Column

1. Relative stiffness

G=
∑ ( E .I / L )
c c c

∑ (C .E .I / L )
b b b b

for hinge, G = 10-100

2. Cb - the degree of fixity of the far ends of the beams attached to the column,
a). Normally, Cb = 1.0
b). Cb =1.5, if the far end of the beam is hinged.
c). Cb = 2.0, if the far end of the beams fixed.
3 For footing
4 Ec .I c / Lc
G=
I f .k s
a). If - the moment of inertia of the contact area between the bottom of the footing and soil.
b). ks - the coefficient of subgrade reaction.

4. Rebars:
Rectangular Column:
a). Pt = Ast / Ag, Pt >= 1%, Pt <= 8%
b). Normally, Pt <= 4%, minimum number of bars is 4.
Circular Column:
a). Pt = Ast / Ag, Pt >= 1%, Pt <= 8%
b). Normally, Pt = 2.5 to 5%, minimum number of bars is 6.

5. Ties:
Rectangular Column:
a). The diameter >= 30% of the maximum longitudinal bars.
b). The spacing: <= 16 bar diameter, <= 48 tie diameter.
c). For f'c >= 50 MPa, the spacing = 0.75 x above value.
Circular Column:
a). The diameter >= 30% of the maximum bars, >= 6mm.
b). The pitch: p < 1/6 of the core diameter.
c). The pitch:
2
3.14 d sp .Fy
p=
0.45 Dc . f 'c .( Ag / Ac − 1)
d). The clear spacing: s <= 75mm, <= 30mm.

6. Offset Bars:
ü Extra ties are required at the outside end of offset bends at column splices.
ü The slope of he inclined portion of the bar with respect to the axis of the
column shall not exceed 1:6.
ü The portions of the bar above and below the offset shall be parallel to
the axis of the column.
ü Ties or spirals so designed shall be placed not more than 150mm from
the point of the bend.
ü Horizontal thrust to be resisted shall be assumed as 1.5 times the
horizontal component of the factored resistance in the inclined portion of the
bar.
ü Where the offset by more than 75mm, longitudinal bars shall not be offset
bent.

7. Sway frames:

M = Mns + s.Ms
 1
s=
Pf 0
[1 − ]
0.75 Pc 0
3.14 2
Pc = E.I .( )
k .Lu

Pf0 - the total axial loads, Pc0 - the total Pc.