Engr. Jose Maria S.

Batino
SESSION OBJECTIVES

At the end of the session, the participants will

be able to:
  Understand the basic causes of workplace
accidents
  Define and differentiate terminologies such as
accident, unsafe act and unsafe condition
  Identify and enumerate different situations and
practices that constitute unsafe act and unsafe
condition
An occurrence or event that is unexpected,
unforeseen, unplanned and unwanted that
could cause damage, injury or loss.
• Struck against rigid structure, sharp or rough
objects
• Struck by falling or flying objects, sliding or
moving parts
• Caught in, on, or between objects
• Fall on same level
• Fall on different levels
• Electrocution
• Fire
• Exposure to: noise, toxic chemicals, radiation,
temperature extremes, extreme pressures
 People

Environment Equipment

Materials
 People

Environment Equipment

Materials
Heinrich’s Axiom of Industrial
Safety
  Injuries result from a completed series of
factors, one of which is the accident itself.
An accident can occur only as the result
of an unsafe act by a person and/ or a
physical or mechanical hazard
  Most accidents are the result of unsafe
behavior by people.
 Accident Causation
Domino Theory
Heinrich’s Axiom of Industrial
Safety
  Unsafe act by a person or an unsafe
condition does not always immediately
result in an accident/injury.
  The severity of an accident is largely
fortuitous and the accident that caused it
is largely preventable.
Heinrich’s Triangle

1
Fatal

29 Minor

300 Near-Miss

3000 Hazards
Heinrich’s Axiom of Industrial
Safety

 The best accident prevention techniques

are analogous with the best quality and
productivity techniques.
 Management should assume responsibility
for safety since it is in the best position to
get results.
Heinrich’s Axiom of Industrial
Safety

 The supervisor is the key person in the

prevention of industrial accident.

 In addition to the direct costs of an

accident there are also hidden or indirect
costs.
Direct Cost

Indirect Cost
•  Medical Expenses
•  Equipment Damage
•  Wasted Raw Materials
•  Insurance Premiums
•  Litigation Expenses
1 Cost of Losses from Injured Worker
•  lost productivity due to interruption on day of
injury
•  lost reliability due to follow-up care
•  lost efficiency after returning to work
2 Cost of Losses from Other Employees
•  loss due to work stoppage out of curiosity
•  loss when assisting injured worker
•  lost productivity due to inspection
•  lost efficiency out of sympathy to the injured
•  Loss due to completion of added work
3. Cost of Losses from Supervisors
•  lost productivity when assisting the injured
•  lost productivity due to accident investigation
•  lost productivity in preparing reports
•  lost productivity during inspection
4. Cost of Losses in Training Replacement
Worker
5. Cost of Losses during downtime of
equipment
Humane Aspects
•  Sorrow due to loss
•  Hardships and
inconveniences
•  Physical pain/
discomfort
•  Psychological
problems
 Occupational Safety and Health is
devoted to the recognition and control
of those factors in the workplace, which
may cause death or injury or disability
or sickness, or great discomfort and
inefficiency among workers.
 People
People

Environment
Equipment

Materials
 Common Reasons
for Accidents

•  Layman’s version:

–  ‘Oras na niya’
–  ‘Malas niya lang’
–  ‘Tanga kasi’
–  ‘Kasama sa trabaho’

NOT REAL CAUSES --- ONLY EXCUSES!

Primary Causes
of Accidents

•  Unsafe Act
•  Unsafe Condition
 Unsafe Act

The human action that

departs from a standard
or written job
procedure or common
practice, safety rules,
regulations or
instructions.
•  Improper Attitude
•  Physical Limitations
•  Lack of Knowledge or Skills
•  Operating Equipment without Authority
•  Disregard of SOP or instructions
•  Removing Safety Devices
•  Using Defective equipment
•  Using PPEs improperly
•  Horseplay
•  Willful intent to injure
•  Working while under the influence of alcohol
or drugs
•  Defective eyesight
•  Muscular weakness due to fatigue
•  Impaired hearing
•  Short in Height
•  Too tall in height
•  Slow reactions
•  Failure to understand instruction
•  Unaware of safe practices
•  Unconvinced of safe practices
•  Unskilled or unpracticed
 Unsafe Condition

The physical or
chemical property of a
material, machine or
the environment which
could result in injury to
a person, damage or
destruction to property
or other forms of
losses.
Physical Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Biological Hazards
Ergonomic Hazards
 Unsafe Act vs.
Unsafe Condition

•  98% - preventable
•  88% - unsafe act
•  10% - unsafe condition
•  2% - non-preventable
 Administrative Control :
Exposure time limitations ,Safe work practices
Alarms and Warning signs, Training and Education

SOURCE PATH RECEIVER

Pre-contact:
Engineering Control :
Elimination/Minimization
Enclosure of the Hazard
Isolation of the Hazard
Redirection of Hazard
Point of contact:
Personal Protective
Equipment
Last line of defense
If you think TRAINING is expensive,
try IGNORANCE;
if you think SAFETY is costly,
try ACCIDENT!
SAFETY PHILOSOPHY @ WORK

“THE WORK AND PERSONAL HEALTH,

WELFARE AND WELL BEING OF
EMPLOYEES ARE EQUAL IN
IMPORTANCE, THAT EVERYONE MUST
TAKE THE TIME AND EXHAUST HIS
BEST TO PERFORM HIS WORK SAFELY.
IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF
EVERYONE ON SITE TO APPLY EVERY
POSSIBLE MEASURE, TO ENSURE THAT
ALL LEAVE THE JOB IN THE SAME
CONDITION THEY ARRIVED.”