Works Cited

Primary Sources

Armistice Agreement for the Restoration of the South Korean State​. 1953.

Www.ourdocuments.gov​, National History Day, The National Archives and Records

Administration, and USA Freedom Corps, 2018,

www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=85#. Accessed 17 Feb. 2018. This is

a photo of the first page of the Korean War Armistice. The photographer took this photo

to have records of the Korean War Armistice for people to use. We will be using this in

our short-term impact to show what the armistice looked like. We believe this is a

credible source because the supporting organizations are trustworthy information sites

and databases

Chang. A 57-mm Recoilless Rifle Team Opens Fire at a Chinese Position Three Miles South of

the 38th Parallel in Korea. 31 Mar. 1951. ​Center of Military History​, 15 Jan. 2016,

history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm. Accessed 19 Jan. 2018. This

photograph is of several men firing on Chinese communists along the 38th parallel. The

artist took this photo to show others what was happening in the Korean War and to have

some records of it. I believe this source is credible because I found this photo on a

database dedicated to US military history. I also believe this is credible because it is a

photo take directly in the Korean War making this a primary source.

---. Pfc. Jack Lee of Wichita, Kan. (left), and Cpl. Joseph W. Thomas of Honolulu, T.H., Fire

Their Machine Gun on Communist Positions as United Nations Forces Attack a Hill,

Three Miles South of the 38th Parallel. 31 Mar. 1951. ​Center of Military History​, 15 Jan.
 2016, history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm. Accessed 18 Jan. 2018. This

photo is of two men firing a machine gun on communists during Operation Ripper. The

artist took this photo to show exactly what was happening during the Korean War. I

believe this source is credible because it is on a database dedicated to US military history.

I also believe that this source is credible because the photo was taken during Operation

Ripper also making this a primary source.

Combat Footage Korean War Newsreel 1950​. MilitaryPublicDomain, 1950. This is a newsreel

from the Korean War shown to the U.S. This video was created to show U.S. citizens

what is happening during the Korean War. We will be using this to give a small

overview of the Korean War on our homepage. We believe this is credible because this

has video footage straight from the war, making this a primary source.

“Dixon, Eugene, GySgt.” ​TogetherWeServed.com​, 2003,

marines.togetherweserved.com/usmc/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProf

ile&type=BattleMemoryExt&ID=157450. Accessed 8 Jan. 2018. By reading this I

learned that on the night of 14th of march the South korean 1st infantry division and the

US 3rd infantry division recaptured Seoul for the last time until 1950. I also learned more

about the operation’s objectives and what happened during it. I believe this is credible

because this info from Gunnery Sergeant Eugene Dixon who served in the Marines

during the Korean War.

Fox. Men of Co. K, 35th RCT, 25th Division, fire a light machine gun in support of a rifle

platoon attacking Chinese Communist positions north of the Han River. 7 Mar. 1951.

Center of Military History​, 15 Jan. 2016,

 history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018. This is a

photo of two men firing a turret on Chinese communists north of the Han River. The

photographer took this photo to show others what was happening in the Korean War and

to have some records of it. I believe this source is credible because I found this photo on

a database dedicated to US military history. I also believe this is credible because it is a

photo take directly in the Korean War making this a primary source.

​History .army.mil​. 2 Feb. 2001, history.army.mil/books/korea/ebb/ch17.htm. Accessed 4 Jan.

2018. By reading this I found how Operation Ripper followed through and how the

operation ended. I also learned about the different Corps and divisions that were involved

such as X Corps, IX Corps, and ROK III Corps. I believe this is credible because the

information was gotten directly from soldiers who were there first hand and the citations

for everything mentioned was at the very bottom of the page.

Hunkins, Jr. Men of Battery B, 15th AAA Battalion, 7th Infantry Division, fire quadruple .50

caliber machine guns from an M-16 at Chinese Communist-held positions, as men of the

3rd Battalion, 32nd RCT, 7th Inf. Div., prepare to launch an attack north of Chae-jae. 12

Mar. 1951. ​Center of Military History​, 15 Jan. 2016,

history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018. This is a

photo of a couple men insides a vehicle with a turret firing on Chinese communists.The

artist took the photo to show what was happening in the Korean War in March.I believe

this source is credible because this database the photo is on is dedicated to US military

history. I also believe this is a credible source because the picture was taken directly in

the Korean War also making this photo a primary source.

“The Korean War.” ​United States History​, Joseph hunkins,

www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1629.html. By reading this I learned a bit about General

MacArthur’s part of the operation. I learned about how the Chinese gave MacArthur a

warning to which he ignored and about how when MacArthur ignored the Chinese’s

warning not to push the North Koreans past the Yalu river and that was how the Chinese

entered the war. I believe this is credible because it has tons of links branching off to

other reliable places.

​Korean War Weapons and History​. www.koreanwaronline.com/arms/OperationRipper.htm.

Accessed 14 Dec. 2017. By reading this I learned about the sole purpose of Operation

Ripper. I also read that General Ridgway said “we didn’t set out to conquer China”. I also

learned a little about how they had some of the soldiers positioned in certain parts of

Operation Ripper. I believe that it is credible because the site was published by an ex

marine who was a marine during the time that Operation Ripper was taking place.

Major General Blackshear M. Bryan, left, exchanges credentials with North Korean Lt. General

Lee Sang Cho at the opening session of the military armistice commission. 28 July 1953.

NBC News​, NBC.COM, 10 Aug. 2016,

www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/has-it-ever-been-bad-north-korea-yes-actually-n

790661. Accessed 1 Feb. 2018. This is a picture of the armistice signing on July 28,

1953, ending the fighting between North Korea and South Korea. The photographer took

this picture to show people what happened at the signing and to show others that the

fighting was finished. I believe this source is credible because this is a picture that was
 taken straight from the Korean War also making this photo a primary source. I will use

this photo to show a part of the short-term effect of Operation Ripper.

Montross, Lynn. “Marines - Accounts of the Korean War... Advance to the 38th Parallel: The

Marines in Operation Ripper.” ​Korean War Educator​, 2002-2016,

www.koreanwar-educator.org/topics/branch_accounts/marine/p_operation_ripper.htm.

Accessed 20 Nov. 2017. In this website, I read about a Marine’s experience of Operation

Ripper and some events before Operation Ripper that explain why it happened. This

author wrote this to tell people about Operation Ripper and events leading up, like

Operation Killer and how Operation Ripper is just an extension of that. I believe that this

is a credible source because it was written by a Marine who was there and saw it all

happen. I also believe this is a credible source because the website is dedicated to the

Korean War and telling others about it, and Operation Ripper is a part of the Korean War.

This is a good source that can lead you to other credible sources about the Korean War.

Mossman, Billy C. “CHAPTER XVIII Advance to the Parallel.” ​Ebb and Flow​, Washington

D.C., CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY UNITED STATES ARMY, 1990, pp.

336-51. ​Center of Military History​, history.army.mil/books/korea/ebb/ch18.htm.

Accessed 21 Nov. 2017. By reading this, I Found out the short-term effects of Operation

Ripper, Operation Courageous and Rugged, and the ending to Operation Ripper. The

author wrote this source to tell us what he knew and experienced in Operation Ripper and

the operations that followed. I believe this is a credible source because this was written

by an army soldier and published by the military. I also looked into the author’s

credentials and he participated in the Korean war and is a military historian. I believe that
 this is a primary source since this book database is about the Korean War, which he

participated in.

---. “Chapter XVII: Operation Ripper.” ​Ebb and Flow​, Washington, Center of Military History,

1990, pp. 316-35. ​Center of Military History​,

history.army.mil/books/korea/ebb/ch17.htm. Accessed 5 Dec. 2017. By reading this I

found the out about the planning previous to Operation Ripper and about the actions

performed in Operation Ripper. The author wrote this source to tell about what happened

during Operation Ripper. I am confident that this is a credible source because it was put

on a military history database. I also believe this is credible because the author was in the

Korean War and is now a military historian. This source is primary because the author

was there when Operation Ripper happened.

---. ​Operation Ripper Eastern Front​. 1990. ​Center of Military History​, 1990,

history.army.mil/books/korea/maps/map27_full.jpg. Accessed 30 Nov. 2017. This photo

shows the movements of soldiers on the eastern front of Operation Ripper. The author

made this source to show people where the soldiers were in the beginning, middle and

end of Operation Ripper. I believe that this is a credible source because it is from a book

on the database by a Korean War soldier who is now a military historian. I also believe

that this is credible because this book that the photo was found on was on a military

history database, the Center of Military History. This is a primary source because this is

what was planned and executed on Operation Ripper’s eastern front.

---. “Operation Ripper Western Front.” 1990. ​Center of Military History​, 1990,

history.army.mil/books/korea/maps/map26_full.jpg. Accessed 30 Nov. 2017. This image

 is the movements of the soldiers on the western front of Operation Ripper. This source is

meant to show people where the soldiers were at on the beginning, middle and last days

of Operation Ripper. I am confident that this is a credible source because it is from the

Center of Military History which is an Army database. I also believe this is a credible

source because the book on the database that I found this photo in was by a soldier who

was in the Korean War and who is now a military historian. This is a primary source

because this was what was planned and executed in Operation Ripper and the person who

made it was a soldier that was there.

---. “The Ripper Concept.” ​Ebb and Flow​, Washington, D.C., CENTER OF MILITARY

HISTORY UNITED STATES ARMY, 1990, pp. 311-15. ​Center of Military History​,

history.army.mil/books/korea/ebb/ch16.htm. Accessed 16 Nov. 2017. By reading this

source, it helped me find the beginnings of Operation RIPPER, why it started on the date

that it did, and the planning of what would happen in this operation. The author wrote this

source as a part of US Army history in the Korean war of the ones he participated in. I

believe that this is a credible source because in the author’s description, on the table of

contents page, it described what Infantries the author was in and it said that the author

now works with writing military history. I also believe that this is a credible source

because the book was published by the Center of Military History United States Army

which means that any possible mistakes made by the author about the actions of the US

Army would have been corrected. I would recommend this source or the entire book to

anyone who wants a US Army veiw of the Korean War.

“Operation Ripper.” ​LeatherNeck​, Colonel Walter G. Ford,

www.gunnygenes.koreanwar-educator.org/korea/1951/ripper.htm. Accessed 9 Jan. 2018.

By reading this I learned about some of the terrain they had to go through and how there

was a stronghold at Oumsan, a mountain that stands at 2,900 feet tall. I also learned about

Sergeant John Chinner who took out a chain of bunkers with only a .45 caliber pistol and

a supply of captured grenades. I believe that this is credible because the editor was

serving as a marine through out the most of the Korean war and so he would most likely

be in the know of the operations.

Ruffner, Clark L. “Narative Summary for March 1951.” ​Command Report: Headquarters 2nd

Infantry Division​, 18 Dec. 1999, pp. 3-19. ​Korean War Project​,

www.koreanwar2.org/kwp2/usa/2id/001/USA_2ID_050006a.pdf. Accessed 13 Dec.

2017. This is a command report of the Korean War from March 1-30 1951 and by

reading it I found detailed descriptions of what happened in Operation Ripper and some

highlights of what happened before. The author wrote this source to give a report about

what happened during March 1-30 1951. I believe it is a credible source because the

report is validated by a General that was in that division. I also believe this is credible

because the author made this report out of interviews of GIs. I believe this is a primary

source because of the interviews with soldiers and the validation from the General.

Welter. Elements of the 15th RCT, 3rd Infantry Division, fire upon Communist dug-in positions

on a hill near the village of Uijong-bu. 23 Mar. 1951. ​Center of Military History​, 15 Jan.

2016, history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018. This

is a photo of three men lying on a hill firing on communists during Operation Ripper. The
 artist took the photo to show what was happening in the Korean War in March. I believe

this source is credible because this database the photo is on is dedicated to US military

history. I also believe this is a credible source because the picture was taken directly in

the Korean War also making this photo a primary source.

---. Lieutenant Ralph Barnes of Arlington, Va., platoon leader, 1st Platoon, Co. C, 15th Infantry

Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division, throws a hand grenade at Chinese Communist positions,

as UN troops launch an offensive attack against the Communist near Uijong-Bu. 23 Mar.

1951. ​Center of Military History​, 15 Jan. 2016,

history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm. Accessed 29 Jan. 2018. This is a

photo of a man throwing a hand grenade onto a Chinese communist position. The artist

took this photo to show others what was happening in the Korean War. I believe this

source is credible because I found this photo on a database dedicated to US military

history. I also believe this is credible because it is a photo taken directly in the Korean

War making this a primary source.

“XVII. OPERATION RIPPER.” ​CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY UNITED STATES ARMY

WASHINGTON, D.C., 1990​, Billy C. Mossman, 2 Feb. 2001,

history.army.mil/books/korea/ebb/fm.htm. Accessed 21 Nov. 2017. By reading this I

learned about how Operation Ripper was executed and panned out and how the different

divisions were brought together or separated from each other during the operation. This

chapter in this e-book talks about how Operation Ripper was effecting the amount of land

the North Koreans had control of and how the Chinese pushed the North Koreans back to
 the border and how the Chinese thought that if the US conquered Korea they would come

for China next.

Secondary Sources

​The Anzac Portal​. Australian Government Department of veterans affairs, 2017,

anzacportal.dva.gov.au/history/conflicts/korean-war/korean-war/cold-war-and-crisis-kore

a/chronology-korean-war. Accessed 4 Jan. 2018. By reading this I have learned the date

that operation ripper advanced across the Han river and some of the corps armies that got

involved. I believe that this is a credible source because it was published by the

Australian Government’s Department of Veterans Affairs

“Armistice Agreement for the Restoration of the South Korean State (1953).”

Www.ourdocuments.gov​, National History Day, The National Archives and Records

Administration, and USA Freedom Corps, 2018,

www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=85#. Accessed 17 Feb. 2018. This is

a document database that we found a copy and summary of the Korean War Armistice. It

did not have a specific author or publisher but it is supported by the organizations of

National History Day, The National Archives and Records Administration, and USA

Freedom Corps. We will be using this to help prove facts given in our short-term effect

section. We believe this source is credible because the supporting organizations are all

notable and trustworthy databases and organizations.

Brown, John S. “Operations.” ​Restoring the Balance 25 January-8 July 1951​, Center of Military

History, 2003, pp. 13-15. ​Center of Military History​,

 history.army.mil/brochures/kw-balance/balance.htm. Accessed 28 Nov. 2017. By reading

this I found out the purpose of Operation Ripper as well as the other operations that came

before and after and I found out about the operation that happened during Operation

Ripper, Operation Courageous. The author wrote this source to tell about what happened

in the Korean War between the dates January 25, 1951- July 8, 1951. I believe this is a

credible source because the source is from the Center of Military History and written by

the Chief of Military History. I also believe this is a credible source the author uses maps

and pictures to show the movements of the soldiers in the operations.

Carlisle, David K. “Black Combat Units in Korean War Action.” ​Black Combat Units in Korean

War Action​, 1988, www.americanwarlibrary.com/personnel/dkc2.htm. Accessed 4 Jan.

2018. By reading this I found that the 25th division had one of the largest black infantries

in all of the Korean War. I also learned a lot about the 24th Regimental Combat Team

and some of the things they did. I also learned some more about the things that happened

at the Han river and about some of the divisions that were involved in Operation Ripper. I

believe this is credible because it is published on the American War Library and has been

published and copyrighted since 1988.

A diagram of the North Korean advance. Sept. 2014. ​THE UNITED STATES ARMY SIGNAL

CORPS OFFICER CANDIDATE SCHOOL ASSOCIATION​, ArmySignalOCS.com, 1998,

www.armysignalocs.com/index_sep_14.html. Accessed 26 Jan. 2018. This is a Diagram

showing the North Korean advance that kickstarted the Korean War. The artist made this

to help show how much land North Korea managed to take over in their advance on

South Korea at the beginning of the Korean War. I believe this source is credible because
 the database is hosted by the US Army and is an online newspaper for their members. I

will use this photo on my website to show others how much land was taken when Korea

first advanced while I’m explaining the general background of the Korean War so people

will be able to better understand the intentions of Operation Ripper.

International News Service. “Highlights of Three Years of Fighting, Two Years of Talks Listed

in Chronology.” ​Greensburg Daily News​ [Greensburg], 176th ed., 27 July 1953, p. 3.

Newspapers​, www.newspapers.com/image/15043877. Accessed 7 Dec. 2017. By reading

this newspaper article I got a better look at where Operation Ripper is in the Korean war

timeline. The author wrote this source to show the highlights and important parts of the

Korean War. I believe this is a credible source because this is a newspaper that was

written at that time. I also believe that this source is credible because it was written by

the International News Service which has been reporting news like this even in WWI. I

will use this to get a better idea of what happened before and after Operation Ripper and

find any of the after effects of Operation Ripper.

Isserman, Maurice. “Ridgeway Takes Command.” ​America at War: The Korean War​,

Roundhouse Publishing Ltd., 1992, pp. 76-77. By reading this book I found out more info

on what happened previous to Operation Ripper. The author wrote this source to

summarize the Korean War for readers. I believe this is credible because the author is a

professional historian who has written books on America’s wars before. I also

believe this is credible because the author lists all of his sources that he used proving he

did a lot of research. I will be using this source to elaborate on what happened before

Operation Ripper and why it happened.

​Korean War Educator​. Lynn Montross,

www.koreanwar-educator.org/topics/branch_accounts/marine/p_operation_ripper.htm.

Accessed 4 Jan. 2018. This website talks about how operation ripper was a continuation

of Operation Killer and about how the Chinese came into the fight and how some major

ROK units collapsed forcing a general to withdraw to avoid being surrounded.

“Korean War Timeline.” ​South Florida Sun-Sentenial​ [Broward], 44th ed., 27 July 2003, p. 75.

Newspapers​, www.newspapers.com/image/284760021/?terms=Operation+Ripper.

Accessed 11 Dec. 2017. After reading this article I found a chronology of the Korean

War from 1950-1953. This was written to show what happened in the Korean War step

by step. I believe this is credible because this came from an entire section about the

Korean War Armistice. I also believe this is credible because the newspaper the section is

from has interviewed Korean War veterans, so they did their research. I will use this

resource to find the short-term effect of Operation Ripper and the events leading up

previous to Operation Ripper.

Li, Xiaobing, and Richard Peters. “The Chosin Reservoir Retreat and Advance to the North.”

Voices from the Korean War​, University Press of Kentucky, 2004, pp. 31-33. In this

book, I found information on what happened before and after Operation Ripper and some

info on what happened during Operation Ripper. The author wrote this source to get

stories from the Korean War from veterans and tell them to people. I believe this is

credible because it was written by two historians who both participated in the Korean

War. I also believe this is credible because they went and interviewed veterans to get
 their facts and stories. I will be using this to help elaborate on what happened both

previous and post Operation Ripper as well as some during.

“Operation_Ripper.” ​Apoolo​,

apaelo.com/know/view_html.php?sq=&language=&q=Operation_Ripper. Accessed 7

Jan. 2018. by reading this I have learned about the way things happened during Operation

Ripper and learned a bit more on the purpose of Operation Ripper such as trying to get

the UN troops to the 38th parallel. I also learned that following up directly after

Operation Ripper ended was the largest artillery bombardment in the entirety of the

Korean war. I believer this is credible because It cited it’s info at the bottom of the page.

“Operation Ripper.” ​World Atlas​, 2018,

www.worldatlas.com/articles/operation-ripper-korean-war.html. Accessed 8 Jan. 2018.

By reading this I learned the strategy such as trying to use the flank technique to

recapture Seoul used for the operation and some of the places soldiers were stationed. I

also learned that the Primary objective was to recapture seoul and the secondary objective

was to get additional UN troops to the 38th Parallel. I believe this is credible because the

information was updated April 25, 2017 so it should be up to date.

Perrett, Bryan. “Ridgway’s Offensive.” ​The Korean War History and Tactics​, edited by David

Rees, by P.J. Banyard et al., London, Orbis Publishing, 1984, pp. 61-67. After reading

this I found out Ridgway assumed command of the armies in North Korea and about the

series of offenses he launched when he got there. This source is credible because the

authors who wrote this book are either military historians, historians in general, or have

actually been in the Korean War. The author who specifically wrote the chapter
 I’m using for my project is a military historian who has an interest in modern

armored warfare. I will use this to help tell about what happened before Operation Ripper

and why it was launched as well as some details of what happened after and during

Operation Ripper.

​Voices Education​. voiceseducation.org/node/296. By reading this I learn the dates of some of

the big points of the war and a few dates of when a few other operations took place. I also

found a photo of some soldiers and a map of Korea. I also learned that Operation

Tomahawk had happened on March 23rd which was quite close to the same time

Operation Ripper had occurred. I believe that this is credible because all the dates match

up with the date of these event having which occurred in history.

White, Matthew. ​North Korea Sticker​. 2002. ​Giphy​, 4 Mar. 2016,

giphy.com/stickers/north-korea-ahUwGaFWzBhzW. Accessed 25 Jan. 2018. This is an

animated photo that shows the military movement of both sides in the Korean War. The

artist created this to use to show others the step by step effects of the Korean War

throughout the years. I believe this source is credible because the data displayed on the

photo matches with what I have gathered from several other sources. I will use this photo

to summarize the Korean war and prove the long-term effect of Operation Ripper.