ABSTRAK

Pada tahun 2013 diperkirakan jumlah penderita diabetes di Indonesia telah

mencapai angka 14 juta orang, dimana baru 50% yang sadar mengidapnya dan di
antara mereka baru sekitar 30% yang datang berobat teratur. Selain itu, menurut
laporan dari beberapa tempat di Indonesia, angka kejadian dan komplikasi DM
cukup tersebar sehingga bisa dikatakan sebagai salah satu masalah nasional yang
harus mendapat perhatian lebih. Salah satu komplikasi diabetes mellitus yang
sering dijumpai adalah kaki diabetik(diabetic foot), yang dapat bermanifestasikan
sebagai ulkus, infeksi dan gangren dan atrofati Charcot. Penderita diabetes
mempunyai resiko 15% terjadinya ulkus kaki diabetik pada masa hidupnyadan
resiko terjadinya kekambuhan dalam 5 tahun sebesar 70%. Neuropati perifer,
penyakit vaskuler perifer, beban tekanan abnormal pada plantardan infeksi
menjadi resiko penting untuk terjadinya ulkus kaki diabetik dan amputasi. Ulkus
kaki diabetes merupakan komplikasi yang berkaitan dengan morbiditas akibat dari
komplikasi mikro dan makro vaskuler oleh karena diabetes. Ulkus kaki diabetes
sering di awali dengan cedera pada jaringan lunak kaki, pembentukan fisura
antara jari-jari kaki atau di daerah kulit yang kering, atau pembentukan sebuah
kalus. Cedera tidak dirasakan oleh pasien yang kepekaan kakinya sudah
menghilang dan bisa berupa cidera termal (misalnya, berjalan dengan kaki
telanjang di jalan yang panas, atau memeriksa air panas untuk mandi dengan
menggunakan kaki), cedera kimia (misalnya, membuat kaki terbakar pada saat
menggunakan preparat kaustik ikut menghilangkan kalus, veruka atau bunion),
atau cedera traumatic (misalnya, melukai kulit ketika menggunting kuku kaki,
menginjak benda asing dalam sepatu, atau menggunakan kaus kaki yang tidak
pas).

Kata kunci :penyakit diabetes mellitus, gangren

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 ABSTRACT

In 2013 it is estimated that the number of diabetics in Indonesia has reached the
number 14 million people, where only 50% are aware of it and among them only
about 30% who come for regular treatment. In addition, according to reports
from several places in Indonesia, the incidence and complications of DM are
scattered enough to be regarded as one of the national issues that should receive
more attention. One of the common complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic
foot, which can manifest as ulcer, infection and gangrene and Charcot atrophy.
Diabetics have a risk of 15% of diabetic foot ulcers in their lifetime and the risk of
recurrence in 5 years by 70%. Peripheral neuropathy, peripheral vascular
disease, abnormal pressure burden on plant and infection becomes an important
risk for diabetic foot ulcers and amputations. Diabetic foot ulcers are
complications related to morbidity resulting from micro and macro vascular
complications due to diabetes. Diabetic foot ulcers are often initiated with an
injury to the soft tissues of the feet, the formation of fissures between the toes or in
areas of dry skin, or the formation of a callus. Injuries are not felt by patients
whose sensitivity has disappeared and may be thermal injuries (eg, walking
barefoot on hot streets, or checking hot water for foot bath), chemical injury (eg,
burning legs when using preparations the caustic also eliminates callus, veruka or
bunion), or traumatic injury (eg, injuring the skin when cutting toenails, stepping
on foreign objects in shoes, or using unsuitable socks)

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Gangrene

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 DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... i
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ ii
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... iii
DAFTAR TABEL .......................................................................................... vi
DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... vii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................. 1

1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ...................................................................................... 4
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ....................................................................................... 4
1.3.1 TujuanUmum .................................................................................. 4
1.3.2 TujuanKhusus ................................................................................. 4
1.4 ManfaatPenelitian ...................................................................................... 4

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ................................................................... 6

2.1 Diabetes Mellitus ....................................................................................... 6

2.1.1 Definisi ............................................................................................ 6
2.1.2 Etiologi ............................................................................................ 7
2.1.3 Klasifikasi ....................................................................................... 7
2.1.4 Patofisiologi .................................................................................... 10
2.1.5 Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Diabetes Mellitus .............................. 10
2.1.6 Komplikasi ...................................................................................... 11
2.2 Ganggren .................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1 Definisi ............................................................................................ 12
2.2.2 Gejala Klinis Ganggren ................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Penyebab Ganggren ........................................................................ 13
2.1.4 Faktor Terjadinya Ganggren ........................................................... 14

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 2.1.5 Manifestasi Klinis ........................................................................... 17
2.1.6 Patofisiologi .................................................................................... 18
2.1.7 Klasifikasi ....................................................................................... 18
2.1.8 Penyembuhan Luka Ganggren ........................................................ 19
2.1.9 Pencegahan dan Pengelolaan .......................................................... 20
2.3 Kerangka Teori........................................................................................... 22

BAB 3 METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................. 23

3.1 JenisPenelitian ........................................................................................... 23

3.2 Waktu Dan LokasiPenelitian..................................................................... 23
3.2.1 WaktuPenelitian ............................................................................... 23
3.2.2 LokasiPenelitian ............................................................................... 23
3.3 PopulasiPenelitian ...................................................................................... 23
3.3.1 Populasi ............................................................................................ 23
3.3.2 Sampel.............................................................................................. 24
3.4 Kriteria Inklusi dan Eksklusi...................................................................... 24
3.4.1 Inklusi .............................................................................................. 24
3.4.2 Eksklusi ............................................................................................ 24
3.5 Teknik Pengumpulan Sampel ................................................................... 24
3.6 Variabel Penelitian ..................................................................................... 25
3.6.1 VariabelIndependen ......................................................................... 25
3.6.2 VariabelDependen ........................................................................... 25
3.7 Alur Penelitian……………………………………………………………25
3.8 Definisi Operasional Dari VariabelPenelitian ............................................ 25
3.8.1 Tabel Defenisi Operasional .............................................................. 25
3.9 HipotesaPenelitian...................................................................................... 25
3.10 InstrumenPenelitian.................................................................................. 26
3.11 TeknikPengumpulan Data ....................................................................... 26
3.12 Pengolahan Data Analisa Data ................................................................ 26
3.12.1 Pengolahan Data ......................................................................... 26
3.12.2 Analisa Data ................................................................................ 27

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 3.12.3 AnalisaUnivariat .......................................................................... 27
3.12.4 AnalisaBivariat ............................................................................ 27

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... 28

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 DAFTAR TABEL

No. Judul Halaman

Tabel 3.1. Definisi Operasional .................................................................... 25

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

No. Judul Halaman

Gambar 2.1 Kerangka Teori ........................................................................ 22

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