c
, in the classic conception, is a system of extracted rules of the experience, but thought

later logically that teach us the way to carry out an action directed to its improvement and
optional repeated, action that is not part of the natural course of happening and that we don't
want to leave to the whim of the chance. It is a habit or intellectual virtue that the artist
memorizes through the exercise in the cases, of the imitation of the examples and of the study of
the doctrine through the discipline taught by the teachers.


  art, intellectual virtue (needs talent), doctrine (can be learnt) , disciplines(needs
work).




Nature is an independent phenomena that already exists. Art is what can be produced with talent,
effort and knowledge.





Both of them are processes. Science has a method and is concerned about proving facts. Art is
focused on the process and the potential outcome of such process.



 When the artista is concerned about the viewer͛s perception.

 The result of a process.

c




 

!
 " #$
Made with the intention of earning
a monetary reward.
!"Refers to the interaction c  
between the work of art and the viewer.
c

"To observe and judge a ""# ""


"
Made just to prove
work of art, acquire knowledge, develop that you can do it, imitation.
a theory about it.
 %&
"Not made for money, higher
expectations: knowledge, common benefit, etc.


!
 3300 years old. We think they did to:

represent gods, ͞instructions͟, daily life and desires.

Naturalism: They used stones, bones, blood,

and mud.

Geometry: They used the forms they found in

nature.

'"()*"+,
Altamira, Spain.

Considered the first 3D image (because of the curving in the rock)

Network of caves with over 500 figures.

Bulls, horses, bison, deer.

We think they we͛re: tribute to gods,

wishful items or maps.

'"(-*%.,/
*

Chauvet, France. It represents

movement. Believed to be the
oldest in the world.

'"(0*# 1
*/
*



""
*!"
" *
&Represents the main characteristics of comething without
specific details. Can be understood because of those elements.

Woman͛s power to give life. Emphasizing the features that were used
for fertility and nursing.



+ '"(2*

""
*
People started living in communities (Herds). They developed
agriculture. They started working with metal. They started settling and so came architecture.



*
Megalithic (Huge rocks) Architecture.
Maybe: a tomb, a hospital, ritual tool or homes.
They are placed in such a way that sun aligns with the
construction during summer solstice.

c
'

ÔÊ They created the brick, made architecture
easier. '"(6*


*
ÔÊ They learnt how to make tools and weapons.
Origin of WAR.
ÔÊ They acquired traditions.

43


ÔÊ Further development in skills. They were interested in improving their artistic skills.

$!c$'

Agriculture was the basis of wealth, they established a religion. They started to name Kings. Went
from oral communication to writing. They applied their technology: tools for agriculture.

Writing: Pictographs (symbols & sounds), Hieroglyphic/Cuneiform (representing ideas)

'"(4*5*

Ziggurats: Represented
mountains, a platform for
their gods.

Votive Figures.
Representation(abstraction) of people
worshiping their gods. Their eyes are big
and round, like impressed in the presence
of their gods. Made of limestone, clay.

'"(7*1
/
*
 Mesopotamian Art: Music. Lyre made of wood, gold and lapis
lazuli (semiprecious blue stone)

Had mythological meaning. The beard symbolized power and

royalty.

'"(8*$
+%



"
+

Proclaims the king͛s authority, hierarchical scale, the king closer to god.

'"(9*
"
+*

4&"

Stele of Hammurabi. Characters represented at the same level.

Undeneath is written the fist law EVER created.
:!c*

Eye and torso in frontal view: Egyptian characteristic. The size

and the place in the center shows the character͛s importance.
Made of stone.

 $* To represent the

dead when he was alive and great.
Made of gold and lapis lazuli.

'"()<*!"

+
*

Rosetta Stone. Made of black granite. A decree is written in three

languages: Demotic Script, Ancient Greek and Hieroglyphics.

'"())*
 $

;;* A tomb for

Anaksunamun, built
by a priest named
Imotep, by order of
Djasem. Made of
several structures,
one over another.

'"()0*;;
'"()-*



The Egyptians saw death as a transitional stage in the progress to a better life in the next
world. They believed they could only reach their full potential after death. Each person
was thought to have three souls, the "ka," the "ba," and the "akh." For these to function
properly, it was considered essential for the body to survive intact. The entire civilization
of Ancient Egypt was based on religion, and their beliefs were important to them. Their
belief in the rebirth after death became their driving force behind their funeral practices.
 When a Pharaon died,
their heart was weighed
in front of the goddess
Osiris. If it was lighter
than the màà
symbol
of truth and justice) the
death could go on to the
afterlife. If it was
heavier, the death was
doomed to live in their
mummy for eternity.

:3 !+*

The other side of the Nile, seen as heaven, It was the contrary to the place where Egyptians lived.
It was oriented to the four compass points. A series of chambers and traps, a tomb for a death
pharaoh.
:#

Periods:

ÔÊ Geometric (bronze age, abstraction)

ÔÊ Archaic
ÔÊ Classical
ÔÊ Helenistic

Main characteristics: Human proportion, movement, shows emotion, physical action & ideal
beauty.

It was lost because of: Christianity, earthquakes, looting, middle ages wars.

1* Archaic Period. Skeleton made of stone. Covered

with clay. Shows movement and muscular tension.

For the greek, the woman was a symbol of pleasure. They were not at
their same intellectual level. They had homosexual tendencies, they
could only consider another man as beautiful and intelligent as them.

"*City at the top.

Doric Order:

ÔÊ Three steps
ÔÊ Ë columns
ÔÊ One entrance
ÔÊ

'"()2*
1
Pediment: Shows the god in all their greatness

Motope: tells the story of the god.

Opistodomos: ͞lobby͟ a halway following the entrance.

Cella. The place where the god was, Sacred zone

Pronaos: Only the priests had access to these zones.

c
!
*8 columns,

contains a statue of Athena
(goddess of war, wisdom)
Started in classical period,
finished in Hellenistic period.

4
""


#""

*S
ame
paint,
baked,
carbed
and
polished
. It has
+  metallic
Charcoal based painting, made of clay. elements. Combine materials

 # 

 

*

" * One made of
Illustrates copper, one
movement, made of bronze.
strength. Made Not
form copper, exaggerated
realistic details. muscles.
Copies.


=
"
* "
.


*

Enormous muscles, Ideal beauty: strength of
Greece was in the the mind, intelligence.
middle of battle and More detail on the face,
it was important to not the muscles. To show
show the strength his humanity and wisdom.
of their gods. Hellenistic Period.
Strength & power
were synonyms of
beauty.

>?@ c
+"
""*4"
% *One single

+ 
*Very structure, not independent figures. They must
detailed, shows have studied anathomy to create the centaur.
movement.
Represents victory
and the greatness
of Greece.
Helenistic period.