Reservoir Engineering : Tutorial 2 (Dr Jalal Foroozesh)

Question 1

Solution
a) Q = K A ΔP / μ L

A= πr2 = π (2/2)^2 = π
K = Q μ L / A ΔP = (0.02) * (1) * (10) / (π) * (1) = 0.0637 Darcys = 63.7 md

b) Pore volume = Bulk volume * Porosity

Pv = (πr2 * L ) * ( φ ) = [(π (2/2)^2) *(10)] *( 0.15) = 4.712 cc
c) Oil volume = Pore volume * oil saturation
Oil volume = Pv * ( 1- sw) = (4.712) * (1 – 0.25) = 3.534 cc
Question 2

Solution
I) Porosity = Pore volume / Bulk volume
Bulk volume = π r2 L = π (3/2)^2 * (100) = 706.86 cc
Volume of water = Mass /density = (184.2) / (1) = 184.2 cc
Porosity = volume of water / Bulk volume = (184.2) / (706.86) = 0.26 = 26 %
II) K = Q μ L / A ΔP
Q = 2.88 cc/min = (2.88) / (60) = 0.048 cc/ sec
Δp = (25 – 12) = 13 psig = (13+14.7) * (1/14.7) = 1.884 atm

K = (0.048) * ( 2) * ( 100) / (7.06) * ( 1.884) = 0.721 darcys = 721 md

Question 3

Solution
i) To determine the fluid type several characteristics need to be looked at , such as API,
GOR and reservoir temperature, the question states that the API is 40 , the gas oil
ratio is 1110 scf/STB and reservoir temperature is 263 ˚ f .
The API value given could range for two fluid types back oil and volatile oil,
however when we look at the temperature volatile oil is a more appropriate choice,
for both fluid types reservoir temperature is usually below the critical reservoir
temperature however for black oils that temperature is usually below 250 f. Our
choice can further be confirmed by looking at the GOR where black oils usually have
a GOR less than 1000 scf/STB, given that the GOR in the question is 1110 scf / STB
the fluid type is Volatile oil.

ii) Initial reservoir pressure given is 5043 psig, gas was released at 3460 psig hence we
can take that as the bubble point pressure, since initial reservoir pressure is higher
than the reservoir pressure the reservoir is an undersaturated oil reservoir.
Question 4

4
4

Solution
i) GOR = Volume of gas / Volume of oil
GOR= (463265000) / (4646) = 99,713 scf / STB (year 1)
GOR= (342075000) / (2608) = 131,163 scf / STB (year 2)
GOR= (241048000) / (1350) = 311,887 scf / STB (year 3)
GOR= (221020000) / (1430) = 154,559 scf / STB (year 4)
GOR= (267106000) / (1662) = 160,713 scf / STB (year 5)

ii) Considering the high GOR the fluid type could either be a condensate gas or wet gas,
since the stock tank volume for wet gas fluid type remains constant unlike the
scenario described above the fluid type chosen is condensate gas.
Question 5

Solution

a) Black oil is characterized with a high percentage of heptane plus , it is known as a low
shrinkage oil due to the smaller percentage of light hydrocarbons present, higher pressure
reduction is required to reach the bubble point pressure when compared to volatile oil
which has a lower percentage of heptane plus , the following gives the difference in GOR
where volatile oils have higher GOR. Even though both reservoirs are characterized by
temperatures lower than critical reservoir temperature , volatile oils reservoir temperature
is closer to the critical reservoir temperature. As pressure falls within the reservoir, the
bubble point line is reached faster within volatile oil reservoirs hence more gas is released
when compared to black oil reservoirs.

b) For gas condensates at initial pressure the fluid starts in the gas phase whereas for volatile
oil reservoirs initial phase is liquid. When pressure falls, the gas condensate enters the two
phase envelope as gas condenses into liquid whereas, in volatile oil as pressure falls gas is
released, this difference in behavior can be related to reservoir temperature conditions.
Gas condensate reservoirs temperature are higher than reservoir critical temperature hence
they start in the gas phase and then condense into the liquid phase, whereas volatile oil
reservoir temperature is lower than the critical temperature hence it starts as a liquid and
gas evolves as pressure is reduced.

c) Gas condensates are also known as gas retrogrades meaning they can revert to their initial
condition. As pressure decreases, gas condenses into liquid however as pressure continues
to decrease the condensed gas is once again liberated into the gas.
 Wet gases exist in one phase within the reservoir however since separator conditions
exist within the two phase envelope, some gas condenses into liquid in separator. The
stock tank liquid does not change during the life of the reservoir hence we have a
constant gas oil ratio.
d) Dry gases consist mainly of methane, the only major difference between wet gases and
dry gasses is that the separator conditions exist outside the two phase envelope for dry
gases hence no liquid is produced.
Question 6

below
Solution
The above question considers a mixture composed only of ethane and n-heptane which is of
course is not representative of any real mixture of reservoir fluids, hence we can try to assume
the fluid types based on the phase envelope shapes.
For mixture two it contains around 90% ethane so that disqualifies it being an oil reservoir fluid
type, given the fact that envelope is slanting to the left due to the lighter components we can
safely assume that fluid type is dry gas since the separator conditions fall oueside the two phase
envelope.

For mixture 3 it contains 70% ethane given the starting condions of the fluid ( 1300 psi, 300 f) as
we descend vertically we can see the fluid is not entering the two phase envelope yet while at
separator conditions, the fluid enters two-phase region hence the fluid type in this case is wet
gas.

For mixture 4 containing 50 % ethane the reservoir temperature condition is higher than the
critical temperature of the mixture, hence the fluid type is an gas, however since the reservoir
temperature is close to the critical temperature we can assume the fluid type to be gas
condensate.

Mixture 5 has lower n-heptane as compared to mixture 6 and considering the location of the
reservoir temperature relative to the crtitical temperature, we can assume that mixture 5 is a
volatile oil and the mixture 6 is a ordinary black oil reservoir.
Question 7

Solution
a) Pore volume = bulk volume * porosity
Pv = (20 x 10^ 6) * (0.15) = 3 x 10 ^6 bbl
b) Reservoir volume of oil = Pore volume* oil saturation
Volume = (3 x 10 ^6) * ( 1 – 0.25) = 2.25 x 10 ^6 bbl
c) Initial Stock tank Volume = Volume of oil / Oil volume formation factor
Stock tank volume = (2.25 x 10 ^6) / (1.2) = 1.875 x 10 ^6 STB
d) Free gas
The amount of free gas present is zero since the question stated that the reservoir is
undersaturated, Reservoir initial pressure > Bubble point pressure.
Dissolved gas = Gas solubility (Rs) * Stock tank volume of oil
Dissolved gas = (520) * (1.875 x 10 ^6) = 975 x 10^6 SCF
e) Oil recovered (Np) = Initial oil in place * Recovery factor (Rf)
Np = (1.875 x 10 ^6) * (0.12) = 0.225 x 10^6 STB