Contents

CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................... 1
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND .................................................................................. 1

CHAPTER 1
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Waste has been a major environmental issue everywhere since the industrial

revolution. Waste is item that people don’t need and discard. Waste that can be potentially

recycled is termed "Recyclable waste". Recycling is processing used materials or waste

into new, useful products. This are done to reduce the use of raw materials that would have

been used. (Odonkor et al. 2014).

Rapid increase in volume and types of solid and hazardous waste as a result of

continuous economic growth, urbanization and industrialization, and is becoming a

burgeoning problem for national and local governments to ensure effective and sustainable.

(De Santos et al. 2013)

Biodegradable wastes produces 52.31% while recyclables have 27.78% these

includes papers and cardboards with 8.70%, plastics with 10.55%, metals with 4.22%, glass

with 2.34, textile with 1.61%, leather waste and other rubber with 0.37%. the special waste

with 1.39% and the residual wastes have 17.98%.

Segregation is a process or technique of separating wastes like plastic, papers, cans

etc., in recent times, garbage disposal has become a huge cause for concern in the world.

A voluminous amount of waste that is generated is disposed by means which have an

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adverse effect on the environment. Segregation here in our country is not usually practiced,

because it is time consuming for others, even though our bins are labeled as “biodegradable

and non-biodegradable” it is still usually ignored. (De Santos et al. 2013)

The existing segregator machines in the market are usually 2-way stage. (Hatano et

al. 2010) This causes the worker or the person to segregate other trash like cans and food

wastes, organic waste and etc., more effort to separate them manually.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Wastes are usually the most common problem that people encounter nowadays.

This is estimated that in 2006 the total amount of municipal solid waste generated globally

reached 2.02 billion tones, representing a 7% annual increase since 2003 (Global Waste

Management Market Report 2015, Davic C. Wilson et al.). Based on the study of Amrutha

Chandramohan (2012, November) shows the percentage covered by Paper and Plastic

(27% and 17% respectively). Even though organic wastes have the highest waste

percentage paper and plastic is the widely use materials in our everyday lives.

The Philippines generates about 10,000 million tons of solid waste per year and

only 12 percent of the waste is recycled and re-used. An average Filipino generates 0.3 and

0.5 kilograms (kg) of garbage daily in rural and urban areas respectively. (Solid waste

management in the Philippines, Eric O. Torres, 2012). 17 percent of all the wastes in the

Philippines come from the schools and universities, the schools had an average per capita

total waste generation of just over half a pound per day. The single-most common material

generated by schools was food waste 23.9% of the total waste generated. Recyclable paper

(cardboard, white office paper, and mixed paper) accounted for 23.5%. Plastic bottles

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(Mineral water bottle and soda plastic bottles) accounted for 19.3%. Soda cans accounted

for 7%of the total waste generated by schools.

Waste segregation and recycling are simple yet effective ways of reducing the

amount of waste dumped into our landfills. The economic value of waste is best realized

when it is segregated. In the Philippines, there are recycling centers but the process is

tedious and done manually. (Solid waste management in the Philippines, Eric O. Torres,

2012). The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (Republic Act 9003) was

approved in January 26, 2001 and came into effect on February 16, 2001. There are

guidelines implemented by the government with regards to recycling but these efforts have

yet to touch the mindset of the people. The segregation, handling, transport and disposal of

waste are to be properly managed so as to minimize the risks to the health and safety of the

people, the public, and the environment.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Some people who are inattentive to sort their wastes in proper trash bins. Ignoring

sorting of wastes in labeled bins leading to disordered wastes in canisters.

Manual segregation process which is arduous cost more time and effort to the

facilitator. Previous existing waste segregator has a limit 3on what kinds of waste that can

be segregated at a time leaving other kind of recyclable waste to be unsorted.

The statement of the problems above is encountered and analyzed by the researchers

and are expressed by answering these questions below:

1. What is the performance of the existing Recyclable Waste Segregator in terms of?

a. Process Time,

b. Operating Capacity and,

c. Efficiency

2. What are the parameters to be set for the development of a 4 - Way Recyclable

Waste Segregator?

3. What is the segregating efficiency of a 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator?

4. What are the designs and computations for the development of a 4 - Way

Recyclable Waste Segregator?

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The general objective of the project study is to develop a 4 – Way Recyclable

Waste Segregator. The following objectives are needed to be done to make this study

possible.

1. To identify the performance of the existing recyclable waste segregator that

needs to be developed.

2. To determine the parameters to be set in developing the 4 – Way Recyclable

Waste Segregator.

3. To establish the design and calculations of the 4 – Way Recyclable Waste

Segregator.

4. To determine the segregation efficiency of the4 – Way Recyclable Waste

Segregator.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The Conceptual Process Diagram shown below is to plan the design and fabrication

of a 4 - Way Recyclable Waste Segregator.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Conceptualization
Data from Existing
Literatures
Applied
Engineering
Engineering
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Knowledge and
Skills 4– Way Recyclable
Design Drawing Waste Segregator
 Figure 1.2 Conceptual Process Diagram

The recycling of the waste materials through the use of application of engineering

knowledge and skills based on the data and studies of existing segregation machines will

be conceptualized in developing machine design and assembling a 4 - Way Waste

Segregator.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study covers the development of the prototype of the design, testing and

evaluation. Designing and setting up a 4 – Way Waste Segregator must be very precise in

terms of process. The set-up of the parameters and the considerations specifically the

materials specifications will be selected. Four kind of recyclable wastes such as Aluminum

Can, Steel Can, Paper and Plastic Bottles can be sorted in the Segregation with small to

medium sizes of wastes along its weight. The segregating process that was used in the study

was based on densities and properties like. The researchers choose the University of

Perpetual Help – Calamba’s Zero - Waste Facility to conduct their study for the 4 – Way

Waste Segregator.

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 The limitation of the 4 - Way Waste Segregator covers the following:

 The volume for the plastic bottles to be segregate should range about 300 ml – 1L.

 The volume for the aluminum can to be segregated should be below 330 ml.

 The variety of paper like cardboards, boxes and other heavy duty and thick papers

cannot be segregated automatically through the use of 45° SlantConveyor Belt and blower

for its weight plus the gravitational pull will exceed the limit that the slant conveyer can

carry with the help of the blower.

 Aluminum cans with something left inside may be segregated into plastic bottle

recyclable waste because of its weight.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The result of the study would be beneficial to the different concerned groups in the

following aspects.

To the Environment, by using the 4 – Way Waste Segregator it is easy to recycle

wastes. Effective segregation of wastes means that less waste goes to landfill which makes

better for the environment.

To the University of Perpetual Help – Calamba, the result will help the

facilitators to have anautomatic methodical sorting of recyclable wastes in the Zero-Waste

Facility and to lessen the segregation time that was manually done by the facilitators.

To the researchers, the process of their study will help them to enhance their

intellectual knowledge and abilities in technical, realistic and precision.

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 To the Mechanical Engineering Students, this helps to motivate the mechanical

engineering students to push their limitations in all aspects of engineering field.

To the Mechanical Engineering Field, this will serve as proof of basis that

continuing innovation and a mindset to create better will make life easier.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

4 – Way Waste Segregator - a segregating machine that is more efficient than manual

segregation. It segregate’s four different kinds of wastes.

Blower - a mechanical device for moving air or other gases.

Conveyor–is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials

from one location to another.

Conveyor Belt - is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system.

Demagnetizing Magnet – generate strong magnetic field that is established in opposition

to the magnet's magnetization, part of the magnet may be demagnetized.

Electric Motor - isan electrical machine that converts electrical energy into rotational

mechanical energy.

Magnetic Conveyor Belt - provide effective control of ferrous objects on high speed

horizontal and inclined to vertical conveyor belts.

Pulley – a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and change of

direction of a taut cable.

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Zero-Waste Facility –a facility at University of Perpetual Help –Calamba that is

responsible for proper disposal of wastes generated by the students of the University.

Institutional -. Relating to, formulated by, or managed by an institution

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter are the detailed descriptions of the related literatures, articles and

information which are read by the researchers for the study of the “4 - Way Recyclable

Waste Segregator: An Institutional Concept”, which had been the basis of analysis needed

to formulate a set of reference and furnish useful information and material data for

conducting the study, The review of literature includes the Related Literature and Studies

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Types of Segregation

Waste can be segregated as;

Biodegradable - include organic waste, e.g. kitchen waste, vegetables, fruits,

flowers, leaves from the garden, and paper.

Non-Biodegradable - can be further segregated into:

a) Recyclable waste – plastics, paper, glass, metal, etc.

b) Toxic waste – old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans,

fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.

c) Soiled – hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body

fluids.

Classification of Recyclable Wastes

Recyclable Plastic Wastes

A plastic bottle is a bottle constructed from plastic. Plastic bottles are typically used

to store liquids such as water, soft drinks, motor oil, cooking oil, medicine, shampoo, milk,

and ink.Plastic is material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic

organic compounds that are malleable and so can be molded into solid objects. (Fobil J. N.

et al. 2005).

Sidduqui J. (2013, December) et al, research about plastic waste management

showed that plastic wastes accommodates 17% of the total wastes in the world.

RecyclablePaper Wastes

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 Paper waste is material discarded after consumer use, such as old corrugated

containers, old magazines, and newspapers.Paper is a thin material produced by pressing

together moist fibers of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them

into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing,

packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes. (Sidduqui et

al. 2013, December)

RecyclableTin Cans

Iron, steel, tin and aluminum are paramagnetic materials regardless of the

composition of the tin can; it will be attracted to a magnet. Tin is a soft, pliable, silvery-

white metal. Tin is not easily oxidized and resists corrosion because it is protected by an

oxide film. Tin resists corrosion from distilled sea and soft tap water, and can be attacked

by strong acids, alkalis and acid salts.(Bernardo et al. 2008, October 23)

RecyclableAluminum cans

Physically, chemically and mechanically aluminum is a metal like steel, brass,

copper, zinc, lead or titanium. It can be melted, cast, formed and machined much like these

metals and it conducts electric current. In fact often the same equipment and fabrication

methods are used as for steel.Aluminum naturally generates a protective oxide coating and

is highly corrosion resistant. Different types of surface treatment such as anodizing,

painting or lacquering can further improve this property. It is particularly useful for

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applications where protection and conservation are required. (Bernardo et al. 2008, October

23).

Automated Waste Sorter with Mobile Robot Delivery Waste System

In this study the Automated Waste Sorter (AWS) and Mobile Robot Waste Deliver

System (MRWDS) are intended to automate the sorting process of steel cans, aluminum

cans, glass bottles and plastic bottles. This study describes the approach to implementing a

sensor array, for each corresponding material to be sorted, along with a conveyor belt as

the Automated Waste Sorter. The Mobile Robot Delivery System is composed of a line

following robot that is able to mechanically pick up an appointed trash bin and collect the

waste in the said bin and through the designed line path proceed to the receiving end of the

AWS and dump the collected waste. Through the use of the implemented systems (Maria

Karla Angel R. Gabriel, 2013, et al.) the group was successful in collecting and delivering

the waste and sorting to an accuracy of above 80%.

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 Figure 2.1 Mobile Robot Waste Delivery System (MRWDS)

Figure 2.1 Automated Waste Sorter (AWS)

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the development methods and procedures that were used by

the researchers in the design and fabrication of a 4 – way waste segregator.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The researchers conducted several processes in terms of the planning designing and

observing and analyzing the performance of the proposed system. The researchers also

gathered information from previous articles, journals, studies and from other books.

The planning stage included conducting a research on existing waste segregator in

local and foreign researchers, articles, journals and studies. Also in this stage, the

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researchers observed and analyzed the mechanism of the proposed system to base on what

data they have gathered.

The main step in order to achieve the desired result of the specific plan is the

designing. The design is included to the process in order for the researchers to create their

fashion, execute and construct the proposed system according to their plan in order to know

the scopes and limitations of the proposed system.

Performance analysis involves videos of the operations of existing waste segregator

machines and includes some written information or researches that gathered to define and

achieve their goals. This uncovers several perspectives on the problem or opportunity

determining any barriers to successful performance and proposing solution system based

on the problem discovered.

Parameters in the Design of Waste Segregator

To enhance the performance, the researchers set the parameters that can directly

improve its segregation period and segregation capacity, which is to adjust the speeds of

motors and use different devices to classify each kind of wastes.

The researchers analyze and identified the performance set up in waste segregator

in terms of segregation rate, segregation capacity and time of segregation.

1. Parameters of the performance of the existing recyclable waste

segregators.

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 To determine the parameters and performance of the existing recyclable

waste segregator, the researchers conducted a research and review of the

previous studies and performance of the existing recyclable waste segregator.

2. Parameters in the development of 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator.

The researchers identified the performance of the existing recyclable

waste segregator in terms of operating load capacity, rate of segregation and

segregating process time. To enhance the performance of the existing

segregator the researchers identify the variables that can affect the

performance of the segregating machine.

The table 1 below is the parameters that needed to be developed.

Operation Operating Load Segregating Process Rate of Segregation

Capacity Time

Robotic Arm and 16 pieces 4 minutes and 36 93.75%

Sensors seconds

3. Project Design of a 4 – Way Waste Recyclable Segregator

The 4 – Way Waste Segregator is designed to automatically segregate four kinds

of wastes that commonly found in Universities. It is also innovated to maximize the

segregation of different wastes continuously and to minimize time in segregating process

that usually done manually by the facilitators which is very arduous.

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 The main components of the 4 – Way Waste Segregator are Conveyor, Magnetic

Conveyor, Slide, Electric Motor, Blower and Funnel Feeder.

Figure 3.1 Side View of the design of a 4 – Way Waste Segregator

4. Preliminary design computation of the 4 – Way Waste Segregator.

Computing for the SPEED OF THE PULLEY OF THE GEAR MOTOR

𝐷2 𝑁1
SR = = D1 =2.54 cm
𝐷1 𝑁2
N1 = 26 Rpm
D2 = 7.62 cm
N2 = ?

7.62 𝑅𝑝𝑚 26 𝑅𝑝𝑚

=
2.54 𝑐𝑚 𝑁

𝑁 = 8.67 𝑅𝑝𝑚

𝜋𝐷1
V= 60

26
=π (0.0254 m) 60

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𝐷2 𝑁1
=
𝐷1 𝑁

(0.254𝑚)
𝑁 = 26
(3)

N = Rpm Pulley driver

N1 = Rpm shaft motor

V-BELT SPEED

𝜋𝐷1𝑁1 𝜋𝐷𝑁
Vb = =
60 60

Where :

D1 = gear motor pulley’s diameter = 7.62 cm = 0.762 m

D2 = conveyor roller pulley’s diameter = 7.62 cm =0.762 m

N1 = gear motor pulley’s speed = 8.67 Rpm

N2 = conveyor’s roller pulley’s speed = 8.67 Rpm

𝜋𝐷1𝑁1 𝜋𝐷𝑁
Vb = =
60 60

(𝜋)(0.0762𝑚)(8.67𝑅𝑝𝑚) (𝜋)(0.0762𝑚)(8.67𝑅𝑝𝑚)
= =
60𝑠 60𝑠

Vb = 0.0364 m/s = 0.0364 m/s

V – BELT LENGTH

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 𝜋 (𝐷2 − 𝐷1)²
𝐿= (𝐷1 + 𝐷) + 2𝑐 +
 4𝑐

Where : D1 = Gear motor pulley’s diameter = 7.62cm

D2 = Conveyor roller pulley’s diameter = 7.62 cm

C =Center distance between gear motor pulley and conveyor roller pulley 50 cm

L = V- Belts length

𝜋 (7.62𝑐𝑚 − 7.62𝑐𝑚)²
L = 2 (7.62 𝑐𝑚 + 7.62 𝑐𝑚) + (2)(50𝑐𝑚) + 4𝑐

L = 123.94 cm

ARC OF CONTACT

Rated Hp per belt;

⁰·⁰⁹
103 𝑐 𝑣2𝑏 𝑉𝑏
Rated Hp = [𝑎 ( 𝑉𝑏 ) − − 𝑒 (106 ) 10³
𝑘𝑑 𝐷1

Where;

a = Constant for a particular section table 17.3 (faires) = 2.684

c = Constant for a particular section table 17.3 (faires) = 0.0136

Vb = belt speed = 0.0346 m/s = 6.81 fpm

Vd = diameter factor, table 17.4 faires = 1.14

D1 = diameter of driver pulley = 3 in

⁰∙⁰⁹
103 5.326 (6.81)2 6.81
Rated Hp = [2.684 (681𝑓𝑝𝑚) − − 0.0136 ( )] 10³
(1.14)(3) 106

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= 0.018 Hp

DESIGN Hp

Design Np = Nse Hp

Where;

Nsf = service factor table 17.7 faires = 1.2

Hp = gear motor Hp = 0.125 Hp

Design Hp = (1.2) (0.125)1

=0.15 Hp

List of components parts for a 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator

The table below is the list of component parts and its specification that are needed

for the construction of a 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator.

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 ITEM NO DESCRIPTION MATERIAL QUANTITY

USE

1 Funnel Feed 316L Stainless 1

Steel

2 Belt Flat belt 1

3 Belt Magnetic Flat 1

Belt

3 Pulley 4

4 Motor Electric motor 2

5 Frame 316L Stainless 1

Steel

6 Storage Bin 316L Stainless 4

Steel

7 Bearing . 2

8 Demagnetizing MM HE2320 1

Device kA/m

9 Blower Motor 1

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PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCEDURES

The following steps were used in the construction of the “4 – Way Recyclable Waste

Segregator.”

1. First gather necessary information and relevant data about all the materials,

machines, devices, and proper tools needed for the project study.

2. Formulate a problem to be solved through justifying by developing the research

project study.

3. Then analyze and study the literature, articles, journals and relevant study in order

to support the justification.

4. Create a conceptual framework that will guide the researchers in methodical

construction of the research project

5. Set the scope of study and limitations.

6. Setthe necessary parameters to construct the research project.

7. Visualize and design the research project based on what the parameters are set.

8. Make a computation for the justification of the parameter.

9. Gathering and preparing of materials needed to the construction of the project

study.

10. Construction of the designed project.

11. Testing with trials.

12. Evaluation.

13. Revision

14. Finalization

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OPERATIONAL ABD TESTING PROCEDURES

The following procedures should be followed to the proper usage of the machine:

1. Start first the segregating machine.

2. Make sure that all the components and parts are functional and in good conditions.

3. Assure that there are no any materials that will be a snag to the operation of the

wastes segregator.

4. Unload the wastes in the funnel feeder.

5. Let the segregator to its job in segregating the wastes to its classification.

6. Observe and keep watch of the segregating machine.

7. Switch OFF the machine after completing the segregation.

8. Switch ON if there is other waste that is needed to be segregated.

9. Switch off the machine after use.

OPERATION AND TESTING PROCEDURES

Before testing the machine, things must be done first;

1. Check the machine carefully.

2. Make sure that all major parts are stable and properly installed.

3. Make sure that accessory a part are also properly placed and is stable.

4. Observe the surroundings of the segregating machine; assure that there will be no any

materials that will be a snag to the operation of the segregating machine.

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5. If the machine is ready, turn the switch ON.

6. Observe if there are something unusual occurs just like large vibration, sudden buckling

and unnecessary sounds. (Conveyors, Blowers and Electric Motors are usually having loud

sounds but check if there is too much noise coming from it).

6. Perform all trials.

7. Record all the necessary data needed.

INSTRUMENTS AND TESTING USED

The instruments and testing used in this project study are basic statistics, surveying

in the University premises to gather data and information, seeking information to the

facilitators of the Zero Waste Facility of the University, applying formulas to determine

the desired segregating results needed by the waste segregator.

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