SAP2000
B RIDGE E XAMPLES
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The computer program SAP2000 and all associated documentation are propri-
etary and copyrighted products. Worldwide rights of ownership rest with Com-
puters and Structures, Inc. Unlicensed use of the program or reproduction of
the documentation in any form, without prior written authorization from Comput-
ers and Structures, Inc., is explicitly prohibited.
Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:
CSI Educational Services
Computers and Structures, Inc.
1995 University Avenue
Berkeley, California 94704 USA
Phone: (510) 845-2177
Fax: (510) 845-4096
Email: education@csiberkeley.com (for general questions)
Email: support@csiberkeley.com (for technical support questions)
Web: www.csiedu.com
The CSI Logo, ETABS® , SAP2000® and SAP90® are registered trademarks
of Computers and Structures, Inc.; SAFE™ is a trademark of Computers and
Structures, Inc.
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PREFACE
This lecture is generally geared towards the intermediate user level of SAP2000. How-
ever, if you have never used SAP2000 or SAP2000 Bridge Modeler before, the level of
information provided is intended to give the user sufficient information to reproduce
all of the bridge examples contained in this booklet. We have designed this course
such that the inexperienced SAP2000 user will have no problem following along. The
end-to-end examples that are presented will exhibit the most general and common
modeling techniques.
It is strongly recommended that the SAP2000 user read Chapter XXVI, Bridge Analy-
sis, of the Analysis Reference Manual. The SAP2000 user can use the Help / Documan-
tation / Manuals command to find this document.
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SEMINAR TOPICS
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Seminar Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
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APPENDIX 67
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PART I
Concrete Box Girder Bridge
I.2 Description
This example demonstrates the powerful bridge module in SAP2000. The model is a
concrete box girder bridge with a 200 ft span and is loaded with 2 traffic lanes. The
bridge has 3 columns with different heights supporting the deck at midspan. There
are parametric variations along the length of the bridge as well as prestressed tendons
assigned to the deck. The bridge abutments are skewed 15 degrees at the 2 ends of the
bridge deck.
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1. Layout Lines
2. Deck Sections
3. Abutments
4. Bents
5. Diaphragms
6. Hinges
7. Parametric Variations
8. Bridge Object definitions
9. Update of linked model
10. Lanes
11. Vehicles/Vehicle Classes
12. Analysis Cases
The user can quickly define a basic model that applies program defaults using the
following abbreviated approach:
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For the abbreviated approach, SAP2000 will apply default abutment, bent, hinge, and
diaphragm properties. If necessary, Steps 3, 4, 5 and 6 of this Wizard can be used to
change those default definitions. In addition, prestressed tendons can be added as part
of the bridge object definition (see Step 8).
Each one of the 12-steps is described in detail.
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defined column support. A user defined column support can be a specified Link/Support
property or it can be a user defined support condition. The user support condition al-
lows each of the six degrees of freedom at the column base to be specified as fixed,
free or partially restrained with a specified spring constant. The user defined column
support is defined separately from the bent.
It is also possible to specify that a vertical diaphragm is to be provided at the bent
location. The diaphragm is only applicable to area object and solid object models. It
does not apply to spine models.
After a bent is defined it can be assigned to the bridge as part of the bridge object
definition (see Step 8).
In this example, click on the Bride menu¿ Bents and select the Add New Bridge Bent
option. In the Bent Data box, type in the number of columns: 3. Next, click on the
Modify/Show Column Data box in the lower left hand corner. Fill out the form as
shown in Figure I.4below and click OK. Make sure you are in Kip-ft units.
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Next, in the same manner as described in the steps above, create a 2nd variation. Only,
this time the variation shall be defined with the Linear Parabolic quick start option.
The new PARV2 variation should be the exact mirror of the PARV1 variation. Next
the user needs to apply these variations to the bridge object. This can be accomplished
by first using the Bridge/Bridge Objectscommand, then opening the Bridge Objects
dialog box and selecting the modify/show spans command. The user should apply the
PARV1 and PARV2 variations to the Span1 and SpanToEnd as shown in Figure I.6
below. See also, the steps outlined in Step 8 below.
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The prestress tendon quick start options allow quick and easy layout of prestressed
tendons. The prestress tendon parabolic calculator makes quick work of the layout of
parabolic prestress tendons.
To work within the Bridge Object menu, click on the modify/show bridge object using
Define/Bridge Object command. The Bridge Object menu should appear as shown in
Figure I.7.
Next, click the on Modify/Show spans button. In this dialogue box, for Span 1, double
click on the span varies box. A Bridge section variation box will open. Double-click
on the variation for Total Depth box and select PVAR1 and click OK. Do the same for
the next span except select PVAR2 for the variation. See Figure I.6.
To apply a skew to the ends of the bridge, click on the Modify/Show Spans and simply
type in the bearing angle as shown in the dialog box in Figure I.10
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Bridge Prestress button and select Add new Tendon. Fill in a tendon area of 10 in2
and load force of 1500 kips. Select a Prestress load case. (To create a Prestress load
case, go to Define/Static Load Cases dialogue box.) Click on the Quick Start button
for vertical layout and select parabolic tendon 1 and click Ok twice. The tendon loss
parameters should also be defined.
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Once a single tendon has been defined, it can be copied to each of the concrete girder
locations by simply clicking on the Copy To All Girders command.
The user can verify the location of the tendon graphically by selecting the the Show
All Tendons command and viewing the tendon profiles and locations.
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In Figure I.12, you can see the parametric variation along the length of the deck. You
can also view the tendons located inside the bridge deck by turning off the area object
fill if desired.
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I.17 Results
The influence lines can be displayed for the various displacements, reactions, forces,
moments, shears, torsion or axial loads on joints, frames, shells, planes, solids, solids,
and links resulting from a unit load on a defined bridge lane in the structure. As an ex-
ample, after lanes have been defined and a moving analysis case has been defined and
run, select a column and use the Display/Show Influence Lines/Surfaces command to
display the Show Influence Lines/Surfaces form. See Figure I.16
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Figure I.17: Influence Surface Plot for Axial Force of Bent Columns
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To obtain shell forces on the bridge deck, go to Draw/Section Cut. Draw a line through
any portion of the structure that you would like to sum forces about. The flashing line
represents the section cut. Section Cut forces will then be visible on the screen.
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PART II
Steel Bridge
This Example is intended to help the new SAP2000 Bridge User navigate through the
program and is intended to get the new SAP2000 user familiar with the Bridge Module.
This example provides a step-by-step tutorial for the bridge model shown below. The
bridge model is broken down into five distinct steps using the file names Steel Bridge 1
through Steel Bridge 5. A copy of these input files can be obtained from Computer and
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Structures, Inc.
To begin the Example 1 steel bridge model we will initiate the SAP2000 program and
select a blank screen using Kip-Ft units and a single window. Then using the Bridge
pull down menu we will begin to define the first of three bridge objects that will be
used to complete this bridge example. Each of the bridge objects are shown below.
Sta
tion
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Obj
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Sta
tion Brid
11
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1 FT 3
bj ect ject
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Brid ge
Brid
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10
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To define the first bridge object BOBJ1 we will first define the layout line properties.
From the Bridge>Layout Lines command we get the following dialog box:
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From the layout line menu the Quick Start menus can be used to define various curved,
straight or combined curved-straight shapes. For this example the bridge layout line
1(BLL1) will have a straight shape.
Using the layout line dialog box shown in Figure 1.3 the end station is set at 1210 and
the start station is set at 990. Note that the bridge layout line is longer than the actual
bridge.
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For this example four interior beams will be specified and the size of the bridge girders
will be assigned as W36X230. No other changes to this deck template will be made.
The bridge deck section will be given the default name of BSEC1.
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It will be important for the SAP2000 bridge user to become familiar with each of the
Bridge Object Assignment. Several of the assignment options will be used in this
example but the SAP2000 user is encouraged to explore the range of definitions that
are possible.
Using the Bridge>Update Linked Bridge Model> command the dialog box shown
below will appear. From the Structural Model Options the user can choose to work
with a Spine Model(frame) or an Area Object Model(shell). For this example each
will be used. The user can alternate as necessary between a frame model and shell
model. Starting with the spine model the Maximum Segment Lengths are set to five
feet.
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The spine model of BOBJ1 can be viewed in its extruded form using the View>Set
Display Options command and checking the Extruded option. The following image
can be rotated and displayed as follows:
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At this stage of model creation the center bent has only a single column support and
the end abutment is defined as a single point restraint. The center bent has horizontal
girder located flush with the deck instead of being offset vertically. The bent and abut-
ments will be further modified such that additional columns will be added to the bent
and point restraints will be added to each of the wide flange supports at the abutment.
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All the translational and rotational degrees of freedom are set to ’fixed’ except the
translation in the U2 direction. Additionally, the horizontal location of the abutment
supports is set to ’each girder location’. Diaphragms are added at the abutment by
selecting the ’include vertical diaphragm’ option.
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The reference point of the cap beam is set to 16.5ft which is half the width of the 33ft
wide deck section. The number of columns is set to 3 and the vertical diaphragms are
included. To define the column heights and locations the Modify/Show Column Data
button needs to be selected. upon doing so the following dialog box is displayed:
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The column locations are set to 4, 16.5 and 29 with heights of 24, 27 and 30ft.
Using the Chord and Brace option and using a W8X10 as the chord and brace member
sizes, the BDIA1 properties are modified.
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From this dialog box the Modify/Show Bents button can be selected and a value of -5ft
can be assigned to the vertical offset of the bent. Similarly, the Modify/Show Cross
Diaphragms button can be selected to add cross diaphragms at 25ft along span1 and
25ft along span2.
Using the Bridge>Update Linked Bridge Model command the BOBJ1 can be dis-
played again but now with the updated abutment, bent and cross diaphragm modifica-
tion. Turning off the Extrude option and displaying the BOBJ1 as a spine model shows
the following:
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Not that the spine model above does not show the cross diaphragms. Updating the
linked bridge model as an area object model produces the following model:
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The SAP2000 program has, as a default, an analysis case already defined DEAD and
MODAL. Running the model at this time will produce results for each of these de-
fault analysis cases. With the linked bridge model defined as a spine model the frame
member bending moments can be displayed as follows:
Unlocking the model and changing the linked bridge model to area objects, the BOBJ1
model can be rerun. Below left are the F11 shell resultant forces. Below right the frame
member M33 moments are displayed.
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The first of two lanes is defined as having an end station of 1100ft and a beginning
station of 1000ft. the width of the lane is set at 12ft with an offset of 8ft and the color
is set to a shade of blue. The Lane Load Discretization is set at 5ft along the span and
10ft across the span. The second lane is defined as a copy of the first with an offset of
-16ft. The BOBJ1 can be shown with the lanes visible using the Display>Show Lanes
command.
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The SAP2000 Bridge Module has a variety of predefined auto, truck and train vehicles.
These can be found using the Bridge>Vehicles command. For this example the HS20-
44, HS2044l and AML vehicles will be selected and be added as General Vehicles as
shown below:
Now that the vehicles have been defined the vehicles need to be assigned to a vehicle
class. This is necessary in order to have the vehicles assigned to a specific analysis
case which will be assign later. Using the Bridge>Vehicle Class command the three
general vehicles are assigned to a vehicle class names HS.
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In the dialog box below the Analysis Case Name is set to MOVE1, the Analysis Case
Type is set to Moving Load and the Vehicle Class is set to HS. Every permutation of
vehicle classes operating in traffic lanes that is permitted by the entries in this table
will be considered in the analysis.
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With the MOVE1 analysis case now defined the model can be run. If the model is run
as a spine model (See previous Section xx)and a combination COMB1 is defined as
DEAD plus MOVE1 the resulting M3 moments can be displayed.
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With the MOVE1 analysis case now defined the model can be run. If the model is run
as a spine model (See previous Section xx)and a combination COMB1 is defined as
DEAD plus MOVE1 the resulting M3 moments can be displayed.
With the MOVE1 analysis case now defined the model can be run. If the model is run
as a spine model (See previous Section xx)and a combination COMB1 is defined as
DEAD plus MOVE1 the resulting M3 moments can be displayed.
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It is recommended that the new SAP2000 Bridge User spend some time reviewing
the analysis results for the MOVE1 load case and examine various individual member
forces and stresses. The user can compare this results of this model with the results of
the Steel Bridge PR model that has been provided. Upon completion of the analysis
the current model should be saved as Steel Bridge 3
Using the Define>Load Cases command two moving loads will be added. The first
moving load case will be named ’moving’ and will be assigned the as follows:
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The menu above allows the user to assign a specific vehicle to a specific lane traveling
with a specific direction starting at a specific time. For the load case defined named
’moving’, three trucks are set in motion, two in lane one and one in lane two, with the
start times of 0, 7 and 3 seconds. The speeds are defined as 44, 44 and 22 feet per
second and the truck in lane two has been assigned a backward direction. Below, a
second loads case is given the name ’move’ and consists of three vehicles assigned to
lane one with staggered start times of 0, 5 and 9 sec. The speeds are different for each
vehicle with the assignments of 44,88 and 176 feet per second.
Next, the analysis cases are defined using the Define>Analysis Cases command. The
’move’ case and the ’moving’ case are added to the existing ’DEAD’, ’MODAL’ and
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’MOVE1’ cases using the Add New Case command. For the ’moving’ case the Anal-
ysis Case Type is set to Multi-step Static. This analysis case will produce an analysis
result for each step of the applied load as it has been defined in the Load Case defini-
tion.
The analysis case ’move’ will be analyzed using a time-history analysis method. This
will allow the user to examine the vibratory response of the bridge for each of the trucks
which are traveling at different speeds. To define the time-history case the following
dialog box is modified as follows:
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For the time-history load case a damping value of 2% has been specified by selecting
the Damping>ShowModify button and assigning the values as:
To view the shell stresses for the moving load case the SAP2000 user can use the
Display>Show Forces/Stresses>Shells and selecting the ’moving’ load case, ’F11’
resultant forces with the multivalued option set to ’step 1’ the graphic display will
show the unstressed bridge deck. To see the deck stresses the user can simply step
through the various analysis output steps that SAP has saved as part of the multi-
stepped analysis. Stepping through the F11 force graphic shows the following:
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In lieu of stepping through the output manually, the SAP2000 user can create an AVI
or movie file. This is done by selecting the File>Create Viedo>Create Multi-step
Animation Video. When the following window appears the user needs to select the
’moving’ load case. The image below was created with a magnification of 10 and a
speed of 10 frames per second.
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To view the time-history results the SAP2000 user can use the Display>Show Plot
Functions command.
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After selecting a joint, in this case joint 144, the following dialog box is used to select
the ’move’ load case and define the desired plot function. For this example the U2
displacements are plotted below:
This plot shows the third vehicle, t=9sec, inducing a larger dynamic response than the
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Before proceeding with changes to the model it is recommended that the current model
now be saved as Steel Bridge 4. If necessary this model can be compared to the model
provided.
Adding the two narrower bridge extensions will consist of defining a new ’free’ abut-
ment, defining an additional bridge deck section, defining a new curved layout line,
modifying BOBJ1 and adding two new bridge objects. These steps can be broken
down as follows:
1. Using the Bridge>Abutments command add a new abutment with the name
AbutFree. Set all restraint degrees of freedom to ’free’
2. Add a new bridge deck using the same bridge template as before except that
the width of the deck is defined as 18 feet wide and the number of interior girders used
is set to one. Offset the Insertion Pt in the local-y dir by 9ft.
3. Add copy of Bent1 and call it Bent2. Edit the width to be 15ft, the reference
point set at 7.5ft and a single column located at 7.5ft with a height of 27ft.
4. Add a copy of the Layout Line 1 and name it BLL2. The Quick Start button
can be used and the ’Curved Right option should be selected. The ’Initial Y’ dimen-
sion needs to be set at -18ft.
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6. Modify Bents: Assign BENT to have a horizontal offset of 9ft and a drop of -5
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7. Add a copy of BOBJ1 and name it BOBJ3 with the following modifications:
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When the edits above are completed the BOBJ3 dialog box should appear as follows:
The Steel Bridge - Example 1 is now complete and ready for analysis. It is recom-
mended that the new SAP2000 Bridge User spend some time viewing the results to
gain a better understanding of the program capabilities. The results can be checked
against the models provided.
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With the bridge complete the user can run the final bridge configuration and look at
the analysis results.
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PART III
cablestayed Bridge
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This bridge model is intended to demonstrate the SAP2000 Staged Construction Anal-
ysis using a cablestayed bridge as an illustrative example. This example provides a
step-by-step tutorial for the staged construction analysis case. A copy of the input file
can be obtained from Computer and Structures, Inc.
This cable stayed bridge example consists of a concrete bridge deck that is supported
by cable stays which in turn are supported by a center pylon. The bridge is analyzed
for dead, modal and stage construction loadings.
The bridge is modeled using a concrete deck section that defined as a hollow box
section having a width of 6 meters and a depth of 1.2 meters. The deck spans on
each side of the pylon are are divided into ten segments that are assigned separate
group names which are used to define the staged construction sequence. The concrete
assigned to the deck section has been defined using nonlinear material properties to
model creep and shrinkage. The center pylon is nonprismatic with a top diameter of
0.6 meters and a base diameter of 1.2 meters. The cables connect from the bridge deck
to special joints on the pylon.
No live loads are included in this example.
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The cable diameter is specified as 0.05 meters. The cable properties are calcu-
lated using the specified diameter. Similarly, the cable properties can be determined if
the user specifies the cable area.
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With the pylon placed into the model the model will appear as follows:
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The offset nodes that will be used to connect the cables to the bridge deck can be
drawn using the Draw Special Joint command. An offset of 3 m and -3 m in the y-
direction can be used to create a single pair of nodes located at x=-90 m. Next, a rigid
link can be drawn connecting each of these nodes to the deck node at x=-90 m. Using
the Replicate command, these nodes and links can be replicated in the x-direction 18
times to provide points of connection for the cable elements. The replicate command
will create a pair of nodes and links at the pylon as well but this particulat pair of nodes
and links are not needed and should be deleted. The deck, nodes and links now look
like follows:
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Next, the draw special joint command can be used to place nine special joints along
the upper portion of the pylon. These special joints are to be located 2 m apart with
the uppermost special joint located 4 m from the top of the pylon. Using the offset
command, the first special joint can be drawn 4 m below the top of the pylon and the
other 8 joints can be easily replicated with a spacing of 2 m. With the special joints in
place the cable elements can now be drawn. For this example a cable diameter of 0.05
m was used. Using the Draw Frame/ Cable Element command, the cables can be
added by snapping to the start and end joint of each cable and inserting the appropriate
parameters. After the end node is selected the following dialog box appears:
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Specifying the Cable Type as ”Tension At I-End” allows the user to control the initial
drape of the cable. A tension amount must be specified if this option is selected.
The cable element uses an elastic catenary formulation to represent the behavior of a
slender element under self weight, temperature and strain loading. This behavior is
highly nonlinear and inherently includes p-delta and large displacement geometry. It
is highly recommended that the user read the Cable Element chapter in the Analysis
Reference Manual.
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Before a staged analysis case can be defined, the user must first decide how the struc-
ture is going to be assembled. Therefore, the user must define unique groups that
represent stages in the construction sequence. Then the data for each stage, namely,
the operation being performed, the objects affected, the age of any added sections,
loading and any scale factors, can be defined using the staged construction analysis
case. For this example, the pylon is intended to be constructed first followed by the
placement of adjacent 10 m deck sections with the respective cable pairs. The Group
1 elements are identified below.
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Using the Select command and the Assign/ Define Group Names command the user
can define all ten pairs of deck and cable groups along with a group named, Pylon, that
contains only the pylon element for a total of eleven groups.
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By selecting the Define/Analysis Cases command the user needs to add a new case.
The Analysis Case Type shall be ”Static” and the ”Analysis Type” shall be ”Nonlinear
Staged Construction”. The user can then begin to develop the analysis case by defining
the various stages along with the data for each stage. For the dialog box below, the data
for the 6th stage is show. The user can see that Group 5is being added along with the
dead load of group 5.
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For this example, the nonlinear creep and shrinkage effects are included in the anal-
ysis. If desired, the creep effects can be studied for the for any period of time after
completion of the structure. This can be done by adding additional stages having the
”Duration” input specifying the appropriate number of days. In this example stage 12
is aged 10 additional days. Stage 18 that is aged 10000 additional days. Stages 13
through 17 vary from 30 to 3000 days bringing the total number of days that the model
is aged to 14,473 days.
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APPENDIX
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A PPENDIX A
Mesh Transitioning and Compatibility
The Automated Line Constraint
Ashraf Habibullah1 , S.E.
M. Iqbal Suharwardy2 , S.E., Ph.D.
A.1 Introduction
In the application of the Finite Element Analysis Method, the most time consuming
task is usually the creation and modification of the finite element mesh of the system.
Not to mention the fact that creation of mesh transitions from coarse to fine meshes
can be very tedious. Also matching up node points to create compatible meshes at
intersecting planes, such as walls and floors can be very labor intensive. And even if
the mesh generation is automated the mesh transitioning usually produces irregular or
skewed elements that may perform poorly. This may have adverse effects on the de-
sign, especially in regions of stress concentration, such as in the vicinity of intersecting
planes.
The object based modeling environment of ETABS & SAP2000 clearly ad-
dresses these time-consuming shortcomings of the Finite Element Method.
In the object-based modeling environment the Engineer generates the structural
model by creating only a few large area objects that physically define the structural
units such as wall panels, floors or ramps. The finite element mesh is not explicitly
created by the user, but is automatically generated by assigning meshing parameters
to the area objects. These parameters may include variables, such as mesh size, mesh
spacing and mesh grading among others. With this capability the engineer can study
the effects of mesh refinement by just defining a few control parameters. The new
model with the desired level of refinement is thus created with minimal effort.
If the meshes on common edges of adjacent area objects do not match up, au-
tomated line constraints are generated along those edges. These Line Constraints en-
force displacement compatibility between the mismatched meshes of adjacent objects
and eliminate the need for mesh transition elements.
1 President & CEO, Computers & Structures, Inc.
2 Director of Research & Development, Computers & Structures, Inc.
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What makes this technology really powerful is that while making modifications
to the model the Engineer need only be concerned about the few large physical objects
of the structure. The modified finite element analytical model gets recreated automat-
ically with any changes to the base objects.
The following examples are designed to illustrate the power and practicality of
this technology.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Robert Tovani, PE, SE: Robert Tovani has twenty-five years of experience in struc-
tural analysis, design, project management, and construction administration. He
is currently president of Engineering Analysis Corporation and an employee of
Computer and Structures, Inc. Mr. Tovani received his Bachelors and Masters
of Science Degrees for the University of California, Berkeley and is licensed in
California as a Civil and Structural Engineer.
Mr. Tovani has developed an extensive background in computer-aided analysis
and design. His analysis background includes work on a variety of structures
using linear and nonlinear analysis of new and existing structures in static and
dynamic loading environments. He has developed computer models on high rise
structures in excess of 100 stories and has provided design work on a variety
of structural framing types including base isolation and other complex framing
systems. Mr. Tovani has been using the SAP and ETABS computer programs
for over twenty-five years and has worked at CSI providing training, analysis
and modeling assistance to CSI and Engineering Analysis clients. Recently,
Mr. Tovani has provided detailed SAP2000 Bridge Training Seminars.
Atif Habibullah, PE: Atif Habibullah has extensive experience using CSI products,
having worked in CSI’s Software Support department for five years. For the past
two years, Atif has helped instruct engineers through CSI Educational Services
training seminars. He has a strong background in modeling a variety of structural
systems, solving special modeling problems and in the interpretation of analysis
results. Prior to working at CSI, Atif worked at a leading design firm for 4 years
using CSI products, particularly in the design of multi-story steel and concrete
building structures such as hospitals, office buildings, towers, bridges, stadiums
and dams.
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