Abstract—As the world faces an increasing number of both used to model components, indicators, and disaster risk
natural and social disasters, attempts to support disaster risk calculation formula. The understanding of disaster risk requires
reduction are also increasing. Although there is a general rule to an understanding of the components of disaster risk. The
calculate the disaster risk on an area based on the components of relation among the disaster risk components is presented in
hazard, vulnerability, and capacity, disaster risk studies result in
equation (1).
a number of disaster risk models which present different
characteristics in terms of the number of components involved, Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability
indicators, and the calculations. This poses a difficulty for disaster (1)
Capacity
analysts to choose the most appropriate model to calculate the
disaster risk of an area. Moreover, they often need to adapt the Various disaster risk models have been developed,
existing models or even to create new models in order to provide comprising of many components, indicators, as well as different
the most suitable way of calculating the disaster risks. Therefore, methods of calculation. This creates a difficulty for disaster risk
a mechanism that enables the use of different kinds of disaster analysis to determine which disaster risk model to be used when
risk model and the creation of new models is required. This paper tried to assess the disaster risk of an area. An area can have
presents a metamodel of disaster risk based on a study on a different characteristics from other areas. Therefore, an
number of disaster risk models used in Indonesia: the BNPB appropriate disaster risk model must be employed for the area,
(Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana) disaster risk model, based on the availability of data.
the volcanic disaster risk model using SMART (Simple Multi
Attribute Rating Technique) method, and the tidal flooding This research focuses on providing a generic model that
disaster risk model using fuzzy method. The metamodel is incorporates a wide range of disaster risk models. Such generic
presented in an entity-relationship model. It is basically a spatial model is expected to accommodate the need of to use different
data model since the components and indicators for the kinds of model in the analysis of disaster risk in a single tool.
calculation of disaster risks are always associated to the space on Furthermore, if new disaster risk model is required, due to some
earth. The metamodel is implemented on top of ArcGIS software. limitations on data, or other purposes, the generic model is
Using Phyton Add-in, the software is adapted by adding new expected to be able to cope with it. A metamodeling approach is
functionalities to calculate the disaster risk of an area and to used by studying 3 (three) typical disaster risk models used in
create new disaster risk models. Indonesia: the BNPB (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan
Keywords— ArcGIS; BNPB; disaster; disaster risk map; disaster
Bencana) disaster risk model, the SMART disaster risk model,
risk model; disaster risk reduction; metamodel. and the Fuzzy disaster risk model.
Subcomponent Indicator
The ArcGIS software system is most popular GIS software. Python Add-in is used by adding a functionality on top of
ArcGIS is used to display the disaster risk model and to manage ArcGIS software to perform the disaster risk calculations
the disaster risk data. automatically [8]. Using the Python Add-in, we are allowed to
easily create, share, and add tools necessary for managing the
disaster risk models. Fig. 5 shows the toolbars with special
functions to calculate disaster risk models based on the existing
spatial database.
V. CASE STUDY
To test the implementation of the metamodel in the system,
a case study is described. The case study involves the data of
Kabupaten (district) Karangasem, Bali Province. The data of
hazard are prepared using the volcanic hazard map prepared by
Pusat Mitigasi Bencana Vulkanologi dan Geologi (the Agency
for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation). The
vulnerability data are taken from the Biro Pusat Statistik
Fig. 4. The system architecture (Central Bureau of Statistics). For the capacity data are dummy
data (assumptions) because of the unavailability of real data.
The vulnerability and capacity data of Kabupaten Karangasem
are defined with three different classes: low, medium, and high.
The qualitative values are translated into quantitative values:
high-grade-class (tinggi) index of 1, the middle-class As can be seen in Fig. 8, the disaster risk map of Kabupaten
(menengah) index of 0.66 and a low-value-class (rendah) index Karangasem shows that the risk indexes for aech village. The
of 0.33. high or medium risk index means that the area has a high or
medium level vulnerability, low capacity, and high or medium
threat of hazard.
VI. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS
In this paper, we present our work on the metamodel of
disaster risk models based on a study of three disaster risk
models discussed. A disaster risk model contains three major
components: hazard, vulnerability, and capacity. Each of the
component contain subcomponents or indicators, forming a
hiearchy. The metamodel is created based on this hiearchy and
it can accommodate different disaster risk models and makes it
possible to create a new model.
We have adapted ArcGIS using Phyton Add-in to contain
the metamodel and added new functionalities to create new
Fig. 6. The vulnerability component map of Kabupaten Karangasem based on disaster risk models and to calculate the disaster risk of a certain
the BNPB disaster risk model area based on a chosen disaster risk model and the data related
to the area. It is expected that this system can be used by
disaster analysits to help analyzing the disaster risk of an area
using different models.
Further studies and testing are still required to provide
evidence of the contribution of the metamodel and the system in
assisting disaster risk analysis. The work are based on disaster
risk models in Indonesia. Therefore, we need to test the result
further to check whether the concept works in a more global
context. Another possible improvement of the metamodel is to
consider the temporal aspect of disaster data.
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BNPB disaster risk model Kingdom, 1994
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Fig. 8. The disaster risk map of Kabupaten Karangasem based on the BNPB
disaster risk model