ABSTRACT: The change in human society and the population increase in Surman citypopulation has led to an increase in
environmental problems and the increasing depletion of resources and natural resources and non-optimal use of land. This has led to
the disparity in the distribution of services, functions, lack of recreational areas, green areas, playgrounds, and other services.
Surman City scheme suffers from many problems, particularly the spread of housing projects. This has to be reconsidered in the ways
of development and the urban environment of the city planning. Sustainable urban planning is one of the most important ways and
strategies that can be followed for a diaper on Surman city scheme and preserves the rights of future generations to live in urban and
convenient style. The purpose of this research evaluation of residential areas Surman city scheme to know shortages and deficiencies
of the scheme of the city and their suitability for the planning of an urban sustainability using Arc (GIS) technology. It isimportant
means in the fields of life, especially the areas of sustainable urban planning where they can be utilized in the analysis and
conclusions, as well as future studies accurately and fast. The study found out that appropriate measurable indicators can be relied
upon to develop design criteria for residential that will help to achieve a sustainable urban plan during the preparation of urban
schemes or develop existing schemes.
Keywords: Evaluate residential urban planning,GIS, Sustainable urban planning, Residential urban planning.
Introduction
Increase and the rapid growth of population in the world is concentrated in urban cities, it is expected that by 2030 more than 60% of
the world's population will reside in urban areas(Nations, 2004). This requires the development of rapid urbanization and the
expansion of residential areas to the cities schemes and infrastructure development in the presence of population crawl and depletion
of natural resources and an optimal use of land (Hammer, Stewart, Winkler, Radeloff, & Voss, 2004). This has led to the development
of residential areas in many cases to have impact on open spaces and inequality in the distribution ratios for functions services which
impact on the style and dynamics and functions of urban areas and ecosystems for the development of residential areas(Irwin &
Bockstael, 2004). Sustainable urban planning has become an important element to achieve the principles of sustainability and the
ideal solution for residential and urban areas facing restriction by social-economic level, environmental pressure, population pressure
and traffic pressure, etc.(Xu & Coors, 2012) . Data and results on residential area development can thus be significantlyused to
understand the ways to raise the urban landscape change and help guide government agencies and planners in the optimal use of land
and ways of preserving the environment and natural resources and protection (Yin, Kong, & Zhang, 2011) .
The planning stage started first in Libya during the advent of Economic Development when it was preparing plans for the
development of important cities and villages in between (1968 - 1988). It focused on urban growth without addressing the regional
studies. There were two schemes established then, the first which was integrated detailed plans for major cities named overall
schemes. While the second type of schemes for cities and villages was named general schemes used to separate residential areas for
service activities. During the second year of the economic development (1969), it has prepared the first stage of it schemes because of
the improved economic situation of the country and the significant increase in the population growth and the development of
communities (Sheibani & Havard, 2005). By the end of the seventies, it has initiated planning in the second stage (1980 - 2000). The
stage included the preparation of a national plan, a long-term plan stage that included the preparation of four(4) regional schemes,
eighteen(18) regional scheme subcategories, and the preparation and development of 240 schemes for other cities. This stage was
based on a comprehensive and detailed foundations of the planning system adopted by all the regions. At the end of the second stage
of planning, Urban Planning Department began the preparation of the third planning stage, which was named third generation
schemes and the set time period for this stage was (2000-2025) (Libya, 2010).
Urban planning criteria are one the most important means of the preparation and implementation of urban plans and considered to be
the guidance or directory to help in the preparation of programs and development of schemes and the development of communities
through housing development and facilities and infrastructure. It also helps in the NEEDs assessment of land for the purpose of
providing services with acceptable criteria in the long term and to maintain the land (studies, 2000).
It is important to note that the failure to achieve the principles of sustainability in the built environment in Surman city scheme will
lead to the wasting of natural resources and making it difficult to create an eco-friendly environment. The result of the research was
presented to a converted access to set measurable indicators for Surman city special scheme for sustainable Urban Planning and to
measure their suitability with the aid of an Arc (GIS) technology to serve as a criterion. It measures the appropriateness of any future
project sustainability concept to be implemented within the planned city. It also recognizes the reality of Surman city scheme and the
Method
2.1. Background of Surman City and city scheme (study area)
The area of study was located within Surman city scheme limits, which is located in the northwest in Libya, and about 60 km away
west of the capital Tripoli, and Coordinates. N 32° 45′ 24″, E 12°34'18''. The city has boundary from the north with the Mediterranean
Sea, to the east is Zawia city, to the south is Yafran city, and to the west of the city is Sabratha city shown in Figure. 1.The scheme is
located within the master plan for Surman city limits with an estimated total area of about 12,797,118 m2(Office of Housing and
Utilities for Surman city, 2013). The total number of housing units is (2690), these are for two generations of the city for the schemes
which have been accredited in 1983. It accommodates a city planfor about (40,000) number of people, and the city relies on two types
of housing, the private housing and the public housing.The public housing in the form of different types of housing complexes
dispersed within the scheme (HUSCO,2012).
Table 2: Types of housing units within Surman city scheme and the proportion achieve measurement index. Source: (Farhat& Manal,
2016).
Tape of housing units Available Not Number Achieved
available available
80 m2 / No found No
100-120 m2 / No found No
Tape of 120-150 m2 / 2690 Yes
area m2
3.1.2 Measuring the achievement of land use and environmental diversity index
This indicator can be measured by examining the private spaces for each activity within the residential areas, and also through the
study of land use in areas within the city plan. It then analyzes and draws conclusions in the percentage of each activity, after which
the rates of land use is compared to global case studies that have been mentioned to determine the proportion of similarity and
compatibility between them.
Tables 3: shows the area ratios and all land uses and functions in residential areas of the scheme city. Source: (Farhat & Manal, 2016
Land used type Area (m2) Percentage (%)
Banks
The table below shows the percentage use of land in Surman city scheme and comparable percentages of use of land per Masdar City
in United Arab Emirates and Dongtan city in China.
Table 4: Shows the comparison of each of the UAE Masdar City, Dongtan city in China with Surman city planner proportion of use of
land and residential areas.
Source: (Frenchman & Zegras, 2012),(Raza, Janajreh, & Ghenai, 2014), (HUSCO,2012).
Average
The percentage of
percentage Masdar City Percentage achieves
Land use and Dongtan rapprochement
Masdar Dongtan, China Surman
City, city
UAE planned
Housing &
Residency, 96.21%
open 38.00% 45.00% 39.93% 41.50%
spaces, and
services
Roads and
Corridors 184.09%
32.00% 31.00% 57.99% 31.50%
Education
and 9.96%
Scientific 30.00% 24.00% 2.69% 27.00%
Research
The total percentage to achieve land use index 96.75%
Table 5 shows the percentage covered basic services for residential buildings in residential areas and measure the extent to which the
movement index.
Source: (Farhat & Manal, 2016).
Total Total Number of Number Percentag Percentag Total
number number Separate of e of e of housin
of of Residentia Buildings Separate Buildings g units
Services Separate Building l Buildings , Residenti , covere
Residenti s covered by Residenti al Residenti d from
al Resident the area of al towers Buildings al towers 2690
Buildings ial the service covered units
(2490 towers by the (%)
unit) (200 area of (%)
unit) the
service
Schools 141 3 44.67 100 1300
Public parks 199 3 63.17 100 1792
Health 0 3 0 100 200
clinics
Mosques 0 0 0 0 0
Commercial 315 3 77 3 24.44 100 816
buildings
Administrati 25 0 7.93 0 150
ve buildings
Banks 0 0 0 0 0
Cultural 32 3 10.15 100 456
centers
Playgrounds 48 0 15.23 0 384
The average number of the housing units covered by the service basis 566 units
Percentage for each type of building 18.39% 55.55%
Percentage of each building and residential covered services 36.97%
basic
3.1.4 Measuring the achievement of mixed land use index (Mixed Land use Factor)
The measurement using this indicator is to know and identify the green space percentage of the entire space used in the scheme, and
to see areas that give the possibility of bio-diversity emergence and continuity. It also focused on knowing places percentage for
linking rainwater into the soil and also taking into account the planned waste by the presence of methods or mechanisms for recycling
of waste. The network for collection of rainwater was also considered, and the network separated from the sewage network if it
exists.Table 6 shows the percentage of verification measuring biodiversity and green infrastructure of residential areas in the scheme.
Table 6: Shows the extent to which the biodiversity index measuring green infrastructure and residential areas in Surman city scheme.
Source: (Farhat & Manal, 2016).
Types of biodiversity
and green Available not Percentage ideal if Percentage
infrastructure available available verification
(%)
Available as a Percentage
Green spaces percentage 13.41% accounted for 30% 44.70
of the land area of the land used
used
Yes by about 45% Fair distribution
Trees percentage spread over the entire areas 45.00
in some locations used
Rainwater drainage / 0
network (separate)
Processing and / 0
recycling of waste
Rainwater leak of Available as a Full executrix areas 34.00
surfaces percentage 34.00%
Percentage full achieved biodiversity and green infrastructure index 24.74%
It was recorded that the extent to which the quality of the design housing criteria within the city scheme and their suitability to achieve
the principles of sustainability are met, depends on the use of measurable indicators. This was calculated and analyzed by using
geographic information systems Arc (GIS) which calculated the percentages of factor existing in the study area and compared it to the
rates of global idealism analysis.
It is observed that spacing in residential neighborhoods within the city near the scheme do not take into account the basic service
functions. This includes the lack of full coverage of basic services in residential areas for basic services and the movement index
achieved 36.97%. The percentage can be justified by trying to reconcile the requirements of the population in the surrounding areas
and the planned scheme. More also, it lacks a city plan and residential areas of biodiversity and green infrastructure. According to
green infrastructure and biodiversity index, a measure of the proportion of 24.74% is achieved. The city scheme also lacks the
diversity of the housing units where there are only two models of separate residential buildings and residential compounds, as well as
the convergence of housing units. This is achieved by the diversity of the housing units by 43% index. Whereas with regard to land
use, it was different percentages between functions since there are high percentages and other law, this is what has been achieved as a
measure of the land use index.
Conclusion
Surman city is a big city in land mass and has a population of about 70,000 people inside and outside of the planned city, of which
only 40,000 people are living Within the Planned Area. The planned area of the city is about 12,797,118 m2. Surman city has
witnessed a major urban expansion and an increase in population growth in the last thirty years. This has led to the housing projects
inside and outside the scheme. But the lack of housing projects carried out within the planed area to the design criteria to keep up with
the basics sustainable urban plan is sophisticated and flexible.
The change in human society and the population increase in Surman city population has led to an increase in environmental problems
and the increasing depletion of resources and natural resources and non-optimal use of land. This has led to the disparity in the
distribution of services and functions and a lack of recreational areas, green areas, playgrounds, and other services. It is imperative to
rationalize the optimal use of land and how to use urban ways and ways to improve the environment and to serve the people.
Surman City scheme suffers from many problems, particularly the spread of housing projects, and that there are some of the design
criteria such as determining the site has not taken into account in accordance with the urban expansion, or development of old
neighborhood sites. More also, the non-application of the concepts of sustainability deviation to achieverebalance in the scheme of the
city. This has to be reconsidered in the ways of development and the urban environment of the city planning.
Sustainable urban planning is one of the most important ways and strategies that can be followed for a better Surman city scheme
which will preserves the rights of future generations to live in urban and convenient manner. Modern technology has become an
important means in the fields of life, especially the areas of sustainable urban planning, where they can be utilized in the analysis
and conclusions, as well as future studies accurately and faster.
Several residential areas have achieved global concepts of sustainable development through advanced urban communities and
preserve the ecological balance. An example of such places are the Lloyd Crossing countries- Portland district, Masdar City-the
United Arab Emirates and Dongtan city- China. Where these cities achieved the concepts and principles of urban planning and
sustainable through the application of several criteria and measurable indicators, the study focused on four of these indicators.These
are the diversity of the housing unit index, the index measuring the achievement of land use, the index measuring the achievement of
green infrastructure and bio-diversity and mobility by private vehicles, and pedestrian measurement index.
The analysis of Surman city scheme for housing which is the case study used for this research, shows that the city scheme can
applythese measurement indicators through the use of geographic information systems Arc (GIS) technology. This research has raise
and contributed to the knowledge of the city to help of researchers and developers in their studies. The study contribute to help
organizations and government institutions through the use of indicators used in this research.
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