . contra st . sin g s ingu l ar .

d em . d emon stra ti v e . suf s u ffi x . .

di str . d is tributive . v v erb . .

inf . in fi x
. v c v erb cau sa tive
. . .

int e r . i n te rrogati ve . v intr . v e rb in tran sit i ve

. .

in t erj e ction . v n v erb n e ut e r

. . .

inv . i nvariabl e . v pa s . v erb pas s iv e

. .

man . mann e r . v prepl

. v e rb prepo si tional
. .

11 . n oun . v rec v erb r eciprocal

. . .

n prop
. . prop e r noun . v re d v erb r eduplicated
. . .

n . re d u p . r edupl i cat ed noun . v ref v erb r e fl e xiv e

. . .

num . num eral . v su b . v erb s ubtrac tive

. .

part . participl e . v tr v erb tran sitiv e

. . .

per . p ersonal . var variabl e . .

ph . phra se . voc vocativ e . .

th is Vocabulary words be gi nn ing wi th a cap ital l e tt e r a re

In ,

compl e te in the m sel v es : those with a hyph e n be fore th em re qu i r e

s om e var i abl e pr e fix .

N oun s a re al way s giv e n in th e s in gular form wh e n one e xi s t s .

D eri vative form s of th e v e rb a re only give n in a fe w i n s ta nc e s ; th e

s tud e nt is r e fe rre d to S tudy X V I I wh e r e th e s ubj ec t is d e a l t w1th ,

in de tail V erba l noun s obviously d eriv ed a re u sual l y om i tted

_

.
, , ,

u nl ess th e re b e som e variation i n m e an in g or in form N um e ral s .

pl a c e d aft er a noun indicat e th e cl a ss it b elong s to .

 SWAHILI ENGLIS H -
VO C A B ULA RY 163

i n te rpre t to pr ed ic t to tr e at , ,

m ed ically (s id e Nyi ka
A! Oh l Aha di (n promi se agree m e nt
.
,
.

A -
a ! No ! Ah asa nta ! (n 3 and thank .

-
a (var of (agre es wi th
. you ! thank s .

th e th ing poss esse d ) . Ah era (a kker s ) (n Had es .

,

Ab ad i continually for e ve r , ,
In vi s ibl e W orld pr e se n t and
al ways pe rpe tually , . futur e .

(Ku )s hiri (v to ma k e a .
(Ra )s h i d i (v to prom is e . .

j ourn e y o ne wa y by se a or , . Ai ! ( )h l (of pain ) .

land . Aib u (n . s ham e dis grace d is , ,

Abiria (n passe ng e r o ne wh o .
,
honour re proach , .

cros se s ove r . Ail i (n . guilt guil ty party , .

(Ku)a b u d u (v to wors hip to .

,
Aina (n .kind sort s p eci es , , ,

cla ss .

Ada (n cus tom u s a ge ha b itua l

, , ,
Aj a b u (n wonde r as toni s h
.
,

practice . m e nt .

Ad a bu (n mann er s polit e n e ss
.
, ,
Aja l i (n fat e d est iny bad
.
, ,

g ood be haviour . l uck calamity

, .

(Ku)ti a ad abu to t e ach good ,

Aj il i (n . sak e cause r ea so n , , .

mann e rs by corr ection .

(Ku)aj iri (v tr to hire to engage .
,

A dh a b u (n puni sh m e nt tor .
,
for payment .

tur e . A ka ! what n e xt !
(Ku)a d i ( to a ccompany out (Ku)aka (v to build
of th e g
. . .

ous e .
-
a kal e (var ad j ) of old ol d e n
.
, , ,

(K u)ad h ib u (v
. to puni sh to .
,
anci e nt .

torture . A kh iri (n e nd l at te r e nd
.
, .

A d ili (n truth corr ect con

.
, (Ku )a khiri (v intr to d e lay to .
,

duc t right , . r e main be hind .

A d a i (n 3 ) (al so pl ural ma a d u i)
.
, (Ku)a khirish a (v to pu t o ff to .
,

e n e my f oe a dve rsa ry , , . po s tpon e .

Afa (n . te rror dr ead dange r , . ,

Akiba (n stor e provis ion
.
, ,

di s a s ter horror (mostly u s ed ,

r e se rv e .

in A kid a (n office r captain

.
, ,

M a rika (n prop ) Africa .

, . s u pe r i nte nd e nt .

(K u)a fi ka na (v rec ) to com e to .

,
Akili (u int el lige nc e wit s
.
, ,

te rm s to mak e a compact or
,
int e ll e ct s en se sh re wd n e ss, , .

cove na nt .
-
a k o (var po s s adj ) thy thin e
. .
, , .

Afi uni (n opium . .
-
akwe (var po s s adj ) h is h e r . .
, , ,

Af ua (n d el ive rance m e rcy

.
, . h e rs its
, .

(Ka )afu (v to sa v e d e live r .

, ,
A l a (n . s h e ath s cabbard , .

pre se rv e r e scue , . Al a ma (n mark s pot sign

.
, , ,

A fu dh a l i pre fe rably b e tt e r , ,
tok e n .

rathe r M a ma s lam s (n l ittl e '

-
. . .

to tak e l e av e of s pot s
(Ku )a ga v
to bid (a re we l l to
. .
,
. a s na a la ma alam a to b e -

to give in s potte d
(Ku)agiz a (v . .

s tr uc tio n s to to dir e ct , . Al a si r i (n 3 adv ) aft e rnoon

.
,

(Ku)agua (v to proph esy to .

, (3 in th e a f te rnoon .
 16 4 S WA HI LI GRA M MA R

adv ) (Ku)a mirisha (v to ord e r t o

’

Alf aj u i (a lif aj iri) (n 3

'
.
, .
,

d a wn , daybr eak a t dawn or , command .

daybreak .
(Ku)a mru (v . to ord er to ,

Alfu al if u (n 5 St adj ) thous an d

,
.
,
. command .

a lh a md u lil l ah i prai se G o d , , (Ku)a msh a (v to a wak e n t o .

,

thank Go d . rou se out of sl ee p .

Al h a misi (n 3 adv ) T h ur sday A mu (n ) L amu

—
.
, , , .

(5 th day J e wi sh r e ckoning) , (Ku )amua (v tr to j udge a case . .

,

on T h ur sday . to se ttl e a di sput e to giv e ,

Ka )s l ik s (v to invite to . , j udgm e n t .

call ; (v to crack to
. , A119 (11
. . anna pe nny fou1 pi e e , , .

click to split
,
. A na sa (n worldly pl e a s ur e
. .

Al uf eni (s l f eni) (n adj ) two .

, (Ru )anda s (v tr to pr epare ta s ty . .

t housand . di sh e s .

A me . or but ,
.
(Ku)a nd a ma (v t o a ec om .

(Ku ) am a (v to l ie on th e
. pany to fol lo w
, .

ch es t to s uck
,
. M wez i ukia nd a ma a t th e ne w ,

(Eu am wa (v b e suckl e d moon wh e n th e n ext moon

l
. .

(Ka a mwish a (v to s uekl e . . s u c c ee th is) .

Ama li (n trad e occupation

.
, , (Ku)and amish a (v t o cause .

e nd e avour . o n e to foll ow e .

Ama ni (n p e ace s ecurity (Ku)a nd ika v ttano th r to l ay or

se t i n o 3
.
, , r .

tranquillity harmony ,
. er to place on to , ,

(Ku)amba (v to s a y to .
, p l as t e r (2) to wri t e ; (3) to
,

s p e ak . ordain .

Amb a ri (n Amberg ri s . .
(Ku)ang a (v to count to
.
,

Ku)a mb a ta (v to s ti ck to .
, r e ckon .

cl e av e to e mbrace
,
.
(Ku )a nga ma (v to b e caugh t .

m a ta na (v rec ) to st ick to or e ntan g l e d (i n fall in )

( )
K b
“
u a .
,

e ach oth e r to cling tog eth er , , (Ku)a nga mia (a ngsam miikles
a (v n ) . .

to b e j oin ed . to p e ri sh t o b e l ost , .

K u)a mb ia (v to sa y to .
, Anga (n a tmo sph e r e a i r
.
, ,

to te ll to s p eak to in form
, ,
. climat e e th e r , .

( )
K u a mb n a (v to p eel to re .
, (v to look .

mov e rind o r h u sk to par e ,

. up to fix th e ey es to watch
, , ,

(Ku )amini (v b e l i e v e to
.
, to look out to s tar e about to , ,

tru st . k e ep th e e y e s op en .

Ku)a mk a (v to a wak e to .
, (Ku )a ngal ia (v tr ) to l ook to .
, ,

wake up to rou se on e sel f ,

. pay att e ntion to b ehol d to , ,

a mki a (v to gr ee t to observe to vi sit

( K u ) .
, , .

sa l ut e to pay r es p e ct s (in th e
, (K n)a ngika (v t o h ang up .
,

morn in g) . to hang on a pe g to fa s t e n up
t , ,

(Ku)amkua (v to gre et to .
, to s usp end to k eep i n s u spe n se, ,

vi s it to acco st or re cogn ise i n

,
to b e r e ckonabl e .

pa ss in g an u var po adj my
.
g ( ss )
. .
, ,

A miri (n command er o fiic er

.
, , mine .

capta i n chi e f ,
. Ku)a ngua (v to unhook to .
,

Amri (n ord er co mmand

.
, , hatch egg s to tak e do wn to , ,

a u t hority righ t po we r , , . un fasten .

16 6 SW A HILI GRA MM AR

Bakora (n wa k n g s tick
. l i .

Ba kul i (n bas in, bo wl

. .

(n . vil e , calamity pl a gu e , ,
Ba l a nga (n 3 d is e ase ha ma kes . t t
nui s an ce (pl . ma baa ) th e skin w its .

Ba a d ae after ward s la ter , (Ku)b a l egh e (v o reac h th e . t

on . a ge of pube rty .

Da ada a p und e
'
a f ter a littl e ,
Bal i ra th e r b u t on th e ,
prese ntly . co n trar y .

Ba ad a ya (a d vl pr e p ) af te r .
, . Baloz i (n con s ul commi ssi on e r
.
, .

Baa d hi (n a c erta i n n umbe r

.
, th in plate or dis c of
s om e (p e r s on s ) . i ron tin etc ; co un se l
, ,
. .

Ba ba (n 3 fath er uncl e (se e N ot e

.
, (Ka )b a n a (v to s quee z e .

1 0 S tu y V I II )
, .
(finger) .

Ba b a wa ka mb o s te p fath er ,
. Ba nd s (n . l arge sh ed or h ut
.
,

Ba bu (n grandfath e r an ces tor

.
, . b oo th tabe rn acl e .

Bad a la ya (a d vl i n s tead of .
, Ba ndari (n landing p lac e .
-

in li e u of . harbour .

(K u)b a d il i (v to chan ge to .
, Ban d ia (n pupp e t . .

alt e r to e xchange (v
, to . M to to wa bandi a doll , .

chang e .
(Ku)b a nd ik a (v to lay or .

K u)b ad ilish a (v to tran sform .

, place or atta ch a thing ; to
to tra ns figu re to chang e , . put a pl as te r on .

(Ku)b a d ilik a (v n ) to b e chang e d . .

, (Ku)b and ua (v sub ) to chip to .
, ,

to b e alte re d to b e tra n s form e d ,

. bre ak o ff to re move a pla s te r .

Bad e not y e t not as y e t ,

. Ba o (n .gam e play e d on a boa rd
Bad e ki dogo not j us t y et , with hol es .

afte r a bit Bap a la 11 80 (n fore h ead

'
. . .

Ba te (n large snak e a dd er
.
, .
(Ku)b a pu tiz i (v to ba p tiz e . .

Ba tuta (n fi ne lon gc l oth nain

.
, Ba rs (11 i nte rior of a country ;
.

soc k .
(a d v ) u p country in land
.
-
, .

(Ku )b a gua (v parat e to . to se , Ba ra dh a li (n rud e fel lo w .

,

cl ass ify to s ort out to choose

, , . fool is h man .

Bah a r i (n se a l arg e lak e

.
, . Ba tu fa (n ice . .

Ba ha r ia (n se ama n sailor .
, . M vua ya b a raf u hai l , .

Ba h a ti (n 3 ) cha n ce l uck fortun e

.
, , ,
Ba ra gh umu (n trum pe t wa r .
,

Ba h ash a (n e nv e lop e . . horn .

(Ku)b ah a tish a to guess to divin e , , . Ba raka (n b l essing prospe rity

.
, .

Bahil i (n m is er avaricious
.
,
Baraz a (n v erandah . .

pe rson . Ba r i di (n col d cool th co ld

.
, ,

(Kn ba im (v
’

to dist ingui sh n ess da mpn ess ; a cold

j
. .
, .

(Ku b ainish a (v to re v e al to M t u b aridi pe rs on of e quable

'
.
, ,

mak e manifest . t empe ram ent .

(Ku)b a inik a (v n ) to be co me .
,
Baridi y a bis i (n rhe uma tis m . .

manife st to b e re ve al ed Ku ba r1 ki (v tr ) to bl ess
)
'

. . .
. .

K u)b a iniki (v to manifes t . . Ku b arikia (v to pray .

Ku )b a ki (v to r e main ov er
.
,
G o d t o bl ess ; to knock do wn to
to b e l e f t .
(auction ) .

Ba kish ishi (n gift tip gra .

, , (Ku)b a rikis h a v
( to bl ess (used .

o f G od onl y
tu ity .
) .
 S WA HILI EN GLISH -
V O C A BU L ARY 1 67

Kn)b ariki shia(v prep ) to . .

, i
B blia (n B b e . i l .
’

nounc e blessin g (auction ee r ) on Bi ab as (n m erchandi se, tra d .

thing knock e d do wn to b idd e r ing goo d s .

Ba rikisi (n barrack s . . Bid ii (n e nthus asm ,

. z e al , i
Barna (n le t te r note bi ll
.
, , , dilige nce, pa ins , ardour , efi o rt '

ch it . Bikira (n maid en , virgin. .

Baru ti (n gu n po wd er . . Bila without , e xce pt by .

(Ku )b a shiri (v intr to proph esy . .

, Bi a shil w thout cau se , i
fore te ll a nnounce pu b li s h , ,
. for nothing gratui to usly in , ,

(Ku)b a siri (v to und e rs ta nd .

, va1 n .

to b e wise int el lige nt 3 3 ) gl ass tumb l e r

Bin (n $ (pl ba ni ) so n
,
. Bil auri 1n , .

Ba i l (intj e nough tha t wil l

s!
.
, .
,
.

0 1 so n of Adam ,

Ba si (conj . th en , so , wel l ,
th e re human be ing .

fore , no w . Binder s (n bann e r red t urk e y .

,

Ba s tol a (n pi sto . l . twill flag , .

Bata (n duck . . Bind o (n k not or fo l d in l o i n

.

Ba ta mz inga , turk e y . . cloth h e nc e pock e t or purse

,

Ba ti (n tin . .
(Kn)b ingiria (v n to roll (of . .

Ba tili cr m e , i i n iquity , un i ts el f )
ri ght eou sn ess
.

.
(Kn)b ingirika (v n ) to roll to .
, ,

Ba wa (n wing p in ion .
, . rol l down to roll a way , .

Bewa hn (n door k ee p e r .
-

, (Kn)b ingirish a (v c to t ak e or . .

j anitor . rol l a way to r emove to rol l , ,

Bawasil i (n p iles h aemo rr .

,
along .

h oid s . Binti (n 3) (p pl b ana ti ) daugh te r

. .
,

-
bay a (var ad j ) b ad h urt ful .
, , , (Kn)b ish a (v i n tr to knock at .

nox iou s . th e door to anno unc e on es e lf ,

(Ku)b eba (v to carry a child . at a hous e by c a ll i ng hodi

on th e b ack in a cloth Bishipu n bis hop
(
. . .

Boga (n s hould e r . . Bisikoti n 3 b i scui t .

Beb ewa (n courtyard e n .

,
-
biti (var a d j ) ra w gr e en un .
, , ,

clo s ur e up stairs lobby , . rip e und e rdon e (C l 4 con

, . .

3 3 1 (n bargain price
.
, . cord kiwiti) , .

(Kn vund a b ei to u nde rs e ll , .

-
biyu (var ad j ) ripe wel l .
, ,

(Kn b emb ea (v tr to . . c ook ed .

s wing to rock , . Biz a ri (n cur ry powd e r

.
-

Bend ers (n 3 ) (se e bind er s )

. . . Bog a (n pumpki n
. .

(Kn)j ib enua (v re f ) to l ea n .
, Boma (n s tockad e fe n ce
.
, ,

upon . fortress pa lisa d e hedge , , .

Ku)b enuka (v to be nd .
, Bomb s (n cylinde r fun n el of.
,

bulge out b e crook ed b e l ea n , , pump p i pe ,

1 ng . (Kn)b omoa (v tn ) to pull do wn .

. ,

Bere mu (n bann er, fi a g . . d emol is h d es troy , .

Betoto (n o wl . . Bo nd s (11 va ll e y . .

Bia sh a ra (n trad e . .
(Ku)b ony ea (v to si nk in .
,
B ibi (n l ady , mis tre ss, grand
. to pit to b e soft , .

moth e r , wife , m a dam . Bop o (n

'
gul f gul le y va ll ey
.
, , ,
Bib ih arusi (n . brid e . d eep pl a ce .
1 68 S WA HILI GRAM M A R

Bora (i nv . ad j) best noble gr e a t

, , , , (Kn)b usiana (v . rec ) , to k is s ea ch
i mpo r tan t . ot h e r .

Boriti (n be am pol e rafte r

.
, , . Bun (n worm maggot
.
, .

Boroh o a (n s t e w hotch po tch .

,
-

, Buyu (11 frui t of th e baobab

.

pottage mas h ed b ean s ,

. tr ee calaba sh
, .

Ku)b oromok a (v to slid e or .

(Kn)b wa ga (v to thro w do wn .
,

sl ith e r d own to slip t o gl id e , , ,

to cau se to fall to dump do wn ,
.

to fall do wn .
(Kn)b wa ga vimb a to murd e r , .

-
bovu (var adj ) rotte n co rrup t .
, , . Bwana (n mast e r l ord sir
.
, , ,

Bus (11
. s talk ste m blad e
.
, , . g entleman .

Bub a (mb nb a ) (n th e ya ws or . Bwa nah aru si brid e groom , .

framboesia . Bwan a J esu M a sihi L ord J es us ,

(Ku)b ub uj ik a (v to bubbl e . C hr ist .

up to bur st for th
, . Bwel a (n sm a l l b o x or d es k
. .

Bnb wi (11 dumb pe r son. .

Budi (n e s cap e
. .

S ina b nd i I hav e no e scape from

,

h e nc e I mu s t .

Buib ni (n sp i de r . . Ch a (va r . of (4th cl . con

Bukini (n p ) M adaga scar .
, . cord ) .

Bumb na z i (n b ewild er men t .

, (Ku)cha (v . t o da wn (se e
d um f o u n d ed ness a ston i s h ,
Knch a ) .

m en t .
(Kn )ch a (v . to fear to b e ,

(Ku)b nnd a (v to b eat do wn .

, afraid of .

to annihilate . Ch a a (n . tea .

Bun d uki (n mu sk et gun .

,
. Cha a (n . s tabl e or sh ed for
Buni (n coff ee b err ies
.
-
. cattl e .

(Ku)bun i (v to d esign to (Kn)ch a ch a (v to fe rm en t

’
.
, .
,

found to i nv e nt to origin at e
, , . to t urn sour .

Bun z i (n horn e t . . chach e

(var adj ) f e w smal l .
, , ,

Burs (adv in va i n to no pur .

, littl e .

po se fr ee for nothin g gra ti s Ku ch a rul ia (v to s poi l

(l
. .
, , . .

Buria ni (n l e ave ta king part

.
-

,
Ku ch a tnka (v to b e .

ing r e conciliation
,
. e xcit e d to b e hurri e d
,
.

(Ku)b u rnd i, (Kn b urnd ika ) ( v. Ch aga (n 7

'
. ba rn gra i n s
,

n ent ) to , i rs t b e reh eve d of th , s tor e s .

to b e r efresh ed . Cha i (n . tea .

Burnh ani (n e arn est p l e dg e .

, , Ch a ka (n s umm e r h eat
.
-

tok en . drought d esolation ,

.

Bu ruj i (n forti fication ca stl e

.
, , (Kn)ch aka rish a (v to .

d e fen ce b u l wa rk , . flutt er .

(Kn)b nrnta (v to d ra g . . Ch a knl a (n (som ething) to ea t

.
,

a ara (n prud e nce und e r .

,
food m eal e ata bl e
, ,
.

stand i ng se n se s ub tl e ty, , ,
Ch a mba (n 4 ) hiding p l ac e d e n.
-

, ,

caution d i scr etion , . s h el t e r se cr e t pl ac e for wa y

,
-

a h nti (n cl oak of ca me l or . laying .

go at s hair (b urnoo se bl ank et )

’
, . Chambo (n bait . .

Bus t a ni (n gard e n . . Chand a (n finge r . .

(Ka )bu su (v to ki ss . Ch and a ch a gnmb a (n th umb . .

1 70 S WA HILI GRA M M AR

to i mpose on to mi sl ea d to , , d es pise to .

d isappoint . 3 s torm s trok e , .

D a raja (n s ta i r s ste p s s ta i r
.
, , de r is i on s co rnful ,

c a se br i dg e
, . laught e r ridicul e .
,

D araja (n d egr ee promotion .

, , (Ku)dh ih a ki (v to d e rid e to .
,

pre ferm ent honour ord e r , , . mock to rid icul e

, .

D araka (n res pon s ibility . .

(Ku)dh ii (v to wa s t e or .

K utwaa d ara ka , to b e respo n pi ne a way to b e in d is tress ,

.

sibl e . Dh iki (n rtra its. p e rpl e xity , ,

D ar a sa (n cl ass l esson l esso n

.
, , troubl e di stress ,
.

hour . K u)dhih ka (v to b e troubl ed .

,

D ari (n uppe r storey hou se

.
, p e rpl e xe d torm e nted ,
.

top roof ,
. Ku)dh il i (v to d es p ise s e ta t .
,

Da ri z i (n e mbroid e ry . . nough t aba se be l it tl e , ,

.

(K u)d ariz i (v to e mbroid er .

, Dh ira a (n cubit arm half .
, ,

e mb e l l i s h . yard (n e arl y ) .

D arah in i (n tel escop e bino .

, ( )
K u dh oo fik a (v t o b e com e .

c u l a rs . weak or faint .

Da n (n . n ati v e boat dho w , , Dh ul i (n .

dug o ut -
.
( Ku )dhu ra (v to hurt inj ur e ; .
,

D au wa (o cau se la wsuit ca se .
, , , (v . to matt e r .

l itiga ti on . Ha idh uru n e v e r mind it does not, ,

D a wa (n m e dicin e re m edy
.
, , matt e r .

cure ph y s io l a ws ui t (see
, , D is (n
. . c om pe n sa tion r e ward , ,

dau wa) . rev enge am e nd s blood mon e y , ,

-
.

(Ku)d a wa a (v to h e s itat e .
, Di b aj i (n preface . .

to b e in s u s pe n se or doubt to , D in i (n .re ligi on .

b e doubtful to b e p e rpl e x ed D ira (n marin e r s co mpass ’

. . .
,

D a wa ti (n wri ting d e sk b o x .
-
, , (Ka )di ra (v to cut sh e a r .
,
.

cas h box -
. Dirii (n m e tal shield buck le r
.
,
.

D ema ni (n 3 ) p e riod of fair wi nd s .

, , (Ku)diriki (v to s pare tim e .
,

be t wee n S W &N E mon s oon s . . . .

,
k ee p a n e ngage m e n t ; (v .

about A ugu s t cool sea son ,

. to m ee t a wait ,
.

Dengu (n l entils . . Diri sha (n windo w . .

D eni (n 3 d e bt. . Div ei (fr duv in ) (n . win e . .

M d eni d e btor , . D ob i (n .wa s h e rman .

M wenyi d eni cr editor ,

.
-
dogo (va r s mal l littl e .
, .

Desturi (d a situri) (n cus tom .

,
Dod ok i (n loofah gourd frui t
. .

h abit cu stomary , . of climbing pla nt whic h makes

Dh a b ih u (n ; o ff e ri ng sacr i fic e , . th e loofa h
“
.

Dh a h a b u (n gold Don d a n 5 larg e sor e

( g
. . . .

Dh a if u (inv adj weak wr etch ed .

, , Dong e 11 5 clot l ump ca ke b i t
.
, , , , ,

p oor m is e ra b l e, . mors el .

Dhambi (n 3 s in crim e Doti (n e ight hand s (of cl oth

.
,
. .
) ,

(Ku)d h amini (v to giv e se . n earl y four yards .

c u ri ty for to b e s ur e ty or ,
D ua pray e r i nt e rc es s ion , ,
pe tition .

Dh a miri (n . con s ci enc e , co n D ua ra (n W in d l a ss c ra n e (se e

.
,

c e ptio ns , t houghts . d uwara ) .

 S WAHILI EN GLISH -
V O C ABU LARY

Dude (n . thing , what is th e -

narro w .

am e n .
(Embe d odo ,

D uke (n . . s hop . larg e mango) .

(K u)d um u (v . to continue , (Ku )enda or (Kw)enend a (v .

r ver e abid e
p e se , . to go proc eed set out walk
, , ,
.

(Ku )da nga (v to prick .

, A mekwenda it wa (som e o ne ) h a s ,

p i e ce r . gon e to call h im .

D un gu (n watch hou s watch .

- e
, En d a z ako ! (s ee N o te 2 S t udy ,

to we r plan ta tion watch e r s

,
'

X IX ) go th y wa y , .

s h e lt e r again s t wild be a s t s
, .
(K w)end ea (v to go to or .
,

D uni (in v adj ”) m ea n pa l try .

, , for or to ward s
,
.

t rifling worthl ess d es picabl e , , .

(Kw)end el ea (v to go on . ,

D unia (n e arth world .

, . mak e progre ss co n tinu e ,
.

D ura (n talking parrot

. .
(Kw)end el ez a (v to s pe ll .

D utu (n 5 s ubs tanc e s hap e

.
, .
(v. to cau se to continue to ,

D uwa ra (n wh e e l ran e .
,
( , mak e to la s t on .

W ind l a ss glo b e ; (adj ) round , ,

.
(Kw)end esh a (v to mak e to go .
,

dri ve guid e , .

(Ku )enea | (v to spre ad . ,

pe n e trat e p e rm e at e ,
.

(Ku)enez a (v to s pread ove r .

,

cove r d zs trib u te
, .

-
(var poss s uf ) (s hort e n e d f orm
e . . .
(Ku)enga enga (v -
to falt e r . ,

of akwe) h is h er its
-

, , ,
. mind care fully .

Ee ! oh ! engin e (va r adj ) oth e r anoth e r .

, , .

Ee wallah ! yes (by G o d )

-
enu (var po ss a d j ) your your
. .
, ,

all right .
-
enyi (va r pr e p or pro ) havi ng . .
, ,

(Ku)ege sh a (v to land bring .

,
poss essing o wning M wa na ,

to land a wa ku omb a pray e d for child ; ,

-

Eh e ! (intj what ! what th e n ? . M wana m wenyi kuomb a pray ,

-
ekundu (var adj ) re d crim son .
, , , i ng child .

s carl e t . Euywi (vo c pro ) y e you .

, ,
.

El a but e xc e pt tha t , , Enz i (n maj es ty po we r

.
, ,

s ov e r e ignt y dominion rul e

(s l ig h tly adv e rs ative ) .
, , ,

(Ku )cica (v tr to b e cl e ar or . . authority .

pla i n to e n l ight en ; (v intr

,
. .
(Ku )e pa (v
’
to turn back.
,

to float d uck dra w back doubl e

—
. .
, ,

Y a nel ea that is cl ear to me , . epesi (v a r adj ) l igh t s light

.
, , ,

(K u )el ewa to und e r s ta nd a l l e a s y thin quick v e rs atil e

, , ,
.

K wa wepe si quickl y s pe e dily , ,

.

(Ku)el ez a (v to e xplain to to .
, (Ku)epua (v to r emove .
,

mak e cl ea r or plain to . withdra w turn a way put , ,

(K u)el eka (v to carry . . a way ta k e away , .

Elf u (num adj (se e Alf u ) . .

, (Ku )epuka (v to avoid shun .
, ,

thous and . b e far from go a way from ,

.

Elh a sili ul tima te ly final ly , .

(Ku )epuka na na (v n ) to b e .
,

ema var adj ) good s e para t e d from

(
-
. .
, .

Ema n larg e wicker b a sk et or

.
(K u)epu sh a (v to put or th rus t .

tr ap for catch ing fish . a wa y .

172 S WA HILI GRA M MA R

r v (var adj cnnning cl ev er

c e a . .
, , (Kn)f aid i (v . to be profitable
e tc s ub tl e s re wd
.
, , . to .

(Ku)erevuka (v n ) to b e com e .
, Pakh a ri (n gl ory e xcel .
,

cunnin g clev er e tc , , . l e nc e .

e sh e (contd form of a i sh e) tha t .

, (Ku)fan a (v n ) to b e s ucce ssful .
, ,

h e may fin is h . to succee d .

etu (var po ss pro ) our our s to

. .
, , (Ku )f a nana na (v .

eupe (var adj ) white l igh t .

, , , r ese mbl e to b e l i ke ,
.

brigh t cl e ar cl e an guil el e ss
, , , .
(Kn)f a na nish a (v to dra w a .

-
eu si (var adj ) b lack dark .
, , , s imilitud e from .

dingy .
(Kn)f anid ish a (v tr) to compare .
, ,

Ewa abbre viate d form of l ik en mak e alike,

.

Es wa l l a h l (Kn)f a nikiwa (v i ntr ) to s ucceed . .

,

Ewe ! O ! ho l loa ! h i l pro sp e r .

F a nu si (n l ant e rn . .

(Ku )f a ny a (v to mak e do .
, ,

p e rform ac t to ward s (nu ,

favourably ) .

(Kn f a nywa (v pa ss) to b e mad e .

,
.

(Ku)fa (v in tr to d ie p e rish ; . .
, (Kn j if a ny a (v re f ) to pr e t e nd to .
,

(Ku)fiwa (v pa ss ) to b e b e . . b e mak e on ese l f ou t to b e

,
.

r eav e d .
(Ku)f a ny a b a ri di (v to .

(Ku)f1a (v
’

to d ie to or. be com e mild ewed .

for .
(Kn)f a ny a b id ii (v to tak e .

(Ku )fa ga nz i (v to go to . pain s mak e an eff o rt exert

, ,

s l ee p (of a limb ) b e callou s b e , , on es elf .

s ei z e d with cramp b e d is , (Ru )tany a kh of u (v to b e .

tracte d with gri e f . afraid fe ar ,

.

(Ru)fa a (v tr to sui t do. .

, , (Ku)f a ny ia (v t o d ea l .

be com e b e n e fit s ucc eed , ,

. with a c t to ward s (favourabl y )
,
.

(Ku)f a dh i1i (v to sh o w favour .

(Ku)f a nyika (v n ) to b e wel l .
, ,

to . m ad e to b e ,
d oabl e be “
,

F a dhili (n favour kindn ess .

, ,
fe a sible .

cond esc en sion grace , .

(Ku )f a nyiz a (v to repair . .

(Ku)f af a nua (v tr to see cl earl y . .

,
F a ra dh i (n e v e ryday food . .

disc ern r e port dis tingui sh , ,

F ara gh a (n l ei s ure privacy .
,
.

con s id e r . P ar aja (n comfort r est .

,
.

F a h al i (n bull m ale of .
,
F ar asi (f r asi ) (n h or se . .

an imal s warrior ,
. F ara sil a n thirty six pound s .
-

(Ku)tah amu (v to und e r .

(3 6 l b s .

s tand ; (v to r e m e mbe r .
, (Ku )f a rij i (n . t o comfort con ,

con s id er T h e final u oft en . s ol e .

di sapp e ars a s in (pl imp ) ,

. .
(Kn)f a rikana (v . rec ) to ,
be se pa
“
Pana mni ”
. rat ed a l ienate d
, .

F ah a mu (n mi nd in te ll e c t .
, , (K u )f a riki
(v to d ie de .
,

m e mory i nte l li gence ,

. ce a se .

F ah a ra sa (n i nd ex . . F a sah a (inv adj ) cl ea n pure . , , ,

F a i da (n profit gain a d van

.
, ,
corr ect .

tage .
(K u)f asiri (v t o t ran sla te . .
1 74 S WA HI LI G RA MM A R
'

(K u)f uga (v . to k eep or r e ar (Ku)f umnk ana (v n ) to co me to .

,

an i mal s an e nd b e separat ed b e brok e n

, ,

F ujo (n confu sion mudd l e

.
, ,
up s cat tere d
, .

d isord er tumul t ,
. Ku)f unda fund a (v re d ) to da s h
-
.
,

(Ku)fuk a mosh i ) (v to , . in piec es .

s mok e u me,
thro w o ff (a s ,
F un d i (n sk il le d work man
.
,

h eat ) . e xp e rt smi th me ch an ic a rtisa n , , .

F uk a ra (n poor man b eggar

.
,
.
(K u)f und ik iz a (v to lay up .

(K u )f ukia (v fi l l up (h ol e )
.
, mon e y .

h id e (in a hol e) .
(Kn)f nnd ish a (v to teach .
,

(Ku)f uk iz a (v to fumigate .
,
in s truct .

p e rfum e (nv umb a ) . F un d o (n 5) kn ot pur se (form ed

.
, ,

(Kn)f nkna (v to dig (a smal l . by knot i n l oincloth ) pock e t , .

hol e) . F undo l a g un ankl e , .

(Ku)f ukuz a (v to dri ve .

(K u)f unga (v to tie sh ut .
, ,

a way . fa sten bind gird attach im

, , , ,

F ulan a (n v est fl ann el

.
,
. pri s on fa st , .

F ul a ni (n s om e o ne
. s o and , Kuf unga sh aria ni to b ind i n l a w , ,

so a c e rtain p er son ; (inv adj )

, . . i a to cond e mn
. . .

s uch and suc h (a thing ) .

(Ku)j if unga (v b i nd o ne .

F ul if ul i in cro wd s h el ter , se lf (by promi se or contract ) .

sk e lt er .
(F o r oth e r d e rivativ es of th e
to ha s ten on V rb see S tudy X V II )
(Ku)f u1ia (v . e
, .

with . K n)f unga fung (v red ) to tie

-
a .
,

(Kn)f u1ia (v to beat o n. in plac es .

(a s w av es or w ind ) ri se up , (Ku )f ungiz a (v to be sie ge . .

again s t . F ungo (n ci vet cat . .

u f u l iwa u i to b e chok e d by F ungu (n portion part sand

)
( K ,
. .
,

(Kn f nliz a (v to mak e go on . ba uk shoal , .

without stopping p er se ve re , .
(K u)f ungu a (v s ub ) to op e n .
, ,

(Ku)f um a (v to h it shoot .
, , un d o nu tie unfas te n
, , .

wound ; we av e s e w , . F uno (n ant elop e (small )

. .

( K a )fumb a (v to clo se s top .

, , (Ku )f unna (v s ub ) to uncov e r .
, ,

s hut hid e
,
. di s close r e ve al , .

K u)tnmb an a (v n ) to b e cl o sed
’

.
, , F unz a (n m a ggo t j 1gge r
.
, .

b e hidd en .
(Kn)f unz a (v to t each im .
,

(Ka )fumbata (v to gra sp . . part kn o wl edg e to .

A mef umb a ta mkono he has , (K u)j if un z a (v re f ) to t each on c .

,

close d h is fi st . s e l f h e nc e to l e arn
, .

F umb i (m 5 ) ravin e gorg e nul , , ,

f u pi (va r adj ) short bri e f .
, ,
.

lah ; torr en t that run s through Kn tup iz a (v to s horte n

j
. .

a gorg e .
(K u f ura (v to s wel l b o .
,
.

(K n)f umb ika (v b e h id d en p ufle d up

'

. .

F umbo (n para b l e a ll egory

.
,
. F ura ha (n j oy glad n es s.
'
, ,

( K u )f u mb ua (v su b ) to Op e n . .
, ,
pl ea sur e .

uncl ose . K u )f nra hi (v to r ejoice b e .

,

F ume (n s p e ar dar t la n
. ce , , . glad b e pl eased
, .

(Ka )ta mn a (v su b ) to un se w .
, ,
Ku)f urik a (v n ) to boil ov e r .
, ,

unpick undo ; to di smiss

,
. ov e rflo w .
 S WA HILI EN GLIS H -
VOC AB ULA RY 17 5

Puruk ani (n cr e d books c il l a te , wav e r , prevar iea te h es i

‘

. sa ,

(M uhamm edan ) . tat e s li p

, .

(Ku)f uta (v to wi pe canc el .

, ,
Gari (n 3 . cart carri ag e , ,

ob l ite rate blo t out ; f nta uvu ,

t rai n trol le y waggon
, , .

mb i to dust
, . Gari y a mo shi tra i n (lit carriag e , .

(Kn)f nta (v to d ra w out (as a

. of s moke) .

s word ,
Ga ruf uu (n cl ove . .

Fu ti (n . foot (m ea sure) .
(Ku)gawa (v to d ivid e up .
,

(Kn)f utika (v n ) to b e erad i cabl e .

, ,
di s tribute part , .

b e can ce ll e d .
(Ku)gawany a (v go shar es .

(Ku )f ntuka (v n ) to m el t .
, (v . to di vid e .

(feath e r s hair ) , (Ku)gema (v to tap cocoa .

F uturi (n 3 ) s pan .
, . n ut trees for pal m win e -

firs t m ea l afte r Geng e (n s te e p pl a c e

. pre c i ,

b re a k f a pice cli ff rock

, , .

progres s ,
Ger ez a (n pr ison (from P ortu
.

g uese E ccl esia

(Ku)geuk a (v n ) to tur n round .
, ,

alt e r chang e
, .

(K u)geuz a (v to chang e a l te r .
, ,

tra ns l a te .

(Kn)f y ua (v . to s nap or br eak Gh a dh a b u (n ang e r , wrath . .

c if (Ku )gh a dh ib ika (v n ) , to b e .

(Ka )tyuka (v to snap go o ff .

, . an gry , b e indignant .

F y uk o (n trap gin (mad e wi th

.
,
Gh afi (inv a d j ) , gross (weight.

a s tick and cord ) .

(Ku )gh a fil ik a (v n ) , to b e in a .

hurry make has t e b e pr esse d

, ,

for tim
s udd e n l y
(p il y
Gha f ul a d v) ah , ,

ru ptl y , a st .

(Ku )gaa gaa (v to wriggl e . Ghal a (n tore s tor e room s ,

-
.

roll mov e to and fro l ie about

, ,
Gh a lib u n nativ e hom e . .

on th e floor .
gh al ib u proba bly mos t ,

Gas (11 .pot sh e rd . lik ely commonly , .

Ga lawa (n ca noe (see nga. Gh a mu (n appr eh en si on sa d

.
,

ra wa ) . n ess gri e f
, .

Ga nd a (n rind pe el sk i n
.
, , ,
Gh a nima (n abundance .
,

h usk bark ,
. pl enty good fortun e , .

(Ku)ga nd a (v to conge al .
,
Gh ara ma (n e xpe n ses co st s .
, ,

curdl e fre ez e , . valu e worth , .

(Ku)ga nda ma na (v rec ) to stick .

,
Gh arika (n flood . .

tog e th e r cl e ave adh e re , , .

(Ku )gh a riki (v n ) to b e s ub .
,

Gando (n cla w (of crab

.
,
m e rge d b e i mm e rse d ; to h e
,

(Ku)ga nga (v to treat m ed i . wr ecke d .

ca lly apply me dicin e (Ku )gh arih sh a (v to ove r

'

, . .

Gani l (inv
‘

in te r ad j ) what . .
,
flo w ov er wh e lm flo od
, ,
.

sort ? what which Gh as ia (n tumult c on fusion

.
, ,

Ga njo (n m in d eso lation

.
, . hurry nois e th rong , ,
.

(Ka )ganz a ganz a (v to va Gh orof a (n 3 ) (see orof a )

-

. . .
176 S WA HI LI GRA M MA R

Gh nb ari (n . ra i n cl oud -
. B a ba y a kit u a me re noth ing , .

Gh ufira (n .
pard b n forg ive , Hab a ri (n n ews tidings
.
, ,

n e ss . s tory i n forma ti on hi story

, , .

Ghura ri (n 3 van ity . . Had a a (n guil e d ec epti on

.
, ,

Godo ro (n 5 mattress padd ed .

,
cunning .

ca u tio n wa rn i ng
q uil t rug ,
. l 18 t (n .
, .

Gof n (n ruin d e solate pl ac e

.
, . Hadi (n l i mi t r est ri ction
.
, ,

Gogo (n l og of wood
. . me a sure .

Goma (n big drum . . K a d ithi (n story tal e fabl e

.
, , ,

(Ku gomb a na (v rec ) to quarr e l an ecdo te fiction

)
.
.
,
.
,

(Ku gomb ez a (v to scold .

,
Ha flf u (inv adj ) light fl im s y . .

, , ,

r eprimand . l igh t m inded

-
.

(Ku)gong a (v to knock b e at .
, . Ha i (inv a dj ) al iv e li vi ng
.
, , .

gonj wa (var adj ) s ick ill .

, , . Haiba (n b eauty glory
.
, .

Gony ez i (n languor . . Hain a b nd i D oubtl ess ,

Gora (n pie c e of cloth

. . K a i l a s a (follo wed by i nf of ve rb ) .
,

(Ku )gota (v to knock b e at .

, . it h as not y et
Go t i (n kn ee . . Haj a (n .wan t d esi re r eq u est , , .

Goya (n el e gan t ga i t
. . K aj i (n . p e rson wh o h a s don e
Gnd ul ia (n 5 ) s ton e wat e r bot t l e .
,
1 -
th e Haj or p il gri mag e to
(porou s) . M e cca .

Gumegume (n 3 fl i n t . .
(Kn)h ajir (v to e m i gra te ; .

gumu (var adj hard di ffi cul t . .

, , (v tr ) to ban ish
. . .

to ugh . Ha ki (n right ri gh teo us n ess

.
, ,

(Ku)gnna (v to groan .
,
j ustic e truth , .

gr umbl e sigh , . K akika (n proof c e rtain ty

.
, .

Gunia (n s ack sa cking b a g

.
, , .
(K u)h a kikish a (v to t est try .
, ,

(Ku)gnra (v to move (fro m . prov e .

o ne pla ce to anoth e r ) chan g e ,

Ha kimn (n judg e gov e rnor .
,

on e s abod e (al so u se d for docto r )

’
. .

Gurud umo (n wh eel . . Hake h e (or sh e ) is not h e r e (or

,

to tou ch t h e r e)
)
(Ku gusa (v . . .

(Kn gu t uk a (v
'
to sta rt .
,
Ha l a f u aft e r ward s pre ,

jump move s udd enly

,
. se ntl y b y a nd by
, .

(Ku)gnt u sh a (v
'
to s tartl e . . Ha lali (inv adj ) la wful per .
, ,

Gun (11 foot l eg

.
, . m i ss ibl e licit l e gitimat e , , .

Gwa rid e (n marching drill .

,
. Ha l i (n . s tat e condition , .

(Ku)gwia (v to lay ho ld of Halimu (inv adj ) a fla b l e mild

'

.
,
.
, , .

catch sei z e gra sp , , .

(Kn)h a lif u (kh al if u) (v tr and . .

to commit a crim e ,

tra n sgress r ebel s werv e from , ,

right cours e of act ion .

K a l i s i (ad v ) (see adv e rbs S tudy ,

Ha (co ntrn of . Nike ) ( see s pec i X IX ) pr e ci se ly e xactly

, , .

men verb ,
S t udy I I) . N ika Ha l i undi (n
-
pe rfum ed oint .

k a ha
nk a -
'
-
.
m ent .

Ea (Ne g pr e f 3 rd p s . . . ing Ha lua (n a sweetmea t

. .

Hab a (inv adj ) , f e w, l it . tle small ; ,

Ha ma di (n posse ss ion . .

(11 . a l ittl e .
K a mal i (n a por ter a cool i e
.
,
.
1 78 S W AHILI G RA M M A R

p il gri ma g e Howe ! there t h e n ! (hunte r s ’

.

a d j ”) th is (fourt h cry »
Hu (con tr of m ku) (mku nku.

n . wisdom , clev er k
’
u h u) .

n ess Hu a (n dov e
Hil a (n
. . .

.
c unning cra f tin ess , , Huba (n love fondn es s
.
,
.

ch eating , (Ku)h ub iri (v tr to . .

fth cla s s) . pre ach proclaim inform

, ,
.

ref ) to ruin on e s to appe ar

’

, (K u)h ndh uria (v .

,
s tand .

u ic kl y , ha stil y .
(Ku)h ndh urish wa (v 0 pass ) to . .
,

b e mad e to m e e t .

to carry e n , (Ku)h ui (v to bri ng to li fe

. .
.

dur e s uppor t uphold s u s ta in

, , , .
(Ku)h uika (v n ) to com e to life .
, ,

(Ku)himil ika (v n ) to b e bea r .

, l iv e
.

abl e b e tol e rabl e

,
.
(Ku)h uish a (v to gi v e li fe to .
,

(v to has te n . . quicken .

Hirimu (n youth young man .

, . Huj a n re a soning obj e ction
.
, ,

Hiriz i (n charm tali sman

.
, . d o n t con ce rn re as on cau s e
, , ,
.

Hisa b u (n su m cal cul ation

.
, .
(Ku)h uj iana (v to h av e d e al .

amount . ing s wi th .

K wa ki ss h u ya accord i ng to , . Huko there ov e r th ere ,

.

(Ku)hisab u (see k as ibu (v . a u h e re i n this d irc e~ ,

to numbe r re ckon , . tion .

(Ku)hitaj i (v to n ee d want .
, , Hukuma (n j udgm en t .
,

d esire . se nt e nc e verdict authority, , ,

(Ku)h itimu (v to fini sh . ord inance rul e ,

.

o ne s e ducation
(Ku)h ukumu (v to cond emn
’
. .
,
Hiv i (l ) (a d v thu s so ; (2) .
, s e nt ence judge ,
.

(d em adj ) t h es e (fourth Ku)h ul u ( v intr to s ucceed

(
. .
, . .

Ku )h ul ukn ( v to cr e at e . .

Hi v i sasa j us t now th is , Hume (ad v th e r e in l n th e r e

.
,

mi nu te . Humu (ad v h ere in in h er e .

,
.

Hiry o (a d v . in th is mann er ; Hum free (ma h uru i s t he

em a d j onl y plural ) .

Hi y a r1 (khitia ri) (n , . choi ce , Hur uma (n compa ssion pity

.
, ,
pl ea s ure . m ercy .

K iy e ri y ak o a s you l e as e (Ku)h urnmia (v to tak e

to di s grace pu t
. .
,

K u)h iz i (v .
, pity on hav e compa ss ion on
,
.

to sham e d i shon our ,

. K ulh us ika (v intr to b e im . .

Hod a ri (in v ad j ) strong e ffi ci e n t

.
, , , portant b e fitting b e pro pe r
, , ,

capabl e able ,
. b e incum b e nt .

Hod i word use d to annou nc e

, (K u)h usu (v to b e r ela ted
.

arri val at a door equ i val e nt in , to.

Engli s h to may I co m e in (Ku)h usnd u (v t o e nvy

”
. . .

Homa (n fe v e r a gu e
.
, . Huy u (d e m adj ) th i s (o ne or .
,

Hori n s mall dug ou t canoe

.
-

, p e rs on ) .

ho o w woode n tray a y sound Huz uni (n gri e f sorro w

b
.
, , , .
,

cree k a cal m , . D h
 S W A HILI ENGLI S H -
V O C AB UL ARY 1 79

(Ku)inamish a (v . to b o w or
bend down lo we r ,
.

(Xu )iba (v t l p ill e r (K u)inga (v to sca r e drive

'

. to s ea ,
. .
,

Ib ad a (n . wors hip se rvice , , a way .

adoration . 1111 (n . live r .

Ib ilis i (n de vil th e a ccuse r

.
, .
(Ku )inika (v to put do wn .
,

I d ad i (n numbe r amount .
, , s trik e do wn l ay or ca st or ,

compl em e nt . pour do wn b o w do wn , .

I l i (n
r . fea s t fes tival ,
. Inj il i (n G os p el
. .

Id ili (n m a nne rs good b e

.
, I ns ha l la h Go d will ing pl e ase, ,

haviour . G od , D V . .

(Ku)if y a v tr ) to tanta li z e pu t . .
, ( Ka )in a s (v . to lift up ,

into humour . l va te rai se

e e , .

(Ku)igiz a (v to i mitate copy .

, .
(Ku )inuk a (v to ar ise get up .
, .

I hisa ni (n goodn ess k indn es s . , , (afte r s tee ping or ly ing ) ri se , .

m e rcy . I pu (n .boil tumour , .

I i (l a k nku ) (n e gg (fo wl s) Ipn tu ng u (n m alignant boil

' ’
. . .

Iil a ni (n proc lamation publ i c

.
, (Ku)ish a (Kwish a ) (v tr . .

notice . to fini s h compl e te te rminate , ,

.

Ij ara (n wages sa l ary pay

.
, , , (Ku )ishia (v to fini sh o ff .

r e ward . or at .

Ij umaa (n week i n a wee k .

, , Isha ra (n sign o men wond e r
.
, , ,

F riday . mi racl e .

Ikib a l i acc eptance an swe r (to

, , (Ku)ish i (v to l i ve endur e .
, ,

l as t .

(Ku)ikiz a ( v. to lay ac ross , Ishirini (num t wenty . .

pl ace ove r . I sl a m (n M uh a mm ed a nis m

.
,

118 (n . d e fect blem ish ,

. I s lam .

Il imu (n doc trin e tea ch i ng

.
, , (Ku)i t a (v to ca l l invite .
, ,

s tudy . s u mmon .

but exce pt ,
. Ithimu (n gu il t guil tin ess
.
,
.

in ord er that . Ku )itik a or (K u )itikia (v tr . .

M uha mm e d a n pre pl ) to res pon d to a call

, .

pri e s t . Kn )i va (v to ri pe n com e
.
,

Ima ni (n faith be lie f cre ed

.
, , , to a h e ad il b e fully ,

trus t goodn ess

,
. d e velope d wel l cook e d , .

Imara (in v ad j ) (al so noun ) . .

,
I n (11 . cind e r e mbe r a sh es , ,
.

s tron g firm solid ,

tough d ur , , , (K nj i)ivy a (v to att empt .

able .
s om e t h in g in wh ich o ne is not

(Ku)tia imara (v to confirm . , like ly to s uccee d .

s tr e ngth e n .

Ku
( ) im ba (v tr dz to s ing . .

(Kwimba ) .

(K u )imb ia na (v to s in g .

anti phonall y (adj l ik e s im il ar to as

)
. Ia , , , .

Ku)inan a (v to ste e p .
(Ku)j a v to com e . .

do wn b o w be nd
, ,
.
-

j a (v e rb in f) not y e t .
, .

( )
K u i n a m ia (v to b ow . I sa (11 rubbi sh h ea p dung
.
-

do wn to wors hip ,
. h eap ruination
, .
1 80 S WA HILI G RA MM A R

(Ku)j a a (v full ; . to be J awab u (n . a n swer ,

ma tte r ,

Kuj a wa ui to b e fill ed with ; , a f fai r .

K uj az wa ui to b e fi l led up Ku)j az a (v to fil l
§a favour to
. .
,

wi th by . . . .
(Ku)j az i (v . to grant accord ,

(Ku)j aa li (Kaj al i) (v to . .

e nabl e pros pe r appoi nt gran t , , , ,

-

j e (int e r
‘
! . Ho w ? W hat ?
J ee ? (int e r . par t ) Ho w n o w ? .

J abal i (n . rock rocky moun ,

W hat
tai n (of . G ibral tar i e J ab al ,
. . Jembe (n . h oe , s pad e pl ough , .

el -
Tir ) . J enez a (n . bi er .

Ja ba ri (n . po te n ta te m i gh t y , (Ku )j enga (v . to build con ,

o ne . s truct .

(Ku)j a dili a na (v argu e . to , (Ku)j engek ana (v . tobuil t be

di s pute contradict qu es tion , ,
. up , b e e re ct e d , b e e s tabli s h e d ,

J aha (n glory po we r maj e s t y

.
, , . be buildabl e .

Jaha z i (n v es se l craft .
, ,
J engo (n '
bui ld ing . .

dho w .
(Ku)j etea (v to rely on have .
,

J ah a na m (n Ge h e nna h e l l .
,
. confid enc e in d e p e nd on , .

Ja m aa (n r e lative family .
, ,
-

J l (ref s el f
. .

soci e ty .
(Ku)j ib u (v to an s we r r epl y ;
.
,

J amal a (n oblig i n g ac t . . pa ss
J a manda (n cove r ed ba sk e t . . J ib wa (n dog bitch .
, .

J a mb ia (n dagger . . Jik o (pl m eko) (n . fireplace .

,

J ambo (n matt er a ff a i r th in g
.
, , . h e nc e kitch e n .

J ambo ! a gr ee tin g . Jimbi (n cock chan ticl eer

.
,
.

J a mii (n company a sse mbl y

.
, , J imbi l ikiwik a cockcrow ,
.

community . J imbo (n re gion district

.
, ,

J a mu d a ri (n corporal . . s uburb fi e ld , .

J a mvi (n larg e coarse mat . . J i na (n nam e

. .

J ana (n b ig hul k ing l ad

. . J ina miz i oppr essive fe el ing
,

J ana (n . y es t erday . cau se d by n ight mar e or by a -

J ana (n . larva of in sect

. . place which gi ves a cre e py
J ani (n l eaf gra ss h erb
.
, ,
. sen s ation .

J a nz i (n paraly si s cramp
.
, . Ji n o (pl m eno) (n . tooth . .

-
j apo (ve rb e v en if a l , (n s ort k ind s pe ci e s
.
, , .

though und e r s uch circum , as , so .

s tan c es (se e ng a wa ) -
. J in si gani ! W hat sort ? W ha t “

J ara h a (n wound s or e .
, . do you m ean
J a rib n (n t est trial te mpta .
, , J iogra fia g eo graphy ,
.

tion (plur pr e d . . J ioni (n e v ening d us k ;

.
,

(Ka )jaribu (v tr to try . .

,
in th e e v e ning .

att e mpt t empt te st , ,

. J ira ni (n n e ighbour . .

J a rif e (Jarifa ) (n larg e fi sh ing .

(Ku)j itahid i (v to exer t .

ne t . on e self tak e pa in s , .

J a sh o (n . h eat pe r sp irat i on , , J itih ad i (n dilig ence efi ort .

,
'

s we at . pa i n s end e avour, .

T
.
(n e a r orn am e n
.
-
t . J ito (pl ma te) (n . e y e ; Jito l a , .

J a nri (J enri) (n viol ent . d eal gnu ankl e ; Jito la maj i so urce
, , ,

in g , oppress ion , ns u t i l . s pring of wat er foun ta in , .

 1 82 S WA HILI GRA M M A R

Ka far a (n . s acr ifice o ff e ring , , (Ku)h a mb uk a (v . to be com e

alms .

I z 'd dle d ried up (sa id of

ji b
.

) i n eli eve r, i nfid el . s po t wh e re wat e r h a s

K ah a b a (n harlot whore .
, . ce d e d ) .

Kah a wa (n co ff ee . . K a )h an ia (v to re proa ch . ,

Kaid a (n ord er o fiic e a p .

, ,
d e nounce threa ten to plot , , ,

pointe d m e thod rit e , . fix on .

-
kai di (var ob s tina te pe r .
,
Ka mil i (inv pe rfe c t entire .
, ,

v e rs e . whol e compl e t e ,
.

Ka if a (Kefa ) so much ,
-
ka mil if u (var pe .

more h ow much rath e r pre

, , pl ete i n a ll its part s .

f e ra b l y .
( )
K n k a m il ish a (v to mak e .

K a l a (n '
s p e c i es of mon g oose
. pe rfect or comp le te .

wi th bu shy tail and no pe rfum e .

(Ku )ira mua (v to wri ng .
,

Kalala (n fibrou s sh e ath of . s qu eez e .

c oc oa nu t flo we r u s ed as fi re
-
Kamwe (adv ) (strongl y n ega t i ve) .
,

wood . n e ve r not at all , .

Kal amn (n pen s tyl e .

, . Ka na (see Kama ) (al so
Ka l e long ago for m ,
Kan a kwamba wh e th er , .

a k al e var :
(-
an ci e nt (Ku)h ana (v to d e ny d is .
,
‘

-
ka 1i sharp fi e rce s our , , , o wn .

ac id se v e r e s avag e fe r o ciou s
, , , ,
Ka n d o (n . . l on g ma tting
cruel . bag
'

.
I

-
ka li (verb inf ) stil l pe r , (Ku)h a nda (v . to kn ead ,

hap s s uppos ing pe radve nture

, , ,
ma ssa ge .

l es t . Ka n d a riny a (n . k e ttl e .

(Ku) j ika lia (v ref ) to sit doing .

, K a nde (n
'
. s tor e re vision ,
.

nothing se ttle do wn , (Kn)kandika (v i n . to d a nb ,

Ka libu (n mou l d .
,
pla ster (a wa ll );
crucibl e K a ndo '
as id e apart ; (a d vl
m
. .

m (v to m il k Ka ndo y a by th e s id e
gama (ada v pre ,
.

a s lik e as i f .
, , ,
of es id e a lon g s ide of
, ,
.

s uch as rath e r t h an K a nd ok a nd o round

’ '
, .

Ka ma v il e j u s t a s pre ,
on both s id es of al l around , .

c ise l y th e s am e as , . guin ea fo wl -
.

Kama (n n e ckle t . . s pur of coco a n u t -

K ama ng e (n
’
grit h ard s u b .
,

s tanc e in food ; appl ie d to a v to fry grill

p er so n —in corri gibl e in tra c t S
. .
,

,
3 ,frying pa n -
.

able unr ul y , . wra th .

(Ku)kama ta (v t o seiz e ca tch .

,
dark bl u e cot ton
hol d of snatch , .

Kamba (n lobs te r ra wn s .
, . Ka nisa (n . c h u rc h .
Ka mba (n c ord (0 c oc oa nu t .
-
Ka nju (n cas h e w appl e
. .

fibre) . Ka nnni (n rul e canon l a w .

, , .

Ka nnni (a d obligatory co m ,

pu l so ry canonical , .

Kanwa (n mo n th . .
 S WA HILI E NGLISH V OC A BULA RY -
. 183

(Ku)kanya (v to forb id (c of (Ka )ks sir i (v to ange r

'

. . .
,

to d e ny ) d eny to b e tru e con , ,

o ff e nd provok e ,
.

vince of error .
(Ku)ka sirik a (v to b e an gry .
,

(Ku)h a n y a ga (v . to tread b e o ff end ed .

upon trampl e do wn , . Ka s i si (n Pr esbyt e r pri e s t

.
,
.

K a nz i (n s tore trea sure .

, ,
K a sn less min us ; Ka su ,

treas ury . rob oo t h r ee quart e rs B iali

,

K anz u (n
'
tun ic (mad e of th in . ka su rob oo dollar l ess a ,

white cal ico ) . quar te r i a Rs H ,

. . . .

K a pn (n large bask e t K a suku (n parrot

'

. . . .

K ara dh a (n loan credi t ; .

,
Kata (n pag e of a book
. .

K ntoa k a ra dh a to l e nd , K a ta (n
'
h ea d pad .
-
.

K utwa a ka r a dh a to borro w , . . Ka ta (n wat er ladl e (m ad e of

.

Karaha (n irritation annoy .

,
thr e e quart er s of a cocoanut )
-
.

an c e .
(Ku)k ata (v
'
to cut ; Kuk at a .
'

Karama (n gift prese nt .

, . n eno to d ecid e ; Ndia y a
,

Karamu (n fea s t . . kuk ata a short cut

'
, .

Kar ani (n 5 cl e rk s e cr e tary .

, .
(K u )j ika ta (v re f ) to s train .
,
.

Kara ta (n 3 pl aying card .

-
.
(Ku)ka taa (v to re fu se .

Kara te s i (n pap e r cardboard .

, , (Ka )kat s wa (v pa s s ) to b e .
,

card . r efused to b e r ej e cted , .

(K u )h a rib ish a
(v to we lcom e . Katani (n l in en fi a x h emp
.
, ,
.

(lit cau se to co me n ear )

. .
(K u)ka taz a (v to proh ibit .
,

Ka ribu (n n e ar relative k in s .
,
forbid to do a thing ; (Ku )ka
man . taz wa (v pa ss ) to b e for .
,

Ka ribu (a d v n ear clos e at .

, ,
h id d e n .

hand ; (adv tim e) soon Kati in th e m d d l e

'

. .
, ,

K a ribu (a d vl pr e p follo we d b y . .
,
through Mt u wa ka ti ’

,
“
ya or n ear to c l ose ,
m ediator .

by . Ka t i y a (a d vl in betwe en .
,

Kn)k a ripia (v to r emon . in th e middl e of .

s trat e with r eprov e expos tu , ,

Ka t ika i n from out of , , ,

late s cold c en sure chid e

, , , . a t on a b out con ce rning
, , , ,

Ka sa (n turtl e . . duri ng .

Ka sabu (n 3 ) cl oth wov e n of gol d .

, (Ku )k a tik a (v t o b e ou t b e .
,

thr ead . brok en c u t shor t ,

.

Ka sha (n 5 ) b o x o f t ea k or oth e r Ka t ika ti (adv

fi n e wood ) mac(e by a join e r ;
.
, a d vl in . .

th e c e ntr e or mid s t .

(contr s an d uku rough box ) . . Ka til i (var murd e rou s . .

(Ku)k a sh if u (v to br in g to . Katil i (n murd e re r. .

l ight or e xpos e e vil . Katu (n ch e win g gum

. .

Ka s ia (n oar . .
(Ku)ka uk a (v to dry d ry l ip .
, ,

K as i d i on purpos e . with e r .

Ka sika z i (n north N E mon .

, . . Kaul i (n word utt erance
.
, .

s oon p e riod o f N E mon soon

,
. . . Ka umu (n hos t army troop .
, , ,

Ka siki (n pitch er larg e s ton e

.
, prank p e opl e , .

wat e r po t K aut a (n grit

—
'
-
. . .

Ka sira ni (n grief wrath .

, ,
ka vu (var dry Nya ma .

a ng e r sorrow , . ndav a stal e m eat , .

1 84 SW A HILI GRA M M A R

Ka wa (n pl a it ed di sh cov er
.
-
. K esho kut wa (n
-
d ay .

(Ku)kawa (Ku)ka wia (v , . aft er to morrow -

.

to l oite r tarry d el ay ; Haika wi , , (Ku)k eti (v

'
to sit tak e .
,

k uh a rib ik a it wil l soon b e , up a sit ting postur e l ive , ,

s poilt . d well .

K awa id a (n e t iqu e tt e good h e l i ve s at Ame

’
.
, Y ua k eti 0 0 0 ,

form custom fa s hion d e

, , ,
‘
keti h e h as sa t do wn
,
.

co rnm .
(Ku)jik etia (v ref ) to settl e . .

(Ku)ka wilish a (v to d el ay .
,
do wn in a place s it idl e ,
.

h ind er cau se to b e late Kha d a a n d e ce it

(
. .
, .

(Ku )k awil ish wa (v pass ) to b e .

,
K h a f if u inv light slight . , ,

d el ay e d . tri fling .

Ku )kaz a (v to cau se to stay .

,
Kh al ifa (h a l if u) (v fel on .
,

e s t bli sh
a int en s i fy t igh ten, , , cri minal ma l e f a e to r r ebe l , , .

mak e se cur e incre a se e f fort ,

. Khamsa (num fi ve . .

(Ku)k az a m eno to gnas h or grind ,

K h a msini (num fifty . .

th e t ee th . Kh a mis ta a sh ara (num .

(K u)k az ana (v to hol d firmly . fift ee n .

tog e th er be in trin si call y

,
Kha sa e sp ec i al ly i n truth ,
.

s trong . K h ara d al i (n mus tard . .

Kaz i (n work labour e mpl oy

.
, ,
Kh a ta mu (n bridl e r e in s .
,
.

m e nt se rvic e bu sin ess occupa

, , ,
Khati (hati) (n hand writ ing , .
,

tion . docum en t .

K efa (see Kaifa ) h o w much Khat i a (n g u il t faul t error

.
, ,
.

mor e rath e r , . Kh ema (h ema (n tent . .

K ek ee (n gold or sil v e r brac e

. Kh eri (h eri ) n bl essedn ess .
,

l e t nativ e tool f o r boring h ol e

, . hap pin ess ; (a dj ) we l l be tt e r ,
.

K el el e (u noi se sound (Ku )kh ini (v to b e fal se to

'
.
, , .
,

tumul t clamour din , , . br e ak on e s word to ’

.

(Ku )kema (v to e s tabl ish . . Khi sa (n pa rt portion a d

.
, ,

K em e (n
’
cry noi se .
, . vantage .

(Ku)k emea (v to r ebuk e pu t .

,
Khitia ri (ki y e ri ) (v choice . ,

do wn r e primand , . pl e a sure .

K enda (inv num nine . . . K h of u (hofu ) (n fe ar frigh t .

, ,

K eng el e (n
'
be ll gong ; .
,
appreh e n sion .

K u piga k eng el e to ring

’

, . Ku )k h of u (v to fear .
,

(K u)j ik engeua (v re f ) to turn .

,
K u)kh u sik a ( v to b e .

d elib e rat e ly out of th e wa y . prop e r b e fitt ing b e suit

, ,

(K u)k eng enka (v to turn . abl e .

a s id e go a stray s werve
, ,
.
(Ku)kh usu (v to se t a si d e f o r .

K an g owa (n
'
ha wk . . a s p e cial pur po s e .

(Ku)k erek eta (v to i rri tate .

,
Kh u tu b a (n se rmon hom i ly .
, ,

prick . e xhortation .

K ereng end e (n 3 par tridg e

' ’
. , (I t is not t hough t n e c essary to
K esh a (n wa tc vigil. . give obv iou s di minu t iv es of
(Ku )k esh a (v to watch .
,
well known n oun s form e d by
-

k ee p awak e . th e pre fi x K L”)

K esho (n to mo rro w on
.
-

,
K i a pre fi x (see N ote 3 Stud y
, ,

th e morro w . X VIII ) .
1 86 S WA HI LI GRA M MA R

Ki gut u (n
’
. l am e or mai m ed K ik oz i band of sol d i ers ,

p er son , r eg im en t .

Ki gwe (n . cord , s tri ng lace , ,

K ilm ku (n bra ce let stirrup .
,
.

braid . Kikuta (n l ittle wal l . .

Kih ereh ere (n

re gr et r e mor s e .
, ,
Kikuto (n mon s t er j ackal
.
, ,

s orro w anx i e ty p e nit e nc e

, ,
. dragon larg e hy ae na ,
.

K iigiz o (n copy pat tern .

, ,
K il a b u (n cl ub . .

mod e l . Kilalo (n s l ee ping p l ac e r e s t

.
-

,
Kiin i (n c e ntre h e art in sid e
.
, , ,
ing plac e
-
.

pith pupil (of e y e) ; Kiini ch a

,
Kil el e (n po in t s ummit
.
,
.

ii y o l k of gg K il el et a (n top ap e x pinnacl e
'
. .
.. . . ,

Kiinima to (n -
s orc e ry . . K il ema (n 4 ) bl emi sh d e fe ct .
, ,

K ij a ka z i n young s la v e girl deformity

tu
. . .

Kij a l ub a n m e tal snu ff b ox .

-
. Kil emba (11 rban tip .
, .

Kijana (n yo u ng child boy

.
, ,
Kil eo (n in toxicant
. .

girl youth
, . K il ete (n rowlock . .

Kij a rah a (n th e woun d (i n . Kil ima (n 4 hill mound knoll .

, , .

di sea se) . K il imi (n 4 uvula . .

Kij a si (n paper ornam en t for

.
Kil imia (11 pl ei ad es . .

lob e of ea r . Kilindi (n d epth d ee p d eep

.
, ,

Kij emb e (n pock e t knife . . wat e r .

ih wa (n young dog puppy .

, , . K ilinga p op o D engue fe ve r ' '

ij i (n s mall v i l lag e
.
(Ad e n ague) .

Kij iko (n spoon. . Kilic (n cry lam e nta t ion

.
, ,

K ij imo (n d warf . . y e ll crying wee ping wailing

, , ,
.

K ij isu (n li ttl e k ni fe
. . Kil l a (kull a ) (a d j ) e v ery e ach , , ,

Kij iti (n s ti ck pi ec e of wood

.
, ,
all
s mall knife . Kima (n bl ack monk ey ; (n 4 )
. .

Kij ito (n s pring sourc e

.
, . pric e val u e , .

K ij itu (n mannikin
. . Kimba (n corp se d ead body
.
, ,

Kij oy o (n half liking

.
-
. c a rc a ss .

K ij ongo (n hump back .

-
.
(Ku )kimb ia (v to run a way .
,

Kij uku u (n grandchild . . fle e es cap e play truan t

, ,
.

uto (n br ook rivul e t

.
,
.
(Ku)kimb il ia (v to fly to . ,

Kik a o (n se at . ro w group , , ,
tak e r e fug e i n Pa kukimb ilia .
,

company . plac e of r e fug e sh el t er ,

.

Kikapu (n s mal l ba s k e t
. . Ku)kimb iz a (v to d rive .

Kik e fe mal e fe minin e ,

. a way aid and abet in escaping
,
.

Kike (n 4 tobacco pip e

.
-
. Kimetemete (n fire fly glo w . ,

Kikes (n re pa st giv e n by turn s

. worm .

in d i ff er e nt hou se s coll e ction ,

K imia (n fi sh ing n et .
-
.

mad e for n ewly marri e d coupl e -

. Kimo (n si z e h e ight s ta tui e
.
, ,
.

K ikond oo (n young lamb . . Kimu ngu (n '

wee vil . .

K ik oi (n loin cloth with

. e abundan t pl enti ,

co loured bord er . u

Kikomb e (n cup . . Kimy a (n il e nc e sil e n t

. ad j s , ,

Kikomo (n end t e rminat i on

.
,
. s till mut e s pe e chl e ss
, , .

K ikoto (n wh i p s courg e l ash

, , , ,
n d epth d ee p sea ;
.
,

switch . m etre (in poetry) .

 S WA HI LI ENG LI S H -
'

V OC AB ULARY 1 87

K ina (Bib i), (wom en )fo k Kinyongo (n grudge off e n ce l . .

, ,

w
Kina (B ana), (m en) fo k l
b e s urfe it e d ,
scrupl e qualm
Kiny oz i (n barb r
.
,

.
.

e
.

b e blas e , b e sati sfi ed K iny ume (pre p again s t con . .

,

-
kina if n (var abunda nt, tra ry
. Kwen d a kiny ume to go .
,

wealthy back wa rds

dough
. .

K ina ma si (n cl ay ,cl a y so il
S
Kinyu nga n
. . . .

K ina n d a (n g e n eric te rm for Kioga (n 4 m ushr oom fungus

. .
,
.

any mus ica l in s t ru m e n t piano Kioj a (n wonde r curios ity , ,

.
,

gui tar etc , .t e rror .

K ina ra (n s mall to we r can d l e

. Rion d a (n wound sore ,
.
,
.

s tick . K iongoz i n l e ad e r guid e .

,
.

young (of animal s) K ioo (n 4 mirror fi s h hook . . .

,
-
.

(v argu e K ipa k u (n blot birth mark

.
,
.
,
-
.

s t riv e co ntr a dict

,
Kipa nd e (u pie ce slice chi p
. .
, , .

K ings (n fir ebrand sudd e n Kipa ra (n 4) bald patch (on th e

.
,
.

c h ance . h e ad ) patc h of hair ,

.

(K u)h ng a (v
‘

to pro te ct pre Kipa wa (n

. gift prese nt (pre ,
.
,

s e rv e cons e rv e
,
f e ra b l e in plural )
. .

Kinga l inga li on th e back Kip el e (n p imple , . .

prone Knang nka . K ipenu (n 4 ) l ean to hut

'

.
-
.

to fall back ward s Kipenz i (n littl e darl i ng

. . .

(Ku)kinga ma (v to l ie ac ross Kip i a (n . pinnac le po int ,

’
.
, ,

ath wa rt . battl e m ent s tore y ,

.

(Ku)kinga miwa (v pas s ) to b e K ipimo (n m eas ur e .

,
. .

th wart ed b e o pposed , Kipin d i (n 4 t i me se ason . .

, ,

K ingio (n s hi e ld s om e tim e ago

'
. . .

King omb e (ad v m a bovin e or Kipini (n

'
. handl e n ose j e wel .
,
-

brutis h mann e r e a r s tud .

-
.

K ingoni (n e dg e ri m bord e r Kipof u (n bl ind pe rso n

'
. . .
, , .

o us beas t K ipu pwe (u cool s ea so n J ul y . .

, .

(v Kira ka ( n pa tch pi e c e of . .
,

e cloth . .

chop (Ku)kiri ( v to confe ss o wn

. .
, .

Kinono (n fa tling fatte d Kir iba ( n

. wa ter ski n , .
c
.

an imal .
(Ku )kirih i ( v to in sult d es .
,

K in oo (n s mall gri nds ton e

. pi se annoy d isg us t , , , .

W h e t s ton e .
(K u)kih irika ( v to b e v e x ed .
,

Kinn (n . morta r b e gri e v ed b e provok ed b e , , ,

Kin ubi be lon gi ng to th e irrita te d .

N ubiana ; (n mus ica l in (Ku)kirunu ( v to be s to w

'

. .

s trum e nt s uch as th e N u b ia ns upon grant confe r a favour , ,

use harp
, . on .

Kinnnd n (n l um p h ump on Kiris ima si C hr is tmas

.
, , .

Kirob o to (n flea s wi ft mail .

,
Kinweo (n be ve rag e drink
. runn er , .

abl e d rink
, Ki s a (u
. tal e l e e nd .
, g
.

Kiny aa (n fil th poll u tion

. Kisa ga ( n m eas ure ( about
, . .

Kinyez i (n horror . two pin ts) . .

1 88 S WA HI LI GRA MMA R

Kisah ani (n . s auce r , s mall pa nie d by groan ng C f Gen i . . .

plat e . 4 3 3 0,
. b owe s did y earn l .

Ki sal a n s hor t pray e r col l e ct

.
, . Kitek o (n l a ugh , s m l e . i
Ki sal e n r e maind e r r e main s
.
, ,
Kitek u ( n picka xe . .

l e aving s . Kitemb e (n . l isp .

K isa si (n r ev e nge vengeanc e

.
, . Kitend a wil i (Kitand a wil i) (n .

Ki sauni F rere T o wn
, . ri ddl e nigma , e .

Ki sh a th en (wh e n that is Kitepuk uz i (n s prou t shoot .

,
.

fini sh ed ) after ward s , . Kitete ( n gourd wat e r bottl e

.
,
-
.

K ish ak a ( n patch of j un gl e
.
,
Kitetemo (ch a nti) (n e art h .

or for es t thick e t , . quak e .

K ish ind o ( n noise r eport .

, ,
Kiteweo (n rel ish s auc e (se e .
,

roar booming sound t umult

,
-

, ,
N ote 2 S t udy ,

uproar pan ic , . Ki t i (n se at chair ; Kiti

.
,

K ishogo nap e of n eck . kir efu l ounge chair , .

Kisigino (n h e el . . Riti a ti (n l it tl e bl ue b i rd .

Ki siki ( n t runk or stump of

.
(cordon ble u
tree (fall en ) Ki siki ch a mv a a .
, Kil o (n gem j e wel pre ciou s
.
, ,

rainbo w . s ton e .

Kisima (n wel l (of wa te r)

. . Kit oka (n ha tch e t a xe .
,
.

Ki si wa (n i sland Up coun
. .
-
Kitoma (n cal aba sh gourd .
, ,

try t erm for M omba sa island . wat e r bottle -

.

Ki su (n .knife . Kitongoj i (n ‘
s uburb . .

Kisul i (n g id d iners v e rtigo

.
-
, . Kit oto ( n s mall or young .

Kisul isul i (n whirl wi nd . . ch i ld infant babe, , .

Kitabu (n book . . Kitoto ( n al le y narro w pa s

.
,

Kita k o (n h ind e r part rc

.
,
s ag e wind i ng tor tuou s path
,
.

ma in d er K ita k o ch a mto b e d .
,
Kitov u (n navel . .

of r i ver . Kitu (n thing som eth in g

.
, ,

Kita l u (n fenc e . . s ub stanc e .

Kita mb a a (11 rag d uster .

, ,
Kitna (ch a mt i) (n s pac e c c .

napkin c l oth to we l band a ge

, , , . c u pie d or cov e re d by s hrub or

Kitambi (n colour e d cloth . bu sh .

(worn ov e r should e rs ) . Ki l uk o (n fe ar frigh t .

,
.

Kitamb o (n spac e of tim e .

,
K itu k uu (n g re at grandch ild . .

s om e t im e ago . Kitumb ua (n kind of crump et .

,

Kita na (n comb . . nativ e bun or cak e .

Ki tanda (n b ed stead . . Kitumwa in l o w ( or sl av e ) s ty l e

,
.

Kit a ngo p epe t a (n

-
smal l . K i tundu (n cag e n est .
, .

round cucumb er Kitangu . Kitungul e ( n rabbit . .

Kit a ngua n onion bulb

(
.
, .

Kita nu (n s pli n ter . . Xi tu o (u 4 r es ting p l ac e camp

.
-

K it a nz i (n loop noo se .
, . ing ground
-
.

Kitata ch a a sali (n hon ey . Kitush i ( n abuse r eproach .

, .

comb . Kitwa ( n h ead . .

Kite (n .e ff o rt stra i n ing in , ,

Kin ( n thir s t
. .

te n se a fi e ction (Ku)piga kits ‘

.
, Kiambo ( n creatur e cr eat ed .
,

to b ear do wn to stra in th e inn er ,

be in g morta l , .

ma n t o mak e an e ff o rt aecom
,
Kiumb iz i ( n soari ng b i rd .
.
 1 90 S W A HILI GRA MM AR

K omb a (n'
le mur Kon o (n
. a rm (of s e a or l ak e
) . .
,

Komba mwiko -
cockroach s hoo t branch .
, .

Komb e (n s h el l ; (11 5 ) fla t K onok ouo (n sna il ;

' ’
. . .

di sh see K oa
'
. .

Komb o (n re m ai nd er residue .
(Ku)kony ez a (v to wink , , .
,

post erity som e thin g l e ft m a k e a si gn

,
. .

K ombo '
crook ed be n t K onz i (n fi st hand fu l , ,
'
.
,

curv e d .
(s ingl e)
omb oa (v to r ed ee m K oo throa t gl ott i s
’

( K u )k ,

br ee ding an imal —a s
,
.
.
,

ran so m . Koo (n .

Komb ora (n 5 sh ell bomb l aying h en

.
, .
-
.

Rome (11 3 s mal l caravan (Ka )kopa (v

. to gi ve cr e dit .
,

flag . ch eat d e cei ve , .

to lock bar K Ope (n e y elid ;

(Ka )pesa
'

(Ku)k omea (v . , . .

Komso (n wood e n l ock bol t k ope to wi nk b link ’

. , , , , .

bar .
(K u)k opesh a (v to borro w .
,

( K u )k o m es h a (v t o br i ng t o an l e nd . .

e nd cau se to ce a s e
,
Kopo (Kepwe) (n cup gobl t . .
, e ,

K omio (n throat drinkin g v e ss e l pip e (for

'
. .
,

o b ec o me w at er)
'

( )
K u k o n d a (v t . .

thin .
Korofi (adj wick e d b a d ba s e , , .

Roa d s (11 fi st (strai gh t for

.
(Ku )koroga (v to s tir . .

ward ) . Korom a (n 4 ) cocoanu t not ful ly .

,

K onde (n
'
culti va ted l and . d evelop ed , .

fi el d .
(Ku)koroma (v t o snor e .
,

K ond e (n
'
k ern el or sto n e of
. groan .

frui t K oresno (n cas h ew nut s

'

. . .

K on d o (n
'
ba ttle q uarrel con
. Korra thi (n l ee k , , . .

t e ntion s tri fe ,
Ko sa (n: mistake faul t tran s
.
, ,

K on d oo (n sh e e p ; M wa n a
'
.
gre s si o n .

h endoo lamb ; K ond oo mume (K a )kos a (v tr to miss

’ ’
, , . .
,

ram . e rr fail mi s tak e s in , , , .

Kong o (n sp e ci e s of cac tu s
.
(v to b e abse n t .
,

yi e ld in g a s trong fibre m i ssi n g . .

K ong o (n
'
old cocoanu t tr ee
.
(Ku)kosesh a (K u)k osez a (v to , .

K on go z a M buba symptom s of
'
mak e to sin caus e to mi s s or , ,

th e ya ws . fall short of .

Kongo ! (mwez i ) excl amation o n K o si(kik osi) (n , t op of back ’

.
'

se e i ng th e n e w moon ; (n 3 ) be t wee n th e shoul d er s . .

arm (di s tin gui sh e d fro m Kotek ote on a ll sid es in ,

M kono which is al s o e v e ry d ire ction in e v ery wa

y , .

hand ) ’
Koti (n coat . .

Ku)k ongoa (v to d e s troy Roo t i (n . court of jus ti ce l a w ,

.
,
cut o ff pul l up by th e root s
,
court s . .

(Ku)k ongoma na (v rec ) to m e e t Koto (11 spic e from Arabia

.
,
.

tog e th e r for con sul tation con K oto (n rap wi th knuckl es ,

'
.
,

f er tog e th er s wiv e l hook and l in e for d ee p

.
-

K ongoni (u
'
h a ar tib ee st . sea . .

Kongwa yok e Koto (n pl ay hour f or sl a v es , .

-

.
 S W A HI LI ENGLI S H -
V OC A B ULA RY 19 1

K ov u (n
'
r s cab . sca ,
. K ull a (kil la ) (d is tr eac h .

Koz i (n fal con . e v e ry .

Ku is th e infini ti v e pr efix ; ku -
K ul ungu (u
’
impa l l a h ant e .
,

is th e 2nd pe rs on s ing ob j ec . lope .

tive in fix .
aga in s t
(Ku)kua (v to gro w d e .
,
com e upon be fall ove rtak e , ,
.

ve l o p Kulia juu tini ku “

(Ku)ku mb a tia (v to em .

moto gro w up tall it is not on

”
, ,
brac e care ss ,
.

th e ground sa id to a child . Kumbi (l a mn az i) (n frond of .

(Ku)j ikua (v re f ) to b e proud to .

, , cocoanut pal m Kumb i l a
boas t ; (K u)j ikuz a (v re f ) to .
, mnaz i cocoan ut fibre , .

mak e much of on ese lf . K umb if u (n with e re d frond of .

(Ku )kube l i (v to a ccep t .

, coco anut palm .

ackno wl edge re ce ive ; (v , . Kumbikumb i (n whi te ant s i n .

to a g re e to assent approve , ,
. th e winge d s tag e .

kubwa (va r big gre a t .

, , (Ku)kumb uka (v to re m e m .

tal l larg e
, . b e r r e coll ect
,
.

K ub ik u b Had v) snugly K umbun (n gi rdl e K umbwe

' '
. .

Kuch a (n 7 cla ws nail s ;

.
, , (n . morse l of food .

( n 9 ) da wn da wning d a y
.
, , Kumi (num ad j ) ten ; K umi na . .
-

bre ak e as t (e ll i ptical for

,
moj a (num e l e v en . .

u siku al l n igh t K umvi (n

'
cha ff h us ks .
,
.

long till da wn . Kim a th e re is th e re a re (impe r

, ,

Rutul i (n padl ock . . sona l pronominal wi th v e rb T o

(Ku )fur u (v to bl as ph em e .
, hav e Engl is h T o b e)
,
.

a pos ta ti z e u se profan e l an , (Ku)kuna (v to grat e sc ra tch .

,

gu age . s crape .

Kuf uu (n e qua l fe llo w to fold doubl e

.
,
.
(Ku)kund a (v .
,

Kuha ni u pri est K u kund a uso to fro wn s co wl ;

( g
. .
, ,

Kuko th e re . Kn kun da ma g uu to l ie do wn , ,

Kuku h e re res t .

j us t h e r e .
(Ku)kund a ku nd a (v to cr ea se .
,

K uku (n
’
fo wl ; K uku mks
.
'
, wrinkl e .

h en Kunde (n be an (reddish bro wn

—large r than fiwi
-
. .

(Ku)kukumiz a (v . to wr in g
out drain
, . K un d i (n flock h erd drov e
.
, , ,

(K u)kuk uta (v
'
. to sh a k e o ff , s warm .

b eat .

(Ku )kund ua (v to unfold .

,

(Ku)kuk utika (v . to palpita t e u n roll undo o pe n out sim

, , ,

(h eart ) .
plif y ; K u kundus ma is ha to ,

K ul a muwi (n
-
. h us h mon e y -
. l en gth e n life .

K ul e th e re yond er ove r , , (Ku)kun ga (v to h em . .

th e re . K ung e (n mi s t ha z e .
, .

Kul ekul e j us t th e re . K unguni (n

’
bug . .

(Ku)ku l ia (v to ov e rpo we r K un guru (n ch eck cloth worn

'
. .
,

a fi e c t s trongly ga in mas te ry by th e pris on e rs h e n ce th e

'

ove r conquer , . prison e rs th e m se lv es .

K a li ko (lit wh e re t h ere are (K u )kung uta (v tr t o sh ak e

'

)
. .
.

(re l th a n mo re t han o u t (M om Kuk u ta

’
.
, _
. . .
1 92 S WA HIL I GRA M M AR

K
'
uu guu rav en an tel op e Kut i (n
(n . sli p of th e frond or , .

(s p e ci es of) hart ,
l eaf of cocoanut pal m tr e e
. .

(Ku)kungu wa a (v to T h es e a re cut o ff th e mid rib

.
-

s tumbl e trip ,
and p l ait ed (see M akut i)
. .

K unguwaz o (n cau se of K utu (n . ru st '

. .

off e nc e s tumb li ng bl ock

,
Ku twa (n s unse t west all
-
. .
, ,

K un gwi (n p erso n wh o in . d a y long t ill s un s e t .

s truc ts youn g p e r son s in th e kuu (var chi e f ma in -

.
, ,

duti e s of marri ed l ife gre at . .

K un i (n fir ewood k uuk uu (var old worn

’
. . .
,

K unra dh i e xcu se m e forgive m e

,
out (not appli e d to p e rs on s) , ,
.

do not b e angry Kuume (n right (hand )

. . .

to w e ar a Ku w a i n that se e i ng
( K u )k u ny a ta (v .
, ,

d e pr e cating air hav e a d epl o r s 1 nce ,

.

ing do wn trodd en look

,
-

(Ku)kuwaa (v to stumbl e . . .

(Ku)j ik uny a ta (v ref ) to b e Kuwil i (adj . doubl e ,

.
,

bo wed do wn d epresse d t wic e e ve r e ver and abov e

,
.
,
.

v to itch to K u )ku z a (v to e xalt magnify

( )
K u k u n y ea ( ( .
, .
, ,

irritat e . mak e great promot e cau s e to , ,

(K u )k u n y u a ( v t o s cra tch gro w.

,
.

pinch .
(Ku)kuz a (v to se l l . .

K ara (n . l o t share ; (Ku)piga Kaz ima (n ,

th e cold grav e .
,

ku r a to ca s t lot s
,
Had es . .

Ka ra s a (n 7 pages (of b ook ) f o l io

. K wa (pr e p intr a m e n tal ) with ,
. .
, ,

K u rua ni (n K oran . by at at th e hou se of to al so .

, , , , ,

K u sa nyik o (u congre gation .a s we ll a s e tc , ,

.

a ss e mbly . K wako kwa kwe (po ss to .

(Ku)kuru b ia (v to (or at) thy (or h is) hous e to (or

.
,

approach d ra w n e ar to ,
at ) th ee (or him ) . .

Ku)ku sa (Ku)k u tish a (v to K wamba '

if wh e th er .
, ,

brin g upon cause o ne to m ee t ,

that .

with . Kwamb a 81 i f i t were not

( )
K u k u s a ny a
(v t o gath e r for .
,

col l e ct . Kwa mba if h e h ad

K ush o to (n th e l e ft (hand )
. not don e .

Ku s i (n s outh
. south we st K wa ng a (n hyrax ,
-
' '
. .

mon soon . Kwa ngu (po ss to .

Kus tub a ni (n th i mbl e . my h ous e to (or at ) me .

,

Ka s ad i on pur pos e (Ku )kwa ngua (Ku)kwa ngura (v . .

K u )ku su d ia (v to i n t e nd o s crape out

( t .
,
.

propos e . K w a n i l (intr wh y
?
of '

K uta (n
'
wall. cou r s e ! .

Kuta (n large wal l K wa nini ! what for ? wh y

'

. .

Ku
( ) kut a (v t o m ee t w i th
. K w a nz a fi r s tly primarily
, , ,
”
happ e n to b e f a l ,
be fore (follo we d by th e j a
.
“

(K u )k u t a na
'

( v to m ee t t e n se ) . .

tog eth er . Kwao (po ss to (or at) th eir .

(Ku )ku t anik a (v to gath er h o u s e to (or at ) th e m e q u iva

’
.
, ,

togeth e r a ss embl e ,
l e nt to t h ei r home ”
. .
19 4 S WA HIL I GRA MM A R

(Ku)h z imi sh a to comp el (v .

, Lil am (n auction ; Lil e (d e m
. .

oblige con s train f o ad j , 5th cl Li e k wa l

_

. .
, ,

( )
Ku l az imu (v to b e b i nd i ng . li l e, s am e thing ov er again .

upon .
(Ku )l il ia na (v to ca l l o . t
(Ku )l ea ( v t o bring . up r e ar ch oth e r , , ea .

a d e pt n urse educate
,
Lik e (11 ,
ferry cros si ng pl ace . .
,
-
.

Leba (n fraud di shon esty

.
(Ku)liz a (v to make cry
,
. .
,

( ) g (
Ku i e ea v to b e loo se or. ca u se to mak e a noise .

s lack fl ,
r elax eff ort ( Ku )l im a (v to c ul tiva l e . .
,

( )
K u l e g ez a v t o l e t go giv e h oe til l th e s oil
. , ,
.

u p fors ak e
, (Ku)l imb ika (v
. to wait or .

Leil a (n e ve v i gil
. s tay for , . .

( )
K n l e k ea ( v to fac e b(Ku )limb ua (v
e . to enjoy , .

oppo s it e to t urn to ward s ,

r e sult of waitin g e g to e a t .
,
. .

to point to or fi rst fruit s

(
Ku )l ek ez a (v .
-
.

to ward s) put oppos it e to or , (K u )l imia

(v to h o e for .

again s t ) .
(or at or wi th ) .

(R a )l e m ea (v to l e an u pon
(Ku )limk a (v
. to b e wi se .
,

(or again s t ) s e t i n a dir e ct i on s hr e wd int e llige nt prud en t

, , , ,
.

press upon oppress Limau (n

,
l emon . . .

u )1emel ewa
Ku )l emewa (K (v
, (Ku)lin da (v to k ee p pro . .
,

p as ) to,
b e pr e ssed upon t ee t pr ese rve guard mount , , , ,

we igh e d do wn oppr e sse d guard ever watch not e ,

.
, ,
.

(Ku )l e ng a (v to aim tak e L ind. i (n d e pth h ol e pit , .

, ,
.

aim .
(Ku)l inga na (v to be l ik e .

Lengel enge (n bl iste r e ach oth e r rese mbl e compa r e ;

. .
, ,

Leo (n . to day (v to cry unto call upon

-
. .
,
.

Lope (n slumb e r dro ws in ess

.
(Ku )lin ga ni sh a (v to compar e
, , .

doz e . o ne with anoth e r to joi n to l

,

Leso (n larg e handk e rch ie f or

. ge th er .

squar e of colour ed cloth worn Lini ! (int er wh e n ? .

by wom e n (Ka )lipa (v

. to pay pa y ba ck .
,

Ku
( ) l e t a ( v to br i ng fe tc h. pay for r e pay , , , .

se nd conduct , (Ku)j ilipiz a (v re f ) to pa y o n e

. .
,

Let e (irre g imp of kul eta ) . s e l f b a ck tak e r e v e ng e

. .
, .

K u)ievy a (v to m a k e drunk Lisa n i (n facin g of Kanz u

( .
, . .

re ar brin g up, Liwal i (n .gov ernor (not .

Ku)l ewa (v to b e drunk . applie d to Europe an s) , .

intoxicat ed tip sy Ku)liwa ta (v

, to tread upon
. .
,

Ku)l ewa (v pas ) to b e bro u gh t . trampl e un de r foot , .

up adopt ed ed ucat e d to se l l to
( )
, K u l iz a (v , . . .

(Ku )l ewa l ewa (v red ) to b e -

K u l i z a (v to mak e cry to
.
, .
,

giddy r ee l s way s hake , cau se to wee p

, , . .

(Ku)h a (v to s hout wee p

. Lo ! th er e ! what ! j u s t , ,

ri ng crea k , look !
.

Ka )l ial ia (v to wh im pe r (Ku )l oga (v to be wit ch

'

.
, .
,

gri z z l e wh in e , e nch an t . .

Lib a s i (n garm e nt cloth es

.
(Ku )l oweka (v to pu t in , . .

Lija mu (n bit (harn ess) . soa k s t eep .

, .
 S W A HILI EN G LI S H -
V O C A B UL A RY 1 95

Loz i (n . almond . Ma dhih a h u (n . al ta r .

Lugb a (n . languag e tongu e ,

. M a d hih a b i (n . se ct follo win g ,
.

Lulu (n . pe arl . M a d h ub uti (n . confirm at i on ,

Lumb wi (n cham eleon proof s ec u ritl

:
. .
,

M a d oa d oa (n ai spot s (d a ppl ed ) .

M a fu a (n ca tarrh , cold
. .

M af ua ta no (n fol lo wing , con .

grega tio n .

M, a s onan t l e tt er pre fix ed to M a f ukiz o (n . i ncen se (ge n e ral ) .

noun s in th e first and sec ond Ma f undi sh o (n te a ch in g doc .

,

cl a ss e s . trin e moral l e sson s

,
.

Ma plural pr e fix of noun s in th e
, M a fungo (n 5 l imb s ; Kum
.
,

fift h cl a ss . s hi ka ma f ung o to collar him = .

Ma a d ini (n m e tal ore

. . M afuta (u fat oil grea se
.
, , .

M a ag a no (n cov e nant co m.
, M a f unu o (n man ifes tation . .

pact agree m e nt M a ga rib i M agharibi (n west

s un s e ttin g—h e nc e e v e ning
, .
, .
,

M a a giz o n i nstruct ion s.

, .

co mm a n m e nt s . Ma ga wa ny ika no (no si n g n , .

M a aguz i (n proph e cy in te r
.
, divis ion sch i sm ,
.

pr e ta tio n e xplanation utt e r , , M a ga wi o (n dis tribution . .

ance of a n oracl e . Ma g eul e ma geuz i (n

, change .
,

M a a mz i (n j udgm ent sen

.
, alt eration .

t e nc e v erdict j u s tic e
, , . M agogo (n ob stacl e s . .

M aa na (n m ean ing r e aso n

.
, , M a gu gu (n ta ngl ed unde r .

s ignification . gro wth weed s , .

M tu wa ma a na importan t or , M ahaba (n love a ff ection

.
, .

e xc e ll ent p e r s on . Ma h a lh a li (n 5 be ll s on .
,

M aana k wa
, ma ana feet .

b e cause for th e r e a son be ing

, , , M aha l i (n p l ace ; M ahali pa
.

that is wh y .
(a d vl . in s t e ad of .

Ma a ndik o (n writing s crip .

,
M aham a ointm ent , .

tures M ahana n kind of l epros y

(
. . .

M a a nguk o (n fall fall ing .

, . n dowry paid b y
.

M a a rif a (n knowl e dge in .

,
brid egroom to fath e r in l a w - -
.

formation sci enc e , . M a h a sa i n 3 e un uch . .

M a aruf u (adj c el ebrat ed .

, M a h a th i n 5 song . .

we ll kno wn
-
. M ab i n d i (n I ndian co rn .
,

M aa si (n r eb el lion
. . ma i z e .

M a a wio (ma wao) (n ea st .

, (n cre at e d th ing s . .

s u n ri s in g
-
. M a i (pl of ii ) (n
. e gg s . .

M a b a putiz i (n bapti sm . . M a im b iz a no (n choru s re .

,

M a b uruki (inv bl ess ed . . frain .

M a ch ok a (n we arin e ss . . M ai sh a (n life out ward .

,

M adaha (n wooing mann er

.
, ma nif e s ta tio n flf life l ife tim e , ,

ingratiating be haviour . e xi s te n ce durabil ity mann e r , ,

Ma d ara sa (n s chool . . of living .

M a da nga ny a (n d e ceit ful . Ha iti (n d e ad p e rs on

. .

b e haviour . M ajali wa (n fate d estiny .

, ,
M a d h ara (n inj ury harm .
, . e nabl in g .
1 96 s wA HILI GRA MM A R

M aja s i , M ani (n . gra s s (lit . M ak engez a (n squ i nt . .

l e aves) h erbs ,
. M a k erub u (n ch erubim . .

M aja z a (n gift p res e n t .

, . M aki (n thickness . .

M aj i (n wat er wate r s ; M aj i a k imb il i o n re fug e

(
.
, . .

ya Kimo d eep wate r , . sh ini (n .q uie t

tran 5 q uillity ,
M aji maj i
-
wat ery l iqu id , , n ess s e , t adin
es s ; K wa makia l ,

we t . with d e coru m s ol e mnly , .

M aj i m a fu n e ap tid es ; M aj i m al e
-

, ,
M a k oh oz i (n phl egm cough .
, .

s pring t i d e s . M akombo (n re mnant s re .

,

M aj i mata ma dr i nk ing wate r , , main s crumb s , .

fresh wat e r . M akungu (n brigh tn ess of .

M aj i ya b a ri d i col d wa te r fr e sh , , s k y in e arly morn ing Aurora , ,

wat e r ; M aj i ya m unyu da wn
'
.
,

bracki sh wat er . M aku ruh u (n an noyanc es . .

M aji y aj a a in com i ng ti d e M aj i
.
,
-
M a ku sa nyik o (n m eeting .

y a pwa out going tid e plac e plac e o f a ssembly

-
.
, , .

M aj ib iz a no (n qu es tion an d . M a k u su d i (n purpo se ; (adv ) . .

an s we r cate chi s m , . purpo sely on purpose , .

M aj ibu (no sing n an swe r .

, .
,
M akut ano
’

(n mul titud e .
,

r e pl y . cro wd a ssembly , .

M aj il isi (n ston e se a ts out s id e

. M a kuti ( n 5 cocoa nu t
.
,
-

h ou se . l eav es ( pl a i te d for roofi ng ) .

M aj il isi sh a uri council pal av e r

-

, , . M a kuu (n gr eat th ings prid e

.
, ,

M aj ira (n appropriat e tim e

.
,
se lf suffi c ie nc y
-
.

s e a son . M al a ika ( n ang el ; (n 5 ) . .

M aj ivul i (n 5 s hado ws .
,
. s mall hair s on body p l ural of ,

M aj iv uno (n 5 ost entation .

,
laika .

prid e boa s ting

, . M ala z i ( n slee pin g plac e
.
-
.

M aj onz i (n grie f d i str ess .

, , M a l el ej i ( n p e riod s of calm s .

b e re av e m ent . b e twee n N E and S W mon . . . .

M aj uruh u wound e d . see n s .

M ajute (n r e p e n tanc e p e n i
.
,
M alh a m ( n gum r esin .
, .

t e n c e r egr e t r e morse
, ,
. M al i ( n 3 or . rich es prop er ty , ,

M aka (n M e cca
. . e stat e poss e ss ion , .

(Ku )maka (v to wonde r . . M a l imb u o ( n fi rs t fruit s .

-
.

M akaa ya ma we coal s ,
. M a l imwengu ( n chang es and .

M ak a a k fi
’
a a (n s oft palat e .
,
chanc es of thi s world .

roo f of mouth . M alipo ( n r eward paym en t

.
, ,

M aka d ara (n (God s) appoin t d e sert

’
. .

m e nt or or d aining . M al isk a ( n pa st ure s graz ing

.
,

M ak a ma si (n mucou s phl e gm .
,
. ground .

a k a mu gr e at important , .
(Ku)ma l iz a ( v to comp l ete .
,
M akani (n d wel ling place .
-
. fini sh .

M akao (n abod e d wel ling.

, ,
M alkia ( n qu een . .

l air d e n r es ide nce

, ,
. N alub e ni (n oi l . .

M ak a pi (n M am a ( n moth er ; M ama s
'

ch a fi . . .

M aka s i (n s ci ssor s . . mt u th e moth e r

'

, .

M ah az i (n d wellin g sty le of
.
,
M a ma v y a a ma vy aa moth er in , ,
-

d well ing l a w o n th e woman s s id e

,
’
.
1 98 S WA HI LI G RAM M AR "

M aru fuku ( u . proh ibition for , M atako ( n th e sea t , bu ttocks

. .

bidd e n th ing s ; Kupiga mam M a la kwa ( n r eques t , pe ti tion , .

fuk u to prohibi t
, . d es ir e ; M ata liz o (n plas te r . .

M a sa z o ( n l ea vings r e mnan ts
.
, , M a tamb a vu ( n charm worn .

r e ma i ns . cro ss wi se ove r s houl de r s and

M a sh a iri ( n poe try v e rs es
.
, ,
sid e ( ad v ph ) at th e s id e . . .

poe m . M a ta mk o ( n pronunci ation . .

M a sha ka ( n troubl e mis f o r

.
, M a ta mvua ( n fring e bord e r .
,

tun e di fficulty
, . of g a rm e n t .

M a sh angirio ( n r ejoicing .
,
M atan d i ko (n rugs blank ets .
, ,

fes tivitie s . be dding .

Ma shapa ( n 5 floats .
, . M at a n d u ( n s pid e r s web .
’
.

M a sh a riki ( n e a s t s u n r is ing
.
,
-

. M ata ng a ( n sa ils mourning .

, ,

M a sha All ah ! what G o d fun eral rites .

wil l e th l M ata ngo ( n s l and e rs . .

M a shin d a no ( n . conflict com , M at a ta ( n tangl e compl ica .

,

pe tition rac e , , c ont e ntion de ,

tion ; Yuna matata h e is d iffi ,

bate strife
, . cul t to d eal with .

M ash itaka ( n accu sat ion . . s taz a ( n ric e gru el . .

M a shua ( n b ea t . . ata yo ( n s land e rs re .

,

M a sh a k a ( n c a rs of corn . . pr e ach es d e famation , .

M a sh upa tu ( n broa d st rip s . M a te ( n saliva

. .

of p l ai t ed gra ss . M a teka ( n boo ty s poil ca p

.
, ,

M a shura h u ( n wh isk e r s .
, tiv es .

mous tach e . M a temb ez i ( n . walki ng , wa l k .

M a sh u tumu ( n r eproach c en .
, M a teso ( n . affliction s , dis tres s .

s ur e . M a til a b a ( n d es ir e ambition .
, ,

M a sia kwen da ma sia to walk

, , purs ui t wis h ques t , , .

about with th e mind pre Ha til a i ( n eas t wind east .

, .

occ upie d not ob se rving on e s

,
’
M a tind io (n altar ( for sacri .

s urrounding s abs tracte dly , . fi ce ) .

M a s ika ( n gre at ra i n s
. . M a tindo ( n sl a ugh te r hous e .
-
.

M a sika ui ( n 3 or d wel l ing

.
, Ma titi ( n bre asts , tea ts
. .

Ma te (pl of jito), u se d with Kuwa

.

M a s ikini (n . poor pe rs on ,
for To be a wak e .
”

paupe , b eggar r
. Ma tok eo (n ris ing . c as t, su n -
.

M a s iku (n 5 pl of usiku ) nigh ts

.
, .
, Ha tol eo (n
off ering oblation.
, .

(r e ckon e d i ndividually ) . M a tukano (n ins ults re .

,

M as iz i (ma sh iz i) ( n s oo t .
, preach es abu se ,
.

s mu t s bl a cks , . M a tuki o (n hatred . .

Mas ka ti ( n mu sca t. . M a tukiz o (n provocation .

,

M a so (i rre g pl of uso) ( n . . . off e nce .

e dg es ( of kn ife ,
M atul e (n con fus ion sham e
.
,
.

M a sul uh ish o ( n a ton e m e n t .

,
Ma tumbo (n e n trail s bo we l s .
, ,

r ec oncil ia tion . i n te stin es .

M a ta ( n 5 ) ( s ing uta ) bo ws
. .
, . M a tumiz i use s e rv i c e ,
.

M a ta a j a b u (n won d e rs . . M a tungu (n bitt e rn ess . .

K a ta kata ( u s tubbl e wood .

,

s havin gs .
 S WAHILI ENGLISH -
V O C A B UL A RY 1 99

Haiwio ma tweo (n , . west, s un Ma z ao (n . 5) (s ing . nz a o) fruits

, ,

se tti ng . prog eny .

Ma nguz i (n sick nu rs ing .

-
. M az iga ee nse r .

Ma ul id i (n birth . .
(n . buria l .

M aume u s mak e mas cu l in e and , M az i wa (n . milk bre as ts , ,

fe minin e matt e rs . lak es .

Ma umivu (n pain s u ff e rin g .

, ,
M az oea (n . cus tom habit ,

a ch e s s orro ws ta m e fri endly

, .
(inv . adj ) , , ,
Ma ungo (n th e back ba ck .
,
ge ntl e .

bon e s pin a l column , . M a z u ngumz o (n . conv ersation ,

Kup a maungo to turn on e s ,
’
amuse m en t .

back on . M bal i far far a way far , ,

M a un gwa na (n ge ntl e man . o ff di s tant di s tinc t di ff e r e nt

, , ,
.

n e rs . M b alimb al i unl ik e di ssimilar , , ,

M a n ai o (n commandm ent s .
, s e parat e d is t inct , .

be h e s t s command s , . Mb a mb ak ofi (u African tree .

M a u suf u we ll known -
. b e arin g remarkable seed pod s -
.

M a uti (n d eath . . M bambo (s ing n h ambo) (n . .

M ava (n burial plac e grave

.
,
wi ng bon es -
.

yard . Mba o (n board s b e nch es

.
, ,

Ma va o (n dress garm e nt s .
, ,
plank s .

habilim ents . M b ao mweus i bl ack board , .

M a v a z i (n s tyl e of dress .
,
M ba ri (n ki n sman r elative
.
, .

mann e r of dres s . M b a ruwa i (n s wallo w . .

M avi (n dung . . M ba vu (n 7 ) (sing ub avu ) rib s . .

, ,

M a vun d a vy omb o (u bre ak er

-
.
,
s id e .

o ne wh o s mas h e s crock e ry . Mba wa (n 7 ) (sing a h a wa ) wi ng . .

, ,

M a vungu (n pr e y . . fe ath e rs .

M a vuno (n harves t reap .

,
M ba waa (u gaz el l e hind .
, ,

i ng . ant elope .

Ma vy aa (n . moth er -
in l a w-
. Mb a waz i (n pity compas sion .
,
.

Ma waa (n . 5, bl e mi sh es ,
M b a z i (n m e rcy compas sion
.
,

faul ts .
(2) b e an plant -
.

M a wao (n e a s t (v ma a wio )
. . . M b oga (n C olobu s monk e y.
,

Ma wa to (n libe rty rel e ase .

, . dandy .

M a wa z o (n thought s opinion s .
, ,
Mb el e in front be fore ,
‘

id e a s . primarily pre viously for ward , , .

M a we (pl of j i we) M awe y a . Mb el e ya (a d v in front of . ,

miz a ni weigh ts (of s cal es)

,
. prior to .

M a wek o (n foundation s . . Mb el eni in th e fu t ur e on be for e

, , .

M a wel e (n small e d ibl e grain . Mb eyu mb eu (n , s e e d gra in .

, .

or ce real . Mb igil i n thistl e . .

M a wind o (n gam e hunted .

,
Mb i (m e ncli tic d enoting
an i mal s .

Ma wingu (n clou d s ; yame . M bil i (num adj . . two .

t a n da th e sky is ove rca st (with

,
Mb il ika s u rob ec l ess ,
1 2(l it two .

cloud s) ; y a meta tuka y am e ,

a quart er ) .

ta nd uk a (th e cloud s) hav e Mbil i ta tu two or th ree a f e w

-

, , ,

cl e are d a way . som e .

200 S WAH ILI G RAM M A R

Mbil i ki mo, d warf, p i gmy . po ss pronoun) who se ? of

.
,

M b il iwili (n th istle . . whom ?

Mb in gu (n 7 (si ng uwingu ), . . Mb wa k o (eq ual s ui wa k o) .

h eave n h e av en s ; Z in a
, sky , M b wao (e qual s ni wa o) ; etc .

mawingu it is cloudy ; Z ime , M b weh a (n f o x j ackal .

,
.

t a ka t a it h a s cl ear ed
,
. Mb wij i (mb wiaj i) (n beast of .

binja (n wh is tl e whi stli n g ;

.
, pr e y (from gwia ) .

K upiga mb inja to whi s tle ,

. ch a M u gu (n o n e wh o fe ar s .

Mb io (n running rac e sp eed

.
, , G o d godly man
, .

Kupiga mbio t o run M ch aj i (n I o ne wh o fe ar s

)
. . .
, ,

M biombio v ery f a st a t z
, M chiro (n 3 mongoose . .

high sp eed . Hohoo (n lesser rain s about

.

Mb ish i (n j ester cavill er

.
, , J ul y .

s cornful p e r son . M ch ungwa (n orange tree .

M b iy u mb iu (n
,
buff al o horn .
-

, (see not e 5 S tudy X IV ) , .

announc em e nt made by b e at M ch uru z i (n s mal l trad es man .

,

ing bu ff alo horn h enc e pro -

, middl e man .

clamat ion . d a l a sini (n cinnamon . .

K upiga mbia to i ssu e d e cr ee , , M d a nga ny if u (n l ) d e c ei v er .

, ,

to mak e proclamat i on . impost e r .

Mbiz i (n dive Kwend a mb iz i

.
, M d auwa md a wa (n ,
a d ve r .

to d ive . s ary l e gal oppon e n t

,
li tigan t , ,

M bog a (n v e g et able (see not e

. d efendan t .

2 S tudy
,
M d eni (n d ebtor . .

M bon a ? (inte r wh y ? for . M d h ab id h a b ina (n bu sybody . .

W ha t r e a son ? h o w is it ? M d h amb i (n l ) s inn e r .

, .

M boni (n appl e (or pupil ) of

. M d h a mini s pon sor s ur e ty , , .

th e e y e s om e th i ng gre atly
, M d imu (n l e mon tr ee .
-
.

pri z e d and car ed for . M d omo (n lip b eak mou th .

, , ,

M bono (n ca s tor oil pl ant

.
'

. bil l .

M b u (n .mosquit o gnat , . M du d u (n i n sect worm .

, ,

M bub a ( bub a ) (n a skin . v ermin .

di sea se th e ya ws ,
. M d umu (n j ug mug .
, .

buj i (n cl ev er p erson d a wara inv round cir

onlar sp(e rical
.
, .
,

skill e d sk il ful ab le capabl e

, , , , , .

ad ept .
(Ku)mea (v to gro w .
,

Mbuni (n i nven tor founder

.
_ , , s pring up thriv e (only u s e d of ,

author composer , . v egetabl e kingdom ) .

Mb un i (n ostrich . .
(Ku)mega (v to mak e n e at .

M buni (n
’
coff e e plan t .
-
. handful of food for e ating ,

M b uruk enge (n
’
mon ito r .
, M eko (n 5 ) (sin g j iko) kitch e n
. .
, ,

li z ard . fi re plac e s tov e

-

, .

Mb uyu (n baobab tree . .

(K u )m el ez a (v t o cau se to .

M buz i (n goat M wana mbuz i

.
-

, gro w or spring up .

M eli (n mail st eam e r

. .

M bu z i (n i ron u t e n sil
. for (K u)inemetuk a (v to glitter .
,

s crapin g cocoa nut s -

. sparkl e shin e , .

M b wa (M mb wa ) (n
’
dog ’
. .
(Ru )mena (v to sli gh t to .
,

M b wa (equal s ni wa co n tracte d ,
d espi se .
202 S WAHILI G RA MM A R

Mis h eni (n . mi ssion m i ss ion , poor man .

s ta tion . s to ck s (for
M i sir i (prop Egypt . . loaf of br e ad ,

M it a ng a (n 2 pl ligh t earth.
, .

M kat e mta mu cak e , .

M ith a l i (n prov e rb h ypo .

, M kaz i (n l ) d well er
.
,
.

th es is parabl e al l egory ; Mi
, , M k e (n woman wife
.
,
t h a li na s uppo sing , M k eb e (n t in ca nnis ter
.
, .

M itil iz i n 2 e av es of roof
.
, , mat .

grou n und e r th e e av es .

M inja (n pe ril s dange rs

.
, , fugi tive .

billo ws bre ak e rs , . l ) oppon e nt e n e my , ,

.

Mi uj iz a (n 2 pl of M uuj u a) .
, . . M kind u (n s pe ci es of palm
.

M iwa (s ee M u wa ) . tree l eave s of which y i el d fi ne

,

Mi wani (n s p ec tacl e s eye

.
, fibr e for makin g ma ts .

gl as se s .
(K u)mkini (v to b e prob .

M iy a a (n 2 pl ) pal m l e af s l ips
.
, ,
-

, abl e (see Y a mkini) .

u sed in plaiting mats e tc , . M ki wa (n poor man

. .

(se e M uwaa ) . Hkiz i (n .a fi sh .

(Ku)mi z a (v to swallo w . M koba (n po ck e t wal let

.
,
.

M iz an i (n balan ce s cal e s
.
,
. M koko (n mangrove tr ee
. .

M iz i (n 2) small roots s uck er s

.
, ,
M koma (n l e pe r ; (n
. .

t e ndril s . branch ed or h yph e ne pal m tree -

Mj a (n l ) sl av e ; Mj a kaz i (n
.
,
. M koma ma nga (n pom e .

fe mal e slave . granate tree -

.

Mja ne (n l ) wido w .
,
. M komboz i (n r ed eem er . .

Mj a nj a (n l ) sharp er ch eat M k ondo n e n e my adv e rs ary

(
’
.
, , , .
,

s windl e r . M kon d o n cu rre nt s tream

.
, ,

Mj el ed i (n wh i p l a s h.
, . flood torr e n t wa y tra i l
, , ,
.

Mj enz i (n build e r . . M kongoj o (n s ta ff . .

Mj i (n . to wn villag e h aml e t , , . Mk ono (n hand arm hand

.
, ,

M j inga (n l ) fool s impl e ton .

, , , (m e a sure) cubit , .

s tupid du f fe r gr ee n horn
, , . M korofi (n l ) ro gu e wi ck ed .
, ,

Mj isi k afiri (n s mall hou se . p e rson .

liz ard . q b wa (n ch ie f el d e r
.
,
.

M j ol i (n fellow sl ave
.
-

. Hk a in (n chain
. .

M j emb e (n ma te rnal un cl e a
.
,
M ku f unz i (n t e ach er . .

S wahil i . M kuki (n s pe ar
. .

Mj ukuu (n grand ch il d . . M kul ima (n agri culturis t .

,

M jumb e (n m esse ng e r . . hu sbandman farm e r ,

.

Mj uv i (n o ne wh o kno ws
. Mk umb uu (n girdl e be lt .
, .

M kunaz i (n tropical tr ee with

.

M ka a (n l ), . d wel l er . s mall g re e n or y e llo w fruit .

M ka k ama v u (adj s harp c l e ve r , . M kunga (n l ) mid wife .

,
.

M ka ka si (n . ornam ental box M ku ngu almond

(round ) . M kungu (n bunch . .

inte rpre te r (11 . . M ka nga ra (n cli matic attack .

M ka nj u (n ca sh ew nut tree M kut ano (n cro wd m e e tin g

'
-
.
,
. .
, ,

M k a ra g az o (n do wnpour .
,
a ss e mblag e compa ny congre , ,

burs t of mons oon . gatie n .

 S WA HILI ENGLIS H -
V OC A B ULA RY 203

Mkuu (n l ) chi e f, gr eat man

.
,
. Mna d a (n auction . .

Mkwaju (n tamarind tree . . M nad i (n l ) auction ee r .

, .

M kwas i (n ri ch man , prin ce

. . M na na si (n pin e appl e plant .
-

M kwa vi (n l ) a mas ai .
, . M nan d i (n cormorant . .

M kwe (n I ) par ent ia l a w, so n

.
,
- -
M na ra (n to we r minare t .
, .

i n l a w daught e r in l a w
-

,
-
-
. M a a sa ra (n C hris tian . .

M i a (al s o ml aj i) (n e a te r . . M naz i (n c ocoa nut palm tr ee ;

.
-

M l a fi (n l ) glutton
.
, . M na z i mkin d a (n -
youn g .

Ml a ngo (n 2), door , gat e , e ntranc e

. . cocoa nut palm tre e -
.

M l a ngo (n chate r , l in eag e ,

. M u sa ca (n accuse r o ne wh o .
,

tribe branch of family

, . s p eak s again s t .

M le in th er e in s id e it , . M n eni (n ora tor sp e ak e r .

, .

M l egev u Mng aro (n brigh tn ess

'

pl e g . .

m atic pe rson o ne wh o is pur ,

Mnga z ija (pre p C omoro .

pos el e ss lax s lack la z y

, , , . i s land er .

Ml ek evu (n upright s tra igh t

.
,
Mngerez a (n 1 pl W engerez a ) .
,
.
,

for ward p e r s on . Engli s hman .

Ml el e (n long tai l feath ers of

. M ngoj ez i (n mini s t er s e rvan t .
, .

a bird . M ngu (n G od (pl wa ungu ) . . .

(n drunkard
. . Mu ga mi (n whal e . .

M l ez a (n buoy harbour mark

.
,
. M no e xc e ed ingly very ,

(11 n urs e a br inge r u p

.
,
-
much gre atly , .

of ch il dre n M ny a mav u (n s i l en t taci turn

Ml i ka n (n l ) gr e a t—
. .

gr eat grand
.
,
p erson .

child . M ny a ng a nyi (n robbe r '

. .

Ml ima (n moun tain M ny a p a ra (n h eadman of

'
. . .

(n th e m bu s h . caravan .

(u sed for h e dg e ) . M ny a u (n old cat . .

Ml ima u (n l e mon tree . . M ny oo (n worm pr ison .

,

M l imwengu inhabi tan t of chain .

world . M a yot ot o (n chain fe tt e r .

, .

Ml in got i (n ma s t flags ta f f ,
. M ofa (n s mall n ativ e cak e or
.

Ml inz i (n l ) guard k e e p e r .
, , , bun origi nally th e oven in
,

guardian watchman , . which th e y we re bak e d .

M110 (n cry sound noi se (of

.
, ,
M oj a ( u um o ne s ingl e .
, .

bird b eas t
, ,
M ola G od , .

M lishi (n sh e ph erd
. feed er , ,
M olina our L ord (M ohamm edan
,

provid e r . nam e for God ) .

M l iz a mo (n gutt e r shoot .
, ,
M emb ee (n Bombay . .

cataract trench ditch wat e r M ori ( n grea se tal lo w fat

M o sha (n l ) corpse —
. .
, , , , ,

s pout wa sh er
’
. .
,

Ml iz i (n professi onal mour n e r

. . M o shi ( n s mok e ( miosh i .
,

M ma nd e (n land breez e that .

(Ku)fuka mo shi ( v to .

blo ws in th e e arly morning . s mok e ( of chimn e y ,

M ma sih ia (n C hri s tian . . M os i ( num o ne ( in count .

M mea (n crop gro wth

.
, . ing ) .

M miji (n citi z en m embe r of M ote ( n 2 pl my oto) fi re h ea t

'
-
. . .
, , ,

a fed e ration . Ka z i moto quick work ,

.

M n aa na a (n mint .
-
. M ou old form of ma guu ; Na sh ika
,
204 S WA HILI GRAM M A R

mou lav e s e xpr ess ion of hum

,
s capri c iou s p erson o ne wh o per
’
,

b l e s ubm iss ion v ert s o th ers . .

M oyo ( n 2 p l myoy o al so ny oy o M pumb a vu (n I ) f e el

h e art —o rga n of life min g Mpunguf u (n
’
.
.
, , .
, .

o ne wh o is d e , .

courage pl uck (Ku )sh iriki , fi c ie n t .

moyo to giv e wa y to on e s d e
, M p ung a (n r ic e (in th e h u sk ’
.

s ir e s te b e proud ov e rb e aring
, a s i t gro ws) , , .

s e lf sa tis fi ed
-
M pu nz i (n . l ) s i ll y e mp ty .
, ,

M pa ga z i ( n port er carrier h e ad e d p e rson

.
, , .

b eare r . M p wa (n s hor e (from th e se a

'
.

M paj i ( n g ive r g en e rou s

. point of vi e w ,

p e r son .
(M )py a ( var a ne w . .

M p ak a un til a s far a s M ra ma ( n s waying roll in g

’
, , .

up to . motion a s of a ship a t s ea .

M paka ( n boundary l i mi t
. M rith i ( n h e ir inh eritor , , .
, .

bord e r ; ( Ku )t upa mpaka to M rongo (n l iar'

, . .

e xc ee d th e limit M ru tu tu gr ee n v itr i ol s ul
.
,

M pamb a ( n cotton p l ant . phate of copper . .

M pamb e ( n se rving maid . M saa d a ( n h elp s uccour . .

, ,

M pango ( n ho st rank troop a ssi stanc e (Ku)mtukul ia (mt u) ’

. .
, ,

M pa nz i (n s e wer plante r. m saa d a to h e lp succour s u p ,

.
, , ,

M papa yu n papa w tr e e port a p e r s on )

(
M pa tanish 1 (n p eac emaker
.
(
M sa f ara (n . caravan
. .

.
, .

m ediator . M sa firi (n trave ll e r pil grim .

,
.

M pel ek wa (n m issionary M sa h af u (n . manu script copy , .

se n t o ne
-
. of K oran .

M pel el ez i (n s py M sak a l a (n
. ap eri en t pur
. .
,

M pend ez i (n l ) fla tte re r i ngra ti ga tive

.
, , .

ating p e rson M said ia (n . h elp er a ssistan t .

, ,

Mpenz i (n be l ov ed l ov ed one
. s uccour e r , ,
.

favourit e d e ar one , s aj i (n teak tree te ak wood . .

,
.

M p era (n 2) guava tr ee s . sa a l kh eri l good e v e n ing ! good .

M pil ipil i (n red p e pp e r night ! .

tree . M sala (n pray e r ma t (oval ) .

-
.

Mpinga miz i ( n adv er sary M sa l a b a (u cro ss

.
,
. .

Oppon e nt M sa mah a (n
. forgive n ess .
,

M pingu (n e bony t r e e .
pa rd on indul g e nce r espite . , , ,

M pin i (n handl e . abs olut ion . .

M p i r a (n rubbe r tree . M sa mb a (n l eg (Ku)piga . .

M pir a (n c a eu tc h o u c
. i nd ia m samba to k ick ou t th e l eg , ,

rubb e r h e nc e i ndia rubb er bal l

,
wh en bathing -
.

of an y k ind sa na (n . piec e of s k i l l ed .

M pi shi (n I ) cook . handi work

, . .

M pita ndi a (n
-
pa sser b y M sa ngao (n . a ston ishm en t -
. . .

M ponyi ( n d e liv e re r . M semi (n s p e ak e r spok es . .

,

M popoo (n ar e ca n ut pa l m . man -
. .

M potevu (n prodigal d el in M sh a h ara (n

. wag es sa l ary , .
, .

quent . M sh a iri ( n l ) poe t . , .

Mpotof u (n wi ck ed p erve rs e M sh are (msh al e) ( n

. arrow , , . .
206 S WAH I LI GRA M M A R

M ta nguliz i pre d e c es sor (n .

, M tind o (n . cu tting pa ttern , ,

l ead er o ne i n front ,
. s hap e cu t end , , .

M ta uwaa (n pious god l y .

, M tini (n fi g tr e e .
-
.

p er son . M titimo (n thund e r . .

M ta wa nd a (n wood e n sandal . . M to (n cu s hion pil l o w ; M to

.
,

M ta wi wi tch wi z ard sorc e r e r

, , , , (n .river .

magician . M tof u wa ma te (n I ) blind ma n .

, ,

to (n sprou t . shoo t sl ip , , , blind p e rs on .

s ee dl i ng . toki (n s well ing and pai n

.

M t ego (n trap . . in gro i n .

M tel e (n hu sk ed rice (nu . M tol ea give r .

boil ed ) . M tomok o (n custa rd appl e .

-

M temb ez i (n gadd er about .

-
. tree .

M tend aj i (n o ne wh o act s .
, M tondo (u 2 and day aft e r
.

man of a ction . to morro w ; M ton d o goa (u 2 .

M t anda ka z i (n l ) wor ke r ;
-
.
, and adj day afte r that . .

M ten d a upuuz i e vil d e e r -

,
-
. tore (n l ) runa way s l av e fug i
.
, ,

M t ende (n dat e tree . . tiv e (By implication al so

.
,

M tengenez ea (n pre pare r .

, robbe r plund e re r pirat e ) , ,
.

provid er . M to to (n ch ild ; M toto m oha

.

M tenz i (n d oo r mak er author .

, , , nga in fant , .

poe t . M tez i (m tez a ) (n e xactor e x .

,

M t ep a (n . b e a t with s q uare tortio ner coll ector ; M tez i wa ,

s ai ls . a shura tax gath e r er publican

,
-

M tereh emez i, mteremez i (u .

(Bibl e ) .

compa ssionat e m erciful pe rs on , , M t u (n

'
p e r son ma n som eon e
.
, , ,

o n e wh o is fri e ndly . human be i ng .

M tesi (n l ) adv e rs ary p e rse t u mk e (n l ) woman femal e

'
.
, , .
, ,

cut J r adult M tu m ume man mal e '

(
-
.
, ,

M tetea (n l ) champ i on ; M tetea .

, adul t
(n . lay ing h en -
. tn (n a tree (tamar is k
.

M tetemo (wa nti ) n 2 e arth ,

.
, (wil low
quak e . tuku (n l ) worthl e ss p e r s on .
,
.

M teul e (n chose n o ne el ect .

, . tuk u f u (n e xalt e d pe r s onag e .
,

M teusi (n l ) fe as t mak e r .
,
-
. man in high rank .

M ti (n tree wood timb er

.
, , , M tu ku tu (n ob s t repe rou s .
,

pol e ; a skin di sea se p ecul iar fid getty unrul y p er son ,

.

to n egro races ; s tag e of M tuk uu (n gr e at gran dch il d . .

“
mbuba ” . tu kuz i (n carri er b e are r .
, ,

M ti (n p es tl e (wood en ) port er
’
. . .

M tii (n o ne wh o is ob e di e nt
.
, M tul iv u (n o ne wh o is sub .

s ubmi s s iv e . mi s s iv e di scipl in ed tranquil , , ,

M tik a ti (n noon midday .

, . obe dien t .

M til iz i (n 2) gutt er condui t .

, , M tumba (n s we e th e art fi a n c é .
,
.

pipin g gutt e r ing ; pl e aves M tumb wi (u canoe dug

of e aves (w(p
, , ,
.
.

e nd s ere wat e r out .

trickl es down ) . M tume (n apostle m essenger .

, ,

M tima (n h e art co re (ol d .

,
amba ssador e mi ssary se n t o ne , ,
-
,

Mtumia (n o l d man . .
 S WA HIL I EN GLIS H -
VO C A B U LA RY 2 07

Mtumishi (n l ) .
, se rvan t domestic , , M ums (pl wa nme) (n . . mal e ,

r e tain er . husband man in co ntra d istinc ,

M tumwa (n . sl ave . tion to woman .

M tund a uf u (n . s pe ci e s of wi ld M umu humu-

in thi s sa m e
j as ml ne . place .

M tu nga (n h eph e rd . s . Ku n a m a nya (v to s uck .

,

M tung i (n earth e n wat e r pot

. . r etain in th e mo nth wi thout
M tu ngo (n a s trin g of th ing s
. bitin g .

s trun g to ge th e r a numbe r a , , M a muny e (n v eg etable .

lot . marro w .

M tushi (n abu s iv e p e r son

. . M d a (n bil l hook hatch e t
.
, ,

M tuz i n gravy broth sa uce chop pe r

(
. .
, , .

M iwa n wh it e ant
. . M unyu (n sa l t . .

M twan a (n man slave . . Ku mung un y uka (v to b e

’

M uaj iriwa (n I ) hire d pe rs on .

,
. putrid d e compos ed rotte n, , .

M ua minif u (n o ne wh o is . M uoga (n co ward . .

faith ful tru st worth y , . M nom b a ii (n be ggar . .

Hu a mu (n broth e r in la w .
- -

, M uomb ez i (n in te rc essor .
,

s i s t e r in l a w
- -
. m ediato r .

M ua mz i (n arbitrator judge.
, . M uomb i (n o ne wh o pray s . .

M uand a mo followin g suc , M uonewa (n o ne wh o is op .

.

ce ed ing (sa id of n e xt moon ) . press e d .

M ua nd az i or M wa n d a z i (n
, . M uon gez i (n l ) amu se r .
,
.

pr e pare r of food bak e r cook , , . M uong of u (n I ) co nve rt be li e v e r .

, , .

M na ndis hi (se e M wa ndish i (n . M uotez i or muoteji (n l ) li e r ia

, .
,
-

M ua ng a (pl mianga ) (n 2 light .

, .
,
. wai t .

M us nga z a (n e nl ight enm e n t .

, M us imu (n NE mon soon . .
,

light hol e -
. th e hot se a son (lit th e me n .

M a a shi (n bui ld er . .

M uda (pl mida ) (n . int e rval . murd e r er .

of tim e tim e , . mirac l e .

M ued ini or mu ad ini (n l ) call e r

, .
, M uumb a (n creator . .

to pray e r . M uungwan a (n pe rso n of .

M uerez i (n ce dar tree . . g e ntl e birth fr ee man ,

.

M uh a b eshia (n an Aby ssinian . . M uwa (n s ugar can e ; pl . .

,

M uh indi (n an Indian . .

M uhi ta ji (n n ee dy pe rson . . M uwa a (n . d war f fan palm ;

M a h eg e (n C ass ava . . pl mia a
. .

M uhula (n appoint ed tim e. . M ua li (n flam e pl n i y el i

. . .

M uh unz i (n s mith workman .

, . M uwanga (s e c mua n ga ) .

M uhuri n se a l s ign e t M uwez a (n o n e wh o is abl e

M uimb aj i (n
( .

s ing e r s on g st e r
, . .

.
, .
(use d of God ) .

M uis il am u (n M ohamm ed an . . M uwili m wil i (n , bod y fl esh .

, ,

M uka ta b a (n docum e nt writ .

, form .

in g bond
, . M vi (n arro w
. .

Ku mul ika (v to th ro w l ight . M vi (n 7 pl ) gr e y or wh ite ha ir

.
, , .

on illum inat e ligh ten s hine

, , , . M yind e (n th e cas uar ina . .

M umb uji (n mak er of nice . M vinyu (n win e . .

thin gs . M v i ta (prop M ombas a . .

208 S WA HILI GRAM M A R

M viringo ( 11 . round round , M wando (n pa s ture fiel d s .

-

n e ss s phe r e
,
. haml e t of sk e ph erd s hu ts ’
.

M v e (pl miv o) (n flood M wanga (n l ) wi tch

’
. .
. . .
,

M vu a (n rain
. . M wa ngo (n l amp stand .
-

M vuk e (n s te am vapour
.
, , luminary .

in ce n se . M wang wi (n e cho (u s ual l y .

M y a l i (n youn g man
. . m wongo) .

M vumo (n bor a ss u s palm

. . M wanya (n d e fil e narro w .
,

M ya ng a (n hol lo w spac e a s
.
, all e y s pac e be t wee n t eeth
,
.

und e r a b e d . M wan z a (n ins trum e n t of .

M v uvi (n fi sh e rman
. . witchcraft .

Mwa (var pr e p cl 1 0 follo wi ng. . .

, M wa nz a mkwa (n N am e of .

locative ) in within to into , , , , . G od (e qual s M ak e r and U p

K u mwa ik a (v to b e s pilt . . brin ger ) .

M waka (pl my a k a) (n y ear

. .
, M wa nz i (n r eed bamboo .
, ,

s e a s on of gr e at ra i n s M wa kani , can e ; pl myanz i . .

i n th e y e ar s tim e
’
. M wa n z o (n be ginn i ng . .

M wa ka ni in th e s out h , . M wa o (n und e r s upport ; Kwa

.

M walimu (n t e ach er pro .

, m wa e prop erl y wel l don e
, , ,

f e s so r l e arn ed man
, . M warabu (n an Arab . .

M walio (n wound W ood put

. . M wa ri (n p el i can . .

at th e bottom of cooking pot to M wa vul i (n umbre ll a s un .

,

pr v en t food burnin g
e . s had e .

M wa l ish i (n invit e r to a . K u m wa ya or m waga (v to .

fe a s t . s pill throw a way ; K u m waya

,

M wamb a (pl myamb a ) (n rock. . . ma toz i to sh e d t ear s ; ku

,

Ridge pol e of nativ e house . mway a maneno to talk at ,

M wa mnd a (n gard e n frui t s . . random .

M wa mz i (n j udge arbitr ator .

, . M wel e (n si ck p er son.
,

M wana (pl wana ) (n child

. .
, M wemb e (n mango tree . .

so n d aught e r mi s tr es s qu e e n
, , , . M wemb emb e (n wild b e e . .

M wa na fu nz i (n s cholar pupil .
, , M wen d a (n h e wh o goe s . .

d i s ipl e
c . M wenend o mwendo (n goin g
, .
,

M wa na mk e (pl wa na wa k e) (n . . gait l ivin g conduct wal k

, , , ,

woman fe mal e , . life .

M wa na nmm e (pl wana wa ume) . M weng e (n torch . .

(n . man mal e , . M weny ej i (pl weny ej 1 ) (n . .

M wa na mwa li (n vir gin .

, citi z e n to wn sman s ubj ect
, , ,

maid en wh o h a s not y et l e ft inhabitant ho st ,

.

h er fath e r s hou se M weny ewe po ssess or

’

,
.

M wa nd a miz i (n follo we r .
, o wn e r ; M imi mweny ewe m y ,

s ucc ess or companion ,

. se lf .

M we ndani (pl wa nd ani or wen . M wenyi (s ee enyi ) (n l ) M wenyi .

dani ) (n fri end companion

.
, , d eni cr e ditor ; M wenyi duka
, ,

fe llo w acquain tan ce . s hopk ee p e r .

M wa nd a waz ima (n -
l un ati c .
, M wenyiez i (lit M wenyi e nz i ) .

idiot . having maj esty po we r , ,

M wa nd ish ifln l ) wri t er s cribe .

, , ,
Almighty (al ways coup led wi th
butl e r . G od ) .
 210 SWA HI LI GRA MMAR

Kn n a nua (v t o loos en .
,
Nd ewe (n : pe r fora ted ea r l ob e -

undo . for in sertion of ornam e nt .

N a o (conj pron ) and or wi th .

, , , N di pronominal copula u se d in
, ,

th e m . conj unction with pronoun s i t

K u na sib ish a (v to na tura l iz c . . form s th e A m ph a tic P r esent of
N a sibu (n accid ent mi shap .
, ,
th e Ve rb T o b e ; Ndim i it is 1 , .

chance . d ie (n
. wa y p i th road
.
, , ,

N a th a ri (n common sen se .
,
s tr e e t ; Nd i a ya kuka ta a ,

di s cr e tion . s hort out Al so cour se of .

,

N auli (n far e pa ssag e mon ey

.
, ,
action s traigh t course sound
, ,

freight . j udgm e nt .

K u na vy a (v to partiall y wa sh .
N dimi s ee Ul imi
, .

a noth e r . dimu (n l im e fru i t .

,
.

K u na wa (v to wa sh th e . N d imu z a kali sour lim es N dima ,

hand s face or fe et , . z a tamu s wee t l im e s , .

,

K n n a wiri v to sh in e . . di pesa th er e for e .

N a z a a (n notori e ty e xposur e
.
, ,
N d iv y o thus it is .

publicity . N d iwa (n d ove p ig eon

.
, ,

N a z i (n cocoanut
. . tur tl e dov e ; Nd i wa manga
-

N d a c o tr f or m of Ni y a
, . . tam e pige on
N d e a (n h un g e r fam i n e ;
.
,
Ndiyo y es (lit t h ey ) .

N d a a k uu gr e at s carcity
'

, . mambo a re so , .

Ndago (n we e d ru s h having
.
,
Ndiz i (n b a nan a pl anta i n
.
,

s mal l t ube r s attach e d t i th e (se e M g e mb a ) .

root s which hav e a s wee t aro N d oa (11 m rriage

. a .

matic s m ell G e nus cy pe rus .

,
N d ol e (n big to e cla w
.
-

, .

s we e t c a n e of s criptur e . Ndongo (n l a nd e arth s oi l

.
, , .

N d a k a ka (n hori z ontal roof . N d oo (n buck e t pail

.
, .

s tick s . d oe (irr e g imp of v e rb K u j a ) . .

,

N dako e n t r form of Ni yako

, . . com e .

N d ama (11 calf h e ife r .

, . N doto (n d re 1 m v i s ion
.
, .

N d angu coi r form of N i yangu

,
. . Nd ovu (11 e l e phan t . .

N d ar i in sid e within ; ,
N dugu (n . broth e r s i s t e r
.
, ,

N dani ya (a d vl in into .
, , cousin rel ative ; Nd ugu baba
,

in sid e . mmoj a mama mmoj a o wn , ,

Nd a o cont form of Ni yao
, . . broth er or s i s te r ; N d u gu m ama
N d a u (n 3 baling l adl e mmoj a baba mb a l imb a l i or vic e
'

. .
,
'
d e (a d v out out s id e ; N d e.
,
’
a mi d hal t bro th e r o r s i s t e r
,
-

y a (a d v l out s id e of . . Ndugu mk s s i s t er fem a l e , ,

Nd eg e (n bird Z an z ibar.
,
cousin ; Nd ugu mum e broth e r ,
dial e ct . or mal e cou s in .

N d e ng e (n h e goa t .
-
. N d ui (n s mall pox (s ee T e t e
.
) .

d eo (11 s urfe iting

. e xc e ss , ,
N dul i (11 ang e l of d eath
. .

drunk e nn ess . N duma k u wil i (n

-
doubl e .

N d eremo (n r ejoicing e x .
, mouth e d s nak e (so call e d ) -
.

pression of j o y m e rry making ,

-
. Ndum e third con cord of m ume
, .

d eri (n e agl e vul tur e

. . . N d a n i (n ne w wond e r pr e tty
.
,

Nd e vu (pl 11 b eard ; Ud ev a
. .
, nov e l ty .

is a s ingl e hair of th e be a rd . N d uu (n ground nut

.
-
.
 S WA HI LI ENGLIS H -
VO C A B U LARY 21 1 .

Nd wel e, Nd wee (n . s ickn ess ,

Nga wa h a knchi, Oh that it
would da wn , woul d that it
Nd weo prid e
(n . . we re morning .

Neema (n
gra ce pros pe rou s .
, N g az i ladd er (n . .

s e aso n pl e nty favou r luxury K n a g a z i a (v to s ho w

’
.
, , , .

Kn neemeka (v to be com e . l igh t to illuminat e l igh te n , ,

.

pros p erous to b e bl ess e d or , Ng az ij a (n prop ”) G r eat C omoro . .

favoured . nge
-
ng eli g ali infixe s of th e
,
-

,
-

K n neemesh a (v to b l ess b e .
, conditional mood .

gra ciou s to pros pe r Ng ge (n s corpion ; K itumb o

'
.
, .

Nam s i (n luxury opul ence '

.
, ,
ns se .

hi gh estate .
-
ng i (var adj . . many ,

Kn n ena (v to s p eak utte r .

, ,
much .

sa y . Kn ngia (v . go or come
to
Kn n en ea (v to s pe ak . in e n te
, S ee r. N o te 9 S tudy ,

again s t accuse , . X VI .

K n neneka (v to b e po ssibl e . Kn ngil ik a (v n ) to .

,
be op e n ,

to sa y pronounce abl e
1

, . acce ss ibl e .

n en e (var thick stout .

, ,
ngin e (var adj ) oth e r . . .

d en se fat corpul ent , , . N gi s i (n cuttl e fis h . .

Kn nenepa (v to be com e . Kn ngi wa ui kh ofu to b e se iz ed ,

fat or s tout (of p erson s ) . by f a r e xpe rience fee l , , .

None (11 word saying th i ng

.
, , ,
Kn j ingiz a (v re f ) to introduce .
,

matte r . on ese l f intrud e m eddl e , , .

Nga or Ngaa ju s t so much Ng ngwe (n border boundary

'
.
,

as just a l ittl e l ike e ve n ;

, , (pl lin e cord
.
, .

Huna nga s pesa moja ? Hav e . Ngoa (n l u st carnal appe tite

.
, ,

you not e v en a pi ee ? e nvy longing ; Kn lilia ngoa

, ,

K n ng aa or ng ara (v
'

, to '
. to l on g for .

s hin e glitte r b e brigh t or Kn ng oa (v to u proot pul l

'
.
, , ,

cons picuous . u
p root ou t d e s troy
, , .

Ng a mb n (n th e oth e r s id e Kn ngoa k om e to pull up th e

' '
.
, ,

oppo s it e sh ore (of riv er etc ) , . caravan fla g sta r t th e d ay s ,

’

N gamis (11 came l . . ma rc h .

N g a no ta l e s tory (v to wa i t , h av e
(
, . K n ng oj a .

Nga nu n wh eat . . patie nc e .

N ga o (n s h i e ld . . K n ngoj ea , o wai for , wa t up o n t t i .

-
n ga pi ? (var adj of how . . K n k eti kingoj e , to k ee p watch ,
much ? h o w many wait , l ie in wait .

N gar a wa (n s mal l cano e . Ngoj a k wa a , wait a bi , wa a t it

(famil iarly call ed galawa) . minu te .

K n ng a riz a (v to poli sh to roote d up

'

K n ng eka (v be
'
. . . .

N ga wa (n larg e cive t cat Kn ng el ea (v to root o u t

'
. . .

-
ngawa or nga (v erbal infi x)
,
-

, by with or for e tc
, , .

although not with standing in , ,

N goma (n drum dance bal l .
, ,

s pit e o t e xi s ting circums tance s . Kn pi ga ngoma to be at drum ,

N ga wa (conj and inte rj though .
o ,
K n tez a ng om a to dance , .

Oh that i f on l y (follo we d b y N g ombe (n co w b ul l

'

, ex .
, , ,

n e gative) ca tt le .
21 2 SWA HI LI GRA M M A R

Ng em e for t fortr ess

(n .
, ,
Nini ? (pron ) , wha t ?
cas tle ; h e nc e pr ison . Nira (n yok e . .

Kn ng ong o (v to sp eak Nj a ma (n se cr et counc il

' '
. .
,

na sal ly . my st e ry .

N g ongo (n 7 s trip s of Nj oz i (n wa lnuts vi sion

'
. .
.
,

miy s a wi th harsh inn er e dg e

, . Nj nga (u . be ll s (worn as
N goy i (n s ki n hid e l eath e r
.
, , . ornam ents) .

N gnmi (n fi s t do wn ward s
. . Nj ngn (n ground nut s (Zan
.
-

K n piga 11 mi to cu f f b o x , , . z ibar d i al e ct ) .

N guo (n 3 cloth s tu fi mat e ri a l

.
,
’

, ,
N ne (nnm four . .

cl oth es . K n noa (v to sh arpe n wh et

.
,
.

Kn n guruma t o rea r ,
Kn non a (v to ge t fat (of .

thund er . animal s) .

Ngnrnmo n re ari ng thun d er .

, . Nondo (n cl oth es moth
.
-
.

n gu n (n pe ak of hil l h e ight
.
, . Kn nong ona (v
’
to wh isp e r . .

gun or ngnrn (n
, s a l t fi sh . K n nong onez a (v
’
to wh isp er .

importe d from Arabia . to .

N gnvn (n s t r e ngth po wer

.
, ,
N ok oa (n ov e rsee r f oreman
.
, .

au thority might forc e , , . N otisi (n public notice

. .

N ga we ng uruwe (n
, p ig .
,
-
u sha (idiomatic p erfect of kwish a
s wi n e hog , . s ee N ot e 1 S tudy IV , .

guz o (n p i llar post stak e

.
, , , N t a (n
'
wa x s e cr e tion
.
, .

col umn support N t a (n point end

'
. .
, .
,

gwa God (u se d in eja c ul atory N t i (n e arth gro u nd l and

’

, .
, , .

pray e rs) N t i (n e arring s

’
. . .

gwen a (n crocodil e Nt i on th e ground

'
. . .

i by (pr e ce d e s th e ag ent N ti (n . c h a rt .

aft e r a pa ss iv e v erb ) N t i ya t amb a r a r a p l a i n flat

'
.
, , ,

Ni (s impl e copula or we ak v e rb op en country .

T o B e ), is , a re . K n nnka (v to sm ell .
,

111 (ob j
infi x firs t pe r s si ng ”) me . . s tink e mit an odour or pe r
,

ni ? (abbr e via e d t form of N i ni fum e .

wh at , what e ve r ; Uj a popa wani , Kn nnka (v to sm ell per .

,

what e v e r you might b e give n . c e iv e by th e no se .

ui (locativ e t e rm i n ation to s ub N umbi (n draugh t or hau l of

.

s ta ntives h av ing th e forc e of fi sh fi sh ing lin e

,
-
.

almos t any pre pos it ion of Kn nnna (v to grumbl e .

,

plac e) . s co wl gro wl grunt pout

, , ,
.

Nia (n m ind intention (118 N nn d u n hump 1 11 ca ttl e e tc

(
°
. . . .
, , ,

pos ition h eart , . Nngnn n porcupin e . .

Nih a li (fir s t per s ing continua (v i ntr ) to

'
. . K n nnn g nnika .
,

tion te n se ) I a m s till , . grumbl e murmur complain , , .

N ili (n laundry blu e

. . Kn nunua (v to buy pur .
,

N i l i (idi omatical P art T en se of . cha se .

T o B e ) I b e ing , . Kn nnnnliwa (v p ass ) to b e . ,

N imil ete (n l emonade . . bough t .

N ina I hav e
, . Nnrn (n li gh t bri ghtn ess
.
, .

N in a (n ol d word for moth er

. . Kn nns a tumb aku (v tr , t o t ak e . .

N inga (n gre en dove . . s nu ff .

 214 S W A HILI G RA M M A R

Ny oy a (n feath e r . . K n oga ( v . to ba th e .

N yoyo , see moy o . K n ogel ea ( v . to swi m .

K n nyna (v to bite o fl .
‘

. Kn o gesh a ( v . to wa sh giv e ,

Ny uki (11 b ee . . a ba th to .

N ya m a b ehind , after ward s, Kn ogopa (v . t o fea r ,

be
lat e r back back ward s , ,
. afraid .

N ya ma ya (ad v after .
,
K n oka ( v . to bake roas t , .

be hind a t th e back of , . K n okoa ( v . to sav e d e liv e r , ,

N ynmb a (n hou se cot ta g e .

, ,
pre s e rv e .

villa bungal ow , . Kn ekoka ( v to b e sav ed .

,

Nynmb n (n mul e . . e s cape .

yumbu bara (n wild eb eest e . .

Kn okot a ( v to pic k u p . .
~

N y undo (n hamm e r . . rak e tog e th e r indi v id ua l ,

Ny ungn (n c ook i ng po t . . articles .

N y a ni (n bi rd . . Ol e (n 7 ) ( al so wel e) woe fat e

.
, , ,

to suck d ra w G od s orda ining or appointing

’
K n nyun y a (v .
, .

out by suction . Ol e mbwa ngu wo e is

K n nyu nyiz a (v to sprink l e . . me alas, .

N yn shi (n e y ebro ws . . K n ol ea ( v to floa t . .

N yuta (pl of nta ) . . K n ol esha ( v to float or s ai l a .

N y we l e (n 7 p l ) hair ; Unywel e .
, , ,
boat .

a s ingl e h air . K n ol ez a ( v to mak e to s wim . .

N winywi or Nywinywi (pron ) , ,

Kn emba ( v to pray b e g .
, ,

a sk for be see ch
y e , y o u (pl ) .
,
.

Nz ao (n . bul l oc k cal f , . K n omb ea ( v to pray for .

,

N z i (n a fly inte rced e
’
. . .

N z ige (n . locu st . Kn om sk s ( v to s tick i n . .

N z io (n . a large wat e r j ar -
. Omo for ward i n th e for e ,

pa rt of a v essel .

K n omoa ( v to s poil by .

s oa kin g to bri n g to land ,

.

Kn ona ( v to se e find .
, ,

-
0 ( va r pose . . su f .
) (abbr e v form . obse rv e fe el ; Kn ona haya ,

of ako) thy -

, .
(v . to fee l as ham ed .

K n ca ( v to l ook be hold .
, ,
K n j iona ( v re f ) to think on e se lf . .

direct ey es . to b e boas t , .

Kn ea ( v t o marry (said of. Kn onana ( v re f ) to m ee t se e .

, ,

th e brid e groom ) : K n e l ewa o ne anoth e r .

( v pa ss ) to b e marri e d (said
.
,
K n oneka na ( v to b e v isibl e .
,

of th e brid e) . a pp e ar b e see n kno wn

, , .

K n o ama ( v to b e soak e d or . Kn en d a ( v to tas te t ry .

, ,

s te epe d s wel l in wa te r or b e
,
te mpt .

com e s oft . Kn ond oa ( v to take a wa y .

,

K n oa ma na ( v to brea k up .
,
r emove .

d isin te gra te through b eing ,

K n ond oka ( v to get u p go .
,

s tee pe d . a way d epar t s ta rt appea r on

, , ,

K n oa mi sh a ( v to s o f ten .
,
th e s ce n e .

s te e p in wat e r soak ,
. K n ond ol ea ( v to tak e .

Oga ( n fe ar co wardice
.
, . a way from .
 S WA H I L I -
ENG L I SH V O C A B U LA RY 2 15

Kn on ea ( v . to oppr ess ill ,

Kn oz a (v . to rot ,
be
trf at; Kn o n ea ma sha ka to ,
rott e n putrid spoil , ,
.

a fflict . Kn oz a ( v c ) to marry p erform . .

, ,

K n on g ea ( v tr and to ia . . marriage cer e mony ( said of

crea se be com e many or much , . o fii c ia ting p e r s on or par e nt s ,

Kn ongez a ( v to add ia .
,
guardian s) .

cr ea s e augm ent ,
.

Kn o ngez ek a ( v to b e capabl e .

of incr ea se b e come more ,

.

Kn ongca ( v to s ooth e to .
, Pa ( var . of (8th c l con .

l ull a ch ild l e ad g ently , , cord ) .

p ea c . . Pa ( pro no ml .
pa rtic l c , 8th it ,

Kn ongo ka ( v n ) to b c conve r te d .
, , plac e .

b e l e d arigh t to turn out well , . Kn pa (v . to giv e give to ,

Kn ongok ewa to b e bl ess e d , .

( re quir e s indir e ct obj particl e .

K n ongopa ( v to l ie to .
,
to conj ugated wit h i t )
be .

t e ll lie s . Pa a ( n . g a z ell e ; ( n s id e .

K n ongoz a ( v to l ead take .

,
of sIOping roof roof , .

th e l e ad dir e ct guid e , , . Kn paa ( v to a sc end .

,
K n onya ( v to warn sho w .
, . moun t .

K n onya ( v to b e tran s . K n paa z a ( v t o gri nd quickly.

paren t . a nd coar sely ; J ito l a m pa az a ,

Kn ony esh a ( v to sho w indi .

, th e r e is grit or s and in my
cat e point o u t , . e y e ; Kn saga is to gri n d fin e ly .

0 0 0 ( d e r isiv e h a ha . Pad iri ( n pad re pri es t

.
, .

Oowa hu sh a b y e lullaby
,
- -

, . Pafu ( n l ung
. .

Kn opoa ( v to dra w up out . Kn paga a ( v tr ) to se i z e .

, ,

of a we ll e xtri ca t e , . po ssess .

0 rofa or Gh orof a (n 7 no .
, (Kn)pa ga ra ( v to wear .

t p s tory upp e r s tory u pp e r

a
, , charm s (h iriz i) .

chambe r .
( Kn)pa ga wa ni p epo to b e po s ,

ororo ( var
-
s oft s mooth .
, . s e s sed of d e vil .

K n o sha ( v to wa sh cl e an se .
, . Pa h al i ( n place . .

K n osh ek a ( v to b e wa sh . P aja ( n . thigh hip lap , , .

abl e . Paj i(l a nso) ( or Kipaj i cha nso) ,

K n ot a ( v to sprout grow ; .
, (n . for eh ead .

( 2) to dr e am P aka (n cat ; Paka mwitn

’
. .
,

Knj ota moto ( v to b sk or . a Paka vne wild cat , .

wa rm on esel f by fi re ; K n ota to sm ea r ( aub

’

( Kn)pa ka ( v .
, ,

j na to ba sk in th e su n
, . paint anoint rub s pread upon
, , , .

K n o ta ma ( v to sit on on e s ( Kn)pa k a z a ( v to anoint

‘

. . .

h e el s s quat crou ch , , . Pa k a ch a ( n ba sk e t mad e from

.

Kn o ta mia ( v to sit (of a . th e gr e en cocoa nut l e av e s -

.

h e n ) hatch , .
(Kn)pa ka ta ( v to tak e on th e .

o t e ( adj all (see p lap or kn ee

’
-
. . .

K n ot e a ( v to l ie in W ait .
( Kn) pa kia ( v to tak e in .

for waylay lurk , , . cargo or l oad s put on board , .

-
ovu ( va r e vil bad .
, .
( Ku)pa kna (v to se rv e up .

Oya (n smal l handful

. ,
( food ) di sh , .
21 6 S WA HI LI GRA MM A R

Pal e (d em pron ) th e r e, i n that .

, ( Ka )pa nda fara si to ri d e a horse , .

plac e (o rigl y d emon adj 8th . . . .

( Kn)pand ish a ( v to ra ise .
,

01
) promot e hoi s t u p , .

Pa l epa l e, papal e (re d u p emph a t . . P a nd a ( pl of upa nde cl .

, .

pro n far o ff ) j u s t th e r e or
, , , P anga ( n s word ( pl of . .

th en ; on that s pot at that ,

upang e cl , .

v e ry mom e nt .
( Ka )panga ( v to put or set .

( Ka )p a l ia ( v to chok e .
, out in rows put in ar ra y , ,

p erm e at e h oe dig up .
, . arrange in ord er to r en t or ,

( Kn)palil ia ( v to dig . hir e ( a hou se) .

round a growin g crop or plant .

(Ku)j ipa nga (v t o se t o n e .

( K n)pa l iwa sa nti to b e chok e d , . s e lf out t o b e aspire to b e , ,

P amba ( n cotton cotton woo l

.
, . o ste nt atiou s .

( Kn)pa mb a ( v to adorn .
, (Kn)panga na ( v to b e spr ead .

d ecorat e b e autify b ed e ck with , ,

out arrange d in ord e r
, .

ornam e nt .
( Kn)pa ngish a ( v ( l ) to mak e .

( Kn)pa mb a nish a ( v t o con . p e opl e s it in ro ws ; ( 2) to l et

t ra s t . or l ea s e ( a hou s e) to ( som e
( Kn)pa mb anna ( v
'

to d ifie r )
'

. o ne

e n tia te separat e ,
di s tinguish , P a ngo ( n . hol e , d en , cav e .

b e twe en to mak e di tin ct ,

s
( Kn)pangnsa (v . to wip e
,

from . rub .

( Kn)pa mb a nka ( v to da wn .
, (K n)panna ( v . to wid en ,
b re a k (d a y) b e gin to ge t ligh t ,
. broad e n stre tch ope n , , wid e .

( K n)pa mb a nnk a na ( v n . . P a nya ( n rat mou se .

, .

to b e contra sted with . Pa ny a mavu (n qui e t place .

,

Pa mb iz o ( n th e s urround i ng . p e ac e ful spot .

bord e r or e d g e or orn a m ent o f ( Kn)pa nz a ( v to sl ide up on .

anythin g a s a tabl e or a , , to .

building or a church pr ecincts , , . Pa n z i ( n grasshopp er cat er

.
,

P a mb iz oni
'
in we dg e pillar .

s hap e . Pa o (po ss th eir a t th ei r

.
,

Pa mpo ( n ornam e nt d ecora

.
, plac e .

tion ( of hou se) . P apa ( n s hark . .

Pa m oj a tog e th e r (l i t o ne . P apa h er e ; P a pah a pa

plac e) .
(a d v . j us t h er e on thi s ,

P amoj a na ( a d v with .
, s am e s pot .

tog eth e r with .

( K n)pa pa sa ( v to grope .
,

P an a ( se e not e on v erb T o h av e , to uch feel wi t h a l ingering

, ,

p . th ere is th e re a re ,
. t o uch .

-
pana ( va r broad wid e ; .
, ( Kn)pa pa tik a ( v to flap .

P anapana flat l e v el , ,
. th e wing s fl utt e r ,
.

(Kn)pa na ( v to give e ach .

( Kn)papa tna ( v to flourish ,
oth e r . o pe n out .

Pan d a ( n trump et . .
( Kn)pa pa tnka ( v to bl ossom . .

( Kn)pa nd a ( v to p l ant so w .
, , Pa pa y n ( n P a wa pa w fruit . .

se t . Pa pa y nk a ( v to b e ligh t .

(Kn)pa nd a ( v . t o c l i mb ,
h e ad e d d e liriou s , .

mou nt , a s ce nd . Papo ( d em pron ) th er e th e n .

, ,
2 18 SWA H ILI G RAM M A R

( Ku)p el eka ( v to
nd con wind s ; P ep en i coo l
’
. se ,

v e y tak e ( u se d
, of p er son s and wind s P aradi se , h eav en
,
.

thing s) . Pera (n . G uava .

Pel eka barua hii kwa tak e Pesa (n . pic e anna , .

thi s l e tt e r to ( Ku )pel ek a (K a )p esa (kop e) ( v to wi nk .

,

ch uoni to se nd to s chool ;
,
l nk
b i .

( Ku )p el eka mkono ( v to .
( Kn)pa ta ( v . to b e nd crook , .

touch in te rfe re wi th handl e

, , .
( Kn)peta na ( v . to b e be nt,
( K n)pel el ez a (v tr t o spy . .
, crook ed p e rv erse , .

inq u ire into e xamin e P et e ( n 3 ) rin g

’
. . .
,

P emb e ( n horn ivory tu sk pev n (var old ful l gro wn ; -

-
.
, , , .
,

corn e r .
(K n)pevnk a ( v to b e ful l .

( K n)pand a ( v to love lik e .

, , gro wn ol d ,
.

b e fon d o f wil l wi s h approv e , , , , Pez i (n 5 ) fin (of fi s h )

. .

pre fe r pi ! ( va r 1nt er wh i ch ?
'
-
. . .

( Ku )j ipend a (v to b e selfi sh .
, Pia (n top spinning top ;
.
,
-

s e lf c en tr e d s tu d y on e s o wn a l so too a s W ll a s
’
-
e
, , ,

co m f ort .
( e e not e o n ote S tudy
s -

( Kn)pend el ea ( v to Pi a pia ~ al l ove r t h rough ,

favour b e partial to choo s e

, , , out .

pr e fer .
( Kn)piga ( v to b eat strike .
, ,

( Kn)pend ez a ( v to pl ea se _
. . knock ( thi s v e rb t k es its a

( K u)j ipen d ek ez a to cour t favour , , m ean ing l argely from th e noun

b e ingratiating . it is coupl e d with : see not e 1 4 ,

P endo ( n 3 lov e wil l fond S tud y

’
.
, , ,

n e ss .
(Kn)piga bunduki to fire a gun ,

Peu gi a s ( var o th er ( plac e) .

, (Kn)piga h od i to announc e ,

h e nc e e l se wh e r e som e wh er e ,
on e s arr i va l by callin g Hodi !
’

el s e . to knock at th e door
Pengine on th e oth er ( K n)piga k ofi to slap s mit e , , ,

hand s uppo s ing in cas e

, , . s tr ik e b o x on th e e ars ( with
,

P engo ( n n o ch ga p ( b e ~ th e op e n hand ) ; ( K n)piga k ofi

' ‘
. , ,

t ween t ee th wh er e o ne is l o s t , ,
to clap hand s ; (Kn)piga marn
or spac e m a d e by fil ing ) . f nk n to prohibit ; ya m s ikiti
, ,

Pentek osito ( n P e nte cos t .

,
to e xcommunicate ; (Kn)piga
W hit s unday . pig a ( v to b eat a l it tl e ,

( Ka )p enya ( v to p e n etrate .
,
throb (Kn)piga ra g o to camp ;
'

bore into . ( Kn)pi ga randa to plan e ,

( Ku )j ipeny ez a to s qu eez e on ese lf , ( Kn)piga ntari to to w , .

into .
(K n)pigana ( v to fight .
,

P enyi ( lit a pl ac e having ) i e .

, . . cont end wr es tl e ,
.

wh e r e t h e re is or a re .
(Kn)pigany a ( v to blend .
,

P ep e ( n
’
ch a ff hu sk s
. ,
. mingl e mix , .

( Kn ipepea ( v to fan bl o w .
,
.
( Kn)pigil ia (v t o mak e a .

(Kn)pepernsh a ( v to b l ow . solid floor or roof by h e a ting

a b out blow a way
, . with larg e flat hamm e r s .

(K n)pepeta ( v t o si f t .
, (Kn)pigiz a na (v to r esembl e .
,

winnow . to b e alik e .

P epo ( n e v i l s pir it ; (n 7 Pi go ( n strok e bl o w

'
.
,
.
,
. .
 S W A H I LI -
EN G L I SH VO C A B ULA RY 21 9

( Kn)pika ( v . to c ook , boil .

(Kn)pea (v . to ge t we ll ,
Pili ( num . re cover ( Ku)pce moto ( v two ( in count . .

ing) ; a pil i ( var -

th e to be co m e cool lose h eart .
, .

se cond th e oth e r , ( Kn)pof nk a ( v to b e s poil e d ;

. .

Pil ipil i ( n p eppe r ; Pilip il i

.
( Kn)pof nka ma to to b e bl i nd , .

manga b l a c k ( A ra b ia n) p e ppe r
,
Pojo ( n s pe ci es of s ma ll pe a or , .

P ili p il i h okh o red ( African ) v etch , .

pe pp er .
( Kn)poka ( v to d epri ve b e .
,

( Kn)prma ( v to m ea sure r eave

.
,
.

we igh tak e m ea s ur e m ent s of

, ( Kn)pok ea ( v to rec e ive take . .
, ,

(Kn)pimwa ( v pa s to b e ac ce pt . . .

m eas ure d for ( coat (Kn)pokony a ( v to de priv e of ,

.

( Kn)pind a ( v to b end . by force take or sna tch from .

, ,

( Kn)pinda ma na to b e be nt s poil rob d is po sse ss

, , , ,
.

curved crook e d P ol e ! I hope you will s oon b e

'
.
,

Pindi ( n appoin ted tim e

. b e tte r ! ( sympathy conv ey e d by
wh en at s uch tim e as ton e of voice )
, ,
.

s o long a s whil e ,
pol e ( var g e ntl e qui e t
.
-
.
, ,

P indo ( n bord e r of garm en t

. mild m ee k , , .

ge nera l l y e m b ro id ere d se l ve d ge P ol ep ol e g e ntly m e e k l y .

' '

, ,

( K n)pind na ( v to ove rturn k indly qui e tly s lo wly softly

.
, , , , ,

u pse t tur n u p s id e do wn
,
e a s ily y i e lding -
. .

Pind wani ( inv crook ed P omb e ( n into xi cant mad e

'
. .
,

pe rve rs e moral ly obl iqu e ,

fro m grain or fruit . .

( Kn)pinga (v to h in d e r P omb oo ( n porpois e '

. . .
,

th wart oppose r ej e ct with

, ( Kn)pomosh a ( v to ca st do wn
, , .
,

s tand . throw do wn .

(Kn)pinga ma na na to b e con ( Kn)pona ( v to get well

tra ry to o ppose d t
, .
,

o ,
pull t h rough or ge t ove r ( an .

Pingn ( n fet te r shackles

. illn ess) to get through safe ly , , , ,

h a nd e ufls ; charm ta lis man

'

to re cov er es cap e , , .

(s ee b iriz i ) .
( Kn)pond a ( v to pound cru sh .
, ,
P ipa ( n . barr e l t ub be at bruise wound , .
, , .

Pirimb i ( n flute pip e .

( Kn)p ond a ponda ( v to re
,
.
-
.

(Ru )p iah s ( v to make room . d uce to po wd er break by pr es ,

for o ne to pass s ur e be at continuou s ly

.
, .

P i shi ( n dry good s m e as ure P ondo ( n punting pole '

-
. . .
,

a b out two quart s Pongoz i ( n se a mon s te r. .

-
.

( Ka )pita (see d e gr ee s of com ( Ka) pony a ( v to d elive r .

,

pariso n S tudy X V I ) ( v
, r escu e sa ve . .
, .

to pa ss pas s by s urpa ss e xce l

, ( Kn)pony oka ( v , to slip o ut of , . .

( Kn)pitili wa ( v pa s a ppd ) to on e s hand e scape ’

.
. .
, , .

b e ove rlook ed pas s e d by ne g P opo ( n bat butterfly '

, , .
, .

l ec ted . Popoo ( n areca nut .

-
.

( Kn)pitish a ( v to c irc u ( Kn)pooz a ( v . to b e with ered .

paral y sed pals i ed

,
l at e ; pitish a mka t e pass th e , , .

bread .
(Kn)popota ( v to bre ak s nap .
, ,

po ( re l particl e 8th
. W h e re brea k to pie ce s , , .

wh e n ? Popot e (comp t ad any (pl a c e) .

220 S WA HILI GRAMM A R

wha tso ev er , any wh e r e at any P umba ( n h a ndful

'

.
, .

tim e .
(Kn)pnmb a a (v to b e foolish .
,

( Kn)popotoa ( v . to s tra i n , we ak s tupi d ; to dri v e l b e

, ,

prain
s , wrin g , twis t . s poil e d .

Peri ( n . lon g ta n gl ed forest ; (Kuj i)pumb a niz a ( v to mak e .

Kntob oa porini to ge t out of light of .

th e wood . a n (n l ung dise a se of

.
,

( Kn)posa ( v . to b etro tl i , l ungs (g e n e rally a sthma ) .

espouse a sk in marri a g e . .
( K n)pnmu a ( v to br ea th e .
,

Posho ( n food mon e y ration s

.
-

, , r es t r e cove r bre ath

, .

allo wanc e of provi s ion s .

( K u)j ipumnz a ( v to b e a t .

( K a )p ota ( v to b end ; to . r es t .

s tr i n g a b o w .
(v to tak e .

Pot e ( var a dj all ev ery (8 th cl res t breath e h eavily

'
.
.
, , .

concord ) ; P ote (n 7 b ow .
, (v to ca s e .
,

s tring s . giv e r es t to rest , .

( Kn)potea ( v to b e lo st err .
, , P nmz i ( n
'
br eath br e a th ing
.
, .

go a s tray p e ri sh , . P nn d a ( n
'

a s s donk e y ; Pnnd a
.
,

( Kn)potek a ( v t o b e b ent ; to . milia ( n z ebra . .

b e wel l s trung (b ow) . P un d e

'
a l ittl e ; P nnd e ’

K n)potel ea mbali ( v to . hata p nnd e ; e very now and

’

b e lo s t for e v e r gon e out of ,

again e v e ry mom ent
, .

r each al tog eth er .

(Kn)pnngnz a p nn d e k n j u st to '

( Kn)po tez a ( v tr a n d to lose . .

, s te p s hort of

wa st e ruin (moral l y )
,
l ead , ( Kn)pnn ga ( v to f a n wave .
, ,

a stray . s wing ( a s arm s in walking ) .

(Kn)potoa ( v to pe rv ert d is .
, (Kn)pnn gia (mkono) ( v .

tort d isfi gu re l e ad a st ra y mak e

, , , to b eckon to .

crook ed ; ( v s ub ) to un s tring .
, (Kn)pnngua ( v to be com e .

a bow . l ess dimini sh abat e d ecr e a se

, , ,

Po toe (inv adj perv erse c roo k e d ( in numbe r)

’
. .
.
,

( Kn)po tok a ( v to turn from . P an ga an i ( n hal f c as te .

,

righ t course b e p erv erse ,

. hy b ri d .

Pova (n 3 ) foam froth s cum

.
, , .
( Kn)pnngnk a ( v to fal l short .
,

( K n)poz a ( v to h e al to mak e .
,
b e wanting b e d e fici e nt b e , ,

well ( said of Go d ) cool , . b elo w th e standard to d e cr ea s e

P ua ( n no se stee l ( in quantity )
'
. .
.
,

( Kn)pnj na ( v gra z e scratch .

,
Knpu ngukiwa ni to l ack b e s h ort , ,

s lig h tl y . of b e in wan t of
, .

(K n)pnj uk a ( v t o b e gra z e d .
( Kn )pnngnz a ( v to l esse n .
,

( of th e s kin ) l o se s elf r esp e ct ,

-
. dimini sh .

P nknpnk n ( n wa sting d i se a se . . P upa ( n ha ste e ag ern ess

.
, .

( K n )p nk nl ika ( v to w ith er .
, ( Kn)purnka ( v to fly fly .
,

drop o ff .
a way .

(K a )pa k a sa (v to rub be t ween .

( Kn)purnk ush a ( v to postpon e .
,

h and s crumbl e thro w o ff to

, , ,
procra stinat e slight d rive o ff , , .

s h ed ( fruit ) .
(Ku)j ipnru knsh a (v to b e .

(K n)pnl iki z a (v to attend .

,
s lack d es u l tory
, ca sual to set , ,

listen to .
ligh tly by .
 222 S W A HILI G RA M M A R

loose ,
be i n a ba tt er ed con ta r oho to br e ath e on e s l ast
,
’

dition .
( br e ath ) .

Reh ema ( n m ercy compa ss ion Rohoni par t of an i mal s throat cut
’
.
, , ,

p i ty . in sl aught e ring .

(K n)reh emn ( v . to hav e pity Roho M ta ka tif n Hol y S p ir it ,

.

or m ercy on take compass ion ,

Rojo ( n . se dim e nt dr eg s , .

on . B okham ( n alaba ster . .

( K n)reh emea ( v to hav e .

( Ku)roromok a (v to spread .

pi ty sho w m e rcy f o r ( not to)

, .
( ov e r a s urfac e ) di ffu se run , , .

Rajar aja ( adv r e tail K nnz a . Ro sha ni ( n bal cony ov er .

,

rej a rej a to se ll r e tail , . hangin g v e randah .

(Ku )rej ea ( v to r etur n go .

,
Rua z a ( n patt ern m odel
.
, .

or com e back . Rnb a ni ( n pil ot guid e

. .

(Ku)rej esa t o g ive back , (Ku)r nd i ( v to go or com e .

r e pay . back r e turn r e tir e s hri nk ( of

, , ,

Ria k a ( n qu ive r . . cloth es etc ) (v tr ) to puni sh

, . . .
,

B iali ( n dollar (2 rup ees)

. . cha s ti se .

B iba ( n i n t ere st u s ury

.
, , (Ku)rnd ish a ( v t o dra w back .
,

cov e tou sn e ss love of gain ,

. give back r et urn , .

( K a )ri d h i ( v to pl ea se . .
(K u)rnf ukn ( v to proh ib i t .
,

( Kn)rid hia ( v to gran t to .

,
r efu se (see ma rnf nkn) .

b e pl ea s e d comply wi th a o , ,
Rugurugu ( n s welling . .

qu iesc e in . Rnh nsa Rukh nsa B a kh sa ( n

, , .

(Ku )rid hish a (v to gi ve satis . l e av e p ermi ssion l ib erty

, , .

faction cau s e to acc ept ( Ku )rnk a ( v tr and to l eap

'

,
. . .
,

Rihani ( n ba sil . . j ump fly s prin g skip l eav e

, , , ,

Rima ( n large pit ( for catching

. o u t ( in r e ading ,

wild animal s) ( Ku )rnk wa ni akili to b e d e prived

'
. .

Rinda (n s kirt . . of on e s sen ses ( by a blo w) b e

’
,

( K n)rin ga ( v to r ejoi c e .
,
s tunn e d .

triumph e xult , .
(Ku)rnk iz a ( v
'
to omi t pa ss .
,
Rika (n an e qual
. . o ve r skip
, .

Ri sala ( n m essag e . .
(Ku)rnnd a ( v to b e stun ted .

Ri s a s i ( n l ead bull et ba l l
.
, , , in gro wth .

s hot . Rnngu ( n c l ub .sta f f knob , ,

Ri san ( n s mal l s ho t . . k e rry shil le lagh bl und e rb uss

, , .

( K n)rithi ( v to i nh e ri t . . Rupia ( n rup ee . .

( Kn)riy a riy a ( v to k e ep .
( K u)rn sh a to th ro w in to
loo king in one direct ion k e e p ,
th e air thro w ove r d e s ert
, , ,

on e s e y e on a th ing
’
. ca s t o ff ( Ku )rnsh a maj i to ,

Riz k i(riz iki ) (n common neces . s p l a sh .

s a rie s of dail y l ife . B us h wa ru sh ua (n

, bribe . .

Rob oo ( n quart e r quart e r of

.
,
Rntnb a ( n moi st ure damp
.
,

a dollar ( half rup ee) ; Ka su ro s oil h um i dity

, .

boo o ne l ess a quart e r ( h e nce

, ( Ku )rnz a ( v t o giv e up a s
.

thr ee quart e rs ) -
. impo ss ibl e .

B oho ( n s pirit soul l ife im

.
, , , ( K u)rnz nkn ( v t o suppl y .

mortal part of man di spo s ition , , with th e n e c essarie s of l ife .

s pirit principl e of life ; K n ka ~

, ( )
 S WA HILI ENG LIS H V O C A BULA RY -
223

( Kn)sa gika ( v . to b e brui s ed .

S a ha la ( n . f a c il itv , e vi ty , l
8a ( inte rj ) Y es ( s ir ?) l h er e I am ! ligh tn e ss .

Saa ( n .hour tim e watch , , , ( K n)sa h a lika to b e rel x ed (v . a .

clock ; Sa a nga p i ? W hat t im e ? S ahani ( n pla te di sh .

, .

( Kn)saa ( to rema in b e l e ft
v .
,
.
( K n)sa h a n ( v to forge t ; ( Kn) .

Sa a m n i ( n te a thing s u t e n .
-

, sa h a nliwa ( v pa s s ) to b e for .
,

s il s (se c S a ma n i ) . gotte n .

S aba a ( inv num adj s e ven ;

. .
(K nj i) sa h an1iz a (v to forg e t .

a s aba a th e s e v e nth on e s se l f
’
-
.
, .

Sa b aa ta a sh a ra (num s ev e n .
( Kn)s ah a nz a ( v to mak e .

t ee n . oblivious of .

Sab a b d (n cau se r ea son K wa

.
, 8 1 h ib n (n friend . .

sa b a b u ya be ca use of by r ea s on , , S a h ibi ( n s ignatur e sanct i on

. ,

of . co rrect righ t auth e ntic , , .

( Kwa ) sab a b u ( g a ni) ! F or wh at S ai d i ( n prince s ul tan ki ng

.
, , ,

caus e ? wh y ? lord .

( K n)sa b a h i ( v to gree t or .
(K n)sa id ia ( v to h elp a ssi st .
, ,

pay resp ect s to in th e morning . aid succo ur

, .

S a b a tn ( n S abbath . .
( K n)sa id ia na ( v to h el p .

S a b nini ( num se v e nty . . e ac h oth e r .

Sa b nni ( n soap . . Sa id ina o u r L ord your maj e s ty

, , .

S ab uri (als o sabira) ( n .

( Kn)s a ili ( v tr ) to qu e s tion in . .
,

pati e nce forb earanc e ,

en , terro ga te .

duranc e p er se ve rance .
. S a ka f n (n b eaten floor or roof
.

S a d a ( see ms aada ) ; ( K u)j a a l ia or pavem ent .

s ada to gran t h e lp or gra ce

, . Sa ka ra menti ( n sacram e nt . .

Sa dh ab n ( n ani se ed . . Sa l e (11
. pray e r l iturgical
.
,

S adaka ( n s acrific e alm s.

, , formal pray er ( in th e se n se
ofle ring
'

. of adoration rath er than of

( Kn)sa diki ( v . to b li e ve e , pe tition ) .

credit . S alala ! ( inte rj Wh at n ext !

S a d iki ( adj cre dibl e t ruth .
, S a l ama ( n s afety p e a ce we l
.
, ,

ful . fare we ll being ;

, s afe -

S a fari ( 11 journey voyag e

.
,
. wel l al l right ; ( K n)weka sa
,

Sa fi ( Swa fi ) ( inv cl e an pur e .

, , lama to k ee p sa fe ly
, .

guil el es s ing e nuou s n et . ,

S alamu ( 11 3 ) ( origly s afe ty . .
,

( we ight ) . pe ac e pr ese rv tion d e live r

,
a ,

(K n)sa fl( v ( K a ) sa d aha ( v . . anc ) gr ee ting co mplim e nt s

e , , ,

to cl e an cl e an se purify r fin e, , . e . kind re gard s .

( Kn)sa firi ( v trm e l t k e ( Ku ) sali ( v to sa y pray er s

“

.
, a .
,

a journ e y s tart on a journ e y , , pray .

se t out .
( Kn)sa l ia ( v to r emain .

Sa f n ( n ro w li n e Lo s t army
.
, , , , ove r ( u s ed intran sitive ly ) .

rank .
( K n)sa1ib n ( v to crucify ; .

Sa f nra ( n An aemia drop sy

.
, .
( Kn)sa lib iwa ( v pass ) to b e .
,

(K n)sa ga ( v to grind r educe .

, cruc ifi ed .

to po wd er ; J iwe la k nsa gia , S alihi (in v good j u s t .

, ,

grind sto n e . righ te ou s .

224 S WA HI LI GRA M M A R

(Kn)salimika ( v to b e sa fe . Sa ra ma l a rp en te r join er
(n . ca , ,

(sai d of th e sou l wh e n dying ) . wh e el wright cabi net mak e r , .

( K n) sa limn ( salimia ) ( v to . S arara loin .

gre e t nd gr ee ting s to
, se S ar e (J ina 1a sa r e) s urnam e , .

Nisalimi a fulan i give my compli , S a rnf ( n grammar

. .

m e nt s to ( so and so ) . S a sa n o w at th is t i m e a t , ,

( K n)sa1iti ( v to be tray .
,
prese nt ; Sa s a h ivi im
mingl e . m e diat ely d ir e ctly at onc e , , ,

( K n)salish a ( v to mak e pray .

, pres e n tly j us t no w , .

,
b y r ea ding l e ading or ta king , ( Kn) sa sa ny a ( v to gath e r . .

pray e r s . S a tn ( n python se rpe nt

.
, .

(Kn)sa ll imn ( v to surrend e r .

, Sa nmu ( n fa s ting abs tin ence
.
,

con secrat e . from l iquid s thir s t Lent , , .

S ama d i ( n man ur e dun g

.
, . S anti ( n voic e s ound tu ne
. , , .

S amaki ( n fi sh ; Sa maki wa
. S awa ( adj e qual r i ght c orr e c t , , ,

knk a nga fri e d fi sh (s ee vna ) s traight j u s t

'

, .
, .

S ama ni ( n tool s ut en sil s

.
, , (Kn)s a wa nish a , (Kn)sawa ny iz a
house hol d thing s . to put straight or right ,

S ama wi blu e s k y blu e ,

-
. ( q ua l iz e l ev e l m ak e al ik e
, , .

S a ma wa ti (n s ki es h e av e n s .
, . S a wa sa wa (ad j alike j ust .
,

S a mbamb a wit h a train , th e same e v e n l e ve l , , .

or follo win g in l in e in rank , , ( Kn)saz a ( v to l eav e over .

,

( a s soldi e rs ) . cau se to r emain ; Ka s az a k n

Sambo ( n v essel
. .
(fa ) to b e almos t ( d e ad ) ;
,

( Kn)sameh e ( v to forgiv e .
,
K ns az a ik d ogo na to b e almos t ,

pardon e xcu s e ,
. e ntir e ly .

S a ml i ( n clarifi ed but te r
. . Seb nl e ( n pr iva te room
.
,

S ana ( int en sifying adve rb ) v e ry , , se parat e d l obby n e ar e ntranc e .

a great d e al much e tc , , . Seh emn ( n portion share p a rt

.
, ,
.

S ana a ( n Art craft handi

.
, ,
Sek enek o ( n syphili s . .

craft skill ed work

, .
( Ku)sel eh i ( v to b e serv ic e .

S anam a ( n idol i mag e pic

.
, ,
abl e b e o f u se
, .

turc .
( Ka )sema ( v to sa y spe ak .
,

S anda ( n s hroud
. wi nd in g , (v . to m ention acc u e t e ll ,
s ,

s h ee t . tal es of d e nounce ; ( Kn)sema

,

S andali ( n sa ndal wood. . u wong o to t e ll l i es ; ( Ku)ji

,

Sand a rnsi ( n gum copal .

-
. s emea ( v to m e dita t e
.
,

S and uku ( n box ch e s t ca se.

, , ,
mu se talk idly com plain
, ,

ch e s t o f d ra we rs etc
- -

, . K n)semeka ( v to b e sa id . ,

( Kn)sa ng aa ( v to b e per . be s ayabl e ( Ku)j isemez a na

pl e x e d b e in a di l e mma
, , (v . to ta lk tog e th e r .

e mbarra ssed to s tand s till , , ( Kn)sengeny a ( v to s land e r .

,

from doubt or a stoni s hm e nt . backbit e .

( Kn)sa nii ( v to fa shion with . Serika l i ( n th e gov e rn me nt

. .

s kill , e laborat e work d e x ,

o
Ser a ji ( n s ad dl e
. .

te ro nsl y .
(Ku )seseteka ( v to r eel .
,

S anturi ( n . harp mu sical b o x , . s tagg e r .

S arafa ( n . e xchang e ( mon e y ) . Sh a ab a n ( n e l e v e nth.

Sa rah a ngi ( n . firs t mate mon th in M oh a mmed a n y ear .

226 S W A HI LI GRA M M A R

t o fin ish ; A meshil iz wa h is , i
Sh a a r ( shuwa r ) (n ca m i . l .

e duca t i on h as be e n compl e t ed .
(Ku )sh uh ud ia ( v Ku .

Shimo ( n hol e hol l ow pit

.
, , , sh uh nd u ( v K ush uh udiz a .

cavi ty c ell , .
(v . to w n ess or t es ify to , it t
Shins ( n root t ru nk
.
, . b e ar wi tn ess .

Sh i n d a ( in v h al f full .
,
Sh uh ul i sh a gh a l i ( n
, bu si .

par tl y full hal f e mpty , . n ess occupation e mpl oym e n t ;

, ,

( Ku)sh ind a (se e not e on S tudy Hana sh uh uli h e is j ust th e

X V I) .
(v
to conqu er su r .
,
o ne .

pa ss e xcel be at ; ( v
,
to , .
(Ku)sh uh ul ik a ( v to b e .

s tay r e main pa ss ( tim e) pay a

, , , presse d with busin ess, b e o c c u
vi sit sp end th e d a y
, . pi ed .

(Ku)shind a mana ( v to b e . Sh uj a a (n . warr i or , brav e

compact fitting c l ose i nto each
,
man h ero champ ion , , .

oth e r . Sh a k a ( n 3 and length of .

(Ku) shind a na ( v to c om . cloth ( four hand s) loin cloth , ,

pl ete di s put e cont end to

, , . s h e et .

(Ku)sh indik a ( v to shut to .

, (Ku)sh nka ( v to go or .

to clo se ( door without fa st e n com e do wn d es c end ge t o u t , , ,

ing ) press ( use d of e xt racting

,
alight ; ( Ku)sh ush a ( v to .

veg e tabl e oi l and bottling l et do wn put do wn se nd do wn , ,

m in e ra l waters) . Kush ush a p umz i to br e ath e

'
,

( Ku)shindikiz a ( v to a ecom . d eep .

pany part of th e wa y . Shuk e ( n ea r of corn . .

(Ku)sh ind ili a ( v prepl to press . Sh ukm a ni ( n prai se thank s

'

.
,

do wn compress , . giving .

( Ku)shind ua (v to op en .
, ( Ku )sh uk uru ( v to g i v e .

undo . thank s worship h av e pray ers , ,

Sh ingo (n 3 and n eck. .

(Ku)sh ukuri sh a ( v to con .

( Ku )sh iriki (see shariki) . duct wors hip or pra y ers .

Knshi taki ( v to accu se .

, ( Ku)sh nru tiz a (ku sh a rutiz a ) ( v .

charge with wrong doing -

. to con strain comp e l pe r , ,

(Ku)sh ituka ( see ku sh utuk a ) . s uad e .

Shoka ( n a xe ha tch e t
.
, .
( Ka )sh a tuka ( v to sta r t .
,

Sh ok oa ( n force d l abour .
,
mov e sudd e nly .

compul sion .
( Ku)sh u tumu ( v to r eproach .
,

Sh ok ol e (n . eel . r e vil e i n s ul t , .

Sh omoro (n parro w . s . Si (ne g s impl e copu l a s i ng and

.
,
.

( Ka )shon a ( v s e w m e nd .
, .
( h e sh e it ) is not ( th ey ) , ,

( Ku) sh onewa ( v prepl pa ss ) to . .

,
a re no t .

b e se wn for h av e mad e for o ne , . Si ( 1 st p ing neg strong v erb . s . .

,

( Ku)sh onoka ( v to be com e . to b e),I am not .

uns e wn .
-
si ( ne g not M t u a siy a
. .
'

( K u)sh onua ( v t o unpick .

,
kwao man with no hom e , .

u n s titch undo , . Si afu ( n s ol di e r ant bit i ng

.
-

,
S hor e ( n 5) s wa l lo w
.
. ant .

S hoto (short form of kush oto

) ,
S iagi (n . bu tte r .

l e ft hand ed
-
. S ia la ( n . qu estion .

(K a )shu a ( v to l aunch . . i
S a m , s ee Z ia ra .
 S WAHILI ENGLI S H -
V O C A BULA RY 227

Sib e b a (n . see Sa hab a . i

S ma (n In d . i a n corn po rridge-
.

Sif a (n . praise commendati on ,

to s tand , ( Ku)sima ma ( v .

fam e reputation ,
up s ta nd stil l rise s top (as of
.
, , ,

(K a ) si fa ( v to pra ise .com machin e ry ) , .

m end (Ku )sifi wa ( v pass ) to (Ku )sima mia ( v to s upe r

. , .

b e praise d . v ise su p e rint en d oversee , , ,

v to bo st sound s tand u p f o r es pou se cau se of

( )j
K u is if u ( a .
, , .

on e s o wn praise s (Ku) simami sh a ( v to e s tab

’
. .

Bif uri ( n c opp e r

. l is h set upri ght mak e st a n d
.
, ,

Sif tu ia (see Sa fari s ) ( n

'
s auc e up , . .

pa n pot ( primarily of coppe r)

,
Simanz i ( n grie f sorro w . .
, .

( Ku )sihi ( v to be see ch ini

. S imba (n l ion S imba , .

plote b e g ; Na ku sih i if you

,
M arara man e ating hy aena , ,
-

pl eas e .
(s trip ed ) .

s ij e ( v e r inf ) l e s t ( fol lo we d by
. S im e ( n
,
s word s cimitar .
, .

Ks te n se)
. . Simi e qual s si mim i ; Simi n a yo ,

S iki (n vin e gar

. I hav e not . .

( Ku)siki a ( v to h ear fee l b e ( Ku)simika ( v

. to er ect se t , , .
,

se ns ibl e or con s ciou s of tak e up , .

in compre h end obe y

,
Simo ( n ,prov erb parabl e by . .
,

( Ku )sikil ika ( v to b e audibl e word . A lso ve rb to b e wit h .

with dif ficulty s uffi x I am not in it or con

.
,

K
( ) u s ikil ik a n a ( v to b e n ec ted W ith it . .

a u d ib l e b e h e a rd ( al l roun d )
,
Simn ( n e l e ctric wi r e te l e , .
,

c om e to b e known phon e t el eg raph cabl e ; Ku .

, ,

(Ku)s ikitika ( v to b e sorry p iga s imu to te l e phon e etc

.
, , ,
.

re gre t gri ev e mourn ,

S indano ( n , n eed l e . . .

( Ku)siki tikiwa ( v pas s ) to b e S ing a ( n hair (of animal s )

.
, . .

lam e nt ed or pitie d S ingi z a ( singiz ia ) ( v . to .

( Ku)siki z a ( v to h eark en . s lan de r calumniate accuse , , , ,

li s te n . s u sp e ct .

S iku ( n day (24 hours) ; S iku S in ia ( n

. tray salve r .
, .

k uu gre at day fe s tival fe te

'

, ( K u)siny aa ( v , to with e r ,
.
.
,

S iku k wa s iku e v ery no w wrinkl e .

and th e n int e rmitt e ntly fi t , (Ku )sinz ia ( v to sl umb e r , .

,

fully . do z e b e dro wsy , .

Siku ha ta s iku day by d a y ( Ku )sinz ilia ( v to l ook , .

regularly da ily day aft e r day ,

as kan ce at watch s u s piciou sly
, .
,
.

e v e ry day s ipo ( v in f ) e xce pt if

( Kil l a )siku -
.
, ,
.

S ikn h iz i no waday s ( K u) sira sira ( v to s camp -

.

Sik uz oté al way s ( work ) t rifl e with .

, .

S iku bi yo onc e upon a time Siri ( u se cre t my st e ry . .

, .

Sil a h a ( n we apon arm s .

( Ku )s isimka ( v to s hudd r
,
. . e

S ili sili ( n cha in . thri ll tre m b l e .

, .

( K u)silimu ( v to ca pit a (Ku )sisitiz a ( v

. to e njoin .
,

late ; Rus alin a Kiswah il i to charg e p re s u pon to e ntr at , , ,

e .

be com e M ohamme dan ; Knsa S ita ( inv num s ix . .

l imu Kima sh ia to be com e ( Ka )sita ( v , to h esita t e .

,

C hris tia n . doubt .

228 S wA HILi GRAM M A R

Sita a sh ara ( inv . num .

(Ku)sond a (v . to s u ck .

six teen .
( Ku) songa ( v to pr ess crowd .
, ,

Sita d i s k il ful , e xp er t , close up oppress squ eez e , , ,

cl e v e r . chok e plait ( hair ) ,

.

Sitah a (n . poli t e n ess d e ck of , (Ku)songa na ( v to thron g .

,
a v e ssel . j os tl e .

( Ku)sita h a b u vid e ,
Sta h a b u .
( Ku)songea ( v to ap .

( Ku)sitah amili ( v . to en proach co m e n e ar to , .

d ur e be ,
pa ti ent be ar sufi e r , ,
'

.
(Ku)songez a (v to bring n ea r .

( Ku)sil ah i (v to resp ect .

,
to.

rever e n ce honour , .
(Ku)songoa ( v to stran gl e .
,

(K u)sita hili (v intr to b e . . su ff ocat e .

worthy d eserving d ese rv e

, , , (Ku)sonona ( v to b e r es t .

m e rit . l es s un e a s y
, .

S itara ( n cov e ri ng cloak

.
, , Sononek o ( n grie f pain nu .
, ,

secre t plac e ; protection for e a si n ess .

fault s .
(Ku)sony a (v to s ee m d is .
,

( Ku) sitareh e ( v to b e a t . d ain mak e mocking s ound a t

, ,

e a se a t l e i s ur e at r e s t
, ,
. pooh p ooh to d ra w up th e l ips
-

,
S it a r eh e ! do not di sturb your in di sgus t .

s el f ! pray do no t get up ! ( s ai d S ote al l ( of us ) .

to those i n sid e hou se by pe r son ( Ku)soz a ( v to touch strik e .

, ,

e n ter i ng) . hit .

S i l awa ( n pros p eri ty abun , (Ku)soz a na ( v to jos tl e .

,

da n ce . collid e .

( Ku )sita wi ( v to flouri sh .
, ( Ku)stah ab n ( v to choo se .
,

pros p er gro w s ucce ed , ,

. prefe r .

( Ku)sita wish a ( v to mak e . S t a mbul (n C on stant i .

su ccee d or do wel l . n o pl e .

S iti ( n . virgi n . S ub il i ( n aloe . .

Sitiini ( inv n um si xt y
. . . Sub ira ( n pati en ce . .

( Ku)sitiri ( v to hid e cove r .

, , ( Ku)su b iri (v to ha v e .

prot e ct d e fend , . pati e nc e wait , .

( Ku)sitirik a ( v to b e hidd en .
, ( Ka )sa bu ( v to sm el t c a st .
, .

conc e al ed .
( Ku)sub nrish a na ( v to e x .

S in z a ( lit don t a sk about ) much

.
’
, hort mutually to p a ti e nc e .

more much l ess

,
.
(K u)sub utu ( v to d ar e .
,

S iyo sivy o ( adv n e g ) no no t

, .
,
h ave courage .

so , not th us ( th ese a re not S ufi ( n wool

.

th e y ) . S af a ri ( n copp e r . .

Soko ( n mark et ba z aar

.
,
. Su f u ria ( n coppe r sa u c epan . .

(Ku )sok ota ( v to plait spi n .

, , ( Ku)sugua ( v to rub s crub .
, ,

we av e t wi s t t win e
, , . s cour poli s h by rubbing
, .

( Ka )som a ( v to read go to .
, ( Ku )suj nd n to wors hip b o w , ,

s chool s tudy , . down to .

(Ku)somesh a ( v to teach ( to .
(Ku)s uk a (v to pl ai t t wis t .
, ,

r ead ) in s truct
, . s pin we av e , .

S ome ( n read ing l ess on (n

. .
( Ku)suka suka ( v to shak e -
.

frie nd chum (na mesa ke)

, . about tr e mble sway , , .
230 S WA HILI GRA M M AR

( Ku)ia f uta ( v to seek or . T a ka to (n . ch astity , c l ea nli

l ook for se arch i nve stiga te , , , n e s s, puri ty .

e xam in e . T a ki a (n footstool cu sh ion

.
, ,

( Ku)ta ga ( v to l ay ( e gg s) . . T alaka ( n divorc e . .

T aga a ( n 7 ,
'
. s e t m s branch es , . T a l a simu ( n amul et charm .
, ,

( Ku ) l a gua ( v . t o choose , tal i sman phylac t ery , .

l ct
e e .
( Ku) la l iz a ( v to pl as te r to .
,

T a h a b ih n ( Ku tia ), to flouri sh , daub .

s word . T ama ( n en d f i ni s i t is
.
, ,

( Ku )iah a dh a ri ( v . i n tr . to fini sh e d ; T ani a (n ch e ck .

b e ware to tak e h eed e

, ,
on T ama ( n
'
r e fuse rubbish .
, ,

on e s guar d to avoi d
’
,
. s wee pings o fls c o urings .
'

T ahara ( n circumci sion . .

( Ku )l ama ( v to mov e ( from .

(K u)l a h a rnki ( v to b e . o ne hou s e to anoth er ) e mi ,

e xcite d by an g e r b e d i s may e d , , grate ; ( v to com e to an .

b e v exe d . en d : ( Kush ika )ta ma ( v .

( Kuj ta h a y a ri ( v to b e . to m editat e r efl e ct b e s il en t .
,

a sham e d .
( l it to hol d th e ch e e k )
.
, .

( K u)j ita hid i ( v ref to exer t . K u )1a mi sh a ( v to r e move . .

on e s s el f tak e pain s
’
,
. T am aa ( n d esire longing
.
, ,

( Ka ) ts h i r i ( v to c irc u mciz e . . l u s t cravin g cov e ting

, . .

T ai ( n ea g l e ( Ku)l a ma l a ln ( v to ru l e ’

. . .
,

T aib ( inv wel l good . , . gove rn po ssess appropriate

, , ,

T aifa ( n nation G enti l e

. , . purch a se to b e promot e d , .

T aja ( n
'

tribut e ta x
.
, .
( Ku )ia ma ni (v to d e sire l on g .
,

( Ku)taj a ( v to m enti on .
, f o r cove t l u s t a ft e r
, , .

n am e . T ama sha ( n curiosi ty sh o w .

, ,

T aj i ( n crown
. . s om e thing rar e .

T aj ind i ( n e locu ti on to go about

. .
( Ku)ta mb a ( v .
,

T aj iri ( n rich man . . wa l k abroad pa ss through . .

( Ku )ia k a ( v to wan t d esir e .

, , T ambi ( n 7
'
macaroni ve r
.
, ,

n eed a sk r e qu est
, ,
. m ic el l i (ma e by S wah ili hou se
T ak a (n d i rt filth ; T akata ka
.
, wi v es ) .

(n rubbi sh r e fu se o fla l ( Ku)tamb a a ( v to cr ee p
‘

.
.
, , .
,

( K n )ta k ab a d hi ( v to r e c ei ve .
, cra wl spread , .

acc e pt . T ambara t o ( inv lev el fla t .

,

( K u)ta k a b al i se e Kubal i , . N ti ya tamb a rara a plain , .

( Ku)l a ka b a ri ( v to b e . T a mb a z i (n
'
absc ess . .

proud .
(Ku )ta mb ua (v to re cogni z e .
,

( Ku)ia kad amu ( v to prec ed e . . di s c e rn di stin gui sh d e ciph e r

, , .

( K u) ta ka sa ( v to cl ean se .
, ( Ku)ta mb ul ika n a (v . to b e
purify cl ea n sanctify , ,
. r e cogni z abl e di sce rn ibl e , .

( Ku)ta k a sika ( v to b e .
(Ku )tamb urik ana ( v to b e .

cl e an s ed to b e com e e x tra , we l l kno wn .

ord inarily c l e a n .
( Ku )ta mb urish a (v to mak e .

( Ku) ta ka ta ( v to b e com e . kno wn to d e cid e , .

cl ean or cl e ar b e pure , . T a mb u u ( n l e af of bet el tree .

-

ta k a tif u ( va r ad j holy s acred .

, ,
u se d for ch e wing .

pur e saintly ch a st e
, , . T a mk o (n pronunciation .
,
 S WA HI LI EN G LIS H -
VO C A B UL A RY 23 1

n uncia tion ac cent utte ra n ce

e abroa d b e circul a ted b e well
, , , , ,

prom ise s peech expres sion ,

kno wn , , .

word .
(Ku)ianga ma na ( v to b e '

T amu (n s weetn ess p l e a san t

. mix ed tog e th er m ak e co mmon , ,

n e ss . caus e have fel lowship wi th , ,

-
ta mn ( va r adj s wee t nice . join , , .

d e licious ( T hi s can b e us ed Tangamano ( n

. l eague . .

ad ve rbiall y ) ( Ku )l angamka ( v
. to ch ee r .

( Ku )ta na ( v to se para te up . t h ro w o ff grie f tak e , , ,

s lit up comb . courag e . .

( Ku)ta na k a li (v to b e tran s T a nga mk o ( n . joy ch e e r . , ,

l ated carri ed a way

,
rejoicing . .

( Ku)l a nawa ri ( v to s h in e ( Ku )tanga msh a ( v . to en , .

give l ight courage ch e er

.
, .

T an d a (n l ink of chain hu sk ( Ku)ta nga ny a ( v to m ix

'
. , , .
,

s h e ll . mingl e ble nd be tray , , .

( Ku)ta nd a (v to s pre ad out ( Ku )ta nga nyika ( v

. to b e , .

l a ce ( with rope ) ; ( v to mix e d . .

b e spr ea d out b e se t in ar ray (Ku )l a nga nyika na ( v

, to b e . .

T and e ( n torto ise . inte rmingl e d . .

T anda a ( n ope n coun t ry T a nga uk o ( n

. t roub le v e xa .
,

cl eare d by burning und er tion s tr e ngt h , .

gro wth . T a nga we (n grav e l grit .

, .

( K a ) ta n dika ( v to spr ea d T angawiz i (n . ginge r . .

ou t lay in ord er set in array

, (Ku )ta ngaz a ( v ,to publi sh . .
,

T a nd n ( n ta t tooing triba l
. anno u nc e mak e kno wn d e , , ,

incis ion s in face ; ( n web ; clar e divulg e .

, .

T andu l a buib ui S pid er s web (n n ewl y cleared ’

T a ngo ,
. .
-

T andu ( n ce nti pe d e. ground . .

T and u ( n 7
'
film or cru st T a ngi ( n
.
, tank ci st e rn .
, .

on cooke d rice e tc ( Kn)tangish a ( v , to s catt e r. . .

(Ku)ta nd ua ( v to s trip ( a T ango (n . contribution . .

,

b ed ) ( in contra di s tinction to pumpkin gourd , .

tan dika making a b ed ) and T ango pepeta ( n

,
d warf .

roll up th e bedd i n g cucumbe r . .

( Ku )ta nd uka ( v to b e fold e d Ta ngu s inc e aft e r ; T a ngu

.
,

or rol le d up z a ma n i . a long tim e ago : a ,

-

T an ga ( n sail ; T anga mbil i ;

. tangu from th e be ginning ; ,

p eriod of var i abl e wind s Zamani z a tangu old tim es ; ,

be t wee n S W and N E M o n T angu l i n i ! since wh e n ? h o w
. .
'

s oon afte r Deman i long ago ? .

( Ka )ta ng a ( v to s pl it (as ( Ka )tanga s ( v

. t o abrogate .
,

wood ) . annul abol i sh bring to nought , , ,

( Ku) ts a ga (v to wand e r mak e void se parate loose n

.
, , , .

e rr s troll col l e ct or contr i bute

, ( Ku)ta ngu1ia ( v
, to go be for e
, .
,

( as of mon e y ) lead th e wa y b e in fron t for e

.
, ,

( Ku)l a nga tanga to stro ll or

-
s ta l l pr e ced e , .

wand e r about T ani (inv wi d e ope n ou t

. .
-

( Ku)ta ngaa (v to b e spre ad s tr e tch ed uplifte d

.
, .
232 S W A HILI G RAM M A R

T a nkil (n . co py ( manu T a sihil i ( adj . an d n . q uick l y ,

cript)
s . ha st e rapidity , .

-
t a no ( var n um fi ve ; a
. .
-
T a s il a ( n far ewell adie u .
, ,

tano fifth ,
. l e av e taking -
.

T anu ( or ta nuu ) ( n e ven .

, T a su ira (n pictur e e n .
,

furn ac e ki ln ,
. graving imag e , .

(K u)l anua ( v to e xpand .

, ( Ka ) t a ta ( v to b e en .

strid e s tr etch out s pr e ad

, ,
. tangl ed compl icat ed wind , , .

( K u) t a nu k a ( v to b e s tr e tch e d .
( Ku)ta ta nu a ( v to d is .

out ; Ku ta nu ka t ani to l ie '

,
e ntangl e unrav el s olve u n , , ,

pron e with arm s e xt end e d . wind .

T anz i (n s nar e tr a p. n oo se , , , ( Ku)ta tiz a ( v to tie round .

loop .
( parc el ) .

T a nz ia (n announc em ent of .
-
tatu ( va r n um thr e e ; . .

d eath a t a tu third ; T atu ( n ’

-
.
.
,

T anz u ( n
’
larg e branch of . y ea st le ven ferm entation
, , ,

tre e bough ,
. balm .

T ao (n arch curv e bay

.
, , , (Ku )ta tu a ( v to r e nd t ea r .
, ,

harbour . burst rip up to unrav e l to

, , ,

( Ku )l apa ( v to sh iv e r .
, e xtricat e .

tre mbl e K a tapa tapa ( v -

.
(Ku)ta tu k a ( v to b e d is .

to fi d gc t b e r e stl ess flound e r , , . e ntangl e d unrav ell ed d isin , ,

(K u ) i a
'

p a k a a ( v to b e d is . te gra te d torn into tat te r s , .

tribut ed scatt er e d broadca st , , K uta tuk a ( v to cl e ar a way .

s pr e ad .
( of cloud s ) .

( Ku )l apa ny a ( v t o sca t te r .
, Ta u (n br a nd ing i ron
.
-
.

di sp erse throw about ,

.
( Ku) iaua ( see T eu a ) ( v to .

T ap a s i ( n ch i se l ( se e Pa ta si)
. . choo se elect . .

( Ku )tapik a ( v to vomit b e .
,
T a umu ( n prop shor e ( for .
,

s ick . boats) .

(Ku )ta ra d h ia ( v to b e . T a uni (ad j and n 3 ) pesti1e nc c . .

, ,

pl e ase d with . plagu e .

T araj i ( n hop e exp ectation ;

.
,
T s a r eti ( n M o s aic l a w .
,

K utaraj i ( v to hop e ; Ku . P e ntate uch .

taraj is to hop e for e xp ect , ,

. T a u si (n p ea cock . .

T ar amb eta ( n corn et b u gl e . , . T a uwa a ( var d evou t piou s .

, ,

T a ra tib u ( n ord e r d e corum .

, , godly r eligious , .

m ethod ; ord e rly car e , T avu (n ch eek (of fa c e) ;

.

fully . T avu cal v e s ( of l e g s ) bic e p s

'

, ,

T ari ( n timbr e] cymba l

.
, .
( mu scl e) ( sing U ta vu) ,
. .

T a ri shi ( n mail man runn e r T a wa ( n lou se ; K nta wa ( v

’
-
. . .
, .

J a sa ( v n ot y et be for e
.
, , to r emai n indoors b e ,

e re ; T a s a ( in v barre n ; se clu d e d ( wom e n )

'
. .

T asa ( n basin . .
( Ku )ta wa d ha ( v to pe r .

T a sbihi ( n rosary ( contain s . form c ere monial ablutions .

9 9 bea d s e a ch o ne s aid to , ( Ku )ia wa k ali ( v to tru st .

,

s tand for a nam e of G o d ) . h av e confid e nc e re ly , .

T ash uishi ( n doubt m is . .

, (Ku) l a wa l a ( v gove rn r ei gn .
, ,

gi ving di s tru s t , . have po we r ov er .

23 4 S W A HI LI GRAM M A R

Te n do (n ac , a ction
. t . T t (n
'

e e s mal l po x gra in of
.
-

T enga ( n 3 , c oars e flour

. corn ; (n dri ed s ta lks of .

T en ga ( n s ea mon s te r common st ra w stagg e r ; t ete

' '
-
. .
,

( Ku) tenga ( v to aligh (a s . t za maj i ( n chick e n or .

b ird on bough ) wat e r po x ; T et e (n

' '
-
. .

( Ku )l enga ( v to . parat e
se , S park s .

s e t a s id e , withdra w, s e v e r se t , (Ku)l etea (v to op pos e .

,

ap a r t to d ispu te to champion to figh t , ,

( K u)tengea , Ku tengeka , to be for .

arranged se ttl e d prop e rly , ,

'

( Ku )t e tea ( v to wal k .

re gulat e d mad e nic e ,

. lam e to hal t to totter to
. , ,

s mal l
(n 7 c a ckl e
'
T engel el e .
, .

inte s tin es .
( K u)tetema ( v to tr e mbl e .
,

( Ku )teng enez a ( v to put th e . shak e ; Ku te temeka ( v to .

fini shing touch to bring abou t ,

s h i ve r quak e b e mov ed
, , .

d es ir ed e nd . T eu ( n
'
ant h i ll ; T eu h e art
.
-
'

(Ku)teng ez a ( v to prepa re .
, burn eruc tation s
, .

a rrang e r e gulat e m end s et to

, , , ( Ku)teua (s e c ta gua and taua )
right s .
(v . to choose el ect pre , ,

T ango ( n d well ing r es ting

. , d es tina te .

plac e .
( Ka )t enka (v to bre ak wind .
,

( Ku )tenz a nguvu ( v to . be lch .

comp el t re at v iolen tl y
,
.
(Ku)teul iwa ( v to b e chosen .
,

T eo ( n
'
sl ing catapul t ; T eo
.
,
'
pr ed estinat ed e l ec te d ( see ,

(n 7 .
, s i ev es winno wing ,
mteul e) .

fans or t ra y s . T ewa ( n . kind of fi sh .

( Ku)l epetea ( v to b e langu id .

, ( K u)tez a (v . to pl ay sport , ,

weary d ilapidat e d ,
. danc e
. .

( Ku )h apuz a ( tepuku z a ) ( v .
( Ka )t es a Kina nd a Ku l sz e gwa ,

s prout shoot , , bud , blossom , rid e m u s ica l drill .

s prin g up .
(Ku ) l ez a tez a to shak e about h e
-

, ,

T epuz i ( tepuku z i) ( n . s hoot , l o o se .

prout bran ch
s , .
( Ku)tez ama ( ta z a ma) ( v to .

( K u)terek ez a ( v to halt . look at l ook aft er ob serv e , ,

.

for r e fr es hm ent s .
(K u)tez a mia mbao (v to .

( Ku )teremea ( v tr ) to tak e car e .

, t ell fortun es (by shaking sand
of s h e w k indn e ss to m a ke
, , on board ) .

feel at h om e .
( Ku)tez a mik a ( v to b e .

T eremk o ( n s t ee p hill de .
, prese n tabl e of pl ea s ing app ear ,

c l i vity d e s c e nt ,
. anc e .

( Ku)l eremnka ( Ku teremka ) ( v . T ez i aft in th e aft er part ,

to go or com e down , of th e s hip .

d e s ce nd T ez o ( n a d z e ; Tez o (n
'
, . .

( Ka )tesa ( v to p erse cut e .

, gam e playth i ng ,
.

a fflict ; Knte seka ( v to . T ha biti ( in firm s tron g v. , ,

s u f fer b e in di s tre s s
,
. immovabl e es tabl ish e d fix ed , , .

T eso (n su fi e ring d i s tr e ss (v to
‘

.
,
.
( Ku )th a b itish a .

( K u)te ta ( v t o quarr el d is .
, s tr e n gth e n confirm establ i sh , , ,

put e di sa gr ee cont e nd str ive

, , , . s et fa st .
 S WA HILI EN GLI S H -
VO CA BU LARY 23 5

T ha h iri (inv plain clear .

, ,
z in i to empl oy ; Kut ia
,
moto ,
Ope n e vi d e nt obviou s
, ,
. to set on fi rex
T halat h a ( num three . . T i ara ( n k ite . .

Th a l a th ini ( num thirty . .

(Ku)tib ika ( v . to get wel l , b e
T h a l imu ( n criminal tran s .
, cured .

gre s so r fraudul ent pe r s on

, .
( Ku )tib u ( v . to h e al cure , .

Th a l ita a sh a ra ( num .
( Ka ) tibua ( v . to stir up , as

thirteen . muddy wate r .

Th a l uj i (Th a lj i) ( n s no w . .
( K u)tib uka ( v . to be in an
T h a ma ni ( n valu e pric e .
, ,
uproar .

pr c iousn ess worth

s
, . T ihuk o ( n commotion uproar
.
, ,

Th a ma nini ( num e ighty . . dis turbanc e .

T h a ma ny a ( num adj e ight . . t if u ( var l igh t fi ne .

, ,

Th a minta a sh ara ( nu m . po wd ery .

e ighteen .
( Ku)tif uka ( v t o ri se fly .
,

T hana ( n thought su spicion

.
, , (a s du s t ) .

s uppo s ition hypoth e s i s , .

(K u )iii ( v to ob e y s ubmit
.
,

( Ku )ih a ni ( v to th ink .
, to .

s uppo se pr es um e , . Tikiti (n wa te r m el on
.
,

T h a wa b u (n r e ward of . v eg etabl e marro w .

m e rit . Tiki tiki fin el y ground ,

( Ku)l hihirish a ( v to mak e . fi ne s mall

, .

manifest show d emon strate , , .

(K u)til if a ( v to run ri sk s .
,

(Ku )thil imu ( v t o wrong .

, to v enture .

d e fraud harm , . T imam a ( in v full com .

,

T h inaa sh ara ( num t welv e . .

pl e te p e rfect
, .

Th ineni (nu m adj two . .

(Ku)iimb a ( v t o dig . .

T hom ( n garl ic . . Timbo ( n hole pit holl o w

.
, , .

( Ku) th ub u1u ( v to dare .

(Ku )timb uz a ( v to br e ak .

(s ee sub u tu) . through app e ar ( a s s un ,

(Ku)th ub u tika to b e (v . through cloud s) .

a ssur ed convinc e d of have , , ( Ku) timia ( Kutimu ) ( v to b e .

proof of . fulfill ed b e compl e t e b e , ,

( Ku)th ub utish a ( v to estab . p erfect .

lish s trength en conv inc e con

, , ,
-
timih vu
'

( var p e rfect .
,

firm . e ntir e compl et e brough t to

, ,
T h ul uthi (n third . . s ucc e s sfu l e nd .

T huma ni ( n e igh th groat .

, , ( Ku) l imiz a ( v to accompl i s h .
,

four annas sixt ee n pi ee , fini sh compl e te ly fulfil , .

( eighth part of a d ollar) .

(Ku )l in d a ( v to s l au ght er .
,

T ie ( 11 :
. gira ff e . cut o ff k il l ; to slit cloth ,

( Ku) tia ( v to pu t i n or on or
. l en gth way s cut out ; Ka tind a ,

into ( used of pe rson s and kin to q u ench thir s t

, .

th ing s) L ik e piga this v e rb

.
, Ku l inda Kutind ika Ku tind ikia
, , ,

is capabl e of v a rious m ean (Ku)l ind ika na ( v to b e .

in gs accordin g to th e word co m e l e ss to b e cut o ff ( a s ,

i t is coupl e d with Kuti a wat e r ) b e short or s carc e

, ,

maj i to wat e r or dilute ; Kutia

, com e to a n e nd s taunch fail , , ,
h uz uni to sa dd en ; Kut i a k a
, b e in su ffi ci e nt was t e a way , .
236 S WA B I LI GRAM MA R

( Ku)tind a nga v . to slaugh ter . out to hav e j ust don e such and
,

T in d i ( n tomato . . s uch a th i n g ; ( v J a sh o .

T indo ( n ch i se l . . l a m tok a h e p e r s pir es ; A l okwa

,

T ini ( n fig . . u l ma toz i h e wee p s ,

.

T ini
'
do wn b el o w und er , , (K u)tok a kati ( v to pa ss .

n eath inferior ; T in i ya (a d v
,
’
. a way di s app ear , .

und er be n eath e tc , , . T oka a (n l im e c h alk .

, .

( Ku )tiririk a (v to flo w or . T o k ea from out of ,

.

trickle do wn .
( Ku )tok ea ( v to go ou t .

T i sa s ( inv nin e . . by etc happ en app e ar co m e

, .
, , ,

Tisa a ta sh ara ( num adj n in e . t o p a ss b e man ifes t ; Nd ia ya

,

t ee n . ku to kea a wa y of m e an s of ,

( Ku )ti sh a ( v to tc rrif y .
, exit
intimidat e s care subd ue , , .
( K u)tok omea ( v to dis app ear .
,

T ish a l i (n ligh t e r . . vani sh pa ss a way , .

( Ku)tish ika (v to fear b e .

, ( Ku)tok o sa ( v to bo i l cook .
,

a fraid . by boilin g .

T i sia ( in v num nin e. .

( Ku )tok ota ( v to boil com e .
,

T isiini(tisa ini) (num . to boilin g point .

nin ety .
(Ku) tok oz r ( v to scoff t ea s e .
, ,

fl i ti ( n br ea st te at nippl e
.
, , . provok e .

i m a (v to thund er ( Ku)tol ea ( v to giv e ou t

'

( K u ) tit .
, .

roar roll (a s thund er)

,
. to or for ; A memtol ea makali ,

to an e ne l itic d enoti ng h e u sed stron g l anguag e to

'
-
,

thoroughn es s ; F a ng a t o h aiu '

h im .

mi z i mkono bind we l l hurts , , ( Ku)tom a ( v to pierc e stab .

, ,
n ot th e arm F a ny et o do ’
, burn toa s t brand prick
, , , ,

thorou ghl y . ca u teri z e .

(K u)toa ( v to put or tak e. T omo ( n dr oss . .

out bring or give out sp end

, , , T omoko (n custard appl e .
-
.

d i s mi ss omit ( to do a thing ) , , ( Ku)tona ( v to drop drip .

,

part with K u toa kosa to point , ( Ku) ton ek a ( v to fall in .

out a mi stak e bl am e , . d r0 ps .

T ob a (n r epe ntanc e
. . T on e (n drop . .

( Ku)tob oa ( v t o pi erc e .
, (K u )tonesh a ( v o ) to touch a .
,

br e ak through thru st into , , s or e plac e ( th er e by making i t

mak e a hol e in . ru n or drop ) .

(K u)tob ok a ( v to bur st burs t .

, ( Ka )tonga ( v to carv e poin t .
, ,

op en com e a sund e r
,
. s harp e n cl e av e h e w , , .

( Ru )tos e v to pu t sauc e
. T ongs ( n bit l ump mor sel
.
, , ,

to food flavour mak e s avoury , , . pi e c e .

T o tali (n ,
til e brick .
, . K utongea ( v tr ) to sland er to . .
,

T oh ara ( s e e t ah ara ) ( n cir . betray .

c u mc is io n cl e anl in ess purity , , .

( Ku)tongek a ( v to b e sharp .
,

( Ku) toj a ( v to scarify tattoo .

, ,
b e point ed .

mak e inci sion s i n skin cup , ,

T ongo ( n
’

bl i ndn ess of o ne
.

bl ee d vaccinate ,
. ey e .

T ojo ( n i ncision e tc
.
, .
( Ku ) tongoa ( v to sharpen
.

( K u )t o k a ( v to go or com e . Kutongoa Kil emba to arrange ,

23 8 S WA H I L I GRAM M A R

(K u)tnkiz a ( v . to ca use to in rely upon ; (v

, to .

hat e annoy ridicule t e ase

, , , , h ep e expe ct
, .

o fi e n d vex di s pl e ase T nmb a (n bud ; (n

' ’

, , . ca se
. .
,

(Ku)tukiz wa ( v pas s ) t o b e .
, s h e ath cov e r , .

an gry v ex ed o ff end ed
, , .
(Ka )tumb as (v to l ea f .

(Ku)tuk ua (v to carry be ar .
, , about lurk s tand i dle
, , .

e ndur e put u p with T umb ak u (n tobacco snufl '

.
, .
,

-
tu kuf u (var glo ri ou s ex .
, (s ee s tudy
ce ll en t e xa l te d , . Tnmb awe (n cora l rag .
-

K u )tuk uk a (v XL ) to b e exal t ed .,
, , la tumb awe coral , .

glorifi ed . T umb i (n
'
ne t for fi shing mad e
.

(Ku)l ukul ia (v to be ar of cocoa nut fibre h e ap -

,
.
, .

carry or e ndure for

, . T ambir i (n monk e y . .

(Ku)tnknl iana ( v to b e ar . T nmb it umb i

' '
in h eap s .

an d forbea r get on wel l to , T umbo (n s tomach abdom e n

.
, ,

g eth er . int e s tin es womb ,

.

(K u)tuk ul ika ( v n ) to b e be ar . .
(Ka )ta mbua (v to pi e rc e .
,

abl e tol e rabl e

, . wound p e rforate bor e a hol e
, ,

(Ku)tu k usa (v to s hak e .

,
in br e ak up
, .

a gitat e .
(K u)tumb uiz a (v to comfort . .

(Ku)tukus ika (v to b e mov ed .

, T u mb ni z o (tumb uiz e (n s hor t .

shak e n . flo wery po e m .

(Ku)tuku ta (v to mov e .
, (Ka)tumbas (v N to bur st .

fi d ge t b e r es tl e ss un e as y
, , . open split u p b e wound ed b e
, , ,

-
tukutu (var fi d getty nu .
, worn through in to a hol e .

mana geabl e in s ubordinat e , .

(Ku)tumb uki a (v to fall .

(Ku)tukuz a ( v to glori fy .
, or tumbl e into .

e xalt ma gn ify ; (v to make T ume (n m ess eng er sen t o ne

'
.
, .
,

carry . e mi ss ary .

T ul e l o w ba se un worthy (Ku)tnmia m
ploy maS
, , . . to u se , e

(Ku)tnl ia (v to l e t off .
, ,e u se of s pe n d ,

e xon e ra t e (from r es pon s ibi lity (Situmii nya ma I do not tak e

'
,

or blam e) ; (v to b e . m e at) .

quie t se ttl e do wn b e at r es t
, , , (Ku)tumika (v t o se rve b e .
,

tranquil se re n e ; (v ,
to . in se rvi ce ; (v to b e of u s e .
,

plan t s et , . b e in u se .

(Ku)tul iz a (se e Tuz a ) (v com .

(K u)tumika na ( v to b e u se d .

f r t c on sol e quiet calm allay

o , , , , , up .

to fix or se t (as of ey es) .
(K u )tumiki a (v to serv e .

(Ku )t u ma (v to se nd on an .
( a per son ) .

e rrand comm is s ion (u s e d only

, T nmo ( n S ph e r e of bu i n ess ;
. s

of p e rso n s) . T umo (n e rrand m ess ag e

.
, .

(Ku )tnma ( v t o t rade make .

, (Ku)tumwa (v pas s ) to b e se n t .
,

ga in or advan tag e profit ,

. on a m ess ag e .

(Ku)tuma i (v to tru st b e .
, (Ku)tuna (v to flay skin .
, .

con fid e nt . T unda (n frui t ; T u nda (n

.
’
.

Turna ini (n trust hope co n .

, , wa is tl e t .

fid e nee .
(Ka )tund a (v . to pl u ck pick , ,

(Ku)tuma ini (v . to t rust t rust , ga th er to ca tch , .

 SWA HILI ENGLIS H -
VO CA B ULA RY 239

(Ku)tunda ma na (v . to han g , (Ku)tupil ia mbal i ,

t o th row righ t
hold togeth e r . a way banis h out of s ight
,
.

(K a )t a n di ka (v to hol d s us .
,
-
tupu (var adj e mpty onl y .
, ,

pe nd to hang on a li n e
,
. no th ing b u t ; T upu (1 n ! ar adj .

T und u (n nes t l ong ba sk et

. .
, ,
nak ed ,

cage . T upu tupu

-
i n a state of
T un d n (n hol e . . nudity or d es titution .

(Ku )tund uwa a ( v to b e . T urki (11 T urk . .

s il e nt moros e taciturn K u)turu p uk a (v to escap e

'
.
, , .
,

(Ku)t unga (v to put or s tring .

get loos e (from con fi n e m e nt ) .

toge th er thr ead compose , , .

(Ku )turup u sha (v c to a ssi s t in
'
. .

Ku)tunga (v to win no w .
, e s cap i ng se t fr ee d el iver , , ,

sif t sh e ph e rd t e nd gu i d e
, , , . r escue .

(K u)tung amana (v to b e .
(Ku)turuz ik a (v to trickl e .
,

es tabli s h e d hang tog e t h e r a s a , run do wn .

whol e .
(K u)tush a (v to curse vil i fy .
, ,

Kn)tungia (v to l ead to .
, e x e crat e d e fam e ,
.

s trin g up . T a sita s i (n roarin g of waves . .

(Ku)tun gika (v to hang up .

, T uta (n ro w .rai se d b ed ,

s u s p e nd to hang on a lin e , . for v e getabl es furro w com , ,

T ungl i (n s mal l ant e mm e t ; pany band

'
. .
, ,

tungu (v a r adj bitt er

-
. .
(Ku)t ut ia (v
'
to ri se high b e .
,

(K u)tnngua (v tr ) t o cas t do wn .
, , lofty .

violat e d egrad e profan e d esc , , , (Ku)tutiz a (v to h eap u p .

,

crat e . pil e togeth er .

T unguj a (n
'
tomato . . T utu ! hand s o ff ! tak e
(Ku)tungnka (v to b e ca st . car e !
do wn com e to gri e f e vil to
, , (Ku)tutuma (v to rumbl e .
,

be fal l o ne . roll .

(Ku )tungul ia (v to look .

(Ku)tutnz ika (v to pan t .
,

in p eep in stee p and look in

, , . throb .

T un u (n tr ea sure rarity d e T un (tu ) (a dj and only

’
.
, , .
,
l ight s om eth ing pri z e d and
, m ere ly .

val ued pres ent , .

(Ku)tuuz a (v to trickl e .
,

(Ku)tun a s (v to scra tch .

,
flo w .

s carify . T uwa sh i (n un uch . e .

(Ka )l un z a (v tr to t ak e . . Tu waz i (n cymbal timbrel .

,
.

care of guard k ee p prot e ct , , , , (Ku)tuz a (t ali z a ) (v to s ooth e .

,

pr ese rv e watch clos ely look , ,

pacify con sol e curry favo u r
, ,
.

out . T uz o (n re ward con solation

.
,

T uo (n camp encampm ent pri z e tip douc e ur

’ ”
. .
, .
, ,

T upa (n fi l e ; T up a (n (Ku)twa (v intr to set (of

'
.
. .

bottl e flask ph ial , , . s un

) .

(Ku)l a pa (v to thro w thro w .

, (Ku )twaa (v . to tak e re ceive , ,

a way cas t fl ing , , . take wit h th e hand ; Ku twa a

Ka )t upa (v '
to leap l e ap .
,
p ol e to tr eat t e nd e rl y
'

, .

ov er ; Ka t up a mpaka to ov er '

, (Ku)twa nga (v to pound .

s te p l i m it e n c roach go be yond , ,
corn in morta r for re moving
boundary . hu sk .
2 [0 s wa m m G RA M M A R

(Ku)tweka (v to raise hoi st .

, , Ub a til i (n . in iquity , wick ed
l ift up put upon (load or re , n es s .

s pon sibility . U b avu(n . rib s id e , .

Ku )twesh a
(v . to pay resp e cts U baya (n . s adn es s wick edn e s s , .

to gree t (in , v ening) th e e . Ub eti (n 7 . couple t (poe try )

(Ku)tweta (v to ga sp pant .
, ,
Ub ish i ( 11 . jok e .

s truggl e for br e ath . Ub ivn ( n . rip e n e ss .

(Ku)twez a (v to s ubdu e .
,
i
Obit ( n . ra wn ess gree nn e ss , .

abase humbl e b ring l o w , , . U b oi ( n . position and work of

(K u)j itwez a (v to humbl e . hou se boy -
.

on e sel f grov el s u bmit , , . Ub ongo ( n brain . .

T wig s (n gira ff e . . . Ub ora ( n po we r s up eriority

.
, ,

pro wess .

Ub ovu ( n rot te nn ess corrup

.
,

t ion .

U b ub wi ( n dumbn es s . .

U ( pron . p s ing ) Al so 2nd

2u d . .
,
Ub wa b wa ( n pap so p .
, .

p s . . of strong v erb to b e thou , U ch a ch e ( n littl en e ss s carcity

.
, ,

art . s ma l ln ess in s ignifi ca n c e min i , ,

Us (11flowe r blossom ; U a 1a
.
, mum .

wa rid i ros e (n fe nc e round U ch a tu ( n filth

'

. .
, .

court courtyard e nclos ure , ,

. U ch a ga (n grain s tore barn.
-

,
.

( Ku )u a (v to kill murd er .
, U changa (n youngn ess nn .
,

(cannot b e u sed of s laugh te ri ng d e v elop e dn e ss .

an imal s ) . U ch a o ( n da wn morning
.
, .

Ua d ui (n e nmity ho stility .
, , Ud a ku ( n s land e r go s s ip
.
, .

ill will -
. Ud a nga ny if u (n d e cept ion .
,

Ua mi nitu (n faith fuln ess

’
.
, ch eating fraud , .

tr uth . Ud eva ( n a hair (of b eard )

. .

U anga liz i ( n care s up e r .

, Udh a if u ( n feebl en es s wr e tch
.
,

vi s ion provid e nc e , . e d nes s we akn e s s , .

Ua sh i (n building con .
, Udh a mini ( n se curity bail .
, ,

s truction . s pon s or s hip .

Ua si rebe llion apo s t a cy , .

( Ka )ndhi ( v to tro nb l e a nno y .
, ,

( K u)ua wa ( Ka wa wa (v pa s s ) to .
,
p e rsecute hara ss mol es t ; Lika , ,

b e kill e d murd e r e d , . ka ndhi hata K u Kuu a I t mort -

,
-
ub a a (n v e xatiou s n ess . . ifi e d you .

U b a hil i (n ava r ice m ise rl i .

,
Ud hi a ( n troubl e annoyan c e
.
, ,

n e ss . v e xation worry uproar , , .

U b a ini (n di sc ernm e nt . .
( )
K u u d h ik a ( v to b e i n .

U b a inif u ( n manifes tation .

,
troubl e p e rpl ex ed d i s turb e d
, ,
.

proof . U dhil if u ( n in s ignifica n c e . .

Ub a mb o (n sl it s tick for .
-
Ud h i (n c e re monial pu rifi ca
.

roa sting m eat on . tion (M uh a ) K nta nguka u d h u ,

Ubani (n frankinc e n se ( a . . to b e d e fil ed .

gum ) .
( K u )u dh nr i sh a ( v to mak e .

Ubao ( n board pl ank .

, . e xcu se s for .

Ubati ( n l ean to sh e d p en t .
-

,
Udh u ru (n excu se . .

hou se . Udogo (n (childhood infancy )

.
,
2 12 S W A HI LI GRAM M A R
Q

Uk and a (n . c ord , thong , Uk ul ima

'
cul t iva tion til
(n .
,

brid le . lag e hu sbandry

, .

Uka rimu ( n libe ral ity , gon e . Uk a mb i e ntranc e hal l .

ro sity , l arge h e art edn ess -

. Ukumb iz a ( n s pac e un d e r .

Uk a v u ( n in sol ence, dryn es s

. . eav e s of hou se .

Ukaz i ( n d we ll ing . . U kumb ush o m emori al me ,

Uk el el e (u . great noise out , m e nto .

cry . Uku nd uf u (n cl eari ng u p .

-

Uk eme ( n . cry of d i s tress call , s impl icity .

for h el p . Uk a ng e ( n ed ge br i nk brim .
, , .

U kh a ini (n . tr each e ry . U kura sa (n l e af of book .

,

U kh ia na ( n d ece it .
guil e , . sh e e t of pap e r
( S e e Kat a ) . .

( Ku )u ki1ia ( v to i nt en d .
, Uk a ta ( n wal l . .

plan d e t e rm i n e d e vi se
, ,
. Ukuu ( n greatn e ss str en gth
.
, ,

U kina if u pri d e sel f s uffi ,

-
honour .

c ie nc y . Ukwa to ( n hoof . .

Ukind a ni ( n 7 s tubborn n ess, con . Ukwa si (n rich es opulen ce .

, .

tra d ic to rines s . Ul a b ib u ( n 7 p e rse v e rance . .

Ulcin d u fi n e v ege tabl e fibre , Ul a fi ( n gl uttony e xc es s

.
,
.

s trip s from l e av e s of wild Ul a ini Ul a inif u ( n

, softn e ss .
,

dat e . s moothn ess Ul a ini a laini fla t -

Uk iwa ( n pov erty p enury .

, , tery .

d es titution . Ul a iti E urop e an cal ico (al s o

Ukoh oz i ( n ph l egm e xp ec tora
.
, adj . applie d to anything of
tion . Europ ean origin ) .

Ukoko ( n cru st of food in cook

. Ul a nif u ( n s e l f i ndu l g en ce .
-

ing pot -
. curs in g .

Uk onz o (n goad l ong s ti ck .

,
U l a tif u ( n g e nt l en ess . .

with poin te d end . U lay a ( n Europ e moth er

.
,

Ukom a (n l epros y . . country .

Uk omb o crookedn ess curved , Ul ed i boy lad , .

tool for hollo win g w Ul egevu ( n 7 languor l a ss i tud e .

, ,

U komb oz i ( u r ed e mp t ion ran .

, s l a ckn e s s s loth s luggi s hn e ss , , .

so m . Ul ek evu (n s traigh tfor ward .

Ukomo t erminat ion e nd , . n ess uprightn e ss e quity in

, , ,

Ukono (n arm (of lak e .

, tegrity .

o ff shoot branch U l evi

,
.
(n . drunk enn ess .

Uk ony ez o ( n 7 winking mak ing Ulil i (n sup e r i or ki n d of

'
.
.
,

sign s with e y ebro ws . b ed s t ead .

Uk cc (n dirt filth .
,
. U l imi ( n tongue (pl nd imi )
. . .

U k ope ey el a sh . Ul imwengu ( n inhabit ed .

Uk orofi impi e ty ungod l in ess

, , , world u n i v e r se world
, , .

wick e dn ess . U lindi (n African s tind er.

’

Uk osevu ( n wa nt d e fi cien c y .
, _ ,
box .

in suffi cie ncy fault , . Ul inga nif u ( n comparison .

,

Ukub a l i ( n a cce ptanc e . . r ese mblanc e .

U kub wa si z e se n i or ity Ulingo ( n watch e rs h u t i n

’
.
, ,

priori ty gre atn ess ,

. fi e ld .

Uku ch a ( n cl a w na il , .
,
Ulinz i ( n gua rd wa t chi ng.
, .
 S WA HI LI ENGLISH -
VO C A BU LA RY 24 3

( Ku)uliz a ( v a question. to as k .
(K u)umwa to b e ui (v .
pass ) ,

Uliz i (n art and practi ce of

. bitte n by sufi e r pa i n from ,
'

wail ing at fun e ral s . Una fiki (n h ypocris y l y i ng.

, ,

Ul timo ( n . run of il l luck

. . deceit .

Uma ( n fork gridiron caut ery

.
, , , Unaj is i ( See Raj 1 ei )
. .

iron (pl Hauma and Nyume ) . .

( K u)rm d a ( v to buil d co n .
,

st ruct
( Ku)nma (v to bite ; ( v . . .

to ach e hurt pain (only u s e d , ,

U ndu ( n cook s comb
.
’
.

tran s itively of a wo und or in (Ka )undas (v to ove rflo w .

,

j ur e d m e mbe r aff e cting s uf pass ov e r .

f e rer s o wn pe r son a s Kit wa Une four ( in coun ting )

’

, .

ch a mwuma h is h ea d pain s , U n en e (n thickn ess s toutn ess

.
, ,

h im ) . bign ess bulk , .

Umando (n d e w moi s tur e ;

.
, Unga (n flour m eal
.
,
.

Umand e uli oga nd a hoar fro st , .

(Ku) unga (v to uni te join .
, ,

Umasikini ( n 7 pov erty want .

,
. c onn e ct .

Uma sih ia ( n C h ris tianity . .

(Ku)unga ma ( v to confess .
,

Umati ( n mul titude cro wd

.
, , o wn admit ackno wl e dge
, , .

e v e rybody .
( Ku)rm ga ma na (Ku)unga na ( v , .

K b ( v t o cr e a te s hap e to b e united coh e re

( u ) n1n a .
, , , .

form ; to d e scry pick out (obj ect , Ungerez a ( n Engl and . .

far o ff ) . Ung i ( n much n es s pl e nty

.
, ,

( K u ) um b ia ( v to soar . multitud e quantity maximum , , .

about g l ide round ,

.
( Ku)rmgika ( v to b e set ( as .

( Ku)umb ik a ( v to b e well . of bon es) knit b e j oin ed , , .

forme d or f a sh io ned b e s trong ,

. U ngo ( n m e mb e r j oin t limb
.
, ,
.

Umbo ( n form shap e mould

.
, , Ungo la sh ingo (n promin e nce .

ing figur e
,
. be t wee n s houl d e rs .

Umb u (n s i s te r
. . Ung ong o ( n
'
pa l m le af sl ip .
-
.

(Ku)umb ua ( v to d e face ( S e e Ng ongo d warf palm )

'
-
.
, , .

mutilate d isfigure d e stroy , ,

.
( Ra )nngua ( v to di s unit e .
,

-
um e ( var mas culin e mal e
.
, , se v e r cut ; ( v
,
to b e .

manly strong , . bur nt b e s corch ed b e s inged

, , ,

Ume ( n coura g e man l in ess

.
,
. catch fi re .

V m cm s ( n 7 l igh tni ng thund er.

, Unguja Z an z iba r .

bolt .
(Ku)ungu11 ka (v to b e troubl e d .

( K n )n m i a (v to b e in . a t h t art .

pa i n .
( K u)unguz a ( v to burn .
,

to cup scorc h s inge s cald

(K u )nmik a ( v . .
, , .

Umio ( n throat win dpip e

.
,
. Un gwa na (Uungwa na ) (n .

(Ku )umiz a ( v to hurt cau se .

, g e ntl e birth free dom good , ,

pain to inflict suff e ring ,

. bree ding and e duc ation .

( Ku )ri mka ( v n ) to ri se up foam .

, , , V uono fat n es s .

bubbl e up froth e flervesc e Uny a go ( n mourn ing ngoma

'

.
, .
, , .

Umoj a ( n un ion on en ess

.
, , Uny a ma vn s il e nc e quiet ,

unity . n es s .

U mri ( n li fetim e a ge li fe
.
, ,
. Uny a ng anyi
’
robbe ry e xte r ,

( Ku )umua ( v to take a way .

,
tion .

d e prive . Uny a si ( n blad e of grass . .

244 S WA HI LI GRA M M A R

Uny eny ek evu (n . h umilit y , Up eo (n broom. ex ,

m eekn ess l owlin ess , , s upp li c a tremel y of th e utmos t , .

tion . Upepeo ( n fan b el lo ws .

, .

Uny eti ( n pr id e conc eit .

, . Upepo ( n wind coo l bre ez e
.
, ,

Uny onge ( n we akn ess m ean . , z eph i r ; K u b a d il i upepo to go ,

n ess p oorn es s feebl en ess

, , . a way for chang e of air .

Un y o y a ( n a sin gl e fe ath e r . . Up asi quickn ess rapidity , ,

Uny ez i (n shaving . . s p eed .

Uny ush i (n a ha i r of th e e y e . U pin d a (n bow . .

bro ws . Upin d o ( n e d ge or bord e r of

.

Unywel e ( n a singl e ha i r (of . clot h selvag e fold h em

, , , .

h e ad ) . Upo ( n . long h andl e d l adl e -

.

Uo (n . scabbard . Upof u ( n blindn e ss

. .

U omb ez i ( n m edi tation inter .

,
Up ol e ( n
'
g e ntl en ess m eek
.
,

c c ss io n . n e ss mildn ess mod e ration

, , .

U ongof u prosp e ri ty h appy

(n .
,
Uposo ( n s u m paid to brid e
.

e nding we ll be ing ,
-
. by brid egroom b e f ore marriage .

U ov u ( n e vil wick e d ne ss
.
, . Upote (n b o w s tring (of e x
.
-

Uoz i ( n marriag e. . sin e ws) .

Upa a (n scalp pat e sid e of

.
, , ,
Upotevu ( n d estruction s tate .
,

s lopin g roof bump of V e n e ra ,

of b e ing l os t moral ruin , , .

tion A na upa a h e is bald . Upotof u pervc rse n e ss,

Upaj i ( n gift b e n efit g en e
.
, ,
crook edn ess i niquity , .

ro sity . Upumb av u ( n fool i shn ess .

,

Upamb a (n . 7 curv ed knife u sed folly .

in tapping . Upunga (n flo wer bud bl os .

-

Upana ( n br ead th wid th .

, ,
som .

e x t e nt . Upun gu f u (11 7 . d ecrea se d efic i t , ,

Upand e ( n s id e part p or tion .

, ,
d e fici e ncy .

P and o z a i n th e vicinity Upu uz i (n mi schief non sen se

'
.
, ,

of knav e ry i niquity , .

Upa nga ( n a sword ; ( pl . . Upwa (n shor e . .

pang s ) . Upweke (n l on elin ess al oof .

,

Upau ( n s lan t ing roof pol e

.
-

, n ess i nd ep e nd e nc e
, .

rafter . Upy a (n n e wn ess an ew

.
, ,

V pa wa ladl e mad e of half a n ewly .

cocoa n ut s h e ll -
. Ur a d i ( n i nvoca t ion
. .

Upel e ( n pimpl e eruption itch

.
, , . U ra ri ( n e v e n bal an ce e q ual
.
,

Upemb o ( n long stick for . i ty .

gath erin g fruit . Ura fik i ( n 7 fri e nd s h i p fri end

.
,

Upend a no ( n st a te of mutua l . l ine ss sociab i lity

, .

lov e . Ur afa ( n l e ngth h e ight tal l

.
, ,

Upend el eo p ref erenc e, f a vo u r n ess .

itis m . U r embo ( n adornm e nt orna .

,

Upenu (n . v e randah roof -

,
m e nt fin e ry glory beauty
, , , .

e av e s . V ri th i (ura th i) ( n i nh er it .

Upenz i (n l ovi n gn ess . . ance h eritage

, .

Up eo (wa mato) (n hori z on .

,
Urutub a (n n moi st ur e
. . . .

l i mit of sigh t . Usa d iki (n fai thfuln e ss . .

246 S WA HILI GRAM M AR

Utitiri ( n poultry li c e fl ea s
.
-

, . Uumb uf u (n . d es truction ,
mu
U to ( n .se m se m p l an t fl ui d , til a tio n .

matt er d ripping , . Unngu ( n . th eology .

Utof n ( n s poilin g
. ru i n a tion , Uuwaj i ( n murd er . .

Utof u wa mato bl in d n es s , . Uva o ( n garm e nt dr ess

. , .

Utonganyi ( n d ec eit fraud .

, . Uviv u ( n i dl en ess la z in ess
.
, ,

Utoro ( n runnin g a way

.
,
s loth indol e nce
, .

plund erin g piracy , . Uvnguvugu ( n l ukewarmn ess . .

U tosi ( n crown of h e ad s h a o w s had e

U toto ( n
.

childhood i nfancy
. U vul i
Uvumb a ( n
d
i nc e n se
,
.

.
, . ( galba
.
,

Utfi uz ima prim e of life , . num) K u f a kiz a uvumb a to -

Ul ovu ( n 7 d es t i tuti on
. . bur n i ncen se .

Ut u (n
’
s tat e
. condit i on (o f , Uvumb i ( n du st d ir t sma ll
.
, ,

p e rs on s) . d u st .

U tukiz i ( n hatr ed provoca

.
,
Uvnmil ivu (n patienc e long .
,

tion . s u ff e ring .

U tnku (n mark et ( po e tical )

. Uvnmvu (n mourn ing lam e n .
,

Utukuf u ( n glory . . ta tion .

U tuku tu ( n in subordi nation .

,
Uvun df u ( n . d esol ation br e ak ,

unrul in ess n aught in ess , . in g do wn

17m
.

Utu kuz i ( n port e rage . .

(n . s e t n c h o ff en si ve ,

U tulivu tranqu il l i ty good , sm el l .

be hav iour . Uvurungn (n . holl o w holl o w ,

U tuliz i utuvu ( n
, c omfort .
, n ess c a vity J
,

con s olat ion .

v a z i (or uz a z i) ( n bi rth .
,

Utumba (n 7 ) b etrothal engag e .

, ,
be aring of chi ldre n .

m ent . Uwakili st e ward ship .

Utumb o (n en tra il s . . Uwand a ( n y a rd co urt op e n

.
, ,

Utnmb uiz o ( n s ong p sal m .

, , s pace .

agony . Uwang a (n arro wroot .

Utume ( n apos tl e ship

. . Uwa o ( ub a o ) (n hull (of shi p )
Ul umi ( n busin ess trad e
.
, , U waz iri ( n s nperin tend cnce .
,

liv e lihood work , . vi z ie rship .

U tunu sh i ( n s erv i c e U wel e (n 7 s i ckn ess di sea se

'

. . .
,

Utumiz i (n u se s e rv i c e .
, .
( pl nd wel e)
. .

Utu mo profit gain , . U wez a (uwez o) ( n po we r .

,

U tnmwa ( n s lav e ry . . v alour s tre ngth migh t rich es

, , ,
.

U tu nga ( n p as tur e h erd .

, Uwingu h eav en sk y ,
.

i ng . Uwongo ( urongo) (n l ie u n .
,

Utnngo ( n stri ng ( of b e ad s )
.
,
truth fal se hood
, .

compo sit ion . Uy ab is i ( n dryn ess . .

U tu ngu ( n bi tte rn ess agony

.
, , ( Ku)uz a ( Kuz a ) ( v to sel l . .

pa i n .
(Ku)uz a ny a to caus e to sell , .

U tupu ( n nak edn ess empti

.
,
Uz alishi ( n .

n ess . s eed po st eri ty fru i t , , ,

11t (n d usk s un set e v en

.
, ,
prog eny .

in
g . Uz ee (n old a ge
. .

U ud i ( n c n te d
. s e wood u se d Uz i ( pl ny az i) ( n
. cotton .
,

for fumigat ing . th read s tring wire , , .

 S W A H IL I -
ENGLI SH V OC A B ULA RY 247

(Kn)a z ia ,
ku uz ili a (v . to Vil e d em . ad j .
, 4 th
sell to . thus ; Vil av il a (adj and .

Uz ima ( n life h ea l th s ound .

, ,
s am e e xac tl y thu s ,

n e ss durability
, .
(Ka )vimba (v to s we ll ; .

Uz ind uo ( n alarm . .
(v . to tha tch (roo f ) .

Uz inif u ( n wh ore dom . . V imb i (n bad thin gs e vi l

.
, .

Uz inz i ( u ad ul te ry im mo ra .
, (v to cr ui se . .

l ity .
( Ku)viny a (v to shak e .
,

Uz io ( n fi sh trap
.
-
. dandl e .

Uz ishi ( n 7 buria pr e paration s ,

. l V iov u (n 4 pl ) (elliptica l for
.
, .

un d ertak er s duty ’
. v itu viovu) e vil wrong harm , , , .

Uz ito h eavin ess s orrow , ,

V ipel e(vid u d usi) (n 4 ra sh .
, ,

we ight . e ruption p i mpl es , .

Uz iwa ( n d ee p se a d e pth
.
, ,
Virak ara ka (n s tr ea k s strip es .
, .

op en sea .
(Ku)viringa (v tr a n d to . .

Uz uio ( n h i ndrance
. . m ak e or be com e round .

( Ku )nz ul u ( v to re mov e from .

(Ku)viringa na (v to b ecom e .

o ffi ce d e thron e d epo se d e
, , ,
round or sph e ri cal .

grad e . V irugu (n ange r . .

Uz ungo (n hal o round moon Vita n 4 wa r c onflict

(
.
,
. .
, ,

Uz ungu Europe , . wa r are .

U z uri ( n be auty . . V itimvi (n . 4, plotting ,

Uz ushi ( n rai sing r es us c i ta

.
,
intrigue tr each ery , .

tion brin gi ng to s urfac e

, . V itnsh i (n s udd e n ca l ami ti e s
. .

Uz uz i ( n 7 fal sehood inv e nt ion

.
, ,
V itwa vi twa
-
tops y tur vy -
.

fiction . Vivi hi vi precis ely thu s .

(Ku)vivia (v to s mould er .
,

burn l o w .

o
vivn (var idl e l a z y .
, ,

(Ka )yaa (v to we ar put on ; .

,
sl othful indol en t , .

(K u)v aa nguo to dres s put on , ,

V ivy o (ref thos e sam e
.

on e s cloth es
’
.
(thin gs cl , in that .

(Ku)va l is h a (ku vish a ) (v . to mann er .

cau se dr ess o ne to . V ivy o hivy o (d e m a d j and . .

(Ku )vama (v to we ar or cu t . thos e v e ry same .

by friction . V iweo (n 4 l ap
.
, .

V ao (n garm e n t dress
.
, .
(Ku)viz a (v to s poil damag e .
, ,
Vi (pl p re fix) (see note 3 study
.
,
mar .

(v to .

Via (v . to b e spoil ed s tunt ed ,

watch k ee p in vi e w spy
, , .

in gro wth bligh te d , . Viz ari (adj and be autiful .

,

V ia si n 4 th e m ea n th e
.
, ,
nic e bea ut ifully
, pr e tti ly , ,
mid l e ave rag e , . n i c ely wel l etc , , .

V ib a y a (adj and bad .

, (Ku)vua (v to ta k e o ff .

ba d l y .
(cloth es ) to undr ess ; K uvua ,

4 n ece ssa ri es , . k ofia to ta k e o ff on e s hat ; (v

,
’
.

(v to clothe to .
, to lif t u p fi s h catch fi sh , ,

dre ss (anoth er ) to ov e rl ay ,
K uvul ia (sa maki) (v to .

(with gol d ,
fi sh wi th or by ; Kuvua ma to ,
 248 S WA HIL I GRA M M A R

look Kumvul ia mt u
'
Ka )vurug a (v to sti r
( do)wn
to up . .

mato to sta re at o ne
,
. Ku vurumiz a (v . to roll
(Ku)vuata (v to press b e . thro w fl ing
, , .

t ween pa l ate without bit i ng (Ku)vu ta (v to dr aw pul l

_

. .
, ,

(Ku)vua z a (v to scratch . , attract ; Kuv uta m a ka si s to ,

t ear gra z e cut wound ga sh ro w oar s

( Kuvnta tumb a ku
(
.
, , , , ,

K
( )a v aj a (v t o l e ak l e t i n
.
, to smok e tobac co) .

wat e r .
(Ku)vuvi a (v t o bl o w .
,

u)vuka (v n ) t o co me o ff fal l br eath e on

( K .
, , .

o ff (cloth es) ; (v to cross . Vya (v a r of (4th cl

. .

ov er ferry a c ro ss
,
.
(Ku)vy a a (see Ku z aa ) (v to .

(Ku)vush a (v to ferry o ne . be ar bring forth b e frui tful

, , .

acro ss . V y a kul a (n 4 food eatabl es .

, , ,

(Ku)vukuta (v t o b l ow . prov i sion s .

(bel lows) .
Vy ema (adj a nd we l l in .
,

V uk uto (n s we at .
pe rspira , good s tate all ri ght righ tl y , ,

t ion . Kuona vy ema kwa to d el ight ,

V ul i (n l att er rai n s P eri od

.
-
. l l] .

of l att e r ra i n s (Octob er V y engine (adj an d . o th e r ,

N ovemb e r) . oth e r wise d iff er en tl y ,

.

(Ku)vuma (v to rear rage .

, , V y engulima (n 4 sma ll l o w .
, ,

m ak e commotion . hills .

Vumbi ( n du st rubbi sh
.
, , V y epesi (a d j an d l ight .
,

litte r . e a sy t rifl i n g th en e a sily

, , , .

(K u )vu m b ik a (v t o bu ry .
(Ku)v y oga (v to tread upon .
,

in san d or h o t a sh es roa st i n ,
tra mpl e .

a sh es t o b e du st , .

Ku)v umb uruka (v to star t .

up suddenly (sl eeping an imal s) .

Ku)vumi1ia (v to endure .
,

b e ar b e lon g suff ering

,
-
. W a (va r of W a .

m i to mak e to b e and (Arabic) ; W a mij i (of

(K n )vu z a (v .
-

h ea rd cau se a n oi s e
, . t own s) (n 1 citi z en s .
, ,

K u)vuna (v t o r eap ga th e r p e opl e m embe rs of a fed e ra

( .
, ,

1D . tion .

(Ku)j ivuna (v to boa st

.
, (Ku)wa (v i ntr and copul a) to . .
,
glory , be puff e d up concei ted , ,
b e b e com e
, .

va1 n .
(Ku)wad ia (v to b e th e .

(Kn)vund a (v . to bre ak , appoint ed tim e .

ma sh d es troy annul c h ange

s , , , W a d inasi (n g en tl e fol k (l it . .

(mon ey ) ; K uvund a kamb i to , s on s of men A L

) , .

bre ak up camp i a to s tar t , . . W afl (n s ting i n g n e ttl e

.
-
.

day s march ; Upepo uk a vund a

’
, W ah edi (num o ne ; W a .

th e wind l esse n ed . h edi wa ish irini o ne and ,

(Ku )vund a nga (v to crus h .

, t wenty .

br e ak by pr essure .
(Ku)wahi ( v to b e able (to .

(Ku)vund ik a (v to b e com e . go to a pl ace ,

brok en b e con ce ite d come to, ,

W aj ib u (n n ec essity obliga .
,

gr ie f . tion in evi table duty

,
25 0 S W AHILI GRA MM A R

W emb a mb a (n . th inn ess , (Ku)wiwani ( v pass ) to . , be in ‘

crampe d , circums tance s n ar , d ebt to o we b e s ued by

, , .

t o wn ees . W i wi ( n fern hrac k en

.
, .

W emb e ( n ra z or ( pl ny emb e)
. . . W iz a ni ( n th e we igh t of a
.

W end el eo ( n con tinuan ce .

, th in g we igh e d .

d urability . W ok of u ( n s alva t ion d el iv e r

.
,

W engo ( n spl e e n r ei n s
. . . anc e h elp safety
, , .

W epesi (n e a se facility .
, . W ok oz i ( n sa lvati o n a id .
, ,

W erevu ( n cunnin g s kill . , , s uccour h el p , .

s hr e wdn e ss d e vic e dip l omacy , , , W ony esh o (n manife s tation .

,

artfuln ess tact , . d emon stration se tting forth , .

W eu ( n v eldt pl at e au wa ter
.
, ,
W aroro (n softn es s . .

l ess pl ai n ope n country , . W u suli ( n Advent . .

W eupe (n wh it en ess brigh t

.
,

n ess .

W eu si ( n bl ackn es s darkn e ss
.
, .

W ewe (s e p thou th ee .
, .

( Ku)vvez”a ( v to b e abl e .
, Ya ( va r prep ) of ; Ya k wamba
. .

ca n ( use d n e gativ e ly for d is ( conj that . .

ability through sickn ess) ; ( v . Y a b isi ( inv dry h ard .

,

tr ) to b e e qual to b e a match
.
, ( Ku)y a b isika ( v to be com e .

for . d r y solidify
, .

(Ku)vvez ek a (Ku)wez eka na ( v . Yahu d i (n J ew . .

to b e fe a s ibl e practical pos , , (Kn)y a ik a ( v to m e lt d is .

,

s ibl e . s olv e .

( Ku )vvez esh a ( v to e nabl e . .

(Ku)y a ish a ( v to m elt sm el t .
, ,

wi ( va r sa d
. e vi l wi ck ed , , di ssolv e lique fy , .

( concord s a re mu wi ki wi viwi , , , Y akini ( n truth v e ra city.

, ,

c e rtainty proof , .

( Ra )vvia ( v . to b e credi tor ( Ku )y a kinish a ( v to ce rtify . ,

to clai m or
, ex act from he , prov e confirm
, .

o we d by (mon e y ,
K uwia Yal e (d e m those (5th cl
. . .

radhi ; to forg i ve ( lit t . o be

indulg e n t or el emen t to ) . Yambo (see Jambo) .

W ifl (n s i s te r in l a w ( h u s
.
- -
Yamin i ( n oat h t ak e n with .

band s sist er or broth e r s wife) th e righ t hand on s acr ed book

’ ’
.
, .

( Ka )wika ( v to cro w . . Y amkini ( advpo ssibly pro .

,

W imbi ( n wav e bil low ; M a

.
,
bably ; Y a mkinika it is pos ,

wimbi y a nmk a y o foaming , s ibl e .

billows break ers , . Y a simini (n . ja smi n e j essa ,

W imbo ( n 7 s on g hymn .
,
. min e .

( K u)vvind a ( v to se arch or . Yatima (n orp han . .

s ee k for h unt cha se , , . Y aya (n ayah n urse

.
, .

W ingu ( n cloud . . Y ayi ( n : e gg (se e Ii) .

W ino ( n ink . . Ya yo Kwa y a y o ( Pronom ph ra se ) .

,

W ish wa ( n cha f f bran .

, . sam e thin gs ov e r and ov e r
W ito ( n infec tion con ta gi on
.
, . aga i n .

W ivi ( n th e ft (no
. Yaly a (sep prgn h e h im sh e .
, , , ,

W ivu ( n j ealou sy z ea l e nvy

.
, , . er.
 S WAHI LI ENGLIS H -
VO C A BU LA RY 25 1

(Ru )yonga yonsa ( V red ) to -

. Za miri (n . p sal m .

s way to and fro , be nd , b o w .

(Ku)s amish a (w . to imm e rse
Yowe (n . alarm cry of fear , , ( h en ce to bapti z e) .

cry of di s tress . Zamu ( n turn wa tch.

, .

Y a ( pron pr e f ) h e . . , sh e . Zana ( n ammuni tion s tore

.
, .

( K u)yn a ( v
’
. to wobbl e , Zani (n accid ent s udd e n
.
,

waddl e . dang e r crim e ,

.

( Ku)y uga yuga ( v re d ) to shak e

-
.
, , Zari ( n gol d thr ea d ( ve ry
.

s way s tagg e r
,
. valuabl e) .

Y ul e (d e m that ( l st .
( Ku )s a wa Kuz a liwa ( v pass ) t o
, .
,

( Ku )yumba ( v to so ar . . b e born .

( Ku)ynmb a yun ba ( v to -
. Za wad i ( Za d i ) ( n prese n t .

r eel vac illat e roll

, , . brough t from a d is ta nc e gift , ,

Y umbe ( n palace . . k ee p sake .

Y unga yunga (n
-
worm . . Z awa ni ( n tares . .

Yungi (n lil y wat e r lily

.
,
-
. Z eitu ni ( n ol i ve . .

Z ez e ( n s tring e d mu s ical in
.

s trum e nt r e se mblin g lut e .

Z ia da mor e ( S e e Zaidi ) . .

Ziar a (n vi s it ; Z ia ra (or
.

29 ( var
. . of . S iara ) (n tomb grave .
, ,

( Ku)z aa (v to be ar ( fruit). , burying plac e -

.

bring forth be g et br eed giv e , , , (Ku)z ib a ( v to ste p or pl ug .

birth to . up cl os e seal cov e r hid e fil l

, , , , ,

Za b a d i ( n ci vet ea t K uz a b i di
.
-

, up .

to tak e civ e t from th e cat .

( Kuj i)z ib az ib a ( v to hid e .

Zab ib u ( n rai s in s grapes on e s self

’
.
, . .

( Ku)s abuni ( v to buy pur .

, K uz ib ika Kuz ib ik a na ( v , to .

chase . b e s toppe d clos ed hidd e n , , .

Z a b uri ( n p salm pray e r book

.
,
-
.
( Ku )t ib ish a to h ave s toppe d
Zafarani ( n sa f fron . . up or clo se d .

( Ku)z aga a ( v to shi ne b e .

, Z ibo (n s top pe r pl ug
.
, .

bright ligh te n gliste n

, ,
.
(Ku )z ib u a ( v to un s top .
,

Za ib a k ( n m e rc ury quick
.
,
un do Op en , .

silv e r .
( Ka )z id i ( v to i ncr e as e .
,

Z ai di (a d v and more f a r
.
,
~
augm e nt gro w do all th e , ,

th e r moreov er
,
. more .

Z aka ( n tith e
. .
(Ku)t idish a ( v to add i a .
,

( Ku )z al ish a ( v c to a ssi s t at . cr eas e multiply (arithm e tic )

, .

birth d e live r act mid wife

, , .
( Ku )z ika ( v to bur y . .

Z a liz a l i ( n e arthquak e . . Zil e ( var d em ad . thos e ( cl 3 . .

( Ka y a ma ( v to s ink dive b e .
, , and 7 ,

s u b m e rg e d .
-
z ima ( var whol e sound .
, ,

Zama ni (n time p e riod se a

.
, , h eal thy c ompl e te , .

so n ; Zama ni hiz i nowaday s ; , ( Ka )z ima ( v to e xtingu ish .

,

Zamani k ubwa Za m a n i nyi '

,
put out cool , .

ngi long t im e
, .
( Ku)z imb aa ( v
. to b e re pro .

Za mb a ra u ( n frui t (simi l ar to . bate cas t a way

,
-
.

dams on) . Kuz ima ( v to .

252 S WA HILI GRAM M A R

b ecom e fa int go ou t (l amp , , (Ku)s ongomaz a (v . to c ause

fi re) b e qu ench ed
,
be com e , to gird .

cool .
(K u)z owez a ( v . to a ccusto m ,

( Ku)z imika (v to go ou t ( fire .

, hab i tuate .

burn l o w .
(Ku)z u a ( v i n tr an d . . to nu
(K u)z imua ( v to wa te r . arth unbury inv e nt roman ce
e , , , ,

do wn c ool wea k en , ,
. t el l untruth s d e al fal s el y , .

(Ku)z ind uk a ( v to wak e up .

( K u)z ub ua ( v to pi e rce . .

s udd e nly r i se , .
( Ku )z nia ( v to pre ven t .
,

( K u)z inga ( v to t urn round .

,
hinder r estrain re frai n wi th , , ,

r e volve chang e front turn , , . hold k e ep back , .

(Ku)z inga tia ( v to be think .

( Ku )j iz uil ia ( v to e x ercise .

o ne s s e lf turn ov er mentally
’

, ,
se l f control b e t e mp erat e
-
mo , ,

r e fl e c t r e p en t ,
. d e rate r es train on e s sel f
,
’
.

( Ku)z inga z inga to b e a turn

-

(Ku)z uil iwa Kuz uiwa ( v pa ss ) , .

,

coat . to b e hind ered pre v ent e d wi th ~ , ,

(Ku )z ingira ( v to i nclo se .

,
h e ld etc , .

s urround com fort , .

(Ku)z uk a ( v to app ear fro m .

( Ku)z ini ( v to commi t . und er th e s urface e me rg e , ,

adul t ery . com e on th e sc e n e as a n up

( Ku)z ira ( v to ab stain from .
,
s tart ri se , .

avoid abhor , .
( Ku)z ul u ( v to b e gi ddy .
,

( Ku)z irish a ( v to cau se to . light h e ad ed d e ranged

-

, .

ab h or ( h enc e to b e outrag eou s ,

Zul ia ( n carp e t . .

abhorr ent abom i nabl e ) , . Z a mari (n wind i n strum e nt .

,
-
z ito ( var h e avy p m.
,
.
pip e clari on e t,
.

d e ro us d i fficult h ard thick

, , , ,
K
( ) u s u mb ua ( v to fi n d d is ~ .
,

cove r s e arch seek , ,

.

Z iwa (n pond l ak e r ese rvoi r

.
, , , ( Ku)z umb uka na (v to b e d is .

br e a st . cov e rabl e .

Z iz i ( n ca ttl e pen sh e epfol d

.
-

, , (Ku)z u nguk a ( v tr an d to . .

s table yard ,
.
go round walk round r evolv e
-
, , ,

(Ku)s oa ( v to col lect tog eth e r

. turn round surround , .

for picki n g u p scoop up gath e r , , (Ku)z ungumz a ( v to tal k .

,

up (u sed in a coll e ctiv e sen se ,

conv er se chat hold conv er sa , ,

ctr okota )
. . tion .

(K u)z oea ( v tr and to b e . .

( K u)j iz u ngumz a ( v to m ed i .

com e accu stom e d to acquire ,

tat e amu se on e s sel f by talk
,
’

th e h abit of ge t u se d to b e , ,
in g e tc ,
.

com e tam e .
(Ku)z u ngu sh a to t urn mak e ,

( Ku)z oel ek a (v to b e capabl e . go round .

of be ing scoop ed or gath er ed Zuri ( n fal se oath p erj ur y

.
, .

up .
-
z ur i ( va r adj pre tty b eau t iful
.
, ,

( Ku)s onga z ong a ( v to in

-
nic e hand som e
, .

c l ose s urround encompass

, , , ( Ku )m ru (v to vi si t pay .
,

gird wi nd round
, . a visi t .

PR NT ED B Y I WIL LIA X C LOWES I I

A ND SONS , L M T ED, LONDON A N D B ECC LES .
 Unive rs i o f C a l if o rnia
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-

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