HEAT TRANSFER

1. A wall of 0.5m thickness is to be constructed from a material which has an average

thermal conductivity of 1.4 W/mK. The wall is to be insulated with a material having
an average thermal conductivity of 0.35 W/mK so that the heat loss per square metre
will not exceed 1450 W. Assuming that the inner and outer surface temperatures are
1200 °C and 15 °C respectively, calculate the thickness of the insulation required.
Solution: HMT Data Book Pg. No. 45
𝑄
= 1450 𝑊/𝑚2
𝐴
𝑄 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
=
𝐴 𝐿1 + 𝐿2
𝑘1 𝑘2
Calculate for L2
L2 = 0.16 m
2. A steam pipe, 10 cm I. D. and 11 cm O. D. is covered with an insulating substance (k =
1 W/mK). The steam temperature and the ambient temperatures are 200 °C and 20 °C
respectively. If the convective heat transfer coefficient between the insulation surface
and air is 8 W/m2K, find the critical radius of insulation. For this value of rc, calculate
the heat loss per metre of pipe and the outer surface temperature. Neglect resistance of
the pipe material.
Solution: HMT Data Book Pg. No. 46
𝑘
𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠, 𝑟𝑐 =
ℎ
𝑄 2𝜋(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞ )
=
𝐿 1 ln ( 𝑟𝑐 ) + 1
𝑘 𝑟1 ℎ𝑟𝑐
𝑄
𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜, = ℎ ∗ 2𝜋𝑟𝑐 (𝑇3 − 𝑇∞ )
𝐿
calculate T3 from this,
T3 = 118.73 °C

3. A turbine blade 6 cm long having a cross sectional area 4.65 cm2 and perimeter
12 cm, is made of stainless steel (k = 23.3 W/mK). The temperature at the root
is 500 °C. The blade is exposed to a hot gas at 870 °C. The heat transfer coefficient
between the blade surface and the gas is 442 W/m2K. Determine the
temperature distribution and the rate of heat flow at the root of the blade. Assume
the tip of the blade to be insulated.
Solution: HMT Data Book Pg. No. 50
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤, 𝑄 = (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ )√ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴
𝑇(𝑥) − 𝑇∞ cosh 𝑚(𝐿 − 𝑥)
𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, =
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ cosh(𝑚𝐿)
ℎ𝑃
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑚 = √
𝑘𝐴
Q = 280.5 W
T(3 cm) = 824.14 °C

4. A large slab of aluminium at a uniform temperature of 250 °C is suddenly exposed

to a convective environment at 50 °C with a heat transfer coefficient of 500 W/m2K.
Estimate the temperature at a depth of 5 cm after 1 hour. The thermal diffusivity and
the thermal conductivity of aluminium are 8.4 x 10-5 m2/s and 215 W/mK respectively.
Solution: HMT Data Book, Pg. No. 63
 calculate the required values from the graph, and find the temperature at the
required location.
T5cm = 120 °C

5. Water flows through a tube of 2 cm ID at a rate of 1.5 lit/min. Taking the kinematic
viscosity of water as 1 x 10-6 m2/s, determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
Also estimate the entry length.
Solution: HMT Data Book Pg. No. 124
Given:
𝐷 = 2 𝑐𝑚 = 0.02 𝑚
𝑚̇ = 1.5 𝑙𝑖𝑡/ min = 0.025 𝑘𝑔/𝑠𝑒𝑐
−6
𝑚2
𝜈 = 1 𝑥 10
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
We know density of water, 𝜌 = 1000 3
𝑚
𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜈
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑥 = 0.04 ∗ 𝐷 ∗ 𝑅𝑒
Result:
𝑅𝑒 = 1580 ⟹ 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑥 = 1.264 𝑚

6. Air stream at 27 °C is moving at 0.3 m/s across a 100 W electric bulb at 127 °C. If
the bulb is approximated by a 60 mm diameter sphere, estimate the heat transfer
rate and the percentage of power lost due to convection.

7. A metal plate 0.609 m high forms the vertical wall of an oven and is at a temperature
of 161 °C. Within the oven is air at a temperature of 93 °C and 1 atmosphere. Assuming
the natural convection conditions hold near the plate, estimate the mean heat transfer
coefficient and the rate of heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat transfer per unit
width of the plate.
Solution: HMT Data Book Pg. 34, 136
Given:
161+93
Take Properties of air at 𝑇𝑓 = = 127 ℃
2
 𝑔𝛽∆𝑇𝐿3 𝜌2
𝐺𝑟 = = 577382245.5
𝜇2
𝐺𝑟. 𝑃𝑟 = 3.96 ∗ 108
2

ℎ𝐿 0.387(𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟)0.167
= 𝑁𝑢 = 0.825 + 0.296 = 93.154
𝑘 0.492 0.5625
{1 + [ ] }
[ 𝑃𝑟 ]
ℎ = 5.106 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾
𝑄 = ℎ𝐴∆𝑇
Result:
𝑸 = 211.45 𝑊/𝑚

8. A 10 mm diameter spherical steel ball at 260 °C is immersed in air at 90 °C.

Estimate the rate of convective heat loss.
Solution: HMT Data Book Pg. 34, 138
260 + 90
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑓 = = 175℃
2
𝑔𝛽∆𝑇𝐷3 𝜌2
𝐺𝑟 = = 3526.472
𝜇2
𝐺𝑟. 𝑃𝑟 = 2.747 ∗ 103
ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = 2 + 0.43(𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟)0.25 = = 5.113
𝑘
𝑄 = ℎ𝐴∆𝑇
Result:
Q = 0.257 W

9. Estimate the rate of solar radiation on a plate normal to sun rays. Assume the sun
to be a black body at a temperature of 5527 °C. The diameter of the Sun = 1.39 x
106 km and its distance from the Earth is 1.5 x 108 km.
Solution:
Given: T = 5527 °C = 5800 K; d = 1.39 x 106 km; D = 1.5 x 108 km
R = d/2 = 6.95 x 108 m
4𝜋𝑅 2
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜎𝑇 4 ( )
4𝜋𝐷
Result: Q = 1377 W/m2

10. A grey surface is maintained at a temperature of 827 °C. If the maximum spectral
emissive power at that temperature is 1.37 x 1010 W/m3, determine the emissivity of the
body and the wavelength corresponding to the maximum spectral intensity of radiation.
Solution:
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇 = 2898 𝜇𝑚𝐾
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.3645 𝜇𝑚
𝐶1 𝜆−5 𝑊
𝐸𝑏𝜆 = = 2.07 ∗ 1010 2
𝐶 𝑚
𝑒𝑥𝑝. ( 2 ) − 1
𝜆𝑇
𝐸
𝜀=
𝐸𝑏𝜆
Result: ε = 0.66

11. Emissivity of two large parallel planes maintained at 800 °C and 300 °C and 0.3
and 05 respectively. Find the net radiant heat exchange per square metre of these
plates.
Solution:
𝑄𝑖𝑗 = 𝜀̅[𝐸𝑏𝑖 − 𝐸𝑏𝑗 ]𝐹𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖
1
𝜀̅ = = 0.23
1 1
+ −1
𝜀1 𝜀2
2
Result: Q = 5.235 kW/m

12. The net radiation from the surfaces of two parallel plates maintained at
temperatures T1 and T2 is to be reduced by 79 times. Calculate the number of screens
to be placed between the two surfaces to achieve this reduction in heat exchange,
assuming the emissivity of the screens as 0.05 and that of the surfaces as 0.8.
Solution:

Result: N = 3

13. In a double pipe heat exchanger, 250 kg/hr of an oil having a specific heat 3350
J/kgK is cooled at 120 °C using a parallel flow arrangement. 1000 kg/hr of cooling
water is available for cooling purposes at a temperature of 10 °C. If the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 1160 W/m2K and the surface area of the heat exchanger is 0.25
m2, calculate the outlet temperatures of the cooled liquid and water and also the
effectiveness of the heat exchanger.
Solution:
𝑘𝑔 𝐽 𝑘𝑔
Given: 𝑚̇ℎ = 250 ℎ𝑟 ; 𝐶𝑝ℎ = 3350 𝑘𝑔 𝐾 ; 𝑇1 = 120 ℃; 𝑚̇𝑐 = 1000 ℎ𝑟 ; 𝐶𝑝𝑐 =
𝐽
4178 ; 𝑡1 = 10 ℃; 𝑈 = 1160 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾; 𝐴 = 0.25𝑚2
𝑘𝑔 𝐾

Refer Heat Transfer Data Book (Pg. 152, 153, 163)

Heat Capacity Rate, 𝐶 = 𝑚̇ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ ; 𝐶 = 𝑚̇𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐

The smaller of these values will be 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 and the other one 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑈𝐴
𝑁𝑇𝑈 =
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜀 is calculated from the graph in Pg. 163
𝑄 = 𝑄ℎ = 𝑄𝑐 = 𝜀𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑇1 − 𝑡1 ) = 𝑚̇ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ ∆𝑇ℎ = 𝑚̇𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 ∆𝑇𝑐

Result:
𝜀 = 64.7%
𝑇2 = 48.35 °C
𝑡1 = 24.24 °C
14. The temperature of a gas stream is to be measured by a thermocouple whose junction can
be approximated as 1.2 mm diameter sphere. The properties of the junction are k = 30 W/m°C,
ρ = 8700 kg/m3, Cp = 320 J/kg °C and the convective heat transfer coefficient between the
junction and gas is 70 W/m2 °C. Determine how long it will take for the thermocouple to read
99% of the initial temperature difference.
Solution:
The characteristic length of the junction and the Biot number are

V D 3 / 6 D 0.0012
Lc      0.0002m
Asurface D 2 6 6

Bi 
hLc


70W / m 2 C 0.0002m 

 0.00046  0.1
k 30W / m  C

Since Bi < 0.1, the lumped system analysis is applicable. Then the time period for the
thermocouple to read 99% of the initial temperature difference is determined from

T (t )  T
 0.01
Ti  T
hA h 70W / m 2 C
b    0.1257s 1
C pV C p Lc  
8700kg / m 320 J / kg C 0.0002m 
3 

T (t )  T
 e bt  0.01  e 0.1257 s t  t  36.7 s
1

Ti  T

15. Engine oil at 60 °C flow over the upper surface of a 5 m long fat plate whose temperature
is 20 °C with a velocity of 2 m/s. Determine the heat transfer per unit width of the plate.
Solution:
 (OR)
16. A long 10 cm diameter steam pipe whose external surface temperature is 110 °C passes
through some open area that is not protected against the winds. Determine the rate of heat loss
from the pipe per unit of its length when air at 1 atm pressure and 10 °C and the wind blowing
across the pipe at a velocity of 8 m/s.

17. Consider a 5 m x 5 m x 5 m cubical furnace, whose surface closely approximate black

surfaces. The base, top and side surfaces of the furnace are maintained at uniform
temperatures of 800 K, 1500K and 500 K respectively. Determine the net radiation of heat
transfer between the base and side surfaces, the net radiation heat transfer between the base
and top surface and the net radiation heat transfer from the
base surface.
Solution The surfaces of a cubical furnace are black and are
maintained at uniform temperatures. The net rate of radiation
heat transfer between the base and side surfaces, between the
base and the top surface, from the base surface are to be
determined.
Assumptions The surfaces are black and isothermal.

Analysis (a) Considering that the geometry involves six surfaces, we may be tempted at first
to treat the furnace as a six-surface enclosure. However, the four side surfaces possess the same
properties, and thus we can treat them as a single side surface in radiation analysis. We consider
the base surface to be surface 1, the top surface to be surface 2, and the side surfaces to be
surface 3. Then the problem reduces to determining 𝑄̇1→3 , 𝑄̇1→2 , and 𝑄̇1 .

The net rate of radiation heat transfer 𝑄̇1→3 from surface 1 to surface 3 can be determined, since
both surfaces involved are black, according to the following equation as:

𝑄̇1→3 = 𝐴1 𝐹1→3 𝜎 (𝑇14 − 𝑇34 )

But first we need to evaluate the view factor F1 → 3. After checking the view factor charts and
tables, we realize that we cannot determine this view factor directly. However, we can
determine the view factor F1 → 2 directly from the given chart to be F1 → 2 = 0.2, and we know
that F1 → 1 = 0 since surface 1 is a plane. Then applying the summation rule to surface 1 yields:

𝐹1→1 + 𝐹1→2 + 𝐹1→3 = 1

or
𝐹1→3 = 1 − 𝐹1→1 + 𝐹1→2 = 1 − 0 − 0.2 = 0.8

Substituting,
𝑄̇1→3 = 𝐴1 𝐹1→3 𝜎 (𝑇14 − 𝑇34 )
= 25×0.8×(5.67×10−8 )×(8004 − 5004 )
= 394 𝑘𝑊

(b) The net rate of radiation heat transfer 𝑄̇1→2 from surface 1 to surface 2 is determined in a
similar manner to be:

𝑄̇1→2 = 𝐴1 𝐹1→2 𝜎 (𝑇14 − 𝑇24 )

= 25×0.2×(5.67×10−8 )×(8004 − 15004 )
= −1319 𝑘𝑊

The negative sign indicates that net radiation heat transfer is from surface 2 to surface 1.

(c) The net radiation heat transfer from the base surface 𝑄̇1 is determined according to the
following equation, knowing that N = 3, as:

𝑄̇𝑖 = ∑𝑁 ̇ ̇ ̇ ̇
𝑗=1 𝑄𝑖→𝑗 = 𝑄1→1 + 𝑄1→2 + 𝑄1→3 = 0 + (−1319) + 394 = −925 [𝑘𝑊] from

Again the negative sign indicates that net radiation heat transfer is to surface 1. That is, the
base of the furnace is gaining net radiation at a rate of about 925 kW.
18. Hot oil is to be cooled by water in a 1 shell pass and 8 tube passes heat exchanger. The
tubes are thin walled and are made of copper with an internal diameter of 1.4 cm. The length
of each tube pass in the heat exchanger is 5 m and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 310
W/m °C. Water flows through the tube at a rate of 0.2 kg/s and the oil through the shell at a
rate of 0.3 kg/s. The water and oil enter at temperatures of 20 °C and 150 °C respectively.
Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the outlet temperatures of the
water and the oil. Take specific heat of oil to be 2.13 kJ/kg °C. Use NTU method to solve the
problem.
Solution:
Given: D = 1.4 cm; L = 5 m; U = 310 W/m2 °C; mc = 0.2 kg/sec; Cc = 4178 J/kg °C;
mh = 0.3 kg/sec; Ch = 2130 J/kg K; T1 = 150 °C; t1 = 20 °C
Formula:
Refer Pg. No. 152 and 153
𝐶 = 𝑚ℎ 𝐶ℎ
𝐶 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑐
𝑈𝐴
𝑁=
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
−1
2 0.5
1 + exp[−𝑁(1 + 𝐶 2 )0.5 ]
𝜀 = 2 [1 + 𝐶 + (1 + 𝐶 ) ]
1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝[−𝑁(1 + 𝐶 2 )0.5 ]
𝑄 = 𝜀𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇1 − 𝑡1 )
𝑄 = 𝑄ℎ = 𝑚ℎ 𝐶ℎ (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑐 (𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )
Results:
Q = 8087.3 W
T2 = 137.34 °C
t2 = 29.67 °C

19.
20.