Navier-Stokes

Equations {
2d case

NSE (A)
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis Navier-Stokes Equations { 2d case
Equation
analysis SOE3211/2 Fluid Mechanics lecture 3
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow
between plates
(A)
Flow down
inclined plane
(A)
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case NSE (A)
NSE (A)
Equation
analysis  conservation of mass, momentum.
Equation
analysis  often written as set of pde's
Equation
analysis
 dierential form { uid ow at a point
Equation  2d case, incompressible ow :
analysis
Equation
analysis Continuity equation :
Laminar ow
between plates @ ux @ uy
(A) + =0
Flow down
@x @y
inclined plane
(A)
Tips (A)  conservation of mass
 seen before { potential ow
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case Momentum equations :
@ ux @u @u 1 @p
NSE (A) + ux x + uy x =
Equation @t @x @y  @x
 2 
analysis
@ ux @2u
Equation +  + 2x + fx
analysis @x 2 @y
Equation @ uy @u @u 1 @p
analysis + ux y + uy y =
Equation @t @x @y  @y
 2 
analysis
@ uy @ 2 uy
Equation +  + 2 + fy
analysis @x 2 @y
Laminar ow
between plates
(A)
Flow down  (x and y cmpts)
inclined plane
(A)
 3 variables, ux , uy , p
Tips (A)
 linked equations
 need to simplfy by considering details of problem
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case

NSE (A)
The NSE are
Equation  Non-linear { terms involving ux @@uxx
analysis
Equation
 Partial dierential equations { ux , p
analysis functions of x , y , t
2
 2nd order { highest order derivatives @@ xu2x
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
 Coupled { momentum equation involves p , ux , uy
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow
between plates
(A)
Flow down
inclined plane
(A)
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case

NSE (A)
The NSE are
Equation  Non-linear { terms involving ux @@uxx
analysis
Equation
 Partial dierential equations { ux , p
analysis functions of x , y , t
2
 2nd order { highest order derivatives @@ xu2x
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
 Coupled { momentum equation involves p , ux , uy
Equation
analysis Two ways to solve these equations
Laminar ow
between plates
1 Apply to simple cases { simple geometry, simple conditions
(A) { and reduce equations until we can solve them
Flow down
inclined plane 2 Use computational methods { CFD
(A)
Tips (A)
(SOE3212/3)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case Equation analysis (A)
NSE (A) Consider the various terms :
Equation
analysis
@ ux @u @u 1 @p
Equation
+ ux x + uy x =
analysis
@t @x @y  @x
Equation  2 
analysis @ ux @2u
+  + 2x + fx
Equation
analysis @x 2 @y
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow
@ ux
between plates
 change of ux at a point
(A)
@t
Flow down
inclined plane
(A)
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case Equation analysis (A)
NSE (A) Consider the various terms :
Equation
analysis
@ ux @u @u 1 @p
Equation
+ ux x + uy x =
analysis
@t @x @y  @x
Equation  2 
analysis @ ux @2u
+  + 2x + fx
Equation
analysis @x 2 @y
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow
@ ux @u
between plates
ux + uy x  transport/advection term
(A)
@x @y
Flow down
inclined plane
 how does ow (ux ; uy )
(A) move ux ?
Tips (A)
 non-linear
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case Equation analysis (A)
NSE (A) Consider the various terms :
Equation
analysis
@ ux @u @u 1 @p
Equation
+ ux x + uy x =
analysis
@t @x @y  @x
Equation  2 
analysis @ ux @2u
+  + 2x + fx
Equation
analysis @x 2 @y
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow
1 @p
between plates
 pressure gradient {
(A)
 @x usually drives ow
Flow down
inclined plane
(A)
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case Equation analysis (A)
NSE (A) Consider the various terms :
Equation
analysis
@ ux @u @u 1 @p
Equation
+ ux x + uy x =
analysis
@t @x @y  @x
Equation  2 
analysis @ ux @2u
+  + 2x + fx
Equation
analysis @x 2 @y
Equation
analysis
 2 
Laminar ow
@ ux @2u
between plates
 + 2x  viscous term { eect of
(A)
Flow down
@x 2 @y viscosity  on ow
inclined plane
(A)  has a diusive eect
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case Equation analysis (A)
NSE (A) Consider the various terms :
Equation
analysis
@ ux @u @u 1 @p
Equation
+ ux x + uy x =
analysis
@t @x @y  @x
Equation  2 
analysis @ ux @2u
+  + 2x + fx
Equation
analysis @x 2 @y
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow
between plates fx  external body forces { eg.
(A)
Flow down gravity
inclined plane
(A)
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case Laminar ow between plates (A)
NSE (A)
Equation
analysis y
Equation Fully developed laminar ow
analysis
between innite plates at +a

y = a
Equation
analysis
Equation x
analysis
Equation
What do we expect from the -a
analysis ow?
Laminar ow
between plates
(A)  u = 0 at walls
Flow down
inclined plane
 Flow symmetric around y = 0
(A)
 Flow parallel to walls
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case
@ ux @u @u 1 @p
+ ux x + uy x =
@t @x @y  @x
NSE (A)  2 
@ ux @2u
Equation +  + 2x
analysis
@x 2 @y
Equation
@ uy @u @u 1 @p
analysis
+ ux y + uy y =
Equation @t @x @y  @y
analysis  2 
@ uy @ 2 uy
Equation
+  + 2
analysis
@x 2 @y
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow
between plates
(A)
Flow down
inclined plane
(A)
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case
@ ux @u @u 1 @p
+ ux x + uy x =
@t @x @y  @x
NSE (A)  2 
@ ux @2u
Equation +  + 2x
analysis
@x 2 @y
Equation
@ uy @u @u 1 @p
analysis
+ ux y + uy y =
Equation @t @x @y  @y
analysis  2 
@ uy @ 2 uy
Equation
+  + 2
analysis
@x 2 @y
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow Flow parallel to walls { we expect
between plates
(A)
dp
Flow down uy = 0; =0 and ux = ux (y )
inclined plane
(A)
dy
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case
@ ux @u 1 @p
+ ux x =
@t @x  @x
NSE (A)  2 
@ ux
Equation + 
analysis
@y 2
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow Flow parallel to walls { we expect
between plates
(A)
dp
Flow down uy = 0; =0 and ux = ux (y )
inclined plane
(A)
dy
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case
@ ux @u 1 @p
+ ux x =
@t @x  @x
NSE (A)  2 
@ ux
Equation + 
analysis
@y 2
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow Flow fully developed { no change in prole in streamwise di-
between plates
(A) rection
@ @
Flow down
i.e. = 0; =0
inclined plane
(A) @t @x
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case
1 @p
=
 @x
NSE (A)  2 
@ ux
Equation + 
analysis
@y 2
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow Flow fully developed { no change in prole in streamwise di-
between plates
(A) rection
@ @
Flow down
i.e. = 0; =0
inclined plane
(A) @t @x
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case So momentum equation becomes
1 dp d 2 ux
NSE (A)
0= +
Equation
analysis
 dx dy 2
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow
between plates
(A)
Flow down
inclined plane
(A)
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case So momentum equation becomes
1 dp d 2 ux
NSE (A)
0= +
Equation
analysis
 dx dy 2
Equation
analysis
Integrate once :
dp du
Equation y =  x + C1
analysis dx dy
Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow
between plates
(A)
Flow down
inclined plane
(A)
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case So momentum equation becomes
1 dp d 2 ux
NSE (A)
0= +
Equation
analysis
 dx dy 2
Equation
analysis
Integrate once :
dp du
Equation y =  x + C1
analysis dx dy
Equation
dux
analysis But at y = 0, dy = 0 (symmetry), so C1 = 0.
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow
between plates
(A)
Flow down
inclined plane
(A)
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case So momentum equation becomes
1 dp d 2 ux
NSE (A)
0= +
Equation
analysis
 dx dy 2
Equation
analysis
Integrate once :
dp du
Equation y =  x + C1
analysis dx dy
Equation
dux
analysis But at y = 0, dy = 0 (symmetry), so C1 = 0.
Equation
analysis Integrate again
1 2 dp
=  ux + C2
Laminar ow
between plates y
(A) 2 dx
Flow down
inclined plane
(A)
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case So momentum equation becomes
1 dp d 2 ux
NSE (A)
0= +
Equation
analysis
 dx dy 2
Equation
analysis
Integrate once :
dp du
Equation y =  x + C1
analysis dx dy
Equation
dux
analysis But at y = 0, dy = 0 (symmetry), so C1 = 0.
Equation
analysis Integrate again
1 2 dp
=  ux + C2
Laminar ow
between plates y
(A) 2 dx
Flow down
inclined plane
But at y = a, ux = 0, so
(A)
1 dp
Tips (A)
C2 = a 2
2 dx
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case

NSE (A) Final solution

1
dp
Equation
ux (y ) = y2 a2
analysis
2 dx
Equation
analysis { equation of a parabola
Equation
analysis
Also, remember that
Equation
@ ux
analysis
 =
Equation
analysis
@y
Laminar ow So from this we see that in this case
between plates
(A)
dp
Flow down  =y
inclined plane dx
(A)
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case Flow down inclined plane (A)
NSE (A) { Flow of liquid down inclined plane
Equation
analysis y

Equation
analysis
Equation ux
analysis
Equation h
analysis x
Equation
analysis α
Laminar ow
between plates
(A) Take x -component momentum equation
Flow down
inclined plane
@ ux @u @u 1 @p
(A)
+ ux x + uy x =
Tips (A) @t @x @y  @x
 2 
@ ux @2u
+  + 2x + fx
@x 2 @y
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case

NSE (A)
Note :
Equation
analysis 1 Steady ow
Equation
analysis 2 ux (y ) only
Equation
analysis 3 No pressure gradient
Equation 4 fx = g sin 
analysis
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow
between plates
(A)
Flow down
inclined plane
(A)
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case

NSE (A)
Note :
Equation
analysis 1 Steady ow
Equation
analysis 2 ux (y ) only
Equation
analysis 3 No pressure gradient
Equation 4 fx = g sin 
analysis
Equation
analysis Equation becomes
Laminar ow d 2 ux g
between plates = sin 
(A) dy 2 
Flow down
inclined plane
(A)
which we can integrate easilly.
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case

NSE (A)
Equation
analysis Boundary conditions :
Equation
analysis  lower surface { ux (0) = 0
Equation
analysis  upper surface { du
dy = 0
x

Equation
analysis
Equation
analysis
Laminar ow
between plates
(A)
Flow down
inclined plane
(A)
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case

NSE (A)
Equation
analysis Boundary conditions :
Equation
analysis  lower surface { ux (0) = 0
Equation
analysis  upper surface { du
dy = 0
x

Equation
analysis
Equation Solution  
analysis g y2
ux = sin  hy
Laminar ow
between plates
 2
(A)
Flow down
inclined plane
(A)
Tips (A)
Navier-Stokes
Equations {
2d case Tips (A)
NSE (A)
Most NSE problems will be time-independent. They will
Equation
probably only involve one direction of ow, and one coordinate
analysis direction. They will probably be either pressure driven (so no
Equation
analysis
viscous term) or shear driven (ie. viscous related, so no
Equation
pressure term).
analysis
Equation
analysis
Thus, most NSE problems will lead to a 2nd order ODE for a
Equation
velocity component (ux or uy ) as a function of one coordinate
analysis (x or y ).
Laminar ow
between plates
(A) Thus we would expect to integrate twice, and to impose two
Flow down
inclined plane
boundary conditions.
(A)
Tips (A)
 A wall boundary condition produces a xed value : eg.
ux = 0.
 A free surface produces a zero gradient condition, eg.
dux
dy = 0.