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Shaikh et al. JOURNAL OFWorld

PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL
Journal of Pharmacy SCIENCES
and Pharmaceutical Sciences
SJIF Impact Factor 6.041

Volume 5, Issue 3, 420-432. Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

MEDICINAL VALUE OF MIMOSA PUDICA AS AN ANXIOLYTIC

AND ANTIDEPRESSANT: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Zoya Shaikh*, Samaresh Pal Roy, Pankti Patel, Kashmira Gohil

Department of Pharmacology, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat.

Article Received on ABSTRACT

13 Jan 2016,
Mimosa pudica from latin "pudica" means shy, shrinking is also called
Revised on 04 Feb 2016, a sensitive plant and touch me not is a creeping annual and perennial
Accepted on 25 Feb 2016
herb. The species is native to South America and Central America.
Mimosa belongs to the taxonomic group Magnoliopsida and belonging
*Correspondence for
to family Mimosaseae. It folds itself when touched and spreads its
Author
Zoya Shaikh leaves once again after a while. Thigmonastic movements in the
Department of sensitive plant Mimosa pudica L., associated with fast responses to
Pharmacology, Shree environmental stimuli, appear to be regulated through electrical and
Dhanvantary Pharmacy
chemical signal transductions. These are plants used in traditional
College, Kim, Surat,
Gujarat.
medicine in Cameroon to treat insomnia, epilepsy, anxiety, agitation,
leprosy, dysentery, depression, vaginal, uterine complaints,
inflammations, burning sensation, asthma, leucoderma, fatigue and blood diseases. The major
components said to be responsible for activities are C-glycosyl flavones namely, isorientin,
orientin, isovitexin and vitexin. Scientific evidence exists with respect to their major and
minor constituents. A review of literature was conducted to ascertain actions of this plant
inaddition to systemic review of controlled preclinical trails for treatment of depression and
anxiet. M. pudica is the most important controversial and effective natural origin that has a
tremendous future for research. The novelty and applicability of M. pudica are hidden. Such
things should be overcome through modern scientific concept.

KEYWORDS: Anxiolytic, Anti-depressant,Mimosa pudica.

1. INTRODUCTION
Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years. Various medicinal
plants have been used for years in daily life to treat disease all over the world. Herbal
medicine is based on the premise that plants contain natural substances that can promote

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health and alleviate illness. Now a days, most of the people are suffering from depression and
anxiety. Although a number of synthetic drugs are being used as the standard treatment for
clinically depressed and anxiety patient, they have adverse effects that can compromise the
therapeutic treatment. Several drug-drug interaction can also occur. These conditions create
an opportunity for alternative treatment of anxiety and depression by use of medicinal plants
or by plant based antianxiety and antidepressant formulations. The plant called Mimosa
pudica possess both anxiolytic as well as anti-depressant property. So Mimosa pudica can be
used as a herbal treatment. The present review is focused on the medicinal plant (M.pudica)
as an anxiolytic and antidepressant in animal studies.

1.1 Mimosa pudica

Table: 1 Scientific Classification[1]
Kingdom Plantae
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Fabales
Family Mimosaceae
Genus Mimosa
Species M.pudica

Figure 01 Mimosa pudica plant

1.2 Plant Movement

Mimosa pudica is well known for its rapid plant movement. Like a number of other plant
species, it undergoes changes in leaf orientation termed “sleep” or nyctinastic movement. The
foliage closes during darkness and reopen sunlight. This was first studied by the French
scientist Jean-Jacquesd' Ortousde Mairan. The leaves also close under various other stimuli,

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such as touching, warming, blowing, or shaking. These types of movements have been
termed seismonastic movements. The movement occurs when specific regions of cells lose
turgor pressure, which is the force that is applied onto the cellwall by water within the cell
vacuole sand other cell contents. When the plant is disturbed, specific regions on the stems
are stimulated to release chemicals including potassium ions which force water out of the cell
vacuoles and the water diffuses out of the cells, producing a loss of cell pressure and cell
collapse; this differential turgidity between different regions of cells results in the closing of
the leaflets and the collapse of the leaf petiole. This characteristic is quite common within the
Mimosoideae subfamily of the legume family, Fabaceae. The stimulus can also be
transmitted to neighboring leaves. It is not known exactly why Mimosa pudica evolved this
trait, but many scientists think that the plant uses its ability to shrink as a defense from
herbivores.Animals may be afraid of a fast moving plant and would rather eat a less active
one. Another possible explanation is that the sudden movement dislodges harmful insects.[2,3]

1.3 DISTRIBUTION
Mimosa pudica is native to South America and Central America. It is regarded as an invasive
species in Tanzania, South Asia, South East Asia and many Pacific Islands. In India cultivaed
southern states.[4]. It is a declared weed in the Northern Territory. Control is recommended in
Queensland. It has also been introduced to Nigeria, Seychelles, Mauritius and East Asia but
is not regarded as invasive in those places.[5]

Table: 2 Various Species of Mimosa [6]

M. pudica
Characters
Small woody herbs or low
Plants spreading unde rshrub with
hairy and prickly branches,
hairs glandular
Heads small, peduncled,
globose, axilalry, pink-
Flowers
purple, Calyx campanulate,
Petals crenate towards base
1.5-2.5 cm long, closely
Pods
prickly on the suture
Flowering
Sept.-March in Indian
and fruiting
condition
time
M. himalayana M. hamata
Syn. M. rubicaulis
A much branched, armed
A large straggling
shrub, branches downy,
shrub, studded with
with numerous straw-
straw coloured,
coloured, curced or
hooked prickels
straight prickles
Numerous, in globose 4-merous in globose
heads, peduncles heads, peduncles
crowded at the ends of axillary, crowded at the
branchlets end of branches
7-10 cm long, falcate,
5-7 cm long, falcate,
glabrous, one seeded
consisting 48 one seeded
joints, persistant but
joints, pubescent
not prickly
August-Sept. and
Aug.-Nov. and Dec.-Feb.
October in Indian
in Indian condition
conditions

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Table: 3 Chemical constituents of Mimosa Pudica[7]

Structure of
Sr. No. Parts Chemical Constituents
chemical constituents

nor-epinephrine, d-pinitol, b-
sitosterol,
alkaloids- mimosine,
terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides,
alkaloids, quinines, phenols,
Mimosine
tannins, saponins, and coumarins,
1 Leaves
polyunsaturated fatty acid ,
sphingosine , adrenalin, 5-MeO-
DMT, 5,7,3´,4´-tetrahydroxy-6-C--
D-apiose Dglycopyranosyl flavone,
isorientin, orientin, isovitexin ,
vitexin, tyrosin .
Norepinephrine
D-xylose, D-glucoronic acid 4-O-
(3, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid)-b-D-
2 Seed glucoronide, Tubulin,
Cglycosylflavones, phenolic ketone,
buffadienolide
D-xylose
flavonoids, phytosterol, alkaloids,
amino acids, tannins, glycoside, and
fatty acids [26],ascorbic acid,
3 Root crocetin , D-glucoronic acid,
linoleic acid,, linolenic acid,
palmitic acid, stearic acids ,
mimosine, D--sitosterols. Ascorbic acid
c-tetrahydroxyl-6-C-[alpha-l-
rhamnopyranosyl--b-D-trihydroxyl-
8-C-[a-l-rhamnopyranosyl--b-D-
glucopyranosyl flavo-tetrahydroxyl-
6-C-[a-l-rhamnopyranosyl-- b-D-
glucopyranosyl flavone ,
mimosinamine, mimosinicacid,
tyrosin , jasmonic acid, abscisic Mimosinic acid
4 Plant
acid , mimosine, , d-xylose, d-
glucuronic acid,tubulin, gallic acid,
phytoharmones-turgorines, c-
cosylflavones ,Norepinephrine,
thiamin, L-Noradrenaline, 2"-O-
alpha-L-Rhamnosyl-6-C-fucosyl-
luteolin, cassiaoccidentalin B,
mimopudine Mimosinamine

m-[N-(3-hydroxypyridone-4)]--
5 Stem aminopropionic acid [27], 5-MeO-
DMT [2], mimosine
5-MeO-DMT
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O-glycosyl flavonoids named

isoquercitrin , avicularin and
apigenin-7-O-D-glucoside, and also
Aerial
6 four Cglycosyl flavonoids,
part
cassiaoccidentalin B, orientin and
isoorientin from the aerial part of
orientin
the plant

4. DEPRESSION[8,9,10,11]
Mental depression is a chronic illness that affect a persons mood, thoughts, physical health
and behaviour. Symptoms of depression includes biological and emotional components.
Biological symptoms includes retardation of thought and action, loss of libido, sleep
disturbance and loss of appetite. emotional symptoms include misery, apathy and pessimism,
low self-estim consisting of feeling of guit, inadequacy and ugliness, indecisiveness and loss
motivation. There are two types of mental depression, namely unipolar depression, in which
mood swings are always in the same direction and is common (about 75% of cases), non
familial, nearly associated with stressfull life events, and accompanied by symptoms of an
anxiety and agitation. second type is bipolar depression(about 25% of cases), sometimes also
called as endogenous depression, shows a familial pattern, unrelated to external sources and
usually appears in early adult life, and is much less common, results in oscillating depression
and mania over a period of a few weeks. Patients with depression have symptoms that
decrease in brain monoamine neurotransmitters, specifically norepinephrine, serotonin,
dopamine.

Prevelance rate of all mental disorders was observed to be 65.4/1000 population. Out of
which prevelance rate for affective disorders is estimated to be 31.2/1000 populations.
Depression is leading cause of disease related disability amond women in the world today. It
is much more common among women than men, with female/men risk ratios roughly 2. One
the prevelance of major depression is estimated to be 2% in the general population over 65
years of age about 11.1% school dropouts had severe to extreme grades of depression as
against 3% among school goingnand nil among college going adolescents.

Currently available antidepressants, although widely prescribed for depression, have

significant limitations, including a long time lag for a therapeutic response (weeks to months)
and low response rates (only one-third respond to the first drug prescribed, and up to two-
thirds after multiple trials, often taking months to years). This is particularly problematic for
an illness that is associated with high rates of suicide.

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Typical antidepressants acutely block the reuptake or breakdown of the monoamines 5-

hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin) and norepinephrine (figure), with 5-HT selective
reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) representing the most highly prescribed medication for
depression and related mood disorders. This acute mechanism of action led to the monoamine
hypothesis of depression, but the time lag for treatment response indicates that slow onset
adaptations of downstream signaling pathways and regulation of target genes underlie the
therapeutic actions of antidepressants . These signaling pathways and target genes in turn
result in regulation of multiple physiological processes, including neuroplasticity,
neuroprotection and neurogenesis in the adult brain.

Fig.2 Mechanism of action of Antidepressant agents

4.1 Mimosa Pudica act as Anti-depressant[12,13]

In Mexico, aqueous extracts from dried leaves of Mimosa pudica are employed to alleviate
depression. In this study, the behavioral actions of aqueous extracts of M. pudica at various
concentrations were tested. Rats having received saline (0.9%; 0.30 ml; J.P.), clomipramine,
desipramine or several dosages of aqueous extracts from M. pudica (ml = 2.0 mg/kg; m2 =
4.0 mg/kg; m3 = 6.0 mg/kg; m4 = 8.0 mg/kg) during a 30-day period were submitted to the
forced swimming test and to the test for differential reinforcement of low rates of response at
72 sec (DRL-72s). Any possible anxiolytic action resulting from several doses (ml = 2.0
mg/kg; m2 = 4.0 rug/kg; m3 = 6.0 mg/kg; m4 = 8.0 mg/kg) of extracts of M. pudica were

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compared with those caused by diazepam (1.3 mg/kg, J.P.) in the elevated plus-maze test.
Results showed that clomipramine (1.25 mg/kg, J.P.), desipramine (2.14 mg/kg, J.P.) and M.
pudica (6.0 mg/kg and 8.0 mg/kg, J.P.) reduced immobility in the forced swimming test and
increased the rate of reinforcers received in the DRL-72s test; these data suggest that M.
pudica produces antidepressant effects in the rat. Diazepam increased the open-arms
exploration time in the elevated plus-maze test, but M. pudica did not show any comparable
action at any tested dose. M. pudica therefore produced an antidepressant-like profile similar
to two tricyclic antidepressants.

5. Anxiety[14,15,16]
Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often
accompanied by nervous behavior, such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints and
rumination. It is the subjectively unpleasant feelings of dread over anticipated events, such as
the feeling of imminent death. Anxiety is not the same as fear, which is a response to a real or
perceived immediate threat; whereas anxiety is the expectation of future threat. Anxiety is a
feeling of fear, worry, and uneasiness, usually generalized and unfocused as an overreaction
to a situation that is only subjectively seen as menacing. It is often accompanied by muscular
tension, restlessness, fatigue and problems in concentration. Anxiety can be appropriate, but
when experienced regularly the individual may suffer from an anxiety disorder. There are
different types of anxiety. Existential anxiety can occur when a person faces angst, an
existential crisis, or nihilistic feelings. People can also face test anxiety, mathematical
anxiety, stage fright or somatic anxiety. Another type of anxiety, stranger anxiety and social
anxiety are caused when people are apprehensive around strangers or other people in general.
Anxiety can be either a short term 'state' or a long term “trait”.

Fig.3 Mechanism of binding of GABA and Benzodiazepine

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GABA acts on the GABAA receptor to increase the conductance of chloride ions through the
neuronal membrane thereby hyperpolarising post-synaptic neurones and thus reducing their
excitation. Additionally GABA acts on the GABAB receptor to inhibit voltage gated calcium
channels (reducing neurotransmitter release) and by opening potassium channels (reducing
excitability). Noteworthy is that GABA receptors are abundant in the amygdala, which as we
discussed earlier triggers the “fight or flight” response. ABA is well distributed within the
brain and a large number of neurones are sensitive to its inhibitory effects. In addition
dysregulation of GABA may lead to mania due to “unopposed” excitatory neurotransmitters.
Evidence GABAergic involvement in modulating anxiety is that certain classes of drugs such
as the Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates and Alcohol all bind to GABA receptors to increase its’
post-synaptic inhibitory effect and reduce anxiety. Benzodiazepines bind allosterically to the
GABA receptor and have their own binding site. Additionally, Benzodiazepine inverse
agonists such as Flumazenil decrease effects of GABA and cause anxiety. Anxiety may be
brought on in non-anxious subjects through the administration of Biculline, a competitive
antagonist of GABA and Picrotoxin a non-competitive GABA antagonist. The former (now
obsolete) was used to stimulate the respiratory system in cases of respiratory depression (note
that overdose of benzodiazepines causes respiratory depression).

In terms of GABA receptors’ involvement in anxiety, apart from the examples described
above, one theory is that mutation in GABA receptors predisposes individual to anxiety,
although there is not much conclusive research on this. Additionally the dysregulation
(particularly down-regulation) of GABA receptors in Alcoholics, and Alcohol withdrawal
was shown to cause marked anxiety. (Dargham, Krystal, Anjilvel et al)

5.1 Mimosa Pudica act as Anxiolytic[18,19]

Mimosa pudica Linn (Mimosaceae), was plant being used empirically in traditional medicine
in Cameroon and Africa to treat anxiety, according to the literature and our Traditional
Healers (Adjanohoun et al., 1996; Arbonnier, 2000; Dalziel, 1937; Ngo Bum et al., 2009a;
Pousset, 1989). As it appeared, nothing is done to study their anxiolytic properties though
anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders with very high co-morbidity and
severe impact on quality of life (Craske and Waters, 2005; Grant et al., 2005; Kessler, 2007;
Kessler et al., 2005). This study was undertaken to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of these
plants used also in the treatment of agitations and anxiety in traditional medicine in Africa,
particularly in Cameroon. The anxiolytic-like activity was also found in the EPM (elevated
plus maze) test where the M.pudica increased the number of entries into, the percentage of

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entries and time in open arms, it reduced in addition the percentage of closed arms entries and
time (Lister, 1987; Ngo Bum et al., 2009b; Rodgers et al., 1997). The correlation of the
increase in time spent in open arms with the increase in the number of entries in open arms
supported the anxiolytic-like activity of the this plant (Lister, 1987; Rodgers et al., 1997).
With the four plants, the fact that the entries into open arms were increasing, while the total
entries were decreasing or not changing suggested an increase of exploratory activity not
related to the locomotion. The increase of the exploration activity, revealed also by the
increase of the ratio open arms entries/total arms entries OE/TE vs closed arms entries/total
arms entries CE/TE suggested anxiolytic activity as anti-anxiety drugs decrease the stress
induced the inhibition of exploratory behaviour (File and Wardill 1975; Jenck et al., 1997;
Ngo Bum et al., 2009b; Rodgers et al., 1997). The anxiolytic-like activity of this plants could
be explained by the presence of some components in the plant extracts interacting with the
benzodiazepine/GABAA receptors as agonists, or with the 5-HT1A receptors as agonists, or
with the NMDA receptors as antagonists, or with any other mechanisms (Olivier et al., 2003;
Tunnicliff, 1991; Vinkers et al., 2008).

6. Pharmacological properties of Mimosa Pudica

Part of Extract
Property Models Result & Conclusion
the plant used
Ethanolic Acetic acid induced The analgesic activity was found to be
(200 and writhing model, hot more significant on the acetic acid
Analgesic Leaves
400 mg/kg plate & the tail flick induced writhing model than the tail flick
i.p) model. model due to presence of flavanoids [20]
Aqueous
Shows antidepressant like effects in mice
Anti-Depressant Leaves (6mg/kg or Forced swim test [21]
8mg/kg i.p)
Wound Healing Methanolic Wound healed on Good wound healing activity probably due
Roots
Activity extract animal body to presence of phenols constituents. [22]
Etanolic
Extract produced dose dependent and
Anti- (200 and Carrageenan induced
Leaves significant anti inflammatory activity due
Inflammatory 400 mg/kg paw oedema.
to the presence of flavanoids.[23]
i.p)
M. pudica protected mice against
pentylentetrazol and strychnine induced
Decoction
Strychnine(STR)test seizures. It had no effect against
Anti-convulsant Leaves (1000-4000
and PTZ test picrotoxin induced seizures. It also
mg/kg i.p)
antagonized N-methyl-D-aspartate
induced turning behavior. [24]
Petroleum Pheretima posthuma as Petroleum ether, ethanol and water using
ether, a test worm to the Pheretima posthuma as a test worm to the
Anti-helminthes Seeds ethanol and different different concentrations (100, 200, 500
water using concentrations (100, mg/kg) were tested for bioassay which
(100, 200, 200, 500 mg/kg) were involved determination of paralysis and

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500 mg/kg) tested for bioassay time of death of the worms. Crude
& Crude which involved alcoholic extract and aqueous extracts
alcoholic determination of significantly demonstrated paralysis and
extract and paralysis and time of also caused death of worms in dose
aqueous death of the worms. dependent manner as compared to
extracts standard reference albendazole. [25]
The ethanolic extract inhibited castor oil
induced diarrhoea and PGE2 induced
ethanolic
several experimental enteropooling in rats and has also reduced
Anti-diarrhoeal extract (200
Leaves models in Wistar gastrointestinal motility after charcoal
activity and 400
albino rats. meal administration. The antidiarrhoeal
mg/kg)
property may be related to the tannin and
flavonoids present in the extract. [26]
M. pudica showed the presence of
alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins,
Swimming endurance
Whole ethanolic and phenolics. The result from the study
Anti-stress test, Radial arm maze,
plant extract indicated that ethanolic extract of Mimosa
Morris water maze
pudica possessed significant anti-stress
activity. [27]
It may be confirmed due to the presence
of phytoconstituents such as flavonoids,
Parameters:-
alkaloids and glycosides which are present
decrease in the
in the methanolic extract could be
elevated levels of
methanolic considered as, responisible for the
Hepatoprotective SGPT, SGOT, ALP,
Leaves extract significant hepatoprotective activity. In
effect TBL and CHL and
(200mg/kg) conclusion, it can be said that the
significant increase in
methanolic extract of Mimosa pudica
the reduced levels of
exhibited a hepato protective effect
TPTN and ALB
against Carbontetrachloride induced
hepatotoxicity .[28,29]
Histamine induced
Anti-asthmatic Whole Ethanolic The MPE shows the inhibition in
contraction in isolated
activity plant extract histamine induced contractions [30]
goat tracheal chain
DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-
2-picrylhydrazyl),
Nitric Oxide (NO),
Anti-oxidant The test extract exhibited significant
Whole ethanolic ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis
effect inhibition in Nitric oxide and DPPH free
plant extract (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-
radical formation [31]
6sulphonic acid)) and
Hydrogen peroxide
free radical model.
The activity was tested against Aspergillus
Stem Aqueous
fumigatus, Citrobacter divergens and
Antimicrobial bark, extract ,
Well diffusion method. Klebsiella pneumonia at different
activity leaves, methanolic
concentrations of 50, 100 and 200µg/disc
and seed extract [32]

Parameters:- Mimosa pudica root ethanolic extract had

Serum creatinine, nephroprotective, and nephrocurative
Ethanolic
Nephroprotective Roots BUN, total protine activity. This was due to the antioxidant
extract
,urine volume ,urine activity of the extract, against gentamicin
creatinine, creatinine nephrotoxicity [33]

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clearance
The anxiolytic-like activity of the plant
could be explained by the presence of
some components in the plant extracts
Aqueous Elevated Plus Maze
interacting with the
Dried extract (EPM) test , Stress-
Anti-anxiety benzodiazepine/GABAA receptors as
leaves (180mg/kg Induced Hyperthermia
agonists, or with the 5-HT1A receptors as
i.p) (SIH) test
agonists, or with the NMDA receptors as
antagonists, or with any other mechanisms
[34]

Ethanolic extract of M. pudica, dose

Pylorus ligation,
Ethanolic dependently reduce, the total acidity, ulcer
Anti-Ulcer Leaves aspirin and ethanol
(100mg/kg) index, and an increase in pH of gastric
induced ulcer models.
juice in pylorus ligated ulcer model. [35,36]

CONCLUSION
Depression and anxiety are among the world's greatest public health problems. As mentioned
above M. pudica is traditionally very important herb having many important pharmacological
activities like analgesic, antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial,
hepatoprotective activity, antiasthmatic, anti ulcer, antioxidant property with emphasis on
antidepressant and anxiolytic activity. Thus, this plant based formulation can be effectively
used for the treatment of anxiety and depression with none or fewer side effects than the older
synthetic agents. This review of M. pudica is hopeful induce for the advance research about
the benefit of this plant for human life. Conflict of interest statement We declare that we have
no conflict of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authorexpress their gratitude to the GUJCOST (Gujarat Council on Science &
Technology) for financial supporting to complete this review article.

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