UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALOG COMMUNICATION

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 UNIT II DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION:

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FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING:

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 UNIT III DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
INTRODUCTION:

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Delta Modulation (DM) :
Delta Modulation (DM) :

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 Let m[ n ] = m(nT s ) , n = 0,±1,±2, 
where Ts is the sampling period and m( nT s ) is a sample of m(t ).
The error signal is
e[ n ] = m[ n ] − mq [ n −1] (3.52)
eq [ n ] = ∆sgn( e[ n ] ) (3.53)
mq [ n ] = mq [ n −1] +eq [ n ] (3.54)
where mq [ n ] is the quantizer output , eq [ n ] is
the quantized version of e[ n ] , and ∆is the step size

The modulator consists of a comparator, a quantizer, and an accumulator. The output of

the accumulator is

Differential Pulse-Code Modulation (DPCM):

Usually PCM has the sampling rate higher than the Nyquist rate .The encode signal
contains redundant information. DPCM can efficiently remove this redundancy.

Figure 3.28 DPCM system. (a) Transmitter. (b) Receiver.

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 e[n ] = m[n] −m ˆ [n ] (3.74)
mˆ [n] is a prediction
value.
The quantizer output is
eq [n] = e[n] + q[n] (3.75)
where q[n] is quantizati on error.
The prediction filter input is
mq [ n] = m
ˆ [n ] +e[n] +q[n] (3.77)

m[n ]
⇒mq [n] = m[ n] + q[ n] (3.78)

Processing Gain:

The (SNR) o of the DPCM system is

σ M2
(SNR) = (3.79)
σQ2
o

where σ M2 and σQ2 are variances of m[ n ] ( E[ m[ n]] = 0) and q[ n ]

σ M2 σ E2
(SNR) =( )( )
σ E2 σQ2
o

= G p (SNR ) Q (3.80)
where σ E2 is the variance of the prediction s error
and the signal - to - quantizati on noise ratio is
σ E2
(SNR ) Q = (3.81)
σQ2
σ M2
Processing Gain, G p = (3.82)
σ E2
Design a prediction filter to maximize G p (minimize σ E2 )

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