Chapter 3 Transformer

Introduction

By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
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By Sintayehu Challa
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 N1 I1
φ=
R

 NI 
d 1 1 
e1 = N1 = N1   = 1 1 1
dφ R N N dI By Sintayehu Challa
dt dt R dt
  N 1I1 
d 
e2 = N 2  R 
dt

By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
Primary Winding Secondary Winding
By Sintayehu Challa
 E1RMS = 4.44 fN 1 Bm Ac
φmax= BMAXAC E1RMS = 4.44 fN 2 Bm Ac
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
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By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
 Open circuit Test
• The connections for this test are made as shown in Figure
below.
• One winding of the transformer (usually the high voltage
Winding) is left open and the other is connected to its supply
of normal voltage and frequency.
• Ammeter (A) and Wattmeter (W) are connected to measure
no-load current and no-load input power (Po) respectively.
W2

A2

N2 V2=E22
V12 V2

HV
LV Winding
Winding
 Contd.
• As the primary no-load current Io as measured by
the ammeter is very small, copper loss is negligibly
small in the low voltage primary winding.
• The copper loss is assumed to be very small and
negligible in the secondary winding because it is
open.
• Hence, the Wattmeter reading represents
practically the core-loss under no-load conditions
(and this loss is same for all loads).
• The core-loss is referred to as the iron loss in
transformer. From this test, the Rc,Xm ,and Cosθ
(no-load power factor) can be calculated as follows:
By Sintayehu Challa
 Short- circuit or impedance lest
This test is conducted to determine the following
1. The full load copper loss
2. The equivalent resistance and reactance referred to metering side
(primary side)
• In this test, the terminals of the secondary winding, (usually
of low voltage winding) are short circuited by a thick
conductor and variable low voltage is applied to the primary
as shown in figure below
W
2
A2

V12 N2 Short
V2 A circuit2

LV
HV Winding
Winding
 Contd.
• The low input voltage is gradually raised till at vsc
when full-load currents flow in the primary as
well as in the secondary windings as indicated
by the respective ammeters.
• Since applied voltage is very low, so flux linking
with the core is also very small and therefore,
iron losses are so small that these can be
negligible.
• Hence, the wattmeter will practically register the
full-load copper losses in the transformer
windings. The no-load current is neglected due
to its smallness.
By Sintayehu Challa
By Sintayehu Challa
Transformer Losses
The power losses in a transformer are of two types, namely;
1. Core or Iron losses and
2. Copper losses
• These losses appear in the form of heat and produce an
increase in temperature and decreases the Transformer
efficiency
1. Core or Iron losses
• The iron losses consist of hysteresis and eddy current
losses and occur in the transformer core due to the
alternating flux. These losses can be determined by
open- circuit test. Both hysteresis and eddy current
losses depend upon (i) maximum flux density in the
core (ii) supply frequency.
Contd.
• Since transformers are connected to constant frequency (constant
voltage supply) both frequency (f) and flux density (B) are constant.
Hence, core or iron losses are practically the same at all loads. Iron or
core losses,
PC=PFe=hysteresis loss +Eddy current loss=PH+ Peddy
= Constant losses
1. Hysteresis loss is expressed by the Empirical Equation of
Steinmetz Steinmetz is given by
x
Ph = Kh f B V = k1 f
max
Where X is Steinmetz coefficient(1.5<X<2 )
V is Volume of a material in m3
Kh IS Material parameter
0.025 − 0.005 for Steel Silicon
Kh = 
0.05 − 0.07 for Cast Steel
2. Eddy Current loss 2 2 2 2
π f B tV MAX 2
PEddy = = K2 f
6ρ