©2006 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.

Economic Geology, v. 101, pp. 585–605

Granite-Related Paleoproterozoic, Serrinha Gold Deposit,

Southern Amazonia, Brazil: Hydrothermal Alteration, Fluid Inclusion and
Stable Isotope Constraints on Genesis and Evolution
MÁRCIA A. MOURA,† NILSON F. BOTELHO,
Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Brasília, DF, Brasil 70910-900

GEMA R. OLIVO, AND T. KURT KYSER

Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6

Abstract
The Serrinha gold deposit in the Juruena-Teles Pires gold province is spatially and genetically related to the
hydrothermal alteration of the I-type calc-alkaline 1872 ± 12 Ma Matupá monzogranite in the south-central
Amazonian craton. The mineralized areas are characterized by intense hydrothermal alteration of the monzo-
granite, comprising incipient autometasomatism, K silicate, sodic, Mn chlorite, phyllic, carbonate, and micro-
cline alteration, with partial overprinting of the early alteration by later stages. A distal barren propylitic zone
is interpreted from drill core. The gold mineralization is disseminated in the most altered samples and genet-
ically related to Mn chlorite, K silicate, and phyllic hydrothermal alteration types. Hydrothermal magnetite and
rutile are ubiquitous within pyrite.
The early Serrinha gold mineralization stage is characterized by Ag-poor gold included in pyrite (Au/Ag
~7–15), associated with pyrrhotite, cubanite, and galena. The fluids interpreted to be associated with this early
auriferous stage were found only in quartz from the Mn chlorite alteration and are typically saline (45–57 wt
% NaCl equiv) and high-temperature (375° and 480°C) H2O-NaCl-KCl fluids entrapped at pressures of at least
1.3 kbars. The late-stage gold mineralization, which is coeval with the phyllic alteration, occurs either as iso-
lated gold grains or as fracture-fillings and/or inclusions within pyrite associated with tetradymite, galena,
tsumoite (BiTe), hessite (Ag2Te), and aikinite (PbCuBiS3). Gold grains associated with this late stage are richer
in Ag (Au/Ag ~2–5). Data from chlorite geothermometry and aqueous-carbonic and saline (NaCl-KCl) fluid in-
clusions associated with this second auriferous event indicate P-T conditions of 1.5 to 2.4 kbars and 293° to
365°C. The occurrence of lower temperature coeval aqueous, aqueous-carbonic, and carbonic fluid inclusions
with no postentrapment modification in the K silicate assemblage, partially overprinted by phyllic alteration
and in phyllic assemblages, suggests that fluid immiscibility and/or mixing with meteoric water occurred in the
hydrothermal system. H2O-NaCl-CaCl2 fluids contemporaneous with carbonate and late microcline alteration,
which postdated gold mineralization, were entrapped at lower temperatures (172°–200°C). Calculated δ18O
and δD values are 8.2 and –37 per mil, respectively, for the early saline fluids in equilibrium with the Mn chlo-
rite assemblage and 1.7 to 4.7 and –20 to –15 per mil for the late fluids in equilibrium with the phyllic assem-
blage. These data in conjunction with fluid inclusion results suggest that early fluids exsolved from granitic
melts and later mixed with meteoric water. Gold is interpreted to have been initially transported from the crys-
tallizing magma as chlorine complexes in a hot, saline, acidic, and oxidized fluid. Decrease in temperature dur-
ing fluid ascent, immiscibility, or pH increase is interpreted to have caused gold precipitation. Subsequent di-
lution of the saline fluid could have been responsible for the deposition of late gold in pyrite fractures.
Based on field, petrological, mineralogical, fluid inclusion, and isotopic evidence, we propose that Serrinha
is a typical proximal intrusion-related gold deposit, similar to porphyry-style gold deposits.

Introduction gold province and is characterized by a disseminated-type

SINCE THE 1970s, the south-central Amazonian craton has
been an important Brazilian gold producer, with annual gold
production from 1975 to 1990 in the 60 to 80 metric ton (t)
range (Santos et al., 2001). Local prospectors have extracted
gold preferentially from alluvial deposits, but exploitation of
178 primary gold occurrences has also been reported, which
led to considerable exploration in the region by major and ju-
nior companies in the last 10 years. The gold deposits and oc-
currences comprise two main gold provinces (Fig. 1) with
similar geologic and metallogenic history: Juruena-Teles Pires
(Botelho and Moura, 1998) and Tapajós (Coutinho et al., 1997;
Santos et al., 2001; Juliani et al., 2002; Lamarão et al., 2002).
The Serrinha gold deposit occurs in the Juruena-Teles Pires
† Corresponding author: e-mail, mamoura@unb.br
granite-gold association (Botelho and Moura, 1998; Ribeiro et
al., 2002). (Editor’s note: A deposit with the same name is lo-
cated in the São Luís craton in northern Brazil and is de-
scribed in a recent paper by Klein et al. (2006). This deposit
consists of quartz-carbonate-sulfide veins in graphitic schists
of the Paleoproterozoic Gurupi belt.)
The Juruena-Teles Pires gold province, from 1979 to 1997,
had a cumulative production of 200 t of gold, from both allu-
vial and bedrock sources (Miranda, 1997), exploited mainly
by local prospectors. Although primary gold mineralization is
widespread in this province (Fig. 2), commonly hosted in Pa-
leoproterozoic oxidized I-type calc-alkaline and oxidized alka-
line granites (Botelho and Moura, 1998), very little is known
about the major geologic controls and origin of the deposits.
The Serrinha gold deposit is an example of this primary

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586 MOURA ET AL.

FIG. 1. Geologic map of the Amazonian craton divided into northwest-oriented geochronological provinces (Tassinari,
1996; Tassinari and Macambira, 1999). Inset shows the exposed parts of the craton.

FIG. 2. Simplified geologic map of the Juruena-Teles Pires gold province (Botelho and Moura, 1998; Santos et al., 2001).

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 GRANITE-RELATED PALEOPROTEROZOIC, SERRINHA GOLD DEPOSIT, SOUTHERN AMAZONIA, BRAZIL
mineralization and is accessible and well exposed, providing a
good opportunity to document the major controls on gold
mineralization in this type of environment. In this paper, the
geologic setting, hydrothermal alteration, and ore paragene-
sis, fluid inclusion history, and stable isotope signatures are
presented, and a genetic model is proposed in order to estab-
lish guidelines for exploration for this type of mineralization
in the Juruena-Teles Pires gold province.
Regional Geologic Setting
The Juruena-Teles Pires gold province is located in the Ven-
tuari-Tapajós (Tassinari, 1996; Tassinari and Macambira, 1999)
or Tapajós-Parima orogenic belt (Santos et al., 2000), which is
interpreted as a magmatic arc with northwest orientation (Fig.
1) accreted to the Archean Central Amazonian province be-
tween 2.05 and 1.88 Ga (Tassinari and Macambira, 1999; San-
tos et al., 2004). In the Tapajós region, where the belt is best
characterized (Santos et al., 2000, 2004), it comprises the
Jacareacanga Group, a metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary
sequence (2020–2000 Ma), and four calc-alkaline magmatic-
arc volcano-plutonic units, namely the Cuiú-Cuiú Complex
(2040–1998 Ma), the Creporizão Suite (1980–1957 Ma), the
Tropas Suite (1907–1886 Ma) and the Parauari Suite (1885–
1877 Ma; Fig. 1). Postcollisional and intracratonic granites in-
trude these rocks and have been assigned to the Maloquinha
FIG. 3. Geologic map of the eastern region of the Juruena-Teles Pires gold province, showing the location of the Serrinha
gold deposit (modified after CPRM, 2004).
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587
(1877–1864 Ma) and Teles-Pires (1793–1767 Ma) Suites, re-
spectively, by Santos et al. (2004). In the Juruena-Teles Pires
gold province, the basement rocks comprise the Cuiú-Cuiú
Complex, which contains several plutonic and volcano-sedi-
mentary sequences and is overlain by volcanic and plutonic
rocks (Figs. 2, 3). The younger felsic volcanic rocks of the
province were included in the ~1.87 Ga Iriri Group of the Ua-
tumã Supergroup by Santos et al. (2001), although there is not
a consensus in the literature about the extension of the Ua-
tumã magmatism in the Amazonian craton (Lamarão et al.,
2002; Santos et al., 2004). The 1.7 to 1.4 Ga sedimentary plat-
form cover of the Beneficiente Group, the ~1.4 Ga volcano-
sedimentary Dardanelos Formation, and the ~1.2 Ga Canamã
Syenite complete the stratigraphy of the provinces (Fig. 2).
The Beneficente Group and the Dardanelos Formation are
found in the northeast-southwest–trending Cachimbo graben
to the north of the studied area and in the northwest-southeast
Caiabis graben to the south (Tassinari et al., 2000).
Gold deposits in the eastern part of the Juruena-Teles Pires
gold province are spatially associated with calc-alkaline mafic
to intermediate rocks of the Paleoproterozoic Flor da Serra
Suite (~1.87 Ga) and to three groups of granitic rocks
(Botelho and Moura, 1998; Companhia de Pesquisa de Re-
cursos Minerais, 2004; Fig. 3). The first group, probably cor-
related with the Parauari Suite granites (Santos et al., 2001),
587
588 MOURA ET AL.
intrudes Archean and/or Paleoproterozoic gneisses and
migmatites of the Cuiú-Cuiú Complex, and is composed of
oxidized I-type calc-alkaline granites represented by the Pa-
leoproterozoic Matupá massif (1872 ± 12 Ma: Moura et al.,
1997). This massif covers a large area in the eastern part of
the Juruena-Teles Pires gold province (Fig. 3) and hosts vari-
ous small gold prospects, including Serrinha. This group of
granites varies in composition from granodiorite to monzo-
granite and contains accessory hornblende, biotite, titanite,
magnetite, ilmenite, and apatite. The second group is repre-
sented by the oxidized I-type Nhandu syenogranite (~1.79
Ga), which is intrusive in the Matupá massif and in the felsic
volcanic rocks (Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Min-
erais, 2004). The third group, assigned to the younger Teles
Pires intrusive suite (1.76–1.79 Ga: Santos et al., 2001; Com-
panhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais, 2004), is composed
of oxidized alkaline granites which are not genetically related
to gold deposits (Botelho and Moura, 1998; Fig. 3). The
granitic rocks of this suite, exemplified by the Guarantã do
Norte and Terra Nova granitic massifs, are subsolvus to hyper-
solvus and contain accessory richterite, magnetite, and biotite
characteristic of alkaline granites (Botelho and Moura, 1998).
Methods
Following detailed field work and petrographic studies, 54
samples of the Matupá monzogranite and its different hy-
drothermal alteration zones in the Serrinha deposit were se-
lected for whole-rock chemical analyses. The major elements
were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma emission spec-
trometry (ICP-ES) at the geochemical laboratory from Uni-
versidade de Brasilia, LAGEQ/UnB (Boaventura, 1991;
Boaventura and Giuliani, 1993) and inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at Bureau de
Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM, France), using
international and internal standards. Fluorine was analyzed
by selective electrode at the commercial GEOSOL Labora-
tory (Brazil). Trace element analyses were performed by X-
ray fluorescence (GEOSOL, Brazil) and ICP-MS (BRGM,
France), using international and internal standards. The ac-
curacy was better than 10 percent for ICP and 2 percent for
XRF (Moura, 1998). Ag, Bi, Mo, and As were analyzed by
atomic absorption at GEOSOL. Au, Pd, and Pt were analyzed
by fire assay and atomic absorption at the commercial
NOMUS Laboratory (Brazil). Table 1 contains representative
geochemical data for samples from the Matupá monzogranite
and its different hydrothermal alteration zones.
Mineral compositions were determined by electron micro-
probe analysis on a CAMECA SX50 at Universidade de
Brasília, running at 15 kV and 15 nA. The standards employed
were synthetic and natural substances commercially supplied
by CAMECA. More than 500 microprobe analyses can be
found in Moura (1998). Au, Ag, Pd, and Pt in pyrite were an-
alyzed by laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS at BRGM. The detec-
tion limit of the method was 10 ppm.
Fluid inclusion petrography of samples from the Serrinha
deposit was carried out at Universidade de Brasília, and mi-
crothermometry data were obtained using a FLUID INC.
heating/freezing stage at BRGM, Orléans, France. The stage
calibration was performed with SYN FLINC synthetic stan-
dards. The stage accuracy was ±0.1°C between –60° and
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+30°C and ±2°C for measurements above 30°C. A Raman
microprobe XY CONFOCAL DILOR, in the laboratory
BRGM-CNRS-Université d’Orléans, France, was used to
characterize solid and gas phases. Seventy-four analyses were
carried out on quartz matrix, gas, liquid, and solid phases. The
514.532-nm line of a Coherent Argon ion laser was used, with
a source power of 100 mW and a focused spot of 1 µm. The
laser was focused using an OLYMPUS BH-40 microscope
and Mplan 150X lens. Data manipulation was conducted ac-
cording to the software developed by Roux and Bény (1990).
Samples from individual pure minerals were analyzed for
oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur isotopes at Queen’s University
(Canada). Oxygen isotope compositions of quartz, muscovite,
and chlorite were measured using BrF5 by the method of
Clayton and Mayeda (1963). Two analyzed phyllosilicate sam-
ples (SE II.1.4 and SE I.4.3.3B) comprise chlorite-muscovite
mixtures. Hydrogen isotope compositions of muscovite and
chlorite were determined using the method of Kyser and
O’Neil (1984). Sulfur from pyrite was extracted online with
continuous-flow technology. Stable isotope measurements
were performed using a Finnigan MAT 252 mass spectrome-
ter. Sulfur isotope analyses of five pyrite samples also were
performed at the University of Calgary (Canada), following
the method described in Iyer et al. (1992). All values are re-
ported in units of per mil (‰). Sulfur is reported relative to
CDT and oxygen and hydrogen relative to V-SMOW. Analyt-
ical precision is ±0.3 per mil for both δ34S and δ18O values
and ±3 per mil for δD values.
The Serrinha Gold Deposit: Alteration and Mineralization
The Serrinha gold deposit is located in the central part of
the Matupá monzogranite massif, in a geologic setting which
also includes tholeitic mafic rocks of the Flor da Serra suite,
felsic volcanic rocks, syenogranites of the Nhandu Suite, and
alkaline granites of the Teles-Pires Suite (Companhia de
Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais, 2004; Fig. 3). The deposit
covers an area of about 15 km2 and is restricted to the areas
of the monzogranite that underwent pervasive hydrothermal
alteration (Botelho and Moura, 1998; Fig. 4). Western Mining
Corporation and Rio Tinto Gold Mining have evaluated the
deposit since 1990, but official information about the drilling
results and the prospect size and grade is not available. Se-
lected samples analyzed from different areas of the deposit
yield grades varying from 1 to 70 g/t Au and 1 to 13 g/t Ag;
and other metals occur at low grades, as is typical of gold-only
deposits (Table 1). The mineralized and hydrothermally al-
tered areas are irregularly distributed throughout the monzo-
granite and do not show any readily apparent local structural
control (Fig. 4). Deformation is minor, characterized by late-
stage irregular fractures typical of a low-stress brittle regime.
In the areas where the primary granite is preserved, it is
isotropic, medium to coarse grained, equigranular to por-
phyritic, with a predominant modal composition of biotite
monzogranite and is composed of quartz (16–31%), zoned
plagioclase An20 to An40 (29–44%), orthoclase (20–40%), and
biotite intermediate between annite and phlogopite (3–16%).
The porphyritic monzogranite has orthoclase phenocrysts.
Accessory minerals are magnetite, titanite, zircon, fluorap-
atite, allanite, monazite, ilmenite, and rarely hornblende. The
granite is calc-alkaline, metaluminous to peraluminous, and is
 TABLE 1. Representative Whole-Rock Analyses of Unaltered and Altered Matupá Monzogranite Samples

Matupá monzogranite K silicate + sodic + phyllic Mn chloritic Phyllic Sodic Phyllic + Microcline

Sample no. SEI.4.6 SEIIC2 SEIID SEII.4 SEII.4.4A SEII.6.4 SEII.14.3 SEII.1.2 SEII.1.3 SEII.1.4 SEI.4.3.1 SEI.4.3.4 SEI.4.3.5 SEII.9.4 SEIVG SEI.1.1 SEI.1.2

SiO2 (wt %) 73.6 64.4 73.1 45.3 73.9 53.4 60.2 75.6 73.4 69.6 55.5 64.6 62.6 66.9 65.5 72.1 63.5
TiO2 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4
Al2O3 14.2 14.8 14.3 13.7 14.4 12.7 14.7 12.5 14.3 14.2 12.9 15.9 17.0 16.0 18.2 14.0 15.6
Fe2O3 0.9 6.0 0.9 8.5 0.6 4.7 2.1 1.0 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.8 2.3 2.6 2.2 0.9 5.2
FeO 0.6 n.a. 0.7 11.3 0.5 10.5 8.1 0.6 0.9 4.1 11.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.1 1.3 n.a.
MnO <0.01 0.1 <0.01 <0.01 0.1 <0.01 <0.01 0.1 0.1 0.7 <0.01 0.1 0.5 0.1 <0.01 0.1 0.3

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MgO 0.6 1.6 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.6 1.1 0.2 1.1 1.9 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.3
CaO 1.3 2.5 1.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 n.a. 0.9 <0.01 0.3 0.1 1.5 1.3 0.6 0.6 1.9 1.3
Na2O 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.8 4.7 0.5 3.0 0.4 0.4 4.2 4.8 3.1 0.5 10.3 2.4 3.3
K2O 4.9 4.2 5.2 5.0 5.3 4.0 7.3 5.1 6.4 5.2 4.1 5.0 8.1 9.3 0.5 4.7 5.7
P2O5 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 <0.01 <0.01 0.1 <0.01 0.1 <0.01 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1
LOI 0.7 1.3 0.6 10.9 0.6 8.6 6.4 0.7 2.5 3.0 8.2 3.5 2.1 2.3 1.7 2.5 3.5
Total 100.2 99.1 100.6 99.8 100.3 99.1 100.0 100.2 100.6 100.1 98.3 99.0 99.6 99.6 100.3 101.4 100.1

F (ppm) 500 n.a. 450 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 270 n.a. 364 230 300 n.a. n.a. 320 n.a. n.a.
Cl 31 n.a. 56 n.a. 53 n.a. n.a. 65 n.a. 20 n.a. n.a. n.a. 27 n.a. n.a. n.a.
Be 3 n.a. 3 2 2 1 3 3 4 3 1 n.a. 2 3 4 3 2
V 15 67 37 12 13 12 n.a. 20 28 27 29 12 73 n.a. 27 43 38
Cu 5 57 9 26 2 5 3 31 100 65 7 4 18 865 4 12 3
Zn 36 101 36 21 27 13 24 34 41 3069 17 n.a. 18 53 41 40 25
As 1 n.a. 1 5 1 n.a. 3 1 1 1 9 n.a. n.a. 1 1 1 5
Ag 1 n.a. 1 n.a. n.a. n.a. 13 1 1 1 10 n.a. n.a. 1 1 1 1
Te n.a. n.a. <1 n.a. <1 n.a. <1 <1 n.a. <1 3 n.a. n.a. <1 n.a. n.a. <1
Au n.a. n.a. <1 34 n.a. 7 70 0.002 n.a. 0.08 19 1 n.a. n.a. n.a. <0.001 2

589
Pd n.a. n.a. <0.001 <0.001 n.a. <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 n.a. <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 n.a. n.a. n.a. <0.001 <0.001
Pt n.a. n.a. <0.005 <0.005 n.a. <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 n.a. <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 n.a. n.a. n.a. <0.005 <0.005
Sn <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 n.a. <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5
Rb 258 225 248 n.a. 160 150 n.a. 191 301 308 115 179 228 n.a. 17 145 213
Ba 628 1018 889 128 599 672 326 712 768 358 489 757 932 865 193 882 811
Sr 176 299 263 125 103 126 37 139 45 23 177 239 114 53 134 238 135
Ga 10 23 11 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 15 n.a. n.a.
Ta n.a. n.a. 1 n.a. 1 n.a. n.a. 1 1 2 2 n.a. 2 n.a. 1 1 1
Nb 18 30 17 4 5 19 9 12 10 12 18 19 20 13 14 11 13
Hf n.a. n.a. 4 n.a. 3 n.a. n.a. 5 3 5 5 n.a. 7 n.a. 7 5 4
Zr 161 278 189 150 149 131 208 149 147 141 128 250 170 216 253 133 143
Y 26 44 21 10 14 9 8 17 11 13 5 19 14 21 59 18 11
Th 26 45 20 n.a. 26 33 n.a. 25 18 31 4 28 25 n.a. 57 19 14
La 62.0 86.5 44.2 n.a. 48.7 27.2 n.a. 50.7 26.7 79.1 32.1 54.9 41.5 n.a. 69.7 42.8 45.5
Ce 128.1 203.6 97.2 n.a. 92.1 64.9 n.a. 98.6 55.7 138.9 70.9 125.7 90.9 n.a. 141.7 90.7 97.7
Pr n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 9.2 n.a. n.a. 10.5 5.8 13.5 7.7 n.a. 10.0 n.a. 15.5 9.9 10.3
Nd 52.6 78.7 39.3 n.a. 32.6 24.1 n.a. 36.9 19.2 47.1 27.0 62.9 35.8 n.a. 55.6 32.4 35.5
Sm 7.7 12.0 5.7 n.a. 6.2 4.0 n.a. 7.1 2.8 8.2 4.8 9.7 6.3 n.a. 11.0 5.4 5.9
Eu 0.8 1.3 0.8 n.a. 0.8 0.5 n.a. 0.9 0.2 1.0 0.4 1.1 0.8 n.a. 1.4 0.6 0.6
Gd 4.1 6.8 3.2 n.a. 5.2 2.3 n.a. 5.2 2.5 5.5 4.6 4.6 5.9 n.a. 9.0 5.0 5.0
Tb n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.7 n.a. n.a. 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.6 n.a. 0.8 n.a. 1.4 0.6 0.7
GRANITE-RELATED PALEOPROTEROZOIC, SERRINHA GOLD DEPOSIT, SOUTHERN AMAZONIA, BRAZIL

Dy 3.3 5.3 2.6 n.a. 3.7 1.9 n.a. 4.0 1.8 3.3 3.4 3.1 4.2 n.a. 8.8 3.3 3.5
Ho 0.5 1.0 0.5 n.a. 0.7 0.4 n.a. 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.8 n.a. 1.9 0.5 0.6
Er 1.1 2.4 1.1 n.a. 1.9 1.1 n.a. 2.0 1.0 1.8 1.7 1.1 2.2 n.a. 5.9 1.4 1.8
Tm n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.3 n.a. n.a. 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.2 n.a. 0.3 n.a. 1.1 0.2 0.3
Yb 0.7 1.7 0.9 n.a. 1.8 1.1 n.a. 2.0 1.0 1.8 1.5 0.6 2.0 n.a. 7.3 1.1 1.6
Lu 0.1 0.2 0.1 n.a. 0.4 0.1 n.a. 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 n.a. 1.2 0.2 0.2

Notes: FeO = all iron as Fe2O3; n.a. = element not analyzed

589
590
FIG. 4. Geologic map of the Serrinha gold deposit hosted by the Matupá monzogranite and the distribution of the main
hydrothermal alteration types (Moura, 1998).
petrographically and geochemically similar to I-type granites
developed in orogenic terranes, especially intracontinental
volcanic arc and postcollisional settings (Moura and Botelho,
2002). The rock contains 68 to 75 wt percent SiO2, 13 to 14
wt percent Al2O3, 1 to 2 wt percent Ca, and has a high
MgO/TiO2 ratio (2.56), K2O/Na2O ratio greater than 1, high
Ba and Sr, medium Zr and Rb, low Nb, Y, Ga, Zn, F, Sn, W,
Cu, Mo, Ta, Cl, and Li. ΣREE concentrations are 250 ppm,
La/Yb ratios are 30, and the Eu/Eu* ratio is 0.35. Depleted
mantle model Nd ages (TDM) lie between 2.34 and 2.47 Ga
and may represent either the continental crust crystallization
age (εNd(total) = –2.7 to –4.3), considering a unique source for
the original granitic magma or mixing of mantle and crustal
sources (Moura and Botelho, 2002). Cogenetic rhyolite dikes
and barren diabase dikes with a continental tholeiitic geo-
chemical signature cut the granite (Moura et al., 1997; Moura
and Botelho, 2002).
In the Serrinha deposit, the Matupá monzogranite was in-
tensely modified by pervasive metasomatic processes forming
different hydrothermal assemblages that partially to com-
pletely overprint each other, precluding clear definition of in-
dividual zones. Figure 4 shows the locations of known areas of
hydrothermal alteration dispersed throughout the monzo-
granitic body. Despite the complexity of the hydrothermal al-
teration, seven stages have been identified based on detailed
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MOURA ET AL.
investigations of petrography, geochemistry, and mineral
chemistry (Fig. 5): (1) an incipient stage of autometasoma-
tism, (2) a K silicate stage, (3) a sodic stage, (4) an Mn chlo-
rite stage, (5) a phyllic stage, (6) a carbonate stage, and (7) a
late microcline stage. The gold in the Serrinha deposit is dis-
seminated in the K silicate, Mn chlorite, and phyllic alteration
and restricted to areas with intense hydrothermal alteration,
where there is an association of pyrite, sericite, chlorite, mi-
crocline, and/or albite. Hydrothermal magnetite and rutile
are common in this paragenesis. Gold is in the native form,
occurring as inclusions or filling fractures in pyrite crystals.
The effects of incipient autometasomatism are widespread
within the massif and characterized by localized replacement
of magmatic orthoclase by microcline, plagioclase (An20–
An40) by albite (An1–An8) + muscovite + chlorite + epidote,
and magmatic biotite by muscovite + chlorite + epidote ±
magnetite ± titanite ± ilmenite. Magmatic titanite and apatite
were not observed. Hydrothermal titanite occurs as pale-
brown anhedral crystals, which is distinct from magmatic,
reddish brown, euhedral titanite. Two generations of quartz
are observed. The first is represented by anhedral interstitial
quartz with undulose extinction, interpreted as magmatic,
and the second is composed of recrystallized quartz which
fills fractures within the magmatic minerals and hydrothermal
microcline.
590
 GRANITE-RELATED PALEOPROTEROZOIC, SERRINHA GOLD DEPOSIT, SOUTHERN AMAZONIA, BRAZIL
FIG. 5. Paragenetic sequence of mineralization and alteration in the Serrinha deposit.
The second stage of alteration, well exposed in the south-
eastern part of the deposit (indicated by K silicate in Figs. 4,
6A-B), is pervasive and is characterized by the extensive de-
velopment of microcline. This alteration consists of masses of
microperthitic microcline that have overgrown primary or-
thoclase and plagioclase (Fig. 6C). In these areas, the altered
rock, which still preserves its igneous texture, comprises 45
percent microcline, 30 percent hydrothermal albite either as
individual grains or on microcline borders, 20 percent recrys-
tallized quartz, 5 percent sericite, which overprints feldspar
(Fig. 6D), and 2 percent pyrite and traces of magnetite, rutile,
and gold. The first generation of pyrite (Py I) is disseminated
in albite, microcline, and muscovite and contains globular in-
clusions of gold (Au/Ag ~7–15; Table 2), which are inter-
preted to be the first generation of gold (Au I; Fig. 7A). Gold
is also found filling fractures in pyrite where it is associated
with tetradymite, galena, tsumoite (BiTe), hessite (Ag2Te),
and probable aikinite (PbCuBiS3). This gold and has a dis-
tinctly more Ag-rich composition (Au/Ag ~2–5) compared to
the gold found as inclusions (Table 2) and is interpreted to be
a second generation of gold (Au II).
Sodic alteration, consisting of newly formed albite on the
borders of microcline or as individual crystals in the rock, is
superimposed on the K silicate phase (Fig. 6D). In the north-
west part of the deposit (Fig. 4), the sodic alteration is very in-
tense, completely transforming the original granite into a
white rock which is now composed of 40 percent pure albite,
45 percent microcline, 10 percent fibrous brown aegirine, 5
percent quartz and Na-bearing titanite. Its chemical compo-
sition (10 wt % Na2O, high Al2O3 and Ga, and low K2O con-
tents; Table 1) reflects this mineralogy.
In a restricted area of the deposit the predominant alteration
is characterized by an unusual development of Mn-bearing
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591
minerals, mainly chlorite (Fig. 4), the abundance of which de-
creases toward the less altered granite (Fig. 6E). This alter-
ation consists of variable amounts of dark Mn-bearing chlo-
rite (5–40%; Fig. 6F), quartz, Mn-bearing epidote, pyrite
(pyrite-I), sphalerite, spessartite, zircon, chalcopyrite, mag-
netite, sericite, and relicts of corroded microcline. Gold,
pyrrhotite, cubanite, and galena occur as inclusions in pyrite
(Fig. 7B). The composition of gold is similar to that observed
in the K silicate alteration stage (Table 2). The presence of
remnants of corroded microcline crystals and chlorite over-
printed by sericite suggests that the Mn chlorite alteration oc-
curred after K silicate alteration and prior to the phyllic alter-
ation. Mass balance shows progressive chemical change from
the granite to the most altered rock, with gold and copper en-
richment through the Mn chlorite-rich rock (Moura, 1998).
The alteration resulted in significant increases in MnO,
FeO(total), MgO, and Zn, decreases in Na2O and CaO, and al-
most no change in K2O (Fig. 8). These results are consistent
with the mineralogical and textural observations. Ti and Zr
were almost immobile, as is typical of fluorine-poor hydro-
thermal systems. Although the REE, especially the LREE,
were mobile, the REE pattern of the most altered rock (sam-
ple SE II.1.4) is similar to patterns from the less altered mon-
zogranite samples (Moura, 1998; Moura and Botelho, 2002).
The subsequent stage of alteration is typified by the quartz-
sericite-chlorite-pyrite assemblage (i.e., sericitic or phyllic al-
teration: Reed, 1997) and is observed in several parts of the
Serrinha deposit (Figs. 4, 6G). The feldspars are almost com-
pletely altered to sericite and newly formed quartz. The phyl-
lic-altered monzogranite comprises masses of sericite (50%),
quartz (40%), microcline (5%), pyrite (3%), and minor, albite,
zircon, and chlorite. Pyrite (Py II) is disseminated with quartz
in the phyllic assemblage and contains inclusions of Ag-rich
591
592 MOURA ET AL.

FIG. 6. Field and petrographic relationships of the hydrothermal alteration assemblages of the Matupá monzogranite. A.
Mineralized area where the granite gives rise to a zone of intense K silicate alteration with pyrite enrichment (sample SE II.4).
B. Detail of a nucleus of the pyrite-rich K silicate mineralized assemblage (SE II.6). C. Texture of the mineralized zone of
photo (B), composed of microcline (Mc), albite (Ab), and pyrite (Py). D. Hydrothermal albite (Ab) and pyrite (Py) developed
over albite in the hydrothermaly altered granite of photo (B). Albite is partly replaced by sericite (Mu). E. Mineralized area
(sample SE II.1) characterized by a zone of intense Mn chlorite alteration (dark area) with apparent sharp contact with the
less altered granite and phyllic alteration area. F. Photomicrograph showing the texture in the Mn chlorite assemblage, with
sericite (Mu) replacing Mn chlorite (Mn-Chl) borders. Qz = quartz. G. Phyllic alteration after K silicate alteration (sample SE
II.4), where sericite masses (Mu) replace microcline (Mc). Pyrite (Py) fills microfractures. Alb = albite; Qz = quartz. H. Late
veins of microcline (light vein) crosscutting the previously altered Matupá monzogranite (phyllic alteration: dark areas).

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 GRANITE-RELATED PALEOPROTEROZOIC, SERRINHA GOLD DEPOSIT, SOUTHERN AMAZONIA, BRAZIL 593

TABLE 2. Representative Electron Microprobe Analyses of Gold from the Serrinha Deposit

Gold as inclusions in pyrite Gold in fractures in pyrite

Sample no. SEII.4 SEII.4 SEII.1.3 SEII.1.3 SEII.1.3 SEII.1.3 SEII.4 SEII9.4 SEII.9.4 SEII.9.4 SEII.9.4 SEII.14.3

Au (wt %) 96.00 95.89 93.21 91.83 96.15 95.90 88.88 89.82 88.46 88.58 88.85 80.19
Ag 3.53 3.65 6.26 7.36 3.78 3.78 11.26 10.17 11.53 11.48 11.42 19.2
Fe 0.38 0.25 0.82 0.97 0.25 0.25 0.45 0.33 0.08 0.09 0.14 1.26
Cu <0.01 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 0.04 <0.01 0.03
Bi 0.45 0.46 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.03 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.03 <0.01 <0.01
Te 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.02 0.04
Total 100.46 100.31 100.35 100.24 100.24 100.01 100.75 100.40 100.14 100.23 100.42 100.72

At. proportion

Au 91.97 92.18 86.57 84.34 92.35 92.33 79.90 81.92 80.52 80.51 80.62 66.9
Ag 6.18 6.40 10.61 12.35 6.62 6.65 18.48 16.94 19.16 19.05 18.92 29.25
Fe 1.30 0.85 2.67 3.14 0.83 0.86 1.42 1.07 0.25 0.30 0.44 3.71
Cu 0.02 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.20 0.14 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.07
Bi 0.41 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.00 0
Te 0.13 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.06
Au/Ag 14.88 14.40 8.16 6.83 13.95 13.88 4.32 4.84 4.20 4.23 4.26 2.29

gold (Au/Ag ratio ~4) similar to the grains filling fractures in
pyrite from the K alteration zone (Fig. 7C-H). In the Mn
chlorite alteration area, phyllic alteration is dominant be-
tween the less altered Matupá monzogranite and the Mn-rich
zones (Fig. 6E). Although masses of sericite and fine chlorite
occur together in the most intense Mn chlorite-altered gran-
ite, the observation of mica lamellae on the rims of the chlo-
rite aggregates (Fig. 6F) indicates that the phyllic alteration is
superimposed on the Mn chlorite alteration in this area.
The last hydrothermal stage is restricted to fractures, filled
mainly with calcite and variable proportions of quartz,
sericite, chlorite, and/or pyrite. These fractures cut previously
altered rocks.
In the northern part of the deposit, veins of a pegmatoidal
rock cut the intensively altered Matupá monzogranite and
comprise centimeter-scale microcline, quartz, and pyrite (Py
III), showing evidence of a late microclinization event (Fig.
6H). No gold has been observed associated with this alter-
ation event. A barren discontinuous zone of propylitic alter-
ation, composed of epidote, albite, chlorite, carbonate, and ti-
tanite was identified in drill core to the north of the prospect
(Fig. 4).
Mineral Chemistry
Muscovite
Muscovite is observed in all hydrothermally altered rocks at
the Serrinha deposit, either as lamellae or as masses of fine
mica, ranging from colorless to pale green in various alter-
ation zones. It is chemically homogeneous throughout these
zones and can be classified as muscovite, with the general
formula [K1.91Na0.05Rb0.01]1.97 [Al3.29Fe2+0.44Mg0.36Ti0.03Mn0.01
Zn0.01]4.14[Si6.41Al1.59]8 O20 [OH3.93F0.07]4. Muscovite lamellae
that replaced biotite during incipient autometasomatism of
the Matupá monzogranite are richer in MgO (2.0–3.0 wt %)
than either the newly formed muscovite or those that re-
placed feldspar (0.5–1.3 wt % MgO) during the subsequent
stages of alteration. The very low titanium content of the
muscovite (~0.03 a.f.u.) is consistent with its hydrothermal
origin (Miller et al., 1981; Dempster et al., 1994).
Chlorite
Two different compositions of chlorite have been distin-
guished in the Matupá monzogranite (Table 3, Fig. 9). In ac-
cordance with Foster (1962), all iron atoms in the calculated
formulas were considered to be divalent. Octahedral Al is
equivalent or higher than tetrahedral Al in most of the ap-
proximately 200 chlorite analyses and the octahedral occu-
pancy is close to 6.00, which makes the presence of Fe2O3 or
other trivalent ions unnecessary for structural balance. The
first chlorite type includes most of the chlorite formed as part
of the incipient autometasomatism and phyllic assemblages in
the northern part of the deposit. It contains 17 to 28 wt per-
cent FeO, 12 to 20 wt percent MgO, and close to 0.5 wt per-
cent MnO. The second type is associated with Mn chlorite al-
teration (Figs. 4, 6E-F) and is characterized by MnO contents
of 2.0 to 5.5 wt percent. The lower MnO values were obtained
in chlorite from the zone immediately adjacent to the less al-
tered granite (SE II.1.3, Fig. 9), where the Mn alteration pro-
gressively decreases and a phyllic alteration prevails (Fig. 6E).
Using the classification scheme recommended by Bailey
(1988), the studied chlorites are trioctahedral, with type 1 hav-
ing the composition (Fe2.22Mg2.19Al1.3Mn0.1) (Si2.9Al1.1) O10
(OH)8 and type 2 having the composition (Fe2.9Al1.4MgMn0.4)
(Si2.8Al1.2) O10 (OH)8. According to the classification of Bayliss
(1975), type 1 chlorite is intermediate between chamosite and
clinochlore and type 2 is manganoan chamosite.
A complete series of ionic replacement is observed be-
tween Fe2+ and Mg2+ and between AlVI and R2+ in the octa-
hedral sites of the studied chlorites, according to the equation
SiIV + R2+(VI) = AlIV + AlVI. The substitution 3 R2+(VI) = 2 AlVI
+ [ ]VI is also verified. In type 2 chlorites, Mn2+ substitutes for
Mg2+ in the octahedral site, according to the equation Mn2+ =
–0.472Mg2+ + 0.997 (R2 = 0.842).

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594 MOURA ET AL.

FIG. 7. Gold and related minerals included or filling fractures in pyrite. A. Globular gold inclusion in pyrite from the
K silicate assemblage (sample SE II.4). B. Gold (Au), chalcopyrite (Ccp), and cubanite (Cub) included in pyrite (Mn chlorite
alteration; sample SE II.1.4). C. Galena (Gn), hessite (Hs), and tetradymite (Tetr) included in pyrite (phyllic alteration; sam-
ple SE I.3A). D. Gold (Au) and tetradymite (Tetr) filling a fracture in pyrite in the phyllic alteration zone (sample SE II.9.4).
E. Gold (Au) in a fracture in pyrite in association with hessite (Hs), tsumoite (Tsu), and altaite (Alt) in the phyllic alteration
assemblage (sample SE I.1). F. Gold (Au)-hessite (Hs) and hessite-tetradymite (Hs-Tetr) in pyrite from the K silicate as-
semblage, which is overprinted by phyllic alteration (sample SE II.14.3). G. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of
the association hessite-tetradymite from (F). H. Elements map (SEM/EDS) for the association shown in (F) and (G).

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 GRANITE-RELATED PALEOPROTEROZOIC, SERRINHA GOLD DEPOSIT, SOUTHERN AMAZONIA, BRAZIL 595

TABLE 3. Representative Electron Microprobe Analyses and

Calculated Temperatures of the Chlorite Geothermometer of
the Two Chlorite Types from the Serrinha Deposit

Type 1 Type 2

Sample no. SEIID SEIID SEII.1.2 SEII.1.3 SEII.1.4 SEII.1.4

SiO2 25.78 28.63 26.99 24.47 23.72 22.94

TiO2 0.01 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.07 0.05
Al2O3 18.62 17.78 18.41 19.54 19.57 20.00
ZnO <0.01 <0.01 0.26 0.11 0.27 0.23
FeO 27.42 23.60 26.97 29.63 31.97 32.40
MnO 0.60 0.60 1.35 3.20 5.56 5.72
MgO 13.74 16.65 12.00 8.19 6.27 5.36
BaO 0.27 0.05 <0.01 0.07 0.04 <0.01
CaO <0.01 0.10 0.09 0.10 <0.01 <0.01
Na2O <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
K2O <0.01 0.18 0.24 0.26 <0.01 <0.01
Rb2O <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
F 0.03 0.10 0.20 <0.01 <0.01 0.02
Cl 0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04
FIG. 8. Mass gains and losses due to alteration, calculated according to the Total 86.49 87.69 86.60 85.60 87.49 86.78
method of Gresens (1967) for the pair biotite monzogranite-Mn chlorite al-
tered granite (samples SE II.1.2-SE II.1.4). Number of ions on the basis of 14 O equivalents
-O = F 0.01 0.04 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.01
-O = Cl 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
Total 86.48 87.65 86.51 85.60 87.49 86.76
Si+4 2.81 2.99 2.94 2.77 2.70 2.64
AlIV 1.19 1.01 1.06 1.23 1.30 1.36
T site 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
Ti+4 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00
AlVI 1.20 1.18 1.30 1.38 1.32 1.36
Zn+2 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02
Fe+2 2.50 2.06 2.45 2.81 3.04 3.12
Mn+2 0.06 0.05 0.12 0.31 0.54 0.56
Mg+2 2.23 2.59 1.95 1.38 1.06 0.92
Ba+2 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ca+2 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
Na+1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
K+1 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.00
Rb+1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
O site 6.00 5.91 5.89 5.94 5.99 5.98
F 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.01
Cl 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
Total 10.01 9.96 9.96 9.94 9.99 10.01
T (°C) 321.24 263.28 279.38 334.12 356.65 375.97

The empirical chlorite geothermometer of Cathelineau

(1988), based on the AlIV content of chlorite, was applied in
the studied chlorites (Table 3). The calculated temperatures
range from 220° to 370°C (mode = 290°C) for type 1 chlorites
and 360° to 385°C (mode = 380°C) for type 2 chlorites. The
temperatures calculated for type 2 chlorites with less MnO
(e.g., SE II.1.3, from the phyllic Mn-bearing alteration area)
range from 289° to 334°C (mode = 313°C). These data indi-
cate that the chlorite from the Mn chlorite alteration formed
at temperatures higher than that associated with the phyllic
alteration. This is consistent with the fluid inclusion and sta-
ble isotope data presented below.

Fluid Inclusions
Sample descriptions
FIG. 9. Compositions of different chlorite groups from the Serrinha de-
posit determined by microprobe analysis. A. MgO-FeO diagram and B. After detailed petrographic examination of the different hy-
MgO-MnO diagram. drothermal assemblages and of 35 polished thick sections,

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596 MOURA ET AL.

quartz grains from 17 representative samples, most of them
containing visible gold, were selected for fluid inclusion
study. The samples examined for fluid inclusion study contain
clear, undeformed quartz, which is interpreted to be in equi-
librium with the hydrothermal assemblage and mineralizing
event observed in each sample. The quartz occurs commonly
intergrown with sulfides, mainly pyrite. Quartz from all sam-
ples shows weak undulose extinction and no recrystallization
or orientation features, confirming its formation in a low-
stress brittle regime as indicated by field and microscopic re-
lationships described above.
Isolated individual inclusions and random groups in intra-
granular quartz crystals were interpreted as primary, whereas
those aligned along microfractures in trails that cross grain
boundaries were designated secondary. Fluids trapped in pri-
mary inclusions in quartz associated with the late microcline
also were recognized in secondary fluid inclusions in mi-
crofractures crosscutting quartz grains from the phyllic hy-
drothermal alteration.
Four types of samples were studied. Two samples were se-
lected from the Mn chlorite alteration (sample SE II.1.4),
composed mainly of Mn-rich chlorite, quartz, sericite, and
pyrite (Py I) with gold inclusions (Au I), without any evidence
of major overprinting by phyllic alteration. Seven samples are
of the K silicate alteration (sample SE II.4), comprising pre-
dominantly microcline, albite, and pyrite, with gold (Au II),
which occurs in microfractures in pyrite (Py I) but also in-
cluded in pyrite (Py II). The common presence of gold filling
fractures in pyrite, which is typical of the phyllic alteration
stage, indicates partial overprinting by this alteration. Five
samples were selected from the phyllic hydrothermal phase
(samples SE I.3, SE II.14.3, and SE I.4.3.1) and are com-
posed of sericite masses, corroded microcline and albite,
quartz, pyrite crystals, and gold as inclusions in pyrite (Au I)
or filling microfractures in pyrite (Au II), together with
sericite and calcite (sample SE I.4.3.1). Three samples were
selected from the late barren microcline alteration (samples
SE I.1 and SEI.1a), composed mainly of coarse-grained
microcline, quartz, pyrite crystals (Py III) and minor chlorite,
sericite, and calcite in microfractures.
Types of fluid inclusions
Five different types of fluid inclusions are recognized based
on their petrographic characteristics at room temperature
(25°C), microthermometric behavior, and Raman analyses
(Table 4, Fig. 10). Type 1 comprises primary monophase (L)
or two-phase (L + V) carbonic inclusions at room tempera-
ture, with degree of filling from 0.80 to 0.95 (mode = 0.95),
and are interpreted to be CO2-(CH4)–dominant inclusions.
These inclusions are rare, oblate, dark, 3 to 6 mm in size, and
were identified in samples from the K silicate (SE II.4), phyl-
lic (SE I.3 and SE I.4.3.1), and late microcline assemblages
(SE I.1a). Freezing temperatures of these inclusions are be-
tween –97° and –100°C. Melting of solid CO2 (TmCO2)occurs
between –57.1° and –56.6°C but mainly between –56.9° and
–56.7°C (Table 4). Raman analyses showed that fluid inclu-
sions with TmCO2 lower than –56.9°C contain detectable
amounts of CH4 (Table 4), but the majority of inclusions with
TmCO2 between –56.9° and –56.7°C are almost pure CO2. Ho-
mogenization (Th) occurs into the liquid phase, between 0°
and 28°C, with a mode between 12° and 16°C. The lowest Th
values (0°–7.4°C) are restricted to fluid inclusions from a
sample of phyllic alteration (SE I.3), with degree of filling be-
tween 0.80 and 0.90. The calculated densities vary from 0.66
to 0.93 g/cm3, with average and mode at 0.82 g/cm3, using the
formulas of Brown and Hagemann (1994).
Type 2 consists of primary two- or three-phase fluid inclu-
sions at room temperature, which are ellipsoidal, commonly
of dark-brown color, varying from 3 to 20 mm in size, and
with degree of filling between 0.95 to 0.80. They occur in all

FIG. 10. Photomicrographs showing the different fluid inclusion types from the Serrinha deposit. Sketches of the fluid in-
clusions are shown in the upper right corner of each photograph. A. Type 2 H2O-CO2-(CH4)-NaCl. B. Type 3a liquid-rich
two-phase H2O-NaCl-(KCl) fluid inclusion. C. Type 3b three-phase solid H2O-NaCl-(KCl) inclusion. D and E. Type 4 three-
phase H2O-NaCl-CaCl2 fluid inclusion. F. Type 5b multiphase solid H2O-NaCl-KCl fluid inclusion, found only in the Mn
chlorite-rich hydrothermal zone. Cc = calcite, Hal = halite, Syl = sylvite.

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 TABLE 4. Fluid Inclusion Data for the Serrinha Deposit

Inclusion type Hydrothermal alteration Petrographic characteristics Microthermometric data Raman results Model system

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Type 1 (L + V) K silicate, phyllic and Rare, oblate, dark, 3–6 µm, TmCO2 = –57.1° to –56.6°C 98–100% CO2; traces of CH4 CO2-(CH4)
(n = 26) late microclinization F = 0.95–0.80, with random (mode= –56.9° to –56.7°C); when TmCO2 < –56.9°C
distribution Th(L) = 0°–28°C (mode = 12°–16°C)

Type 2 (L + L + V) All assemblages Random, ellipsoidal, dark brown,
(n = 143) 3–20 µm, F = 0.95–0.80;
birefringent captive minerals in
phyllic and late microclinization
assemblages; included in quartz
TmCO2 = –56.9° to –56.8°C; 98–100% CO2; 85.3% CO2 and H2O-CO2-(CH4)-NaCl
Tm(cl) = 7°– 8°C; Th(L) = 14.7% CH4 when TmCO2 =
300°–320°C –58.4°C; captive solids: calcite
and anhydrite? (1,014 cm–1)

Type 3 All assemblages Random and planar groupings; Te = –33° to –22.1°C; Tm(ice) = H2O-NaCl-(KCl-MgCl2?-
3a (L + V) oblate, colorless, 3–18 µm, –6 to 0°C; Th(L) = 125°–150°C FeCl2?)
(n = 180) F = 0.95

3b (L + V + S) K silicate and phyllic Random and planar groupings, Te = –23° to –20.3°C; Th(L) = Cubic solids inert; nacholite H2O-NaCl-(KCl)
(n = 50) oblate, colorless, 3–18 µm, 125°–150°C; Tm(ice) = –6° to
F = 0.95; commonly with one 0°C; Ts = 150°–250°C

597
and rarely two colorless cubic
crystals

Type 4 (L + V) Primary in the late
(n = 101) microcline and phyllic;
secondary in the early
chloritic and K silicate
alteration
Random and planar groupings, Te = –53° to –52°C; Tm(hydr) = Calcite; albite; solid solution H2O-NaCl-CaCl2
oblate; usually dark, 5–15 µm, –38° to –32°C; Tm(ice) = –25° to between calcite and magnesite
F ≥0.95, birefringent captive –20°C; Th(L) = 80°–110°C
solids

Type 5 Mn chlorite Oblate, primary, with a dark Tm(ice) = –6.4° to 0°C; TH (L) = H2O-NaCl-(KCl)
5a (L + V) bubble, F = 0.90–0.60, 3–12 µm 310 – 380°C
(n = 12)

5b (L + V + S) Mn chlorite Oblate, primary, with a dark Tm(ice) = –0.5° to 0°C; Th (L) = Solids inert H2O-NaCl-(KCl)
(n = 10) bubble, F = 0.90–0.60, 3–12 µm; 297 – 360°C; Ts = 375 – 480°C
commonly with one and rarely
two colorless cubic crystals

Abbreviations: F = degree of filling, TmCO2 = temperature of solid CO2 melting, Th(L) = homogenization temperature of the aqueous phase (to the liquid), Th(L) = total homogenization temperature
(to the liquid), Tm(ice) = temperature of final ice-melting, Te = eutectic temperature, Ts = dissolution temperature
GRANITE-RELATED PALEOPROTEROZOIC, SERRINHA GOLD DEPOSIT, SOUTHERN AMAZONIA, BRAZIL
597
598 MOURA ET AL.

samples (Fig. 10A) and are composed of H2O-CO2-(CH4)-
NaCl. Rare birefringent captive crystals, identified as calcite
and probable anhydrite on the basis of Raman analysis (Table
4), occur in the phyllic and late microcline alteration samples.
Temperatures of solid CO2 melting (TmCO2) range from –57.6°
to –56.6°C but are mainly between –56.9° and –56.8°C (Table
4). For inclusions with TmCO2 lower than –57°C (Fig. 11A),
CH4 was identified by Raman spectrometry (Table 4).
Clathrate melting takes place mainly between 7° and 8°C but
ranges from –2° to 10°C. Salinity was estimated using the
temperature of clathrate melting (Diamond, 1992), with val-
ues mainly between 4 and 7 wt percent NaCl equiv (Fig.
11B). CO2 homogenizes into the liquid phase between 0° and
32°C, with most values between 28° and 30°C (Fig. 11A). The
density of the carbonic phase varies from 0.24 to 0.88 g/cm3,
with most values in the range of 0.6 to 0.75 g/cm3. Bulk den-
sity ranges from 0.48 to 1.0 g/cm3 with a mode of 0.9 to 1.0
g/cm3. Although many inclusions decrepitated during heat-
ing, the total homogenization of type 2 fluid inclusions occurs
in the liquid phase (L + V → L) between 220° and 360°C,
with a mode between 300° and 320°C (Fig. 11B).
Type 3 comprises liquid-rich two-phase (type 3a; Fig. 10B)
and three-phase or multiphase solid (type 3b; Fig. 10C)
H2O-NaCl-(KCl) fluid inclusions, which are found in all
samples. Type 3a comprises colorless fluid inclusions, 3 to 18
µm in size, with a degree of filling between 0.85 to 0.95. Type
3b are similar to type 3a inclusions but are restricted to the
K silicate and phyllic assemblages. The volume occupied by
the solid phase ranges from ~5 to ~20 percent. The domi-
nant solid is cubic, colorless, and isotropic, with petrographic
and microthermometric characteristics of halite. Another
cubic and isotropic solid, probably sylvite, is less common.
The cubic solids from type 3b inclusions are inert in the
Raman microprobe. Halite-containing type 3b inclusions are
less common than type 3a and inclusions with both halite and
sylvite are very rare. When observed, the eutectic tempera-
ture (Te) varied from –33° to –20.3°C, the lowest values pos-
sibly due to the addition of KCl, or even MgCl2 or FeCl2, to
the system. Alternatively, these values reflect a metastable eu-
tectic in the H2O-NaCl system (Crawford, 1981; Shepherd et
al., 1985; Goldstein and Reynolds, 1994). Final ice-melting
temperatures (Tm(ice)) range from –26° to 0°C, with most be-
tween –6° and 0°C. The salinity of the type 3a fluid inclusions
is between 0 and 10 wt percent NaCl equiv (Fig. 11C), calcu-
lated according to Bodnar (1993). Calculated densities are
between 0.75 and 1.13 g/cm3 for type 3a fluid inclusions, with
most in the range of 0.92 to 0.96 g/cm3. Calculated densities
are between 1.15 and 1.22 g/cm3 for type 3b fluid inclusions.
The total homogenization of type 3a fluid inclusions occurs
in the liquid phase between 125° and 150°C (Fig. 11C),
whereas type 3b fluid inclusions homogenize by dissolution of
halite between 150° and 250°C, corresponding to salinities of
30 to 35 wt percent NaCl equiv according to Sterner et al.
(1988; Figs. 11C, 12). For the type 3b fluid inclusions that
contain halite and sylvite, NaCl and KCl contents were de-
termined graphically, based on the temperature of melting
(Ts), using the experimental data of Sterner et al. (1988) for
the system H2O-NaCl-KCl. In a measured fluid inclusion
with Ts(KCl) = 213.5°C and total homogenization temperature
(Th ∫ Ts(NaCl)) of 320°C, the calculated composition is 27 wt

FIG. 11. Binary diagrams showing the relationships between measured and calculated parameters for fluid inclusions from
the Serrinha deposit. A. Temperature of melting of the CO2-(CH4) phase (TmCO2) vs. the temperature of homogenization of
CO2-(CH4) (ThCO2) from aqueous-carbonic (type 2) fluid inclusions. B. Salinity vs. temperatures of total homogenization (di-
amonds) and decrepitation (crosses) from type 2 fluid inclusions. C. Salinity vs. temperatures of total homogenization of types
3a (filled diamonds) and 3b (open squares) fluid inclusions. D. Salinity vs. temperatures of total homogenization of type 4
fluid inclusions.

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 GRANITE-RELATED PALEOPROTEROZOIC, SERRINHA GOLD DEPOSIT, SOUTHERN AMAZONIA, BRAZIL
FIG. 12. A. Histogram of halite dissolution temperature (Ts) data of types
3b and 5b fluid inclusions. B. Plot of halite dissolution temperature (Ts) vs.
vapor disappearance temperature (Th) in types 3b and 5b fluid inclusions.
percent NaCl, 30 wt percent KCl, and 43 wt percent H2O,
which yields a K/Na atomic ratio of 0.89. The absence of
sylvite in the other inclusions suggests low K/Na ratios for
most of the type 3b fluid inclusions modeled by the H2O-
NaCl-(KCl) system.
Type 4 consists of liquid-rich three-phase fluid inclusions,
usually dark, ~5 to 15 µm in diameter, and with a degree of
filling ≥0.95. They show features typical of primary fluid in-
clusions in the late microcline-rich assemblage and occur as
planar groups filling secondary fractures in the early chloritic,
K silicate, and phyllic assemblages (secondary inclusions).
Birefringent solids with petrographic characteristics of trapped
crystals are common (Fig. 10D-E). According to Raman re-
sults, the dominant solid phase is calcite; in addition, albite
and a solid solution between calcite and magnesite have been
identified (Table 4). The solids occupy ~1 to 10 percent of the
inclusions, are colorless to brown, have prismatic to tabular
habits, and do not homogenize upon heating.
The first observed melting temperature in type 4 inclu-
sions, interpreted as a eutectic (Te), ranges between –53° and
–52°C, suggesting a composition in the system H2O-NaCl-
CaCl2. Hydrohalite dissolution occurs between –46° and
–22°C but is concentrated between –38° and –32°C. Ice in
these inclusions melts from –40° to 0°C but mainly between
–25° and –20°C. Salinity was estimated for the most common
ice-melting temperature using the equation developed by
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
599
Oakes et al. (1990) and lies between 20.9 and 23.6 wt percent
(NaCl + CaCl2), containing between 4.8 and 7.1 wt percent
NaCl and 16.1 to 16.5 wt percent CaCl2, with an average
Ca/Na atomic ratio of 1.4. The total homogenization of type 4
fluid inclusions occurs in the liquid phase, at temperatures
below 200°C (Fig. 11D).
Type 5 is characterized by rare vapor-rich two-phase (type
5a) and three-phase or multiphase solid (type 5b; Fig. 10F)
fluid inclusions varying from 3 to 12 µm in size, containing a
dark bubble, and with a degree of filling between 0.90 to 0.60.
They are restricted to the Mn chlorite-rich zone and occur as
primary inclusions in quartz with no undulose extinction, in-
terpreted to be in equilibrium with the Mn chlorite and gold.
Types 5a and 5b occur in the same fluid inclusion assemblage
(FIA), with no apparent postentrapment modification. The
solid phase volume in type 5b fluid inclusions is ~2 to 10 per-
cent. Inclusions containing only one cubic, colorless, and
isotropic solid phase with petrographic and microthermomet-
ric characteristics of halite are most common, but some rare
inclusions contain two colorless cubic and isotropic solids in-
terpreted to be halite and sylvite on the basis of petrographic
and microthermometric data and the absence of a Raman sig-
nal. The two-phase and halite-containing inclusions were
modeled in the H2O-NaCl system, whereas the multiphase
solid inclusions with halite and sylvite were modeled in the
H2O-NaCl-KCl system (Table 4). Final ice-melting tempera-
tures (Tm(ice)) range from –6.4° to 0°C. The salinity of the two-
phase fluid inclusions (type 5a) lies between 0 and 10 wt per-
cent NaCl equiv, calculated according to Bodnar (1993). Type
5b fluid inclusions have halite dissolution temperatures (Ts)
between 375° and 480°C (Fig. 12A), yielding salinities of 45
to 57 wt percent NaCl equiv. Total homogenization of the
type 5 fluid inclusions occurs between 310° and 480°C, and
the type 5b inclusions have Ts > (ThL + V → L; Fig. 12B). Den-
sities of the type 5a fluid inclusions vary from 0.50 to 0.66
g/cm3, whereas type 5b fluid inclusions have calculated den-
sities of 1.13 to 1.37 g/cm3 (Fig. 13). For the rare type 5b fluid
inclusions containing halite and sylvite, NaCl and KCl con-
tents were determined graphically as for the type 3b inclu-
sions. Two measurements indicated Ts(KCl) = 388°C and Th =
Ts(NaCl) = 428°C, corresponding to 31 wt percent NaCl, 45 wt
percent KCl, and 25 wt percent H2O, and a K/Na atomic ratio
FIG. 13. Calculated density vs. total homogenization temperature for
types 5a (open diamonds) and 5b (filled diamonds) fluid inclusions, showing
coeval high-temperature NaCl-H2O fluid inclusions from the Serrinha de-
posit with contrasting densities.
599
600 MOURA ET AL.

of 1.14. Figure 12 compares the salinities and homogeniza- those suggested by Suzuoki and Epstein (1976) for mus-
tion temperatures of types 3b and 5b fluid inclusions. covite-water and Graham et al. (1984) for chlorite-water. The
Mn chlorite assemblage yields δ18Ofluid values of +8.2 per mil
Interpretation of fluid inclusion data and δDfluid values of –37 per mil (Table 5, Fig. 14), using a for-
The highest salinities and homogenization temperatures in mation temperature of 420°C. The oxygen and hydrogen iso-
the studied samples were obtained for type 5 inclusions, mod- tope values for the overprinted phyllic assemblage indicate
eled in the H2O-NaCl-KCl system. They are found in zones δ18Ofluid values of +1.7 to +4.7 per mil and δDfluid values be-
where the Mn chlorite was protected from late overprinting by tween –20 and –15 per mil (Table 5, Fig. 14), based on a tem-
phyllic alteration. They are interpreted to record one of the perature of 330°C.
earliest fluids that circulated in the hydrothermal system
around the Matupá monzogranite. Subsequently, the system Discussion
was overprinted by lower temperature H2O-NaCl-CO2-(CH4)
(type 2), CO2 (type 1), and H2O-NaCl (type 3) fluids, probably Estimation of pressure and temperature for
derived from fluid immiscibility and mixing of saline and me- the hydrothermal assemblages
teoric fluids that caused the phyllic alteration. The coexistence The P-T trapping conditions and densities of the Serrinha
of types 1, 2, and 3 fluid inclusions with no petrographic evi- hydrothermal fluids were estimated with the aid of MacFlincor
dence of posttrapping changes or successive trapping of differ- software (Brown and Hagemann, 1994) for the systems CO2
ent fluids suggests that these fluid inclusions are probably co- (Brown and Lamb, 1986) and H2O-NaCl (Zhang and Frantz,
eval (Goldstein, 2001). Late circulation of Ca-enriched fluids 1987), taking into account the observations of Roedder and
(type 4 fluid inclusions), which resulted in precipitation of late,
barren pyrite and carbonatization of the previously formed
rocks, dominated the final stages of the hydrothermal system.
Stable Isotopes
Stable isotope data for mineral separates are summarized in
Table 5. The measured δ18O values are +7.0 to +11.8 per mil
(n = 6) for quartz and 3.7 to +6.4 per mil (n = 4) for muscovite.
δD values determined for the phyllosilicates fall in the range
–54 to –69 per mil (n = 4). δ34S values of pyrite from mineral-
ized samples are between +1.3 and +3.5 per mil (Table 5).
The values for δ18O and δD of the fluids were calculated
using the formation temperature obtained in primary fluid in-
clusions within quartz and the geothermometry of coeval
chlorite. Oxygen isotope fractionation factors are those sug-
FIG. 14. Calculated δ18O and δD values for fluids in equilibrium with al-
gested by O’Neil and Taylor (1969) for muscovite-water, teration at Serrinha deposit. The isotopic compositions of meteoric water
Zheng (1993) for chlorite-water, and Clayton et al. (1972) for (MWL) and fluids associated with magmas (magmatic H2O) are shown
quartz-water. Hydrogen isotope fractionation factors are (Kyser, 1987).

TABLE 5. Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Sulfur Isotope Values of Mineral Separates from the Serrinha Deposit

Sample no. Main alteration type Mineral δ34Smin δ18Omin ∆Dmin H2O yield δ18Ofluid δDfluid

SE II.1.4 Mn chlorite + phyllic Py 2.1

Qz 11.8 8.2
Chlorite 3.7 –69 6.97 4.2 –37
SEII.1.3 Mn chlorite + phyllic Qtz 10.7 4.8
SE II.4 K silicate + phyllic Qz 7.0 1.1
Py 3.2
SE II 4A K silicate + phyllic Py 3.3
SE II 14.3 K silicate + phyllic Py 2.0
Quartz 7.6 1.7
Muscovite 5.7 –57 3.93 3.0 –15
SEI.1.2 Phyllic Py 2.3
SE I.4.3.3B Phyllic Quartz 10.1 4.2
Chlorite 4.0 –54 6.70 4.3 –20
SEI 4.3.1 Phyllic Py 2.4
SE II.9.4 Phyllic Muscovite 6.4 –57 4.00 3.7 –15
Qz 10.6 4.7
Py 1.3
SEI.1 Phyllic Py 3.5
SEIII 6.2 Phyllic Py 2.3

Notes: Fluid stable isotope values were calculated using temperatures estimated from fluid inclusion data and chlorite geothermometry (420°C for the Mn
chlorite paragenesis and 330°C for the phyllic paragenesis), as discussed in the text; H2O yield = wt % of water released from mineral during heating

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 GRANITE-RELATED PALEOPROTEROZOIC, SERRINHA GOLD DEPOSIT, SOUTHERN AMAZONIA, BRAZIL 601

Bodnar (1980) for two immiscible fluids occurring in the same
sample. Oxygen isotope data obtained for mineral pairs were
not used to estimate the crystallization temperatures of the hy-
drothermal paragenesis due to the overprinting of subsequent
stages of hydrothermal alteration in the area.
Using the minimum and maximum densities calculated for
the fluid inclusions from samples of K silicate partially over-
printed by phyllic alteration (SE II.4), phyllic alteration (SE
I.4.3.1 and SE I.3), and late microcline alteration (SE I.1),
isochores were constructed for inclusion types 1 and 3a (Fig.
15). Intersections of the isochores indicate pressures between
0.5 and 3.25 kbars and temperatures between 150° and
500°C for the trapping of these inclusions (Fig. 15, Table 6).
Using the most common density, the highest temperatures
were obtained for the K silicate mineralized assemblage (T =
330°–365°C; P =1.6–2.10 kbars; Fig. 15A), followed by the
phyllic assemblage (T = 293°–330°C; P = 1.53–2.35 kbars;
Fig. 15B), with lower temperatures and pressures indicated
for the phyllic assemblages affected by carbonatization (Fig.
15C) and late microclinization (Fig. 15D; T = 172°–200°C, P
= 0.50–1.14 kbars; Table 6). The low temperatures and pres-
sures associated with the late carbonate and microcline are
consistent with the total homogenization temperature ob-
tained for the H2O-NaCl-CaCl2 (type 4) fluid inclusions in
the late microcline assemblage (Fig. 11D). Temperatures and
pressures estimated using the chlorite geothermometer
(Cathelineau, 1988) for type 1 chlorite are almost the same as
those obtained from isochore intersections (Table 6, Fig. 14).
Using the experimental data of Bodnar (1994) for type 5b
inclusions containing only halite, a minimum pressure of 1.3
kbars was calculated, which corresponds to a depth of approx-
imately 4.5 km, assuming the pressure to be lithostatic. There-
fore, a temperature of 420°C (Fig. 12) and a pressure of 1.3
kbars are considered the best estimates of the minimum tem-
perature and pressure for trapping of the H2O-NaCl-[KCl]
fluid responsible for the Mn chlorite alteration (Table 4).
Composition, origin, and evolution of
the Serrinha hydrothermal system
The isotopic, fluid inclusion, and petrological data obtained
for the Serrinha gold deposit are consistent with the inter-
pretation that the ore-bearing fluids were initially derived
from the Matupá granitic magma. The H2O-NaCl-[KCl] flu-
ids trapped in type 5 fluid inclusions and their high salinities
and homogenization temperatures suggest that the hy-
drothermal fluids exsolved from a magmatic source, probably
genetically related to the crystallization history of the Matupá
monzogranite. The calculated isotopic composition of the
fluid in equilibrium with the Mn chlorite (Table 5, Fig. 14) is
closest to the range of isotopic compositions for fluids associ-
ated with felsic magmas (Kyser, 1987). The sulfur isotope data
obtained from pyrite genetically related to gold deposition lie
in the same range as those from magmatic sulfides from gran-
ite-related and porphyry-type deposits associated with I-type
granites in South America (Ohmoto and Goldhaber, 1997)
and are consistent with a mineralizing fluid that exsolved

FIG. 15. Pressure-temperature diagrams showing the intersections (shaded areas) between isochores constructed with
the minimum, maximum, and modal densities of coexisting types 1 and 3a fluid inclusions, and minimum, maximum, and
modal temperatures (vertical lines) calculated from the type-A chlorite geothermometer. A. K silicate assemblage (sample
SE II.4). B. Phyllic alteration (sample SE I.3). C. Phyllic assemblage affected by late carbonatization (sample SE I.4.3.1).
D. Late microclinization (sample SE I.1). The shaded regions are interpreted as the pressure-temperature intervals of flu-
ids entrapment.

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602 MOURA ET AL.

TABLE 6. Pressure and Temperature Trapping Conditions of Fluids in the Serrinha Hydrothermal System during
K Silicate, Phyllic, and Late Microclinization Hydrothermal Alteration

Isochore intersections Chlorite geothermometer

Sample no. T (°C) (range) P (kbar) (range) T (°C) (mode) P (kbar) (mode) Type 1 chlorite 5 T(°C) P (kbar) 6

SE I.11 150–406 0.50–2.10 180–200 0.53–1.14 303–375 (330) 1.0–2.0

SE I.4.3.12 150–313 0.50–1.50 172–187 0.50–0.80 289–354 (335) 1.1–1.5
SE I.33 210–500 1.25–3.25 293–330 1.53–2.35 220–339 (300) 1.3–2.4
SE II.44 120–505 0.75–3.25 330–365 1.60–2.10 296–352 (340) 1.6–2.2

Notes: Estimated on the basis of isochore intersections from CO2 and H2O-NaCl contemporaneous fluids, in comparison to calculated temperatures from
the chlorite geothermomether, using Cathelineau (1988), and respective pressure values
1 Late microclinization
2 Phyllic assemblage affected by late carbonatization
3 Granite with intense phyllic alteration
4 K silicate + sodic overprinted by phyllic alteration
5 Mode indicated in bracket
6 Data obtained from the intersection between CO and H O-NaCl isochores and constant-temperature lines calculated from chlorite geothermometer
2 2

from the crystallizing magma. According to Burnham and

Ohmoto (1980), fluids exsolved from felsic magmas contain-
ing hornblende are enriched in KCl relative to NaCl and, es-
pecially, HCl. This is in agreement with the high KCl/NaCl
molar ratio determined for the H2O-NaCl-KCl fluid. These
fluids may also have been responsible for the pervasive potas-
sic alteration of the granitic intrusion. A subsequent increase
in the activity of Na was probably responsible for K-feldspar
destabilization and albite formation.
The proposed H2O-NaCl-CO2, CO2-(CH4), and H2O-NaCl
fluids probably resulted from immiscibility, possibly starting
with the exsolution of an early saline aqueous fluid from the
granitic magma, as proposed by Roedder (1992). Similar
processes, cited as direct evidence for a magmatic fluid
source, have been reported in many hydrothermal systems
and mineral deposits genetically related to granitic magmas
(e.g., Gallagher et al., 1992; Hedenquist et al., 1998; Baker
and Lang, 2001). The behavior of CO2 in magmatic-hy-
drothermal systems and related deposits has been reviewed
by Lowenstern (2001), who pointed out that the presence of
CO2 can induce immiscibility both within the magmatic
volatile phase and in the hydrothermal systems.
The variable salinities and homogenization temperatures
obtained for the H2O-NaCl fluid may have been caused by an
influx of meteoric water into the system after a possible im-
miscibility stage between high-salinity brines and low-salinity
CO2-rich fluids. After this immiscibility stage, the H2O-NaCl-
CO2 and H2O-NaCl fluids were dominant, and the hy-
drothermal system evolved by mixing of saline fluids with me-
teoric water, resulting in colder, oxygenated, and more acidic
fluids. The hydrolytic attack of the previously developed min-
eral assemblages, which may have occurred as a result of the
decrease in temperature and/or a(K+)/a(H+) atomic ratio (Beane
and Titley, 1981), led to the formation of sericitic masses rich
in pyrite (phyllic alteration) with or without associated chlo-
rite (Fig. 16). The fluid isotope compositions calculated for
the phyllic assemblage are consistent with the incorporation
of low-temperature meteoric water into the hydrothermal FIG. 16. Schematic model of the evolution of the Matupá monzogranite
system. The late H2O-NaCl-CaCl2 fluid represented by type hydrothermal alteration. A. Exsolution of the hypersaline fluid from the
granitic magma and onset of K silicate and Mn chloritic alteration at the gran-
4 fluid inclusions possibly resulted from leaching of Ca from ite cupola. B. Immiscibility of the hypersaline fluid and mixing of the saline
magmatic plagioclase. The H2O-NaCl-CaCl2 fluids represent aqueous fluid with meteoric water, resulting in the phyllic alteration, fol-
the last stage of hydrothermal circulation in the Serrinha sys- lowed by late microclinization and Ca-rich alteration phases.

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 GRANITE-RELATED PALEOPROTEROZOIC, SERRINHA GOLD DEPOSIT, SOUTHERN AMAZONIA, BRAZIL 603

tem, causing calcite precipitation in fractures in the hy-

Newberry (2000),
Thompson et al.
Hedenquist and

Lang and Baker

Thompson and
drothermally altered rocks. Similar late fluids containing

Sillitoe (1991)
Sillitoe (1991,

(2001), Baker
1993, 2000),

et al. (2005)
Lowenstern
CaCl2 in granite-related deposits were also reported by Gal-

Reference

This study
lagher et al. (1992) and Stefanini and Williams-Jones (1996).

(1999),
(1994)
The restricted late microclinization phase was the result of
neutralization of fluids and an increase in the a(K+)/a(H+) ratio.

States and Canada),

Kidston (Australia),
Mechanisms of gold transport and deposition

(Chile), Grasberg

province (United
Lobo and Marte

Jilau (Tajikstan)
(United States)
Salave (Spain),
Gold in the Serrinha deposit was probably initially trans-

Landusky and
FSE-Lepanto

Timbarra and
(Philippines),

Tintina gold
(Indonesia)
ported as chloride complexes in a hot, saline, acid, and oxidized

Gilt Edge
Examples

Zortman-
fluid, with a high KCl/NaCl ratio. Decreasing temperature dur-
ing the fluid ascent, immiscibility processes, or a pH increase
could have enhanced the precipitation of the first generation of
gold (Au I), which occurs as inclusions of Ag-poor gold in early

moderate-T H2O-CO2
pyrite. Due to the high density of this fluid, gold and pyrite pre-

Early high-T, hyper-

moderate to low T;
salinity H2O-NaCl,

locally hypersaline
Low T, moderate-
immiscible vapor;
cipitation occurred near the granite, related to the Mn chlorite

low-T H2O-NaCl

high-T H2O-CO-
late low-salinity,
hypersaline and
saline; late low-

to low-salinity
and K silicate alteration (Fig. 16A). An increase in pH occurred

Moderate- to
Early high-T

H2O-NaCl
during the unmixing of the magmatic fluid at high tempera-

(CH4-N2);
TABLE 7. Comparison of the Serrinha Deposit and Intrusion-Related Gold Deposits
tures. Under these conditions the acid components partition

Fluids
into the vapor phase and gold partitions to the brine as AuCl 2–
(e.g., Gammons and William-Jones, 1997). However, a further
temperature decrease would have favored the transport of gold

Au-Ag-Cu-
Mo-As-Te-

Ag-Te-As-
Au-Bi-W-
mainly as Au(HS)2–. In this case, gold would have precipitated

Au-(Cu)

(Pb-Zn)

Mo-Sb
Metals
during phyllic alteration or be transported to outer zones

Au
(Gammons and William-Jones, 1997).
During the second stage of gold mineralization in the Ser-

K silicate alteration

vein, sheeted vein,

in veinlets; hosted
Disseminated and

Disseminated and

Disseminated and
rinha deposit (Au II), which is characterized by Ag-rich gold

hosted in sericitic
phyllic alteration

hosted mainly in
Mn chlorite and
Mineralization

in equilibrium with tellurides and Bi and Ag minerals, gold

Disseminated,
in stockworks;

in stockworks;

breccia, skarn
in K silicate,

± carbonate
may have been transported either as AuCl –2 or Au(HS)–2 , de-

alteration
pending on the fluid temperature (Gammons and Williams-
Jones, 1997), and precipitation would have occurred at lower
temperatures than the Au I stage. The deposition of Au II, ei-
ther in pyrite fractures or included in a second generation of
pyrite, chlorite, clay

Sericite, orthoclase,
magnetite, sericite,
Biotite, K-feldspar,
K-feldspar, albite,

pyrite, may have been enhanced by dilution and/or unmixing

pyrite, magnetite

anhydrite, albite,
chlorite, sericite,

Chlorite, calcite,
dolomite, calcite
albite, kaolinite,
Main alteration

biotite, fluorite
sericite, albite,
of the saline fluid, associated with the late phyllic hydrother-

fluorite, clay,

K-feldspar,
mal alteration (Fig. 16B).
minerals

The existence of pyrrhotite inclusions in mineralized pyrite

and of associated hydrothermal magnetite suggests that the
Serrinha deposit was formed at ƒO2 conditions near or above
the pyrrhotite + pyrite + magnetite buffer, near mSO2/mH2S = 1
I-type, magnetite-series

(Ohmoto and Goldhaber, 1997). These conditions are widely

phyritic monzogranite

quartz latite, trachyte,

rhyodacite porphyry,
equigranular to por-

Wide compositional
range (e.g., syenite,

suggested for porphyry gold deposits (Sillitoe, 1993) and in magnetite-ilmenite

rocks are common
I-type, magnetite-
cut by cogenetic

rocks are absent

series porphyry;

or intermediate
I-type, ilmenite

aqueous fluids produced from oxidized I-type magmas, which

coeval volcanic

coeval volcanic
Host intrusive

rhyolitic dikes

series granite;
granodiorite)

are considered to be more effective gold carriers than fluids

derived from S-type magmas (Burnham and Ohmoto, 1980). or minor
The late H2O-NaCl-CaCl2 fluid, responsible for the late
microcline alteration, was associated with a third generation
of pyrite and postdates the auriferous stages in the Serrinha
above or within old,

deposit.
typically cratonic,
continental crust,
Uncertain; most

vergent margins
Tectonic setting

distal from con-

systems formed

Conclusions and Implications for Exploration

plutonic arc

plutonic arc

plutonic arc

The Serrinha gold deposit in southern Amazonia is spatially

Volcano-

Volcano-

Volcano-

and genetically related to hydrothermal alteration of the Paleo-

proterozoic I-type Matupá granitic massif. On the basis of fluid
inclusion and isotopic data, a predominantly magmatic source is
proposed for the early saline homogeneous mineralizing fluid,
Serrinha deposit

Sn-W provinces
Granite-related

associated with
Nonporphyry-
Porphyry gold

which evolved by immiscibility and dissolution processes during

type deposits

Au deposits

its ascent. The Serrinha deposit can be considered a proximal

intrusions
hosted by
deposits
Deposit

intrusion-related deposit. Compared to other intrusion-related

deposits described in the literature (Table 7), Serrinha is most

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604 MOURA ET AL.
similar to disseminated porphyry gold deposits genetically as-
sociated with granitic magmas (Sillitoe, 1991). Although the
present deep erosion level of the Serrinha deposit does not
favor the occurrence of a giant Au deposit, this area is
prospective for disseminated gold deposits genetically related
to the I-type magmatic-arc or postcollisional granites of the
Tapajós and Juruena-Teles Pires gold provinces, and its char-
acteristics can be used as exploration guides for similar de-
posits in the Ventuari-Tapajós orogenic belt.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Western Mining Corporation (Brazil) for
access to the Serrinha deposit, as well as field logistics and as-
sistance. We thank P. Rossi, BRGM (Orléans, France), for the
geochronological, fluid inclusion, and some chemical data. O.
Legéndre and J.-P. Girard (BRGM) are thanked for access
and support during acquisition of fluid inclusions data. Claire
Beny (BRGM) is acknowledged for the Raman analyses. Co-
ordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-
CAPES (Brazil) is acknowledged for financial support to the
senior author in France and at Queen’s University. We thank
Kerry Klassen (Queen’s University) for the stable isotope
analyses. Analytical costs were partially supported by Natural
Science and Educational Research Council (NSERC) grants
to K. Kyser and G.R. Olivo. We are also indebted to E.T.C.
Spooner and an anonymous reviewer for their critical com-
ments and constructive suggestions.
May 2, 2005; April 26, 2006
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