Abstract—In this paper, a hybrid load frequency controller for a control system that regulates the power output of electric
network with two-area interconnected power system is presented generators to keep a specified system frequency and scheduled
to damp the deviations in frequency and tie line power due to interchange and provides automatic variation of generation set
load changes in each time. The system includes DC control points on the speed governors to keep system frequency within
interacting with the conventional AC area controls. The stability scheduled values [5]. The area control error (ACE) is
of the network in these two areas is controlled by a new control calculated based on the operational mode selected by the
method. This method is a Model Reference Adaptive Control dispatcher in the system as Constant Net Interchange, Constant
method (MRAC) based on the combination of Linear Quadratic Frequency, Tie Line Bias, Tie Line Bias plus Automatic Time
Regulator (LQR) control and pole placement that are regulated
Error Correction.
by a Genetic Algorithm (GA). Digital simulation results are
obtained to prove the effectiveness of these hybrid controllers In order to get a better transient performance of the system,
over the load frequency control system. several control strategies have been applied to improve the
automatic generation control performance. Using proper tuning
of various controller parameters can aim to achieve
minimization of different performance, indices.
Keywords- linear quadratic regulator; genetic algorithm; model
reference adaptive control method; load frequency control; pole In this article, an optimum Linear Quadratic Regulator
placement. (LQR) is designed which can improve the overall power
system dynamic stability. However, unfortunately there is no
I. INTRODUCTION specific method in the LQR design and choosing the
Nowadays, power systems with several industrial and coefficients is based on trial and error. The best constant values
commercial loads and generators need to operate at a constant for state feedback matrix are laboriously obtained through trial
frequency. Since power systems are interconnected systems, and error, although time consuming. So Genetic Algorithm
the power swings resulting from transient instability in one area (GA), as an optimization method, is employed to find the best
can consequently cause power swings in another area [1] of the coefficients for the LQR controller. Therefore this paper shows
system. When the load increases in an area and the faults or the model of multi-system with its practical parameters and
disturbances appear, the network’s stability maybe affected or analytical methods of stability are used to get good
lost [2]-[3]. Therefore, the stability design in the multi-area performance. Also an optimum pole placement controller is
system is important in practice. Since the control of active designed for this system that can improve the overall power
power system is related to the control of frequency, while the system dynamic performance. GA as an optimal method is
control of reactive power is related to control of voltage, the employed to find the best values for pole placement controller
stability of frequency and voltage are important in identifying within a very short time of computation.
the quality of power supply, and the control of active power
Next section describes power system structure with two
and reactive power has a basic and important role to satisfy
areas and its state-space model is discussed in Section III. The
application of power systems. The frequency of system is
proposed control algorithm is presented in detail in Section IV.
dependent on active power, and thence the frequency is a
The computer simulation results are presented and discussed in
general factor in the network, any change in active power in
Section V. Finally, Section VI concludes this paper. The
any part of the network can reflect the whole of network, as a
various parameters of the system and controllers are listed in
change in frequency which can be harmful [1]. In power
Appendix.
systems, high voltage direct-current (HVDC) power
transmission systems and technologies associated with the II. POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE WITH TWO AREAS
flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS)
continue to advance as they make their ways to commercial The structure of two-area system with tie lines, which
applications [6]-[9]. In power systems, Automatic Generation connects two large AC networks, is shown in Fig. 1, and each
Control (AGC) is also one of the most important issues in area can have some generators and loads.
electric power system design and operation. AGC is a feedback
0.1 [12] R. L. Haupt and S. E. Haupt, Practical genetic algorithms, New York:
Wiley, 2004.
0.05
[13] L. M. L. Porter, K. M. Passino, “Genetic model reference adaptive
0 control”, IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, pp. 219-
224, 1994.
-0.05
-0.1
AC tie lines, AGC
APPENDIX
-0.15 For the purpose of this study, the characteristics of thee two
-0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
area interconnected system are assumed as follows.
Time (sec)
fn=60 Hz, H1=0.0083, H2=0.0125, D1=0.16, D2=0.33 R1=2.4, R2=1.3,
Figure 5. Frequency deviation response in area1 by pole placement –GA H31=0.3, H32=0.5, H41=0.08, H42=0.13 HDC=0.05, P12=1.08, kp1=0.3,
controller kp2=0.5, ki1=0.6, ki2=0.8 kp=5, ki=12, B1=0.325, B2=0.5
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the hybrid system of controllers is used for an
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of interconnected power
system. The stability of this two-area interconnected power
system was significantly improved by using the hybrid LQR
control. This system of control is arranged by Genetic
Algorithm. Thus, a new control method (the Model Reference
Adaptive Control method based on the combination of them) is
presented. By using this method, damping of the deviations in
this system is increased and the oscillation in frequency of the
system responses is reduced into the possible limits. The results
show that the proposed pole placement - GA method can obtain
good quality solution with high efficiency.
REFERENCES
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